Brands of electrodes and their purpose. Brands of electrodes for manual arc surfacing and welding

Obtaining a weld metal of equal strength to the main one is ensured by choosing the type of welding electrode, which regulates the strength characteristics of the welded joint. It should be taken into account that the use of electrodes with increased mechanical properties deposited metal, for example, in terms of tensile strength, can lead to a decrease in the performance of the welded structure.

For welding boiling steels (low-carbon steel produced from the furnace slightly deoxidized), electrodes with any coating are used.

For welding semi-quiet steels (steel obtained by deoxidation of liquid metal less completely than in the smelting of quiescent steel, but more than in the smelting of boiling steel) at large thicknesses, electrodes with coatings of the basic or rutile type should be used.

Welding of mild steel structures operating at low temperatures or under dynamic loads, must be performed with electrodes with a basic coating.

The stability of the arc affects the quality of the seams and the possibility of welding with alternating current. The arc burns most stably for electrodes with cellulose, acid and rutile coatings. This allows the use of welding transformers. Basic coated electrodes require only DC power supplies.

In the lower, vertical and overhead positions, the seam is better formed with cellulose-coated electrodes, since the fine-droplet transfer of electrode metal and the high viscosity of the slag ensure high-quality welding. The seam formation is worse for electrodes with a basic coating.

When welding thick-walled structures with multilayer seams, slag detachability is a significant indicator. Electrodes with rutile, cellulose and acid coatings provide better slag separation compared to the base coating.

Welding with electrodes with a basic coating requires careful cleaning of the edges from rust, oil, and dirt to avoid pore formation. In addition, electrodes with a basic coating are prone to pore formation at the initial moment of welding and when welding with a long arc.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding carbon and low-alloy steels

