Every word we read or write consists of letters. How were the letters formed? How old are they, and who invented them? Let's look at the origin of letters in general and " elementary particles"Russian writing in particular. What letters appeared first? And in general, what is it - a letter?
Definition of a letter as a written character
The letter is a sign symbol that record sounds. All letters of the language make up the alphabet, or the alphabet - a certain order in which the letters are listed. It is impossible to determine the frequency of the use of certain letters by the alphabet - their location in the alphabet is historically determined.
Each letter is a sound, and sometimes several sounds. In turn, there are letters that are not pronounced at all, but affect the pronunciation of other letters in the word (in Russian classic example such a letter is soft sign). Sometimes letters are called letters (hence the word - literature).
Ancient letters
The desire to convey the available information appeared in a person simultaneously with the ability to think. First ways of transmitting information were oral and left nothing in our memory but legends and fairy tales. Later, man learned to use tools. Sticks and spears could be used not only to catch prey or fight off enemies - with a little transformation, they could draw any images on stones, cave walls or clay tablets ...
This is how proto-letters appeared. Ancient monuments writing dated mid-nineteenth century BC, but it is quite possible that writing arose even earlier, just older monuments have not reached us. "Prize-winners" in the nomination "the most ancient writing”should be considered a Semitic people who developed their primitive alphabet while under the dominion (and great influence) of Egypt. The Semitic alphabet had nothing in common with modern letters - much more, the letters resembled inept drawings that appeared as a result of the simplified writing of hieroglyphs. Nevertheless, the Semitic alphabet was quite popular in the Middle East and much later it became the basis for the first alphabet.
Protoalphabet
The very first alphabet came to us from ancient state Phenicia, which means the very first letter, is one of the parts of Phoenician. There were 22 such letters in total. There were no vowels in them, and we can say with a high degree of probability that the first letter is a consonant.
Despite this discrimination of vowels, the Phoenician alphabet gave rise to all European writing - Greek, Latin, Etruscan writing, and even the unknown Basque alphabet. We can say that the Phoenicians became the founders of all European writing. Russian letters also owe their origin to the Phoenician alphabet.
Origin of Russian letters
At the beginning of the 9th century, two alphabets appeared on the territory of Russia almost simultaneously, designed to record the language of the ancient Russian people. They were called Cyrillic and Glagolitic. The authorship of the Glagolitic is attributed to St. Constantine the Philosopher, who developed this alphabet specifically for recording biblical books. Later, elements of the Glagolitic writing became of little use, and by the end of the 11th century they had almost completely disappeared from circulation. The authors of the Cyrillic alphabet were Cyril and Methodius. It was thanks to them that every Russian letter was born.
Of course, over the years, Russian letters have changed beyond recognition. Many of them disappeared forever from the letter - for example, fita and izhitsa, which instilled fear in pre-revolutionary schoolchildren. Modern students have to learn only 33 letters - this is about half of all the letters that were originally present in the Cyrillic alphabet.
B ukwa "Yo, yo"is the 7th letter of the Russian and Belarusian alphabets and the 9th letter of the Rusyn alphabet. It is also used in a number of non-Slavic alphabets based on civil Cyrillic (eg Mongolian, Kyrgyz, Udmurt and Chuvash).If possible, it means the softness of consonants, being after them, and the sound [o]; in all other cases - sounds like .
In primordially Russian words (in addition to words with prefixes three- and four-) it is always under stress. Cases of unstressed use are rare, mainly borrowed words - for example, Königsberg surfers, compound words - loess-like or words with prefixes three- and four- - for example, four-part. Here the letter is phonetically equivalent to the unstressed "e", "i", "i" or has a secondary stress, but may also reflect the characteristic features of writing in the source language.
In the Russian language (i.e., in Russian writing), the letter “e” stands, first of all, where the sound [(j)o] came from [(j)e], this explains the form derived from “e” letters (borrowed from Western scripts). In Russian writing, unlike Belarusian, according to the rules for using the letter, putting dots above the “ё” is optional.
