Home Trees and shrubs 37th element of the periodic table. Periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev

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37th element of the periodic table. Periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev

The periodic table is one of greatest discoveries humanity, which made it possible to streamline knowledge about the world around and open new chemical elements... It is essential for schoolchildren, as well as for anyone interested in chemistry. Besides, this scheme is irreplaceable in other fields of science.

This diagram contains all known to man elements, and they are grouped depending on atomic mass and serial number ... These characteristics affect the properties of the elements. In total, there are 8 groups in the short version of the table, the elements belonging to one group have very similar properties. The first group contains hydrogen, lithium, potassium, copper, the Latin pronunciation in Russian of which is cuprum. And also argentum - silver, cesium, gold - aurum and francium. The second group contains beryllium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, followed by strontium, cadmium, barium, and the group ends with mercury and radium.

The third group includes boron, aluminum, scandium, gallium, followed by yttrium, indium, lanthanum, and the group ends with thallium and anemones. The fourth group begins with carbon, silicon, titanium, continues with germanium, zirconium, tin and ends with hafnium, lead and rutherfordium. In the fifth group there are elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, vanadium, below are arsenic, niobium, antimony, then tantalum, bismuth, and dubnium completes the group. The sixth begins with oxygen, followed by sulfur, chromium, selenium, then molybdenum, tellurium, then tungsten, polonium and seborgium.

In the seventh group, the first element is fluorine, followed by chlorine, manganese, bromine, technetium, followed by iodine, then rhenium, astatine and borium. The last group is the most numerous... It includes gases such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. This group also includes the metals iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, platinum. Next come Channius and Meitnerium. Separately located elements that form a number of actinides and a number of lanthanides... They have similar properties to lanthanum and anemones.

This scheme includes all kinds of elements that are divided by 2 large groups – metals and non-metals with different properties. How to determine the belonging of an element to a particular group will help a conditional line, which must be drawn from boron to astatine. It should be remembered that such a line can only be drawn in full version tables. All elements that are above this line and are located in the main subgroups are considered non-metals. And which are lower, in the main subgroups - by metals. Also, metals are substances that are in side subgroups... There are special pictures and photos on which you can familiarize yourself in detail with the position of these elements. It is worth noting that those elements that are on this line exhibit the same properties of both metals and non-metals.

Amphoteric elements, which have dual properties and can form 2 types of compounds as a result of reactions, also make up a separate list. At the same time, both basic and acidic properties ... The predominance of certain properties depends on the reaction conditions and the substances with which the amphoteric element reacts.

It is worth noting that this scheme in the traditional version of good quality is colored. Wherein different colors for ease of orientation are designated major and minor subgroups... And also the elements are grouped depending on the similarity of their properties.
However, at present, along with the color scheme, the periodic table of Mendeleev in black and white is very common. This kind of it is used for black and white printing... Despite the apparent complexity, it is just as convenient to work with, given some of the nuances. So, in this case, you can distinguish the main subgroup from the secondary subgroup by the differences in shades that are clearly visible. In addition, in the color version, elements with the presence of electrons on different layers are designated different colors.
It is worth noting that it is not very difficult to navigate according to the scheme in a one-color design. For this, the information specified in each individual cell of the element will be sufficient.

Ege today is the main type of test at the end of school, which means that preparation for it must be given Special attention... Therefore, when choosing final exam in chemistry, you need to pay attention to the materials that can help in its delivery. As a rule, schoolchildren in the exam are allowed to use some tables, in particular, the periodic table in good quality... Therefore, in order for it to bring only benefit on tests, attention should be paid in advance to its structure and the study of the properties of the elements, as well as their sequence. Need to learn, just the same use the black and white version of the table so that you do not face some difficulties on the exam.

In addition to the main table characterizing the properties of elements and their dependence on atomic mass, there are other schemes that can help in the study of chemistry. For example, there are solubility and electronegativity tables... According to the first one, you can determine how soluble a particular compound is in water at ordinary temperature. In this case, anions are located horizontally - negatively charged ions, and vertically - cations, that is, positively charged ions. To find out degree of solubility of one or another compound, it is necessary to find its components according to the table. And at the place of their intersection there will be the desired designation.

If this is the letter "p", then the substance is completely soluble in water under normal conditions. In the presence of the letter "m" - the substance is slightly soluble, and in the presence of the letter "n" - it almost does not dissolve. If there is a "+" sign, the compound does not form a precipitate and reacts with the solvent without residue. If the “-” sign is present, it means that such a substance does not exist. Sometimes you can also see the sign "?" In the table, then this means that the degree of solubility of this compound is not known for certain. Electronegativity of elements can vary from 1 to 8; there is also a special table to determine this parameter.