Type E42 412 MPa (42 kgf/mm 2)
Brand,	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
Ogonyok
For steel products with a thickness of 1-3 mm. Welding can be done using the top-down method.
ANO-6
Welding with short or medium arc. Allowed on unpolished edges. When welding fillet welds, tilt the electrode at an angle of 40-50° in the direction of welding. Has high resistance against the formation of pores and hot cracks. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-6M
Welding with short or medium arc. Slag is easily separated. Minimal spattering. Low tendency to form pores and hot cracks. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-17
High-performance. For welding thick metal long seams. Low sensitivity to pore formation when welding on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
WCC-4
Welding of pipelines without vibration of the electrode by resting on the edges “from top to bottom”. The root of the weld is on direct current of any polarity, the “hot” pass is on reverse polarity. Leave the cinder at least 50 mm.
VSC-4M
Welding of root seam and “hot” passage of pipeline joints. They allow welding to be carried out using the “top-down” method by supporting the electrode. Provides resistance against pore formation.
OZS-23
For welding structures of small thickness on an oxidized surface. Low sensitivity to pore formation. Low toxicity. Uхх≥50V.
OMA-2
For welding critical metal structures of small thickness (0.8-3.0 mm). Welding with an extended arc on an oxidized surface. Electrodes with low melting capacity. Uхх≥60V.
Type E42A Steels with tensile strength up to 412 MPa (42 kgf/mm 2) with high requirements for the weld in terms of ductility and impact strength.
UONI-13/45
For welding critical structures operating at low temperatures. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
UONI-13/45A
For welding critical structures made of steels such as SHL-4, MS-1, St3sp and the like. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
UONII-13/45
UONII-13/45A
For welding critical structures operating at low temperatures. Welding with an extremely short arc along carefully cleaned edges.
UONII-13/45R
For welding shipbuilding steels. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. High resistance of the weld metal to the formation of hot cracks.
Type E46 For steels with tensile strength up to 451 MPa (46 kgf/mm 2)
ANO-4
For welding simple and critical structures of all groups and degrees of deoxidation. Medium length arc welding. Allowed on unpolished edges. Not prone to pore formation at high current levels. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-13
For vertical fillet, overlap and butt welds using the top-down method. Welding with short or medium arc. Possible along unfinished edges. The weld metal is resistant to the formation of hot cracks. The coating is hygroscopic. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-21
For simple and critical structures made of carbon steels of all groups and degrees of deoxidation. Welding with an extended arc along untreated edges. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-24
For welding under installation conditions. Welding with an extended arc along untreated edges. Low tendency to undercut. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-34
In the lower position, tilt the electrode 20-40° from the vertical in the direction of welding. Welding is possible with an extended arc on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
ELZ-S-1
For welding low-carbon, carbon and low-alloy steels with tensile strength up to 490 MPa. Uхх≥50V.
MR-3
For responsible designs. Welding with short or medium arc. Thoroughly clean the surfaces from scale. The gaps close well. When welding at high currents, pores are possible. Uхх≥60V.
MR-3M
For steels with carbon content up to 0.25%. It is possible to weld wet, rusty, poorly cleaned metal oxides. Highly productive. Welding of medium and large thicknesses is carried out at high “backward angle” modes. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-3
For welding critical parts. Short arc welding. Welding on uncleaned surfaces is allowed. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-4
For high-performance welding of critical parts. Welding with an extended arc and on uncleaned surfaces is allowed. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-4I
For critical structures. Allows welding of damp, rusty, poorly cleaned metal oxides. High performance. Welding in the lower position with medium and large thicknesses "backwards". Average arc length. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-6
For high performance welding. Welding with an extended arc is allowed, and it is also possible on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
OZS-12
Recommended for T-joints producing fine-flaked concave seams. Slag is easily separated. Welding with an extended arc and on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
Type E46A For steels with a tensile strength of 451 MPa (46 kgf/mm 2) with increased requirements for welds in terms of ductility and impact toughness.
TMU-46
For critical structures, including pipelines. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
UONI-13/55K
For critical structures operating at subzero temperatures and alternating loads. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. The weld metal is highly resistant to hot cracking and is characterized by low content hydrogen.
ANO-8
For welding structures made of carbon and low-alloy steels operating at low temperatures. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
Type E50 For steels with tensile strength 490 MPa (50 kgf/mm 2)
WCC-4A
High-performance welding of root seams and “hot” passage of joints of pipelines and critical structures. Welding the root seam without vibration, by supporting it, using direct current of any polarity. "Hot" pass - after cleaning the root joint. Weld both layers from top to bottom. Leave the cinder at least 50 mm.
55-U
Welding with a short arc or support along carefully cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
Type E50A For steels with a tensile strength of 490 MPa (50 kgf/mm 2) with increased requirements for welds in terms of ductility and impact toughness.
ANO-27
For welding critical structures at temperatures down to -40°C. Welding with a short arc on a thoroughly cleaned surface. Provide low hydrogen content in joints.
ANO-T
For welding critical structures and pipelines in all climatic zones. Welding the root seam without backing rings. Forming a reverse roller in a ceiling position.
ANO-TM/N
For rotary joints of oil and gas pipelines with a diameter of 59-1420 mm and other critical structures. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Effective for single-sided welding. Uхх≥65V.
ANO-TM
For critical structures, including pipelines made of low-carbon and low-alloy steels. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. A return roller with a height of 0.5-3 mm is formed qualitatively.
ITS-4
For ship hull steels St3sp, 09G2, 09G2S, 10HSND, 10G2S1D-35, 10G2S1D-40, etc. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. Provide high corrosion resistance.
ITS-4S
For welding critical structures in shipbuilding; steel SHL-4, 09G2, etc. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
OZS-18
For welding critical structures made of steels 10ХСНД, 10ХНДП and others with a thickness of up to 15 mm, resistant to atmospheric corrosion, with a low hydrogen content.
OZS-25
For welding critical structures. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. Good slag release. Absence of undercuts and fine-flaky seam.
OZS/VNIIST-26
For oil and gas pipelines contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. High corrosion resistance in an environment humidified with up to 25% hydrogen sulfide.
OZS-28
For critical structures made of steels 09G2, 10HSND, etc. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-33
For especially critical structures. Provide weld metal with high resistance to hot cracking and low hydrogen content. Welding with a short or extremely short arc along cleaned edges.
TMU-21U
For steels type 15GS and others; For energy equipment. For pipes with a wall thickness of more than 16 mm. Narrow gap welding with common angle bevel edges up to 15°. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. Easy arc ignition without “starting” porosity.
TMU-50
For critical structures and pipelines. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
UONI-13/55
For critical structures operating at subzero temperatures and alternating loads. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. The weld metal is resistant to the formation of hot cracks and has a low hydrogen content.
UONI-13/55S
For especially critical structures. Provides weld metal with high resistance to hot cracking. Low hydrogen content. Welding only with a short arc along cleaned edges.
UONI-13/55TZh
For especially critical structures operating at low temperatures. The weld metal resists the formation of hot cracks well. Low hydrogen content. Welding only with a short arc along cleaned edges.
UONII-13/55R
For shipbuilding steels with tensile strength up to 490-660 MPa. Welding with a short arc or support along carefully cleaned edges.
TsU-5
For pipe parts and heat exchangers of boiler units operating at temperatures up to 400°C. Reduced tendency to pore formation. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
TsU-7
For critical structures operating at temperatures up to 400°C. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
TsU-8
For critical structures operating at temperatures up to 400°C with small metal thickness and for welding pipes of small diameters. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
E-138/50N
For heavily loaded seams in the underwater part of ships. For steels St3S, St4S, 09G2, SHL-1, SHL-45, MS-1, etc. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. The weld metal is resistant to corrosion in sea water.
Type E55 For steels with tensile strength up to 539 MPa (55 kgf/mm 2)
OZS/VNIIST-27
For pipelines and structures made of cold-resistant low-alloy steels operating at temperatures down to -60°C. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. Root seams - on direct current of direct polarity.
UONI-13/55U
For welding fittings and rails using the hot method, for critical structures using manual arc welding. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. With the bath method, the current values ​​are increased by 1.3-1.7 times. Interruptions during welding are unacceptable. Uхх≥65V.
Type E60 For steels with tensile strength up to 588 MPa (60 kgf/mm 2)
ANO-TM60
For butt joints of pipes and other critical structures. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Formation of a root weld without backing elements and welding with a smooth transition to the base metal.
VSF-65
For critical structures, including main pipelines. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
OZS-24M
For structures and pipelines made of steels 06G2NAB, 12G2AFYU, 10GNMAYU and others, operating at temperatures down to -70°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. The weld metal is characterized by high cold resistance.
UONI-13/65
For critical structures made of low-alloy carbon chromium, chromium-molybdenum, chromium-silicon-manganese steels operating at low temperatures. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. High resistance of weld metal to hot cracks. Low hydrogen content.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding high-strength alloy steels

Type E70 For steels with tensile strength up to 686 MPa (70 kgf/mm 2)
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
ANO-TM70
For welding critical structures and pipelines without backing elements and welding. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
ANP-1
For welding critical structures made of steels 14KhG2MR, 14KhMNDFR, etc., parts of transport and road machines operating at low temperatures. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
ANP-2
For welding critical structures. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
VSF-75
For pipelines and critical structures when welding filling and facing layers. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
Type E85 For steels with tensile strength up to 833 MPa (85 kgf/mm 2)
NIAT-3M
For welding critical structures made of heat-hardening steels. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges.
UONI-13/85
For critical structures made of thermally hardenable steels up to high tensile strength: 30KhGSA, 30KhGSNA, etc. Welding only with a short arc along carefully cleaned edges. The weld metal is resistant to hot cracks. Low hydrogen content.
UONI-13/85U
For fittings and rails using the bath method and manual arc welding of structures made of high-strength steels operating under heavy loads. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. When using the bath method, use remaining or removed forms.
Type E100 For steels with tensile strength up to 980 MPa (100 kgf/mm 2)
AN-KhN7
Assembly without gaps. Welding with a short and medium arc along carefully cleaned edges.
VI-10-6
Assembly without gaps. Welding with a short or medium arc along carefully cleaned edges using loop-like movements of the electrode. Rapid cooling may cause cracks in the craters.
OZSh-1
Welding with a short arc continuously, without allowing cooling, along carefully cleaned edges. Preheating to 400-450°C. Can be used for surfacing dies.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding high strength alloy steels

Type E125 For steels with tensile strength exceeding 980 MPa (100 kgf/mm 2)
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
NII-3M
For steels 30KhGSNA, 30KhGSN2A, etc., heat-treated for strength up to 1274 MPa (130 kgf/mm 2). Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
Type E150 For steels with tensile strength up to 1470 MPa (150 kgf/mm 2)
NIAT-3
For high-strength steels of type 30KhGSNA with tensile strength up to 1470 MPa (150 kgf/mm 2)

Surfacing electrodes

Surfacing electrodes ensure the production of deposited metal of various chemical composition, structure and properties. According to GOST 10051-75 "Coated metal electrodes for manual arc surfacing surface layers with special properties" there are 44 types of such electrodes.