In other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets, there is no letter "ё". To designate the corresponding sounds in Ukrainian and Bulgarian after consonants they write "yo" and in other cases - "yo". The Serbian script (and the Macedonian script based on it) does not have special letters for iotized vowels and / or softening the preceding consonant at all, since they use different consonants, not different vowels, to distinguish between hard and soft consonant syllables, and iot is always written a separate letter.
In the Church and Old Slavonic alphabets there is no letter equivalent to "ё", since there are no such combinations of sounds; Russian "yokane" is a common mistake when reading Church Slavonic texts.
Superscript element and its name
There is no generally accepted official term for the extended element in the letter “e”. In traditional linguistics and pedagogy, the word "colon" was used, but most often in a hundred recent years used a less formal expression - "two dots", or generally tried to avoid mentioning this element separately.
It is considered incorrect to use foreign language terms (dialytics, diaeresis, trema or umlaut) in this situation, since they refer to diacritical marks and denote, first of all, a specific phonetic function.
Historical aspects
Introduction Yo into use
For a long time, the sound combination (and after the soft consonants - [o]), which appeared in Russian pronunciation, was not expressed in any way in writing. FROM mid-eighteenth in. for them, a designation was introduced by means of the letters IO, located under a common lid. But, such a designation was cumbersome and was rarely used. Variants were used: signs o, iô, io, io, ió.
In 1783, instead of the available options, the letter “e” was proposed, borrowing from French, where it has a different meaning. However, for the first time in print it was used only 12 years later (in 1795). The influence of the Swedish alphabet was also assumed.
In 1783, on November 29 (according to the old style - November 18) at the home of the head of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess E. R. Dashkova, one of the 1st meetings of the newly formed Russian Academy, where Fonvizin D. I., Knyaznin Ya. B., Derzhavin G. R., Lepekhin I. I., Metropolitan Gabriel and others were present. Discussed the draft of the full version explanatory dictionary(Slavic-Russian), later - the famous 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy.
The academicians were already about to go home, as E.R. Dashkova asked if any of them could write the word "Yolka". Pundits thought that the princess was joking, but she wrote the word “olka” pronounced by her and asked the question: “Is it right to represent one sound with two letters?” She also noted: “These reprimands have already been introduced by custom, which, when it does not contradict common sense, must be followed in every possible way.” Ekaterina Dashkova proposed to use the “newborn” letter “ё” “to express words and pronunciations, with this consent beginning as matіory, іolka, іozh, іol”.
She turned out to be convincing in her arguments, and they offered to evaluate the rationality of introducing a new letter to Gabriel, Metropolitan of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, who is a member of the Academy of Sciences. So, in 1784, on November 18, the official recognition of the letter "e" took place.
The innovative idea of the princess was supported by a number of leading cultural figures of that period, incl. and Derzhavin, who was the first to use "ё" for personal correspondence. And the first printed edition, where the appearance of the letter “ё” was noticed, in 1795 was the book “And my trinkets” by I. Dmitriev, published by the Moscow University printing house of H. A. Claudia and H. Ridiger (in this printing house since 1788 printed the newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti, and it was located on the site of the current building of the Central Telegraph).
The first word imprinted with the letter “e” became “everything”, then “cornflower”, “stump”, “light”, “immortal”. For the first time, a surname with this letter (“Potemkin”) was printed by G. R. Derzhavin in 1798.
The letter “e” gained fame thanks to N. M. Karamzin, therefore, until recently, he was considered its author, until the story outlined above was widely publicized. In 1796, in the 1st book of the almanac of poems "Aonida", published by Karamzin, who left the same printing house of the university, with the letter "e" the words were printed: "dawn", "moth", "eagle", "tears ", and the 1st verb -" drip ".
It's just not clear whether it was a personal idea of Karamzin or the initiative of some employee of the publishing house. It should be noted that Karamzin in scientific papers(for example, in the famous "History of the Russian State" (1816 - 1829)) did not use the letter "e".