Another one useful table- a series of metal activities. All metals are located in it according to an increase in the degree of electrochemical potential. A series of metal stress begins with lithium, ends with gold. It is believed that the more to the left a metal takes a place in a given row, the more active it is in chemical reactions... Thus, the most active metal lithium is considered to be an alkaline type metal. Hydrogen is also present in the list of elements towards the end. It is believed that the metals that are located after it are practically inactive. These include elements such as copper, mercury, silver, platinum, and gold.

Periodic table pictures in good quality

This scheme is one of the largest advances in the field of chemistry. Wherein there are many types of this table – short version, long, as well as extra-long. The most common is the short table, and it is also common long version schemes. It is worth noting that the short version of the circuit is currently not recommended for use by IUPAC.
There was a total more than a hundred types of tables have been developed, differing in presentation, form and graphical presentation. They are used in different areas science, or do not apply at all. Currently, new circuit configurations continue to be developed by researchers. As the main option, either a short or long circuit is used in excellent quality.

Knowing the wording periodic law and using the periodic system of elements of DI Mendeleev, it is possible to characterize any chemical element and its compounds. It is convenient to add such a characteristic of a chemical element according to a plan.

I. Symbol of a chemical element and its name.

II. The position of a chemical element in the periodic table of elements of D.I. Mendeleev:

serial number;
period number;
group number;
subgroup (main or secondary).

III. Atomic structure of a chemical element:

the charge of the atomic nucleus;
the relative atomic mass of a chemical element;
the number of protons;
the number of electrons;
the number of neutrons;
the number of electronic levels in an atom.

IV. Electronic and electronic-graphic formulas of an atom, its valence electrons.

V. Type of chemical element (metal or non-metal, s-, p-, d- or f-element).

Vi. Formulas of higher oxide and hydroxide of a chemical element, characteristics of their properties (basic, acidic or amphoteric).

Vii. Comparison of metallic or non-metallic properties of a chemical element with the properties of neighboring elements by period and subgroup.

VIII. Maximum and minimum oxidation state of an atom.

For example, let us provide a characteristic of a chemical element with serial number 15 and its compounds by position in the periodic table of elements of D.I.Mendeleev and the structure of the atom.

I. We find in the table of DI Mendeleev a cell with the number of a chemical element, write down its symbol and name.

Chemical element number 15 - Phosphorus. Its symbol R.

II. Let us characterize the position of the element in the table of D. I. Mendeleev (number of the period, group, type of subgroup).

Phosphorus is in the main subgroup of group V, in the 3rd period.

III. We will provide general characteristics the composition of an atom of a chemical element (nuclear charge, atomic mass, number of protons, neutrons, electrons and electronic levels).

The charge of the nucleus of the phosphorus atom is +15. The relative atomic mass of phosphorus is 31. The nucleus of an atom contains 15 protons and 16 neutrons (31 - 15 = 16). The phosphorus atom has three energy levels with 15 electrons.

IV. We draw up the electronic and electronic-graphic formulas of the atom, mark its valence electrons.

The electronic formula of the phosphorus atom is: 15 P 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3.

Electronic-graphic formula of the outer level of the phosphorus atom: on the third energy level on the 3s-sublevel there are two electrons (two arrows are written in one cell with the opposite direction), on the three p-sublevel there are three electrons (in each of the three cells one arrow is written with the same direction).

Valence electrons are electrons of the outer level, i.e. 3s2 3p3 electrons.

V. Determine the type of chemical element (metal or non-metal, s-, p-, d- or f-element).

Phosphorus is a non-metal. Since the last sublevel in the phosphorus atom, which is filled with electrons, is the p-sublevel, Phosphorus belongs to the p-element family.

Vi. We draw up formulas of higher oxide and hydroxide of phosphorus and characterize their properties (basic, acidic or amphoteric).

Higher phosphorus oxide P 2 O 5, exhibits properties acid oxide... Hydroxide corresponding higher oxide, H 3 PO 4, exhibits acid properties. Let us confirm the indicated properties by equations of the form of chemical reactions:

P 2 O 5 + 3 Na 2 O = 2Na 3 PO 4

H 3 PO 4 + 3NaOH = Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O

Vii. Let us compare the non-metallic properties of phosphorus with the properties of neighboring elements by period and subgroup.

Neighbor of phosphorus in a subgroup is nitrogen. For the period, phosphorus's neighbors are silicon and sulfur. Non-metallic properties of atoms chemical elements main subgroups with an increase in the serial number increase in periods and decrease in groups. Therefore, the non-metallic properties of phosphorus are more pronounced than that of silicon and less pronounced than that of nitrogen and sulfur.

VIII. Determine the maximum and minimum oxidation state of the phosphorus atom.

The maximum positive oxidation state for chemical elements of the main subgroups is equal to the group number. Phosphorus is in the main subgroup of the fifth group, therefore the maximum oxidation state of phosphorus is +5.