They all have a base coat. This provides better resistance to cracking when surfacing parts made of steel with a high carbon content and with high structural rigidity.

Depending on the operating conditions of structures with deposited coatings, electrodes for surfacing can be divided into 6 groups.

Characteristics of electrodes for surfacing

First group Electrodes for surfacing, ensuring the production of low-carbon, low-alloy deposited metal with high resistance under conditions of metal-to-metal friction and shock loads (by purpose, this group includes some brands of electrodes of the 3rd group).
Electrode brand/metal type, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
OZN-300M/11G3S
For parts made of carbon and low-alloy steels operating under conditions of friction and shock loads, for example: shafts, axles, automatic couplers, crosspieces and other parts of automobile and railway transport.
OZN-400M/15G4S
The same, with increased hardness of the deposited metal.
NR-70/E-30G2ХМ
For parts operating under conditions of intense shock loads and friction on metal: rails, crosspieces and more.
TsNIIN-4/E-65Х25Г13Н3
For welding casting defects in railway crosspieces and other parts made of high-manganese steels 110G13L.
Second group Electrodes that provide medium-carbon, low-alloy deposited metal with high resistance under conditions of metal-to-metal friction and shock loads at normal and elevated temperatures (up to 600-650°C).
EN-60M/E-70X3SMT
For dies of all types, working with heating of contact surfaces up to 400°C, and wear parts in machine tools: gears, eccentrics, guides, etc.
TsN-14
For hot stamping and cutting equipment, including knives, scissors, dies, etc.
13KN/LIVT/E-80H4S
For teeth of excavator buckets, scoops, dredgers, knives of road machines operating under abrasive wear without significant impacts and pressures.
OZSh-3/E-37Х9С2
For cutting and cutting dies of cold and hot stamping (up to 650°C) and wear parts of machines and equipment.
OZI-3/E-90Х4М4ВФ
For dies of cold and hot (up to 650°C) deformation of metals, as well as for wear parts of mining and metallurgical and machine tool equipment.
Third group Electrodes that provide carbon, alloyed (or highly alloyed) deposited metal with high resistance to abrasive wear and shock loads.
OZN-6 /90Х4Г2С3Р
For wear parts of mining, construction machines, etc., operating under intense abrasive wear and significant shock loads.
OZN-7 /75Х5Г4С3РФ
For wear parts mainly made of high-manganese steels 110G13L, operating under intense wear and significant shock loads.
VSN-6/E-110X14V13F2
For wear parts made of carbon and high-manganese steels under significant impact loads under conditions of abrasive wear.
T-590/E-320Х25С2ГР
For parts operating under conditions of abrasive wear and moderate shock loads.
Fourth group Electrodes providing high-carbon, high-alloy deposited metal with high resistance under high pressures and high temperatures (up to 680-850°C).
OZSh-6 /10Х33Н11М3СГ
For strikers of radial forging machines, dies for cold and hot (up to 800-850°C) deformation of metals, knives for hot metal cutting, wear parts of equipment operating in severe thermal and deformation conditions.
UONI-13/N1-BK/E-09X31N8AM2
For sealing surfaces of fittings operating in contact with highly aggressive media.
OZI-5/E-10K18V11M10H3SF
For metal-cutting tools, hot stamping dies (up to 800-850°C) and parts operating under particularly difficult temperature and power conditions.
Fifth group Electrodes that provide highly alloyed austenitic deposited metal with high resistance under conditions of corrosion-erosion wear and metal-to-metal friction at elevated temperatures (up to 570-600°C).
TsN-6L/E-08Х17Н8С6Г
For sealing surfaces of boiler fittings operating at temperatures up to 570°C and pressure up to 7800 MPa (780 kg/mm ​​2).
Sixth group Electrodes that ensure the production of dispersion-strengthened, highly alloyed deposited metal with high resistance under severe temperature and deformation conditions (up to 950-1100°C).
OZSh-6 /10Х33Н11М3СГ
For forging and stamping equipment for cold and hot deformation of metals, parts of metallurgical and machine tool equipment operating under severe conditions of thermal fatigue (up to 950°C) and high pressures.
OZSh-8 /11Х31Н11ГСМ3УФ
For forging and stamping equipment for hot deformation of metal, operating under extremely severe conditions of thermal fatigue (up to 1100°C) and high pressures.

Electrodes for welding and surfacing of cast iron

Such electrodes are designed to eliminate defects in cast iron castings and to restore damaged and worn parts. They can also be used for the manufacture of welded-cast structures. Electrodes for cold welding and surfacing of cast iron without preheating produce weld metal in the form of steel, copper-based alloys, nickel and iron-nickel alloy. These are brands TsCh-4, OZCh-2, OZCH-6, etc. Sometimes it is advisable to use electrodes for other purposes. So, when repairing cast iron tubes in conditions of heavy pollution and high humidity, it is better to use the OZL-25B brand. The first layers on contaminated cast iron can be made with grades OZL-27 and OZL-28. The OZB-2M grade, intended for welding bronzes, is also successfully used.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding and surfacing of cast iron

, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
TsCh-4/FeV
For welding and sealing casting defects in parts made of gray, ductile and ductile cast iron. Welding gray and high-strength cast iron.
OZCH-2/Cu
OZCH-6/Cu
For welding thin-walled parts made of gray and ductile cast iron.
MNC-2/NiCu
For welding, surfacing and welding of casting defects in parts made of gray and ductile cast iron.
OZCh-3/Ni
For welding and welding of casting defects in parts made of gray and high-strength cast iron, when the joints are subject to increased requirements for surface cleanliness.
OZCh-4/Ni
For welding and surfacing of parts made of gray and high-strength cast iron. Preferred for final layers exposed to abrasion or impact loads.