Distribution issues
Although the letter "ё" was proposed to be introduced in 1783, and was used in print in 1795, for a long time it was not considered a separate letter and it was not officially introduced into the alphabet. This is very typical for newly introduced letters: the status of the symbol “y” was the same, it (compared to “ё”) became mandatory for use as early as 1735. that these letters both "should also take place in the alphabet", but this is still long time remained only a good wish.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. An obstacle to the spread of the letter “ё” was the then attitude to such a “yoking” pronunciation, as to a philistine speech, the dialect of “vile mob”, while the “yoking” “church” reprimand was considered more noble, intelligent and cultured (with “yokan ”fought, for example, V.K. Trediakovsky and A.P. Sumarokov).
December 23, 1917 (01/05/1918) a decree was published (without a date) signed by the Soviet People's Commissar of Education A. V. Lunacharsky, which introduced a reformed spelling as a mandatory one, it says, among other things: “To recognize as desirable, but optional, the use of the letter “ё” ".
Thus, the letters "ё" and "й" formally entered the alphabet (having received serial numbers) only in Soviet times(if you do not take into account the "New alphabet" (1875) by Leo Tolstoy, where there was a letter "e" between "e" and yat, in 31st place).
On 12/24/1942, the use of the letter “ё” by order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR was introduced into compulsory school practice, and since then (sometimes, however, they remember 1943 and even 1956, when the spelling normative rules were first published) it is considered officially included in the Russian alphabet .
The next 10 years of scientific and fiction was published with almost the entire use of the letter "ё", and then the publishers returned to the old practice: to use the letter only when absolutely necessary.
There is a legend that Joseph Stalin influenced the popularization of the letter "e". It says that in 1942 on December 6, I.V. An order was brought to Stalin for signature, where the names of a number of generals were printed not with the letter “e”, but with “e”. Stalin was angry, and the next day all the articles of the Pravda newspaper came out, all of a sudden, with the letter “ё”.
On July 9, 2007, the Minister of Culture of Russia A.S. Sokolov, giving an interview to the Mayak radio station, expressed his opinion on the need for writing use the letter "e".
Basic rules for the use of the letter "ё" / Legislative acts
On December 24, 1942, the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR V.P. Potemkin, by order No. 1825, introduced the letter "Yo, e" into the mandatory practice of use. Shortly before the order was issued, an incident occurred when Stalin was rude to the manager of the Council of People's Commissars, Y. Chadayev, because on December 6 (or 5), 1942, he brought a decree for his signature, where the names of a number of generals were printed without the letter "e".
Chadayev informed the editor of Pravda that the leader wanted to see "e" in print as well. Thus, already on December 7, 1942, the issue of the newspaper suddenly appeared with this letter in all articles.
Federal Law No. 53-FZ "On state language Russian Federation» of 06/01/2005 in part 3 of Art. 1 states that when using the Russian modern literary language as the state language, the Government of the Russian Federation determines the procedure for approving the rules and norms of Russian punctuation and spelling.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for approving the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as the state language of the Russian Federation, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" dated November 23, 2006 No. 714 establishes that, based on the recommendations given by the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language, the list reference books, grammars and dictionaries, which contain the norms of the Russian modern literary language, when it is used in the Russian Federation as the state language, as well as the rules of Russian punctuation and spelling, is approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
Letter No. AF-159/03 dated 05/03/2007 "On the decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language" of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation prescribes to write the letter "ё" with the probability of misreading the words, for example, in proper names, since in In this case, ignoring the letter “ё” violates the requirements of the Federal Law “On the state language of the Russian Federation”.
According to the current rules of Russian punctuation and spelling, in texts with ordinary printing, the letter e is used selectively. But, at the request of the editor or author, any book can be printed using the letter ё in sequence.
"Yo" sound
The letter "yo" is used:
To convey the stressed vowel [o] and at the same time indicate the softness of the previous consonant: youth, comb, crawl, oats, lying, during the day, honey, dog, everything, wandered, Fedor, aunt (after r, k, x this applies only to borrowings : Höglund, Goethe, liquor, Cologne, the only exception is actually Russian word weave, weave, weave, weave with derivatives, and formed in Russian from the borrowed word alarmist);
To convey the shock [o] after the hissing: silk, burn, click, damn (in this position, the choice between writing through “o” or through “e” is set by a rather complex system of lists of exception words and rules);
To transmit a combination of [j] and percussive sound [o]:
At the beginning of words: container, hedgehog, tree;
After consonants (used separator sign): volume, viet, linen.