The minimum oxidation state for non-metals in most cases is equal to the difference between the group number and the number eight. So, the minimum oxidation state of phosphorus is -3.

See also: List of Chemical Elements by Atomic Number and Alphabetical List of Chemical Elements Contents 1 Symbols used in this moment... Wikipedia

See also: List of chemical elements by atomic number and List of chemical elements by symbol Alphabetical list of chemical elements. Nitrogen N Actinium Ac Aluminum Al Americium Am Argon Ar Astatine At ... Wikipedia

Periodic system chemical elements (periodic table) classification of chemical elements, establishing dependence various properties cells from charge atomic nucleus... The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

Periodic table of chemical elements (periodic table) classification of chemical elements, establishing the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law, ... ... Wikipedia

Chemical elements (periodic table) classification of chemical elements, establishing the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphic expression of the periodic law established by the Russian ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Japanese-English-Russian dictionary for the installation of industrial equipment. About 8,000 terms, Popova I.S .. The dictionary is intended for a wide range of users and primarily for translators and technical specialists involved in the supply and implementation of industrial equipment from Japan or ...

MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE

Building periodic table chemical elements of Mendeleev corresponds to the characteristic periods of the theory of numbers and orthogonal bases. Supplementing Hadamard matrices with matrices of even and odd orders creates a structural basis of nested matrix elements: matrices of the first (Odin), second (Euler), third (Mersenne), fourth (Hadamard) and fifth (Fermat) orders.

It is easy to see that the orders 4 k Hadamard matrices correspond to inert elements with an atomic mass that is a multiple of four: helium 4, neon 20, argon 40 (39.948), etc., but also the basics of life and digital technology: carbon 12, oxygen 16, silicon 28, germanium 72.

It seems that with Mersenne matrices of order 4 k–1, on the contrary, everything active, poisonous, destructive and corrosive is connected. But these are also radioactive elements - energy sources, and lead 207 (the end product, poisonous salts). Fluorine is, of course, 19. The orders of the Mersenne matrices correspond to a sequence of radioactive elements called the actinium series: uranium 235, plutonium 239 (an isotope that is a more powerful source of atomic energy than uranium), etc. These are also the alkali metals lithium 7, sodium 23 and potassium 39.

Gallium - atomic weight 68

Orders 4 k–2 Euler matrices (double Mersenne) corresponds to nitrogen 14 (the basis of the atmosphere). Table salt is formed by two "mersen-like" atoms sodium 23 and chlorine 35, together this combination is characteristic, just for the Euler matrices. The more massive chlorine with a weight of 35.4 does not quite reach the Hadamard dimension of 36. Table salt crystals: a cube (!

V atomic physics the transition iron 56 - nickel 59, this is the boundary between the elements that give energy during the synthesis of a larger nucleus ( H-bomb) and decay (uranium). The order of 58 is famous for the fact that for it there are not only analogs of Hadamard matrices in the form of Belevich matrices with zeros on the diagonal, for it there are also no many weighted matrices - the nearest orthogonal W (58,53) has 5 zeros in each column and row (deep gap ).

In the series corresponding to Fermat matrices and their substitutions of orders 4 k+1, by the will of fate 257 farms. Nothing to say, an exact hit. There is also gold 197. Copper 64 (63.547) and silver 108 (107.868), symbols of electronics, do not match, as you can see, to gold and correspond to more modest Hadamard matrices. Copper, with its atomic weight not far from 63, is chemically active - its green oxides are well known.

Boron crystals under high magnification

WITH golden ratio boron is bound - the atomic mass of all other elements is closest to 10 (more precisely 10.8, the proximity of the atomic weight to odd numbers also affects). Boron is a fairly complex element. Bohr plays an intricate role in the history of life itself. The structure of the framework in its structures is much more complex than in diamond. Unique type chemical bond, which allows boron to absorb any impurity, is very poorly studied, although for the research related to it, a large number of scientists have already received Nobel prizes... The boron crystal is shaped like an icosahedron, with five triangles forming an apex.

The Riddle of Platinum. The fifth element is, without a doubt, noble metals such as gold. Superstructure over Hadamard dimension 4 k, 1 large.

Stable isotope uranium 238

Recall, nevertheless, that Fermat numbers are rare (the nearest is 257). Crystals of native gold have a shape close to a cube, but the pentagram also shines through. Its closest neighbor, platinum, a noble metal, is less than 4 from gold 197 in atomic weight. Platinum has an atomic weight not 193, but somewhat increased, 194 (the order of the Euler matrices). A trifle, but it brings her to the camp of slightly more aggressive elements. It is worth remembering, in connection with its inertness (it dissolves, perhaps, in aqua regia), platinum is used as an active catalyst chemical processes.