Electrodes for welding non-ferrous metals

Designed for welding aluminum, copper, nickel and their alloys. Titanium and its alloys are not welded using manual arc welding with a covered electrode due to intense oxidation.

Electrodes for aluminum welding. The main difficulty in welding aluminum and its alloys is the presence of an oxide film. Its melting point is 2060°C, while the melting point of aluminum is 660°C. A dense refractory film can disrupt the stability of the welding process and thus affect the quality of weld formation, causing the appearance of internal defects in the deposited metal. To remove the oxide film, chloride and fluoride salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals are introduced into the electrode coating. These substances ensure high-quality welding.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding aluminum and its alloys

Electrode grade/base weld metal, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
OZA-1/Al	Psol.
For parts and structures made of technically pure aluminum A0, A1, A2, A3. Welding with preheating to 250-400°C along cleaned edges. Remove slag hot water and brushes.
OZA-2/Al	Psol.
For welding casting defects and surfacing parts made of aluminum-silicon alloys AL-4, AL-9, AL-11, etc. Welding with preheating to 250-400°C along cleaned edges. Remove slag with hot water and steel brushes.
OZANA-1/Al	Psol.
For parts and structures made of technically pure aluminum. Welding of products with a thickness of more than 10 mm with preheating to 250-400°C along cleaned edges.
OZANA-2/Al	Psol.
For welding casting defects and surfacing parts made of aluminum-silicon alloys AL-4, AL-9, AL-11, etc. Welding parts up to 10 mm thick without heating, for larger thicknesses - with heating up to 200 ° C along the cleaned edges.

Electrodes for welding copper and its alloys. When welding copper, the main problem is the formation of pores in the weld metal due to its high activity when interacting with gases, especially oxygen and hydrogen. To avoid this, use only well-deoxidized copper and thoroughly calcined electrodes. Welding is performed along edges that have been cleaned to a metallic shine.

Welding brass is difficult and hazardous to health due to the intense burnout of zinc.

Welding bronzes is difficult due to their high fragility and insufficient strength when heated.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding copper and its alloys

Electrode grade/base weld metal, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
Komsomolets-100/Cu	Special
For welding and surfacing of products made of technically pure copper M1, M2, M3. Welding of copper with steel is possible. Welding with preliminary local heating up to 300-700°C.
ANTs/OZM-2/Cu	Special
For welding and surfacing of products made of technically pure copper with an oxygen content of no more than 0.01%. Welding with a thickness of more than 10 mm with preheating to 150-350°C.
ANTs/OZM-3/Cu	Special
For welding and surfacing of technically pure copper (oxygen no more than 0.01%). Welding with steel is possible. Welding with a thickness of up to 10 mm with a short arc without heating and without cutting edges with a one- or two-sided seam with slight vibrations of the electrode.
OZB-2M/CuSn
For welding and surfacing of bronzes, welding defects in bronze and cast iron castings. Welding and surfacing of brass is possible.
OZB-3/Cu	Special
For surfacing in the manufacture and restoration of electrodes of resistance spot welding machines, including for welding of rod reinforcement.

Electrodes for welding nickel and its alloys. Welding nickel and its alloys is difficult due to the high sensitivity to gases dissolved in the weld pool: nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, which causes the formation of hot cracks and pores. To prevent the occurrence of these defects, it is necessary to use the base metal and welding electrodes of high purity and prepare them with high quality.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding nickel and its alloys

Electrode brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
OZL-32
For products made of nickel NP-2, NA-1, for surfacing on carbon and high alloy steels in equipment operating in alkaline and chlorine-containing environments of soda production, soap making, synthetic fiber production, etc., as well as welding nickel with carbon and corrosion-resistant steels. Welding with “thread” beads with an amplitude of transverse vibrations of no more than two electrode diameters. The electrode is perpendicular to the product. Break the arc gradually, leading it to the deposited metal.
V-56U
For welding products made of Monel metal and equipment made of two-layer steels (St3sp + Monel metal) from the corrosion-resistant layer side, as well as for surfacing. Welding of Monel metal with low-carbon steels is possible. Welding with beads up to 12 mm wide.

Electrodes for metal cutting

Arc cutting of metal with coated electrodes is often used in the installation and repair of metal structures. It is effective because it does not require additional equipment and special qualifications of workers. Electrodes for cutting differ from electrodes for welding in the high thermal power of the arc, high heat resistance of the coating, and intense oxidation of the liquid metal. It is advisable to use these electrodes for removing defective seams or sections thereof, removing tacks, rivets, bolts, cutting cracks, etc. Calcination before welding: 170°C; 1 hour

Characteristics of electrodes for metal cutting

Electrode brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
OZR-1	Special
Cutting, gouging, piercing holes, removing defective areas of welded joints and castings, cutting welded edges and weld roots, performing other similar work in the manufacture, installation and repair of parts and structures made of steel of all grades (including high-alloy), cast iron, copper and aluminum and their alloys. Ensures a clean cut (without burrs or sagging on the cut surface). Cutting is carried out at high speeds with the electrode tilted in the direction opposite to the cutting direction (at an angle forward). In this case, the electrode must perform reciprocating movements: “back and forth” or “top to bottom.”
OZR-2	Special
Cutting of rod reinforcement, gouging. Cutting, piercing holes, removing defective areas of welded joints and castings, cutting welded edges and weld roots, performing other similar work in the manufacture, installation and repair of parts and structures made of steel of all grades (including high-alloy), cast iron, copper and aluminum and their alloys. Ensures a clean cut (without burrs or sagging on the cut surface). Have increased efficiency when cutting construction rod reinforcement of large diameters (cutting time for reinforcement with a diameter of 16 mm is 2-3 s, with a diameter of 40 mm - 14-16 s). Cutting is carried out at high speeds with the electrode tilted in the direction opposite to the cutting direction (at an angle forward). In this case, the electrode must perform reciprocating movements: “back and forth” or “top to bottom.”

