Offer- this is the main one syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an incentive. Unlike phrases the offer has grammatical basis, consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .
Offer performs communicative function And characterized by intonation And semantic completeness . In the proposal, in addition to subordinating connections(coordination, control, adjacency), maybe coordinating connection(between homogeneous members) and predicative (between subject and predicate).
By the number of grammatical bases offersdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).
Simple sentence is a word or combination of words characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out on various grounds.
Depending on the purpose of the statement offers are divided into narrative , interrogative And incentive .
Declarative sentences contain a message about any affirmed or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.
For example: And it’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity.(Lermontov). I'll be there at five o'clock.
Interrogative sentences contain a question. Among them are:
A) actually interrogative
: What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions
(i.e. not requiring a response): Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window?? (Pushkin).
Incentive offers express various shades of expression of will (inducement to action): order, request, call, prayer, advice, warning, protest, threat, consent, permission, etc.
For example :Well, go to sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise up! Thunder, the general voice of delight!..(Pushkin).
Narrative, interrogative And incentive offers They also differ in form (they use various shapes verb moods, present special words - interrogative pronouns, incentive particles), and by intonation.
Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.
Simple in emotional tone proposals are divided on exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .
exclamation point called offer emotionally charged, pronounced with a special intonation.
For example:
No, look what a moon it is!.. Oh, how lovely!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, imperative) can be exclamatory.
By the nature of the grammatical basis, articulations proposals are divided on two-part when the grammatical basis includes both subject and predicate,
For example: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea!(Lermontov), and one-piece when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,
For example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).
According to the presence or absence of minor members, simple offers can be common And uncommon .
Common is called a sentence that, along with the main minor members offers. For example: How sweet is my sadness in the spring!(Bunin).
Uncommon a sentence consisting only of main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).
Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure offers can be full And incomplete . IN complete sentences All members of the sentence necessary for this structure are presented verbally: Labor awakens in a person creative forces (L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence are missing. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - I'll have half a cup.
Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. Such elements include separate members offers, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in structures, appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated And uncomplicated .
During the classes
1. Repetition of the material covered
a) Work on cards in pairs.
– Let’s remember what we taught so diligently yesterday.
(Task on the card.)
Connect the parts of the statement with an arrow.
According to the purpose of the statement, proposals can be:
1) narrative (contain a question)
2) interrogative (contain an order or request)
3) motivating ( contain a story, narration)
b) Check (there is a diagram on the board - assistant)
c) Self-esteem (ts.1)
2. Formulating the topic of the lesson and setting educational objectives
(Sentences are written on the board.)
Read to yourself what is written on the board.
1. Autumn has come to visit us.
2.
Autumn has come to visit us!
– What is written on the board?
- Prove it.
(The sentence contains a complete thought; punctuation marks are placed at the end of the sentence: (,), “!” or “?”).
– Guess which sentence... will read?
- How did you guess?
– Now read sentence number 1.
– Do these sentences differ in what the person wants to say? (No, both sentences express the same idea; autumn has come to visit us.)
– Do these proposals have the same goal? (Yes, both of these sentences are narrative in purpose, since they contain the message that autumn has come to visit us).
– How are these proposals different? (The 1st sentence is pronounced calmly, and the 2nd with a special feeling).
– Has anyone guessed what we will be interested in today at the Russian language lesson?
(During the lesson we will be interested in sentences that are pronounced calmly and with a special feeling.)
– Has anyone heard the names of sentences that are pronounced with a special feeling?
– Let’s open the books and compare whether we have correctly identified the topic of the lesson. Let's read it.
– Which block will we work in today? (How our language works.) What problem is solved in lessons with this block?
(In lessons indicating the block “How our language works,” we discover the laws by which the Russian language lives.)
– So what are we actually going to do today?
- Let's go back to the textbook. Read on p. Section 60, tell me what it’s called?
– Do you understand all the words in the text? What new did you learn?
– The word intonation appeared in this text. How do you understand it? Read the hint.
– You know that I really like to doubt the importance of a particular lesson topic. But today I have such doubts: does intonation matter in people’s lives? Think about it. Give examples.