Spongy platinum at room temperature ignites hydrogen. The character of platinum is not at all peaceful; iridium 192 (a mixture of isotopes 191 and 193) behaves more quietly. It is rather copper, but with the weight and character of gold.

There is no element with an atomic weight of 22 between neon 20 and sodium 23. Of course, atomic weights are an integral characteristic. But among isotopes, in turn, there is also a curious correlation of properties with the properties of numbers and the corresponding matrices of orthogonal bases. As nuclear fuel The most widely used isotope uranium 235 (the order of the Mersenne matrices), in which a self-sustaining chain nuclear reaction... In nature, this element is widespread in the stable form uranium 238 (the order of the Euler matrices). An element with an atomic weight of 13 is missing. As for chaos, the limited number of stable elements of the periodic table and the difficulty of finding high-order level matrices due to the barrier observed in the thirteenth-order matrices correlate.

Isotopes of chemical elements, an island of stability

If you find the periodic table difficult to understand, you are not alone! While it can be difficult to understand its principles, knowing how to work with it will help in learning natural sciences... First, study the structure of the table and what information can be learned from it about each chemical element. Then you can start exploring the properties of each item. And finally, using the periodic table, you can determine the number of neutrons in an atom of a particular chemical element.

Steps

Part 1

Table structure

The periodic table, or the periodic table of chemical elements, begins in the upper left corner and ends at the end of the last line of the table (in the lower right corner). Elements in the table are arranged from left to right in ascending order of their atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons there are in one atom. In addition, with an increase in the atomic number, the atomic mass also increases. Thus, by the location of an element in the periodic table, you can determine its atomic mass.

As you can see, each next element contains one proton more than the element preceding it. This is obvious when you look at the atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase by one as you move from left to right. Since the items are arranged in groups, some cells in the table remain blank.

For example, the first row of the table contains hydrogen, which has atomic number 1, and helium with atomic number 2. However, they are located on opposite edges, since they belong to different groups.

Learn about groups that include elements with similar physical and chemical properties. The elements of each group are arranged in a corresponding vertical column. They are usually represented by a single color, which helps identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and predict their behavior. All elements of a particular group have the same number electrons on the outer shell.
- Hydrogen can be attributed both to the group of alkali metals and to the group of halogens. In some tables, it is indicated in both groups.
- In most cases, groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be specified in Roman (for example, IA) or Arabic (for example, 1A or 1) numerals.
- Moving along the column from top to bottom is said to be "viewing the group."
Find out why there are blank cells in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also according to groups (elements of one group have similar physical and chemical properties). This makes it easier to understand how a particular element behaves. However, with the growth of the atomic number, the elements that fall into the corresponding group are not always found, therefore, there are empty cells in the table.
- For example, the first 3 rows have empty cells, since transition metals are found only from atomic number 21.
- Elements with atomic numbers 57 through 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and are usually listed in a separate subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.
Each row in the table represents a period. All elements of the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals on which the electrons in the atoms are located. The number of orbitals corresponds to the number of the period. The table contains 7 rows, that is, 7 periods.
- For example, the atoms of the elements of the first period have one orbital, and the atoms of the elements of the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
- As a rule, periods are indicated by numbers from 1 to 7 on the left of the table.
- Moving along the line from left to right is said to be "viewing a period."
Learn to distinguish between metals, metalloids and non-metals. You will better understand the properties of an element if you can determine what type it belongs to. For convenience, in most tables, metals, metalloids and non-metals are indicated by different colors. Metals are on the left and non-metals are on the right of the table. Metalloids are located between them.

Part 2
Element designations
1. Each element is designated by one or two Latin letters. Typically, the element symbol is given in large letters in the center of the corresponding cell. A symbol is an abbreviated name for an element, which is the same in most languages. When conducting experiments and working with chemical equations element symbols are commonly used, so it is helpful to remember them.
  - Usually, element symbols are abbreviations for them. Latin name, although for some, especially recently open items, they are derived from the common name. For example, helium is denoted by the symbol He, which is close to the common name in most languages. At the same time, iron is designated as Fe, which is an abbreviation of its Latin name.
2. Pay attention to the full name of the element if it is shown in the table. This "name" of the element is used in normal text. For example, "helium" and "carbon" are the names of the elements. Usually, though not always, full names elements are indicated under their chemical symbol.
  - Sometimes the names of the elements are not indicated in the table and only their chemical symbols are given.
3. Find the atomic number. Usually the atomic number of an element is located at the top of the corresponding cell, in the middle or in the corner. It can also appear below the symbol or element name. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.
  - The atomic number is always an integer.
4. Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in the atom. All atoms of an element contain the same number protons. Unlike electrons, the number of protons in an element's atoms remains constant. Otherwise, another chemical element would have turned out!