Electrodes for welding alloy heat-resistant steels

Electrodes for welding alloy heat-resistant steels must first of all provide the necessary heat resistance of welded joints - the ability to withstand mechanical loads at high temperatures.

For structures operating at temperatures up to 475°C, molybdenum electrodes of the E-09M type are used, and at temperatures up to 540°C, chrome-molybdenum electrodes of the types E-09MH, E-09X1M, E-09X2M1 and E-05X2M are used.

For structures operating at temperatures up to 600°C, chrome-molybdenum vanadium electrodes E-09Kh1MF, E-10Kh1M1NBF, E-10Kh3M1BF are used.

E-10Kh5MF electrodes with a high chromium content are intended for welding structures made of steels with a high chromium content (12Kh5MA, 15Kh5M, 15Kh5MFA, etc.) operating in aggressive environments at temperatures up to 450°C.

For welding heat-resistant steels, electrodes with a basic coating are often used, which ensure the strength of the deposited metal at elevated temperatures, as well as a low tendency to form hot and cold cracks.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding alloy heat-resistant steels

Type E-09M For molybdenum steels
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
TsL-6
UONI-13/15M
TsU-2M
For steels 16M, 20M, etc., when welding steam pipelines, boiler manifolds operating at temperatures up to 475°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
Type E-09X1M
UONI-13ХМ
For steels 15ХМ, 20ХМ, etc., including for welding pipelines and parts of power equipment operating at temperatures up to 520°C. Welding with an extremely short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 150-200°C.
TML-1
For steam pipelines operating at temperatures up to 500°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 150-300°C. Welding in narrow grooves is possible.
TML-1U
For steels 12МХ, 15МХ, etc., for welding pipelines and parts of power equipment operating at temperatures up to 540°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Narrow groove welding with edge bevel angles up to 15° is possible. The arc is very stable. Slag is separated well.
Type E-05Х2М For chrome-molybdenum steels with high chromium content.
N-10
For welding alloyed heat-resistant chromium-molybdenum steels, steam pipelines made of steels 10Х2М, 12ХМ, 12Х2М1-L, etc., operating at temperatures up to 550°С. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 150-300°C.
Type E-09Х2М1 For chrome-molybdenum steels with high chromium and molybdenum content
TsL-55
For steels 10Х2М and others, including for welding pipelines operating at temperatures up to 550°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 150-300°C
Type E-09MX For chrome-molybdenum steels.
UONI-13/45МХ
For steels 12МХ, 15ХМ and others, including for welding pipelines operating at temperatures up to 500°С. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 150-300°C.
OZS-11
For steels 12МХ, 15МХ, 12ХМФ, 15Х1М1Ф, etc., for welding steam pipelines operating at temperatures up to 500°С. Short arc welding along cleaned edges. Welding of steels with a thickness of more than 12 mm with preliminary and accompanying heating to 150-200°C. Recommended for installation work.
Type E-09Х1МФ
TML-3
For welding fixed joints of pipelines operating at temperatures up to 575°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 250-350°C. The slag is easily separated. High resistance of the metal against the formation of pores in the seam.
TML-3U
For steels 12МХ, 15МХ, 12Х2М1, 12Х1МФ, 15Х1М1Ф, 20ХМФ1, 15Х1М1Ф-L, etc., incl. for pipelines operating at temperatures up to 565°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 350-400°C. Welding in a narrow groove with an edge bevel angle of up to 15°.
TsL-39
For steels 12Kh1MF, 12Kh2MFSR, 12Kh2MFB, etc., incl. for welding heating elements of boiler surfaces and pipelines with a diameter of up to 100 mm and a wall thickness of up to 8 mm, operating at temperatures up to 575°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 350-400°C.
Type E-10Х1М1NFB For chrome-molybdenum-vanadium steels
TsL-27A
For steels 15Х1М1Ф, structures made of cast, forged and pipe parts, operating at temperatures up to 570°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 350-400°C.
TsL-36
For steels 15Kh1M1F, 15Kh1M1F-L and others, for welding steam pipelines and fittings operating at temperatures up to 585°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 300-350°C.
Type E-10Х3М1БФ For chrome-molybdenum-vanadievoniobium steels
TsL-26M
For steel 12ХМФБ heating surfaces of boilers operating at temperatures up to 600°С, as well as for thin-walled pipes of steam superheaters in installation conditions. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 300-350°C.
TsL-40
For steels 12Х2МФБ, incl. thin-walled pipes of steam superheaters, heating surfaces of boilers operating at temperatures up to 600°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 300-350°C. Manufactured with a diameter of 2.5 mm.
Type E-10Х5МФ For chrome-molybdenum-vanadium and chrome-molybdenum steels
TsL-17
For steels 15Kh5M (Kh5M), 12Kh5MA, 15Kh5MFA in critical structures operating in aggressive environments at temperatures up to 450°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 350-450°C.

Electrodes for welding high-alloy steels

Steels containing 13% chromium are considered high-chromium stainless steels. They are resistant to atmospheric corrosion and in mildly aggressive environments. These are steels 08X13, 12X13, 20X13, which differ in weldability depending on the carbon content.

When choosing electrodes for welding such steels, it is necessary to ensure the following properties of the weld metal: resistance to atmospheric corrosion and in slightly aggressive environments, heat resistance up to a temperature of 650°C and heat resistance up to a temperature of 550°C. These requirements are met by electrodes of type E-12X13, brands LMZ-1, ANV-1, etc., which provide the chemical composition, structure and properties of the weld metal, close to the characteristics of the base metal.

For welding steels with a low carbon content and additionally alloyed with nickel, electrodes of the E-06Х13Н type TsL-41 are recommended.