– The proof can be the poem that we read in the lesson about the world around us.
(Reading the poem with different intonations: contempt “Fi!”, dissatisfaction “Ugh!”, surprise “Well!”, admiration “Wow!”.)
Aunt said:
- Fi, football!
Mom said:
- Ugh, football!
Sister said:
- Well, football!
And I answered:
- Wow, football!
(G. Sapgir)
– Do you agree that by a person’s intonation you can determine how he treats you?
– How do you understand the statements of psychologists that intonation is often more important for a person than information?
4. Physical training for attention and consolidation of the studied material
– If I say the correct statement, then you bend over, and if it’s false, you bend your arms to the sides, forward, up.
A) A sentence is always pronounced or written for some purpose. (B)
B) Sentences can be interrogative and motivating. (H)
C) Sentences for the purpose of the statement can be: narrative, interrogative and motivating. (IN)
D) In terms of intonation, these same sentences are of 2 types - exclamatory and non-exclamatory. (IN)
D) If you turn the narrative exclamatory sentence into a non-exclamation, the purpose of the sentence will change. (H)
E) If you turn a declarative exclamatory sentence into a non-exclamatory one, the sign at the end of the sentence will change. (IN)
5. Primary consolidation of new material
– Exercise 1. Work on your own.
– I would like you to figure out why this control was given?
Examination. Why was this instruction given?
– And now I suggest you work in pairs.
Draw a conclusion and justify it.
Cards
Exercise. Read the sentences, determine the purpose of each sentence and the intonation of the sentences. Draw a conclusion: what sentences regarding the purpose of the statement can be pronounced with exclamatory intonation?
It's good in the autumn forest!
Go to the forest and admire the beauty of nature!
Do you love the autumn forest?!
Examination. Conclusion. Compare with textbook.
6. Exercise using an ophthalmic simulator
- Look at the door, at the window, at the ceiling, at each other, at the board.
7. Differentiated work.
Work in groups of permanent members.
Task 1-2 groups.
Read it. Write sentences according to the diagram. Put the right sign punctuation.
Woodpecker knocking on wood (.!?)
Young aspen trees whisper quietly (.!?)
How beautiful are the golden leaves in the rays of the autumn sun (.!?)
Do you like it in the forest (.!?)______________________?
______________________.
______________________.
______________________!
The rest work according to the textbook Exercise 3 p. 62.
After oral work, children signal their readiness (green circle) and sit down to do it in writing, first doing a random finger massage using a cube.
Examination. 1, 2 groups you have a self-test (Hand out the correct option)
1 execution option
Do you like being in the forest?
A woodpecker knocks on a tree.
Young aspen trees whisper quietly.
Option 2.
Do you like being in the forest?
Young aspen trees whisper quietly.
A woodpecker knocks on a tree.
How beautiful are the golden leaves in the rays of the autumn sun!
8. Lesson summary
What new secret of language did the lesson help us discover?
What did you especially like?
What would you change about the lesson?
Look at your success sheets.
9. Reflection
– How do we finish the lesson?
Color the “fluffy” who is in the same mood as you.
10. Homework
I don't have to ask for a job. Well, if someone really wants to, if there is a desire and time, you can pay attention to exercise 4.p.62.
In Russian, simple sentences have several characteristics. They may contain a message about something, a question or a call to action. From this point of view, according to the purpose of the statement, simple sentences are divided into the following types:
- narrative
- interrogative
- incentive.
But besides this, there is one more characteristic of the proposal. All these types of sentences may differ in the strength of the feeling expressed in them. In addition to a message, a question or a call to action, an emotional background arises in them when the speaker expresses his attitude towards the message being communicated, introduces feelings or emotions into it.
Emotion[fr. emotion< emovere возбуждать, волновать ] - mental experience, emotional excitement (anger, fear, joy, etc.) that arises in humans and animals as a result of exposure to external and internal stimuli.
Dictionary of foreign words. M., Russian language, 1980
What are exclamatory sentences?
To understand what an exclamatory sentence is, let’s compare two very similar, at first glance, statements:
The sun has already risen.