After the letters of the vowels: her, loan, striker, point, spit, forge;
In primordially Russian words, only the stressed sound “ё” is possible (even if the stress is secondary: loess-like, four-story, three-seater,); if, during word formation or inflection, the stress shifts to another syllable, then “e” will be replaced by “e” (takes - chooses, honey - honey - on honey, about nothing - nothing (but: about nothing )).
Along with the letter "ё" in borrowings, the same sound value can be conveyed after consonants - combinations of ё and in other cases - yo. Also in borrowings, "yo" can be an unstressed vowel.
Yo and E
In § 10 of the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” officially in force since 1956, the cases are defined when “ё” is used in writing:
"one. When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: we learn in contrast to we learn; everything is different from everything; bucket as opposed to a bucket; perfect (participle) as opposed to perfect (adjective), etc.
2. When it is necessary to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: the Olekma river.
3. In special texts: primers, school textbooks of the Russian language, orthoepy textbooks, etc., as well as in dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation
Note. In foreign words, at the beginning of words and after vowels, instead of the letter ё, yo is written, for example; iodine, district, major.
Section 5 regulates these issues in more detail. new edition of these rules (published in 2006 and approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences):
“The use of the letter ё can be consistent and selective.
Consistent use of the letter ё is mandatory in the following varieties of printed texts:
a) in texts with successive accent marks;
b) in books addressed to young children;
c) in educational texts for schoolchildren lower grades and foreigners studying Russian.
Note 1. The consistent use of ё is accepted for the illustrative part of these rules.
Note 3. In dictionaries, words with the letter e are placed in the general alphabet with the letter e, for example: barely, unctuous, fir-tree, fir-tree, crawl, fir-tree, fir-tree, fir-tree; to cheer up, to cheer up, to have fun, to have fun, to have fun.
In ordinary printed texts, the letter ё is used selectively. It is recommended to use it in the following cases.
1. To prevent misidentification of a word, e.g.: everything, sky, summer, perfect (unlike the words everything, sky, summer, perfect, respectively), including to indicate the place of stress in a word, e.g.: bucket, recognize (unlike a bucket, we learn).
2. To indicate the correct pronunciation of a word - either rare, not well known, or having a common mispronunciation, e.g.: gyozy, surf, fleur, harder, slit, also for pointing correct stress, for example: fable, brought, carried away, condemned, newborn, filer.
3. In proper names - surnames, geographical names, for example: Konenkov, Neyolova, Catherine Deneuve, Schrödinger, Dezhnev, Koshelev, Chebyshev, Vyoshenskaya, Olekma.
"Yo", "yo" and "yo" in loanwords and the transfer of foreign proper names
The letter "ё" is often used to convey the sounds [ø] and [œ] (for example, denoted by the letter "ö") in foreign names and words.
In borrowing words, to record a combination of phonemes such as /jo/, the letter combinations “yo” or “yo” are usually used:
After consonants, simultaneously softening them (“broth”, “battalion”, “minion”, “guillotine”, “senior”, “champignon”, “pavilion”, “fjord”, “companion”, etc.) - in Romance languages usually in places after the palatalized [n] and [l] it is written "ё".
At the beginning of words (“iota”, “iodine”, “yogurt”, “yoga”, “York”, etc.) or after vowels (“district”, “coyote”, “meiosis”, “major”, etc.) spelled "yo";
However, in recent decades, “ё” has been increasingly used in these cases. It has already become a normative element in the systems of transferring names and names (transliteration) from a number of Asian languages (for example, the Kontsevich system for the Korean language and the Polivanov system for the Japanese language): Yoshihito, Shogun, Kim Yongnam.
In European borrowings, the sound is transmitted by the letter "ё" very rarely; it is most often found in words from the languages of Scandinavia (Jörmungandr, Jotun), but, as a rule, exists along with the usual transmission through "yo" (for example, Jormungandr) and is often considered profanity.