With an increase in the amount of chromium, the corrosion resistance and heat resistance of high-chromium steels increases. A content of 17-18% provides corrosion resistance in liquid environments of moderate aggressiveness. Such steels are classified as acid-resistant: 12X17, 08X17T, 08X18T, etc. If the amount of chromium reaches 25-30%, then heat resistance increases - resistance to gas corrosion at temperatures up to 1100°C. These are heat-resistant steels: 15X25T, 15X28, etc. Steels and electrodes containing at least 25% chromium are suitable for sulfur-containing environments.

The choice of electrodes for welding high-chromium steels depends on the amount of chromium in the steels being welded. Thus, for welding steels with 17% chromium, which are subject to requirements for corrosion resistance in liquid oxidizing environments or heat resistance at temperatures up to 800°C, electrodes of the E-10X17T type, grades VI-12-6, etc. are recommended.

For welding steels with 25% chromium, electrodes of the E-08Х24Н6TAFM type should be used, which impart high ductility, impact strength and resistance to intergranular corrosion to the weld metal after tempering.

Welding of high-chromium steels should be performed under moderate conditions with reduced heat input. After each pass, it is recommended to cool the metal in the heat-affected zone to a temperature below 100°C, which ensures minimal grain growth.

High-chromium steels based on 13% chromium with additional alloying with molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten and niobium are considered heat-resistant. They are able to withstand mechanical stress at high temperatures. When choosing electrodes for these steels, the main requirement is to ensure the required level of heat resistance of the weld metal. This is achieved by obtaining a chemical composition of the welds close to the base metal. This condition is most fully satisfied by electrodes of the types E-12Х11НМФ brand KTI-9A, E-12Х11НВМФ brand KTI-10, E-14Х11НВМФ brand TsL-32.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding high-alloy chromium steels

Type E-12X13 For corrosion-resistant steels
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
UONI-13/NZH 12X13
For welding steels 08X13, 12X13, 20X13, etc., operating at temperatures up to 600°C, as well as surfacing sealing surfaces of steel reinforcement. Welding with preheating up to 200-250°C. In a steam atmosphere and in air, they provide heat resistance up to 540°C, heat resistance up to 650°C.
LMZ-1
For steels 08X13, 1X13, 2X13, etc., working in fresh water and mildly aggressive environments with normal temperature. For surfacing sealing surfaces of fittings. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 300-350°C. After welding, a vacation is required.
ANV-1
For steels 08X13, 12X13, etc., operating in fresh water and slightly aggressive environments at normal temperatures. Suitable for surfacing sealing surfaces of fittings. After welding, a vacation is required. In an atmosphere of steam and air, they provide heat resistance up to 540°C and heat resistance up to 650°C.
Type E-10Х17Т For corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels
UONI-13/NZH 10Х17Т
For steels 12X17, 08X17T, etc., operating at elevated temperatures and in oxidizing environments. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with minimal heat input. Heat resistance up to 800°C.
VI-12-6
For steels 12X17, 08X17T, etc., operating in oxidizing environments at temperatures up to 800°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
Type E-06X13N For corrosion-resistant steels alloyed with nickel
TsL-41
For steels 0Kh12ND, 10Kh12ND-L, 06Kh12N3D, 06Kh14N5DM and others, operating at temperatures up to 400°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with preliminary and accompanying heating to 80-120°C.
Type E-12Х11НМФ For heat-resistant steels
KTI-9A
For steels 15Х11МФ, 15Х11ВФ and others, operating at temperatures up to 565°С. Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
Type E-12Х11НВМФ For heat-resistant steels
KTI-10
For steels 15Х11МФ, 15Х12ВНМФ and 15Х11МФБ-L, operating at temperatures up to 580°С. Short arc welding along cleaned edges without electrode vibrations, heated to 350-400°C
Type E-14Х11НВМФ For heat-resistant steels
TsL-32
For welding boiler heaters, steam pipelines made of steel 10Х11В2МФ and others, operating at temperatures up to 610°C. Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
Type E-10Х16Н4Б For corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels.
UONI-13/EP-56
For structures made of steel 09X16N4B and others, operating in aggressive environments, and for welding high-pressure pipelines.

Electrodes for corrosion-resistant acid-resistant steels. The main requirement when choosing electrodes for welding acid-resistant steels is to ensure the corrosion resistance of the weld metal in liquid aggressive environments at normal and elevated temperatures and pressures. The most aggressive liquid media include acids and their solutions, which have both oxidizing and non-oxidizing properties.

For welding structures made of acid-resistant steels operating in non-oxidizing liquid environments at temperatures up to 360°C and not exposed to heat treatment after welding, electrodes of brands EA-400/10T, EA-400/10U, etc., brands OZL-8, etc., brands EA-606/10, etc. are recommended. Heat treatment of welded joints made with these electrodes is not allowed.

For structures operating in non-oxidizing or low-oxidizing liquid environments, for which tempering is required after welding, electrodes of the EA-898/19 brand and others are recommended, which ensure the resistance of the weld against intergranular corrosion both in the initial state and after tempering.

Structures that are used in oxidizing liquid environments, such as nitric acid, it is recommended to weld with electrodes of type E-08Х19Н10Г2Б brands TsT-15, ZIO-3, etc.

For low-carbon acid-resistant steels containing up to 0.03% carbon, electrodes of types E-04Х20Н9 grades OZL-14A, OZL-36 are used; E-02Х20Н14Г2М2 grades OZL-20, etc.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding corrosion-resistant acid-resistant steels