The sun has already risen!
The first sentence contains a statement of fact, a message about a natural phenomenon when the darkness ended and day came. This is a declarative sentence that is pronounced in a calm tone, without much expression.
The second sentence also talks about the same phenomenon, but it contains the emotion of joy, delight and admiration.
Let us conclude that sentences may differ from each other in the strength of the feeling expressed in them.
The speaker can express joy, admiration, grief, fear, indignation, anger, irritation, etc.
This is manifested in oral speech with the help of a special intonation, more intense, elevated. In writing, an exclamatory sentence is indicated by an exclamation point.
Sentences can be pronounced in a calm, even tone. Based on the strength of the expressed feeling, these are non-exclamatory sentences. A sentence can be pronounced with a special intonation that conveys a strong feeling.
Let's compare:
The apple trees bloomed in the garden (declarative, non-exclamatory sentence).
You go into the garden, and the apple trees are blooming there! (declarative, exclamatory sentence).
In terms of emotional coloring, all types of sentences can be exclamatory, differing in the purpose of the statement.
Let's observe:
I want to dance (narrative, non-exclamatory)
I want to dance! (declarative, exclamatory)
Haven't you learned this rule? (interrogative, non-exclamative)
Haven't you learned this rule yet?! (interrogative, exclamation)
Be sure to call me today (incentive, non-exclamatory)
Be sure to call me today! (motivating, exclamatory).
Means of expressing exclamations
In addition to the special intonation that is used in exclamatory sentences, there are special “exclamatory words” in the Russian language:
- well, what the, how, let it be, you see(particles);
- oh, oh, eh, wow, alas, ugh(interjections);
- what, who, what, how much, how, where(pronouns and adverbs).
What eyes!
What a handsome man, just a sight for sore eyes!
That's what you are, it turns out!
How brightly the sun shines!
Who's laughing so merrily here?!
Oh, how nimble we are!
Well, why are you telling me about this?!
Examples of exclamatory sentences in literature
You won't find exclamatory sentences in scientific texts. But in fiction, writers willingly use emotionally charged sentences in their works to convey various feelings.
Alas, I have wasted a lot of my life on various amusements! (A.S. Pushkin).
Oh, you are heavy, Monomakh’s hat! (A.S. Pushkin).
How good you are, O night sea! (A. Tyutchev).
Oh, and beauty! (P. P. Bazhov).
Get itchy, shoulder! Swing your hand! (A.V. Koltsov).
Moscow...how much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart! How much resonated with him! (A.S. Pushkin).
What is the difference between exclamatory and motivating sentences?
- Narrative (to tell).
- Interrogative (to ask).
- Incentive (to motivate someone to do something).
- Come on, come to me quickly!
- Leave me alone, Prokofich, I feel sick, I’m dying...
- Eh, it can be nice in the oak forest in winter! (not motivating)
- Why are you attached to me like a spring tick?! (not motivating)
- Stop everyone! (incentive)
Let's start with incentive offers.
In sentences of this type there is an inducement to some kind of action. They can be called sentence orders.
Don't rush to make a decision, wait for Lesha!
Let's go visit!
Think, Egor, think!
Take the child.
Exclamatory sentences are a type of division of sentences based on intonation. They can be motivating too.
What is the air here!
How easy it is to breathe in freedom!
Marvelous!
Examples of incentive sentences with !.
Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive. Incentive sentences express an incentive to action, formalized in the form of an order, request, appeal, advice.
Don't sit on the tree stump, don't eat the pie.
Eat bread and salt, but tell the truth.
You should go to the garden for a cucumber, son. (I would go = go).
As you can see, in an incentive sentence the predicate can be a verb in the form of an imperative or conditional mood(in the sense of imperative).
Stand! (infinitive in the role imperative mood).
Let's sit down here. (particle let's + verb in 1st person plural form).
Based on emotional coloring, we divide sentences into exclamatory and non-exclamatory.
In exclamatory sentences we express joy, delight, anger, fear, indignation, etc. Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory, that is, these types of sentences are pronounced with additional expression.