“Yo” in borrowed words is often unstressed and in this position its pronunciation is indistinguishable from the letters “I”, “i” or “e” (Erdös, shogunate, etc.), i.e., its original clarity is lost and it turns, at times, into just an indication of a certain pronunciation in the source language.
Consequences of the optional use of the letter "ё"
The slowness of the entry of the letter "ё" into the practice of writing (which, by the way, did not take place until the end) is explained by its inconvenient form for cursive writing, which contradicts its main principle - the fusion (without lifting the pen from the sheet of paper) of the style, as well as the technical difficulties of the technologies pre-computer publishing houses.
In addition, people with surnames that have the letter “ё” often have difficulties, sometimes insurmountable, during the execution of various documents, as some employees are irresponsible about writing this letter. This problem became especially acute after the introduction USE systems when there is a danger of a difference in the spelling of the name in the passport and in the Certificate of the results of passing the exam.
The habitual optionality of use led to a misreading of a number of words, which gradually became generally accepted. This process affected everything: both a huge number of personal names and numerous common nouns.
Stable ambiguity is caused by words written without the letter e, such as: piece of iron, everything, flax, take a break, blowjob (flies by without hitting it), perfect, planted, in the summer, we recognize, palate, tapeworm, recognized, etc. is increasingly being used erroneous pronunciation (without ё) and shifting of stresses in the words beetroot, newborn, etc.
"e" becomes "yo"
The ambiguity contributed to the fact that sometimes the letter “ё” began to be used in writing (and, of course, read [`o]) in those words where it should not be. For example, instead of the word "grenadier" - "grenadier", and instead of the word "scam" - "scam", also instead of the word "guardianship" - "guardianship", and instead of the word "being" - "being", etc. Sometimes such incorrect pronunciation and spelling becomes common.
So, the famous chess player Alexander Alekhin, the world champion, was, in fact, Alekhin and was very indignant if his name was pronounced and written incorrectly. His surname belongs to the noble family of the Alekhins and is not a derivative of the familiar variant "Alyokha" on behalf of Alexei.
In those positions where it is necessary to be not e, but e, it is recommended to put stress in order to prevent incorrect recognition of words (everything, takes) or erroneous pronunciation (grenadier, scam, Krez, stout, Olesha).
Because of the spelling of words without ё in the 20-30s. 20th century many errors arose in the pronunciation of those words that people learned from newspapers and books, and not from colloquial speech: musketeer, youth, driver (these words said “e” instead of “e”).
Orthoepy: the emergence of new variants
Due to the optional use of the letter "e", words appeared in Russian that allow the possibility of writing with the letter "e" and "e", and the corresponding pronunciation. For example, faded and faded, maneuver and maneuver, whitish and whitish, bile and bile, etc.
Constantly similar options appear in the language due to the action of contradictory analogies. For example, the word cut has pronunciations with ё / e due to the double motivation: cut / cut. The use or non-use of the letter "ё" does not play a role here. But, developing naturally, literary language, as a rule, seeks to get rid of options: either one of them will become unliterary, incorrect (holo[l`o] ditsa, from [d`e] vka), or various meanings will acquire pronunciation options (is [t`o] kshiy - is [t`e] kshiy).
It is predominantly pronounced not “glider”, but “glider” (stressed 1st syllable), since the following tendencies are present in Russian: in the names of mechanisms, machines, various devices, it is preferable to stress on the 1st syllable, or more precisely, on the penultimate , i.e., glider, trier, glider, tanker, and on the last - when indicated actor: combine operator, driver, janitor.
The inconsistency in the use of the letter "ё" is more artificial than natural. And it helps to slow down the natural development of the language, giving rise to and maintaining pronunciation variants that are not due to intralinguistic reasons.
In this lesson, we will learn about the sound [n] and the letter H, about the sonority, hardness and softness of the sound [H], we will learn how to write the letter H, and we will perform many interesting tasks.
Of course, you remembered that these are Naf-Naf, Nuf-Nuf and Nif-Nif. Even their names are similar. Looking at their names, it is easy to guess what letter and sound the lesson will be devoted to. Lesson topic: "Letter Hn and the sounds it represents.