Type E-08Х19Н10Г2Б
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
TsT-15
ZIO-3
For steels with a nickel content of up to 16% - 08Х18Н10Т, 12Х18Н12Т, 08Х18Н12Б, etc., operating in oxidizing environments. Heat resistance up to 650°C.
Type E-07Х20Н9
OZL-8
OZL-14
UONI-13/NZH 04Х19Н9
are not presented
LEZ-8
For steels 08Х18Н10, 12Х18Н9, 12Х18Н10Т, etc., when to the weld metal are not presented stringent requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion.
OZL-8
For steels 08Х18Н10, 12Х18Н9, 12Х18Н10Т, etc., when to the weld metal are not presented stringent requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion. Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
TsT-50
For steels 08Х18Н10, 12Х18Н9, 12Х18Н10Т, etc., when strict requirements are imposed on the weld metal for resistance to intergranular corrosion. Short arc welding along cleaned edges.
Type E-08Х19Н9Ф2Г2СМ
EA-606/10
For steels 09X17N7Yu, 09X15N8Yu and others, as well as for steels 14X17N2 and others.
Type E-07Х19Н11М3Г2Ф
EA-400/10U
EA-400/10T
For steels 08Х18Н10Т, 12Х18Н10Т, 08Х17Н13М2Т, etc., operating in liquid aggressive environments at temperatures up to 350°С and not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Suitable for surfacing anti-corrosion coating. Resistance against intergranular corrosion is ensured in the as-welded and austenitized states. Electrodes EA-400/10T provide better than EA-400/10U, slag detachability. Electrodes TsL-11 for more corrosion resistant steels.
Type E-08Х19Н9Ф2С2
EA-606/11
For steels 08Х18Н10Т, 12Х18Н9Т, etc., operating at temperatures up to 350°С and not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Not recommended for welding steels not alloyed with titanium or niobium.
GL-2
For steels 08Х18Н10Т, 12Х18Н9Т, etc., operating at temperatures up to 350 °C and not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Not recommended for welding steels not alloyed with titanium or niobium
Type E-08Х19Н10Г2МБ
EA-898/19
For steels 08Х18Н10Т, 08Х17Н13М2Т, etc., operating in oxidizing and low-oxidizing environments at temperatures up to 350°C and subjected to heat treatment after welding.
Type E-04Х20Н9
OZL-36
OZL-14A
ANV-32
UONI-13/NZh-2/04Х19Н9
For steels 08Х18Н10Т, 06Х18Н11, 08Х18Н12Т, 04Х18Н10, etc., when the weld metal is subject to requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion both in the initial state and after short-term exposure in the critical temperature range. Heat resistance up to 800°C without sulfur-containing gases.
Type E-02Х20Н14Г2М2 For corrosion-resistant steels with low carbon content
OZL-20
For steels 03Х16Н15М3, 03Х17Н14М2 with stringent requirements for welds in terms of resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Electrodes for welding corrosion-resistant high-strength steels. The choice of electrodes for such steels is very limited. Thus, for steels 12X21N5T, 08X21N6M2T, electrodes are recommended that give the weld metal a structure that is not the same type as the base metal, but different. In this case, electrodes of types E-08Х20Н9Г2Б of brands TsL-11, OZL-7, etc. can be used. Electrodes of type E-09Х19Н10Г2М2Б of brands EA-902/14, ANV-36, EA-400/13, etc. can be used. For high-alloy steels 12Х25Н5ТМФЛ and 10Х25Н6АТМФ one type of electrodes is provided - E-08Х24Н6TAFM, which includes electrodes of the N-48 brand. The weld metal is equal in strength to the base metal up to 200 mm thick. Electrodes of this type can also be used for steels 12Х21Н5Т, 08Х21Н6М2Т. For steels 08Х22Н6Т and 08Х21Н6М2Т, OZL-40 and OZL-41 electrodes have been developed, which increase the corrosion resistance of welds when working in alkaline environments. Characteristics of electrodes for welding corrosion-resistant high-strength steels

Type E-08Х20Н9Г2Б
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
TsL-11
For welding structures made of corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels of the austenitic class such as 08Х18Н10Т, 08Х18Н12Т, 08Х18Н12Б and the like, operating in aggressive environments at temperatures not exceeding 400°C, when stringent requirements are imposed on the weld metal for resistance to intergranular corrosion.
OZL-40 and OZL-41
For steels 08Х22Н6Т, 08Х21Н6М2Т, etc., operating in aggressive environments.
TsT-15K
For steels 10Х17Н13М2Т, 08Х18Н10, etc., operating at temperatures up to 600°С. Suitable for surfacing an anti-corrosion layer.
OZL-7
For steels 08X18N10, 08X18N10T, 08X18N12B, etc., operating in aggressive environments, when stringent requirements are imposed on the weld metal for resistance to intergranular corrosion.
Type E-09Х19Н10Г2М2Б
EA-902/14
EA-400/13
NZh-13
ANV-36
For structures made of steels 10Х17Н13М3Т, 08Х17Н15М3Т, 10Х17Н13М2Т, Х18Н22В2Т2, etc., operating at temperatures up to 550°С, when the seams are subject to strict requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion, not subject to heat treatment after welding. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with “thread” seams without transverse vibrations. Electrodes ANV-36 characterized by easy arc ignition and low spatter.
SL-28
For structures made of steels 10Х17Н13М3Т, 08Х17Н15М3Т, 10Х17Н13М2Т, Х18Н22В2Т2, etc., operating at temperatures up to 550°С, when the seams are subject to strict requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion, not subject to heat treatment after welding. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with “thread” seams without transverse vibrations.
Type E-08Х24Н6TAFM
N-48
For steels 12Х25Н5ТМФЛ, 12Х21Н5Т, 08Х22Н6Т and others, operating in non-oxidizing aggressive environments at temperatures up to 300°С

Electrodes for welding heat-resistant (scale-resistant) steels. Heat-resistant (scale-resistant) steels are those that can withstand chemical destruction of the surface in air or another gaseous environment at temperatures above 850°C in unloaded or lightly loaded states. They contain up to 20-25% chromium and operate at temperatures up to 1050°C and higher.

Heat resistance of deposited metal up to 1000°C on steels 20Х23Н13, 20Х23Н18, etc. is achieved by electrodes of type E-10Х25Н13Г2 of grades SL-25, OZL-6, TsL-25.