How nice it is in the forest! (declarative exclamatory sentence). Let's go to the forest! (motivating exclamatory sentence).
To express an exclamation, we use pronouns and adverbs as intensifying particles.
What beautiful birches! There is so much sun around! What is there to admire here?!
Exclamatory sentences.
When we use such sentences in speech, we want to express some special feelings or emotions, including both positive and negative.
For example: I really like to ride alpine skiing! (that is, it expresses a feeling of strong attachment to something)
Or: Damn, it hurts! (negative feelings are described here).
Incentive offers
They are called upon to perform a certain action. Incentive sentences can also be exclamatory, since such sentences often convey some kind of emotion.
For example: Come here!
Exclamatory sentences are used to convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.
Exclamatory sentences express: delight, joy, anger, excitement, surprise, fear and other pronounced feelings. Always at the end of a sentence Exclamation point.
For example:
We are absolutely delighted with the carousel!
He treated me so meanly!
Wow, how nice it is here!
Phew, what a surprise!
Incentive offers- These are sentences that encourage action.
Incentive sentences contain advice, a request, a prohibition.
For example:
Children, don't stop making noise, please.
Study well!
Children, listen to your mother's words!
Clean up after yourself quickly!
I'll arrive now, meet me.
Incentive sentences are usually exclamatory. Example of an incentive sentence: Let's strive for a brighter future! And exclamatory sentences are expressions of emotion. Joy, fear, delight... And they don’t necessarily motivate you to do something.
An exclamatory sentence implies the presence of an exclamation mark at its end, which emphasizes the solemnity or brightness of the expression of emotions. For example: We won!
As for incentive sentences, their meaning encourages a person to do something, that is, they contain either a request or an order.
So, an incentive sentence may have a strong emotional connotation and therefore be exclamatory, but it may not be exclamatory, since emotions can carry an even and calm tone. But an exclamatory sentence must have an exclamation mark at the end, otherwise it will already be classified as non-exclamatory.
An incentive sentence expresses requests, orders, and incentives to do something. For example: Stop! Bring me the blue folder. Let's sit down on the path. These are incentive offers. They are not necessarily exclamative (the second and third sentences are non-vocalistic, but motivating). There is not always an exclamation point at the end of an incentive sentence.
Vocalistic and non-vocalistic sentences are a division of sentences based on emotional coloring. The same sentence can be both exclamatory and non-vocalistic. For example, compare: Spring has come. Or: Spring has come!
An exclamatory sentence can be used as an incentive: Get up! Likewise narrative: How sunny today! So and interrogative: How is it not?!
Incentive offer is a sentence with a bright cue that encourages a person to take action. For example:
- Come on, do your signature somersault coup!
- Come on, you can do anything, I believe that you will run this distance!
Ah, these are sentences of admiration:
- Oh, what a golden autumn!
- Oh, this woman has driven me crazy!
- What an amazing film, the acting is amazing!
Incentive.
All sentences are statements. There are no other offers. All these statements have a purpose. On this basis, all sentences (according to the purpose of the statement) are divided into:
All of these sentences can be exclamatory (with a ! at the end) or non-exclamatory (without a ! at the end). An incentive sentence can also be exclamatory or non-exclamatory, but it always encourages - advises, recommends, orders, calls for action:
Exclamation marks.
These are sentences that express a strong emotion and have ! at the end. There are no exclamatory sentences without an exclamation mark at the end. Exclamatory sentences may or may not be motivating:
Exclamatory sentences in English
So, in oral speech we often convey our mood through tone. For writing there is an exclamation mark - “!”.
It is he who makes it clear that the proposal carries a certain emotional charge. We often use exclamatory sentences to give vent to what is, as they say, boiling. With their help we express surprise, shock, joy and others. strong feelings.
How is this effect achieved? Firstly, we add certain words (“what”, “what the”, “well and” and others), secondly, we change the order of words: for example, we say “Well, you’re smart!” not “Well, you’re smart!”
How are things going in English?
IN English language similar proposals also exist. And, just like in Russian, “emotionality” in them arises thanks to:
- Additional words
What - what?