And another hero from the fairy-tale museum came to our lesson. Guess who it is.
Big hat on one side
And it's not too lazy to poke your nose everywhere.
Takes care of everything
And everything fails
Well, guess what?
The name of?
(Dunno) (Fig. 2)
Rice. 2. Dunno ()
Dunno will ask questions, and piglets will answer. And you help them answer.
Tell Dunno how to characterize the sound. You already know that for this you need to pronounce the sound and listen to it carefully. During sound pronunciation [n] tongue rests on the tip of the teeth and closes the passage for air. Because of this, he cannot pronounce easily and calmly, noise is obtained. So the sound [n] - consonant.
Help Dunno find out if this is a ringing sound? You already know that this is easy to figure out. Put your hands on the neck or on the ears and listen carefully to how your throat will work. Did you feel the vibration, so it's ringing sound.
You can also find out solid is it a sound or soft. Brothers will help you with this. Say their names and listen.
H af- H af - hard sound [n].
H uv- H uh - solid sound [n].
H if- H if - soft sound [n′].
So the sound [n] there is a couple - sound [n′].
Let us prove that a solid sound has [n] there is a soft pair [n′]. Dunno will ask questions, pigs will give answers, and you will complete them.
Dunno asked the piglets to name the guys who begin with a hard [n] or soft sound [n′]. The pig brothers gave the following answer:
solid sound [n]:
H atasha
H astya
H hello
Soft sound [n′]:
H ina
H ikita
H ica
Continue to name yourself.
Dunno asks: what flowers do you know whose names begin with [n] and [n′]?
H asturtium - sound [n](Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Nasturtium ()
H arcissus - sound [n](Fig. 4).
H forget-me-nots - sound [n′](Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Forget-me-nots ()
Can you add your examples?
Dunno asks to name the planets whose names contain the sounds we need.
Lou n a hard sound [n] in the middle of a word (Fig. 6).
Ve n era - soft sound [n′] in the middle of a word (Fig. 7).
H eptu n- soft sound [n′] at the beginning of a word and a solid sound [n] at the end (Fig. 8).
satur n- hard sound [n] at the end of a word (Fig. 9).
Give your examples.
Dunno asks if you know animals in whose names the word is hidden "nose".
H rhino (Fig. 10)
H osach (Fig. 11)
duck n os (Fig. 12)
In all these words, the letter H denotes a hard sound [n].
Let's show the Dunno and the piglets the letter of their name (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Letter H ()
This is a capital letter H.
Now we call this letter "en", and in ancient times it was called differently - "our" and this meant the same as now the word ours, i.e. mine, belonging to us. Since the name belongs only to some hero, and not to everyone, it is written with a capital letter H. A capital letter has a pair - a small letter n. They are similar (Fig. 14).
Rice. 14. Block letters Hn ()
The stranger needs to be explained
How can we draw a letter?
I explain to him briskly:
“It is necessary to each of these racks
nail the crossbar
The letter will become H serve".
Letter H very much like a letter And.
Letter And obliquely
Tried on a belt.
Pulled him up from the bottom -
Attached to the right leg.
He didn't listen at all.
And turned into a letter H.
Read the poems and say what the letter looks like H.
I have a letter H
Suddenly there was a song:
Got a ladder.
H - stretched mesh.
The mesh is held very tightly.
Come to our yard
Let's play volleyball.
Letter H, I know you.
The letter is strong, steel.
You are huge
And not the letter you, but the bridge(Fig. 15) .
Cars run over you
A river runs under you
With big ships.
There are clouds above you.
And also a letter H can be found in many items. For example: chair, hammock, gate tower.
Writer Viktor Khmelnitsky told the following news:
It happened in the summer sunny day. The letter H walked in the forest, picked flowers, and then lay down in a clearing and decided to dream. Before, there was never enough time. I dreamed that she was the first letter in the alphabet. And it became so good - she spread her legs to the sides, put her hands behind her head and ... gasped! Still would! Putting his hands behind his head and spreading his legs, the letter H turned into the letter A - the first letter of the alphabet! That's how useful it is sometimes to daydream.