How - how? - Changing word order
Let's look at several types of exclamatory sentences in English.
1. Exclamations with “What..!” ("Which..!")
1. Sentence diagram #1:
There is nothing complicated here: we just put item after what.
2. Scheme of proposal #2
We can also add an action to our subject. The action is placed after the subject:
2. “Isn’t it true?”
Sometimes we are so overwhelmed with emotions that we expect our interlocutor to share them. Let's say we make some observation, for example:
When we expect that the interlocutor will most likely agree with us, we add to this phrase words like “after all,” “truth,” “isn’t it true,” “tell”:
In English, all these words come down to one single construction, which is connected as a “tail” at the end of the sentence. We take the main one auxiliary, indicating the time (is/was/will be) and deny it:
If we had sentences with action, then we will have to “pull out” this verb, depending on what time it was.
If it’s real, then we take it out do.
If it’s past, we pull it out. did.
If the future is will.
Such a “tail” is good to attach to exclamations with what:
Read more about such issues in our article.
3. Exclamations with “How..!” (“How..!”, “What..!”)
Unlike what, how attaches only adjectives (that is, words denoting characteristics).
However, we can make such exclamations a little more complicated. To do this, we need a structure that allows us to evaluate the action. For example:
In English this is expressed using the construction:
Examples:
If we want to imbue these phrases with emotion using "How", then the order should be as follows:
Examples:
So we have looked at the main types of exclamations in English. Use them, and your speech will become livelier and more varied! 🙂
Unlike what, how only adjectives (i.e., words denoting characteristics) are attached to themselves.
Reinforcement task
Here are neutral phrases in English. Make them exclamation points!
1. It is a high price for such a small flat.
2. It is impolite.
3. We were happy after our victory.
4. I met a strange man today.
5. He gave me good advice.
6. So, Tom is late again. It's unsurprising.
7. This present is wonderful.
8. It will be great to live on Manhattan.
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence characterized by emotional coloring and increased expressiveness. Exclamatory sentences are distinguished by a specific intonation and timbre coloring; compare: Fire! We're on fire! They often contain interjections, particles, exclamatory pronominal words; compare: Well done! Oh, these are my helpers! That's what he told you! What a rain! What a scientist he is! Who didn't he ask?
Exclamatory sentences can be built according to special syntactic models with lost or weakened grammatical and lexical meanings components; compare: This motorcycle was given to you! Found time to dream! Many exclamatory sentences are characterized by reverse (inverse) word order; compare: My little head is gone! He will understand you! How sweet the south wind! IN writing An exclamation point is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.
Sentences of all communicative types can be used as exclamatory sentences: narrative, imperative and interrogative. In this case, the general content of the proposal is modified to one degree or another. In some cases, exclamation serves to express a high degree of attribute and enhance the degree of categoricalness of a statement or expression of will; compare: What a heavy rain! He will arrive tomorrow! Come back immediately! When did this happen! In other cases - with a different intonation - an exclamatory sentence can be understood in the meaning the opposite of that, which is conveyed by the literal meaning of words.
Thus, affirmative narrative exclamatory sentences acquire negative meaning or express negative attitude the speaker to the communicated; compare: I'm going to get upset because of him!(=I won’t); She will go with you!(=won't go); You understand a lot!(=you don’t understand anything). A similar meaning of expressively colored negation can be expressed by interrogative non-negative sentences; compare: Why did he go there?(=there was no need to walk); What gardens these are!(= these are not gardens); Who needs it!(=no one needs); How do I know!(=I don’t know), while negative exclamatory sentences express an expressively colored statement; compare: Who doesn't know this!(=everyone knows); Where has he not been?(=been everywhere).
According to the degree of emotional coloring, sentences are classified into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory. The ability to correctly determine which one is suitable for a particular case will allow you to correctly understand the essence of the sentence, read it with the right intonation and put the required punctuation mark at the end.
Non-exclamatory sentences are those that imply an ordinary, everyday tone and the absence of a strong emotional component. At the end of such sentences there is a period. For example: It has been raining all day today. According to the schedule, the train will arrive in two hours.
Exclamatory sentences are those sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.
For example: We are very happy!
There is an exclamation point at the end of these sentences, and grammatical means the formats are as follows:
- Intonation expressing joy, delight, sadness, surprise, anger, excitement, fear and other pronounced feelings. Pronunciation of exclamatory sentences is carried out in a higher tone, with emphasis on the word that is in to a greater extent gives an emotional coloring.
- Interjections.
- Exclamatory particles of pronominal, adverbial or interjectional origin, giving the statement a characteristic emotional coloring: oh, well, well, how, where how, what for, which and others.
Using three exclamation marks Usually, by using 3 exclamation marks at the end of a sentence, the author expresses high degree emotional excitement. This way you can express joy or delight, anger or indignation. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Go away and don’t come back!!!” talk about the deep feelings of the person who expresses them.
In all languages of the world there are special sentences - exclamatory sentences. They are usually used to express strong emotions, such as delight, surprise, anger and others. Examples of exclamatory sentences are often found in fiction, in poetry, in letters and diaries. It is almost impossible to find them in scientific texts. There are no examples of exclamatory sentences in them. Science articles written in a neutral emotional style.
Types of exclamation sentences
Exclamation and ellipsis
There are other combinations of characters at the end of sentences. For example, in the literature, some authors use both an exclamation and an ellipsis. Such phrases should prompt the reader to think deeply; in essence, such sentences are extremely similar to rhetorical questions with an exclamation. “And then she appeared at the door!.. She captivated me with her beauty, her face lit up with a smile, and the whole world around sparkled with joy and happiness!..”
Exclamatory sentence
A very interesting option is to use such phrases in the work. Such phrases differ from others in that they have practically no emotional connotation, but contain an order, request, invitation, greeting or proposal. Usually these sentences lack subjects. Intonationally similar constructions do not have to be pronounced with pronounced emotions. However, a mark at the end of a request or order indicates that it is an exclamation clause. Examples of similar constructions in Russian are quite common. They are present in the dialogues of the heroes of works of art.
An order in an exclamatory sentence
In some constructions, the placement of punctuation marks is not determined emotional coloring statements, but historical traditions. Therefore, when the author of a work of art uses an order, he draws up a sentence with an exclamation point. Examples of such phrases can be pronounced in a calm tone and even in a whisper, but the use of an exclamation mark is necessary here. "Stand! - Petrovich ordered the captured Fritz walking ahead of him in a whisper. - Don't turn around! Even if the order is given in a calm, even tone, an exclamation mark must be placed at the end of the phrase. For example, “Team, stand at attention!” or “Get up, the trial is coming!”
Request and suggestion
Traditions explain some other features of punctuation in the Russian language. For example, an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase adds a special emotional connotation to a request.
Invitation and address in an exclamatory sentence
There is one more rule of punctuation. It dictates that there is often an exclamation point at the end of the invitation. This fact is a sign of elementary politeness and a culture of written communication. Therefore, when reading a context with an invitation, for example to a wedding or a picnic, you should not use exclamation intonation at all.
- “Natalya Pavlovna! Georgy Matveevich! Come to the evening dedicated to the celebration of our silver wedding at the Cosmos restaurant!”
- “Dear high school students! Come on October 23 to the “autumn ball”, which will be held in the school assembly hall!”
Greetings and wishes in an exclamatory sentence
The rules for writing letters are very important for both ordinary people, and for authors of works of art. To understand the placement of punctuation marks at the end of sentences, you should pay attention to one interesting feature: very often a greeting or wish is expressed in the form of an imperative verb. These are the words “hello!”, “be healthy!” Therefore, these sentences are perceived as a request, which also historically has an exclamation mark at the end. Often In a similar way The letter also formalizes the farewell. For example, "Goodbye, my dears!" or " Good night, Dear friend! I wish you sweet dreams!"
Exclamatory sentences in Russian serve to enhance the emotionality of texts, messages, and comments. So how to give intonation color to the characters’ statements in works of art is possible only with the help of punctuation marks, then the authors have no choice but to use exclamation marks, question marks and their combinations.