Check the veracity of this story - mold a letter from plasticine H, turn it into a letter BUT, and then back to the letter H. Let the dream letters H will be fulfilled.
Hand -on the
And n-on the
Habout n-on the
vowels are marked in green. You noticed that the words have two syllables. Vowel sounds are clues. How many vowels, so many syllables. Try to read the names together:
In order to write down these names, it took only one consonant - the letter H. In total, these three names contain seven letters. H, but consonants are not all the same.
H ina - first sound [n′] soft. The rest of the sounds in all words are solid [n].
Read the words:
What do you think, lilies Is it a name or flowers? Of course, they meant flowers, because the word is written with a small letter.
Connect these words in pairs. Check:
he
Let's learn how to write a capital letter written letter H. It has three elements (Fig. 17).
Rice. 17. Capitalization H ()
We start writing a letter just above the middle of the additional line. We write a small smooth line, deviating slightly to the right. Then we lower the straight inclined line. Not reaching the bottom line working line, make a rounding to the right by touching it. We draw a smooth line up, deviating to the right, cross the straight line on the top ruler of the working line and continue to draw the line up, deviating to the right. We begin to make a rounding to the level of the height of the first element, lower the straight line down, cross the second element of the letter and, not reaching the bottom line of the working line, make a rounding to the right by touching it.
H: very wide loops (lower and upper); long straight sticks turned out in different directions due to the fact that the second straight line is written without tilting to the left.
Try to write the letter in your notebook yourself. Remember the seating rules while writing.
We will learn to write a small letter n. It has three elements (Fig. 18).
Rice. 18. Writing lower case n ()
We begin to write on the top line of the working line. From top to bottom to the bottom line of the working line, we draw an inclined straight line. We return in a straight line up to its middle, make a small loop or turn with a dot and draw a smooth line to the right (like a rope sagged) to the top line of the working line. We drop down a straight inclined line. Before reaching the bottom line of the working line, we make a rounding to the right by touching it.
Try to write such a letter in the air. write it down reverse side hands on the palm.
Here are some spelling mistakes n: a very large connecting loop at the letter; the first and third elements look in different directions.
Try to write the letter in the notebook yourself.
Think like big and small letters Hn connect with other letters. Remember which letters have already written similar upper and lower connections: and, s, a. Can you write by connecting letters Hn with other letters? Try it.
Today at the lesson we had a letter as a guest Hn, which in writing denotes sounds solid [n] and soft [n′]. This letter is very fond of words responsible people, for example: n hello, n really, n necessary, n learns. And she is very fond of those who want to do something, for example: n write, n draw, n start reading.
Homework
1. Practice writing a letter H. Write your own printed and capital letters Hn(large and small).
2. Name five words in which the letter H denotes a soft sound [n′], and five words with hard sound [n].
3. Choose any rhyme from this letter lesson H and learn it by heart.
Bibliography
1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011.
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M.: Ballas, 2012
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academbook/Textbook, 2014
The letter H denotes a consonant sound: hard [H] and soft [H "]. This is a voiced sound.
Words that start with N: sky, sock, rhino, reward, nose, leg, Negro, outfit, oil, thread, new, nobody, notes, need, zero, hope, sticker, Natasha, nature, nectar, it is impossible, beginning, nostrils, low nail...
Letter H in the middle of a word: lollipop, car, pomegranate, hay, bow, sauna, Vanya, wave, dwarf, melon, raccoon, laziness, pony, angel, fable, bank, cherry, race, wave, grain, book, canvas, minute, autumn, song , market, seal, young man, England, grandson, nest, crown, money...
Letter H at the end of a word: elephant, drum, phone, dream, pancake, one, lemon, ram, ataman, ram, sofa, wild boar, clown, deceit, organ, season, slope, herd, coupon, volcano, trap...
Several letters H in a word: orangutan, scissors, fountain, nanny, piano, announcement, manna, tonsillitis, name...
Here is the letter H - it's easy to remember
Two sticks are equal in height.
And one crossbar
visible to everyone in the middle.
Stick, stick, belt
The letter H is like a bridge.
/ you can draw this letter in the air or on the decoy /
For phonemic perception letters H, play the game "Aquarium" (described earlier with the letter A), or jumping - if the sound H is at the beginning, jump forward, if at the end - back, if in the middle - in place. My son loves this option! :)
Poems about the letter H ( , )
H - stretched mesh,
The mesh is held very tightly.
Come to our yard
Let's play volleyball!
Let's take a pencil in our palms,
With H we will write "Nose" and "Legs".
The night has come, you need to sleep -
The letter H is needed again.
I have known the letter H for a long time -
From childhood, they tell me: "But-but!"
And grew up, now in response
Often I hear the word: "No!"
"I do not want!" And mom: "It is necessary!"
In general, we do not get along with the letter H.
I would erase N from the alphabet,
But my name is Nikita...
Riddles about the letter H ( , )
Two bare feet
They walk along the path
They run and jump
Yes, they jerk each other.
Boots will be captured
Turn into a letter....
In rain and hot weather
We have a pump pumping water.
Kach-kach! Kach-kach!
Wash my hands, wash the ball
So that the pump does not get bored,
And rocked, rocked, rocked!
He pumped water for everyone
Turned into a letter....
Tumbler Nastya
Not afraid of adversity
Tears will not shed -
Fall down, get up
And prefers to everyone
A letter of the alphabet...
Rhino found a sock
But I couldn't wear it.
He was captured to the sock
In the picture with the letter...
Tongue twisters with the letter H ()
Mink definitely needs
To get a taxi to the mink.
Clear - in a mink coat
Nobody will walk.
On the shallows of the river, we came across burbot.
Images of the letter H
The letter H lived in the Alphabet immediately after the letter M. It was the most incomprehensible letter of the Alphabet, the most protesting. Her most favorite word was "no". No matter what they asked her, she always said no! It was her nature, she simply could not and did not know how to do it differently. Because of this, she often fell into different stories and suffered.
She was asked:
- Letter N, do you want candy?
- Not! - said the letter H, - but she really, really wanted them.
She was asked:
– Do you want ice cream?
- Not! - the letter H said again, and almost cried, because she really wanted ice cream.
And all the letters thought that she was doing it on purpose. And she, poor thing, didn't know just how to say yes. And she really didn't know how to do it. What was left for her?
And then one day the letter H went for a walk and met on a walk ... Who would you think? She met the letter "D" - her opposite, who all the time said only "yes" and did not know how to say "no".
- You are ill? they asked her.
- Yes, - the letter D answered, - although in fact she was healthy.
"So you can't eat cake?"
“Yes,” the letter D sighed again and was left without a birthday cake.
And they met, so different, but with the same problem. And they began to think how they could get out of this trouble of theirs. How can the letter H learn to say "YES" and the letter "D" learn to say "NO".
They walked, walked, talked to each other and became very friendly. And when someone becomes very friendly, then their thoughts with each other also begin to be friends. And words too. And so it happened that the letter H became a little softer, and the letter D became firmer in its character. And they exchanged words and thoughts, or rather shared with each other.
And so they approached the ice cream seller. And it was so hot! And I wanted ice cream!
- Would you like ice cream? - asked the seller at the letter N.
- Not! she said out of habit. And then she suddenly added:
- No, in the sense not a lot, but only one, I will! Will! - and with great joy she took the ice cream.
- Everything? Do you have enough? You won't buy ice cream anymore? the salesman asked the letter D.
“Yeah, I mean, that’s enough for her, and I need another ice cream!” Will!
And they, our letters, laughed joyfully, they recognized themselves in each other. And when you see yourself from the outside, it is much easier for you to understand yourself and correct your bad habits also easier. The easiest way is not alone, but with friends! And since then, the letter H has always tried to remember the letter D, and before starting to protest and shout “no, I don’t want to!”, She thought about her opposite, and she felt funny at herself, and she stopped resisting. Since then, the life of the letter H has become much easier and she began to smile and laugh more often, and slowly made friends with all the letters. She learned to communicate! Is it so important. But the letter D remained her greatest friend. So they walked, these two inseparable words: “yes” and “no”.