For welding heat-resistant steels that operate for a long time at temperatures above 1000°C, electrodes of type E-12Х24Н14С2 of grades OZL-5, TsT-17, etc. should be used, as well as electrodes of type E-10Х17Н13С4 of grade OZL-29, providing heat resistance up to a temperature of 1100 °C in oxidizing and carburizing environments. For structures operating in sulfur-containing environments, nickel-free high-chromium heat-resistant steels 15X25T, 15X28, etc. are used.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding heat-resistant (scale-resistant) steels

Type E-10Х25Н13Г2
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
UONI-13/NZh-2/07Х25Н13
ZIO-8
TsL-25
OZL-6
For 10Х23Н18, 20Х23Н13, 20Х23Н18 and others, operating in environments without sulfur compounds at temperatures up to 1000°С, as well as for two-layer steels on the alloy layer side without requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion. Seams are prone to embrittlement at 600-800°C. Short arc. Thermal preparation of edges is not permitted.
SL-25
The same for heat-resistant steels.
Type E-12Х24Н14С2
OZL-5
TsT-17
For steels 20Х25Н20С2, 20Х20Н14С2 and others, operating at temperatures up to 1100°С in oxidizing and carburizing environments. Welding with narrow beads.
Type E-10Х17Н13С4
OZL-29
OZL-3
For steels 20Х20Н14С2, 20Х25Н20С2, 45Х25Н20С2 and others, operating at temperatures up to 1100°С in oxidizing and carburizing environments, as well as for steel 15Х18Н12С4ТУ, operating in aggressive environments without high requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Electrodes for welding heat-resistant steels. Heat-resistant steels include those that operate under load at high temperatures for a certain time and at the same time have sufficient resistance to the formation of scale. The high heat resistance of chromium-nickel steels is achieved by increasing the nickel content and additional alloying with titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc.

It should be taken into account that the heat resistance of welded joints can differ significantly from the heat resistance of the base and deposited metals. Therefore, choosing an electrode based on the principle of equal or similar heat resistance of the weld and the base metal is justified only for short-term service life of welded joints. For long-term service life, it is better to take electrodes that produce more ductile weld metal. This principle corresponds to electrodes that alloy the weld metal with molybdenum - type E-11Х15Н25М6AG2 grades EA-395/9, TsT-10, NIAT-5 and type E-08Х16Н8М2 grade TsT-26.

For welding heat-resistant steels containing up to 16% nickel and operating at temperatures up to 600-650°C, and also if welded joints after welding, they are subjected to heat treatment by tempering; electrodes of types E-09Х19Н11Г3М2Ф, grades KTI-5, TsT-7 and E-08Х19Н10Г2Б (see above) grades TsT-15 and ZIO-3 are used.

When welding the root layers of multilayer butt welds of heat-resistant steels, when the mixing of the base metal with the deposited metal is large and does not ensure the technological strength of the welds, electrodes of type E-08Х20Н9Г2Б brand TsT-15-1 should be used.

For welding heat-resistant steels containing 35% nickel and alloyed with niobium, which operate at temperatures up to 700-750°C, electrodes of type E-27Х15Н35В3Г2Б2Т of grades KTI-7 and KTI-7A are used.

For welding heat-resistant steels with 35% nickel, but without niobium, but alloyed with molybdenum and manganese, electrodes of types E-11Х15Н25М6AG2 of brands EA-395/9, NIAT-5, TsT-10 and E-09Х15Н25М6AG2Ф brands EA-981/15 are used. It should be taken into account that the metal deposited with such electrodes is not resistant to intergranular corrosion in the state after welding and after heat treatment. Therefore, such electrodes are unsuitable if the structure also operates in a liquid aggressive environment. Layers in contact with an aggressive environment should be made with electrodes of the E-07Х19Н11М3 type (see above) of the EA-400/10U and EA-400/10T brands.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding heat-resistant steels

Type E-11Х15Н25М6AG2
Brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
EA-395/9 and TsT-10
For steels and alloys KhN35VT, Kh15N25AM6 and others, containing up to 35% nickel, but without niobium, operating at temperatures up to 700°C. For dissimilar connections of high-alloy steels with carbon and low-alloy steels. For structures operating at temperatures down to -196°C. Short arc. Clean the edges.
NIAT-5
For steels and alloys KhN35VT, Kh15N25AM6 and others, containing up to 35% nickel, but without niobium, operating at temperatures up to 700°C. For dissimilar connections of high-alloy steels with carbon and low-carbon steels. For structures operating at temperatures down to -196°C. Short arc. Clean the edges.
Type E-08Х16Н8М2
TsT-26
For steels 10Х14Н14В2М, 08Х16Н13М2Б, etc., in steam pipelines operating at temperatures of 600-850°C.
Type E-08Х20Н9Г2Б
TsT-15-1
For welding root layers of seams performed with TsT-15 electrodes.
Type E-09Х19Н11Г3М2Ф
KTI-5
TsT-7
For steels 08Kh16N13M2B, 15Kh14N14M2VFBTL (LA-3), etc., operating at temperatures up to 600°C and subjected to heat treatment after welding, as well as for welding casting defects from these steels. Short arc welding along cleaned edges with short beads without lateral vibrations.
Type E-27Х15Н35В3Г2Б2Т
KTI-7
KTI-7A
For iron-nickel based alloys KhN35VT, KhN35VTYu, etc., operating for a long time at temperatures up to 750°C, as well as for reaction pipes in metal conversion furnaces from steels 45Kh20N35S, 25Kh20N35, etc., operating at temperatures up to 900°C. Short arc welding with narrow beads without lateral vibrations.
Type E-09X15N25M6AG2F
EA-981/15
For welding high-alloy corrosion-resistant chromium-nickel-molybdenum and chromium-nickel-molybdenum-vanadium steels, as well as high-strength steels of the AK type and high-manganese steels of the 110G13-L type.

Electrodes for welding dissimilar steels and alloys

Dissimilar steels and alloys are materials that differ sharply in physical and mechanical properties, chemical composition and weldability. Based on their heterogeneity, steel can be conditionally divided into 4 groups: carbon and alloyed, high-strength and high-strength alloyed, heat-resistant, high-alloyed.

Welding of dissimilar steels and alloys can differ significantly from welding of homogeneous materials, since the likelihood of cracks in the weld metal, the occurrence of areas with structural heterogeneity in the melting zone, and excessive growth of residual stresses due to the large difference in the expansion coefficients of the materials being welded increases.

Most electrodes used in welding dissimilar steels and alloys are electrodes designed for welding high-alloy steels and high-strength alloy steels, which produce a weld with a uniform, highly plastic metal structure.

The choice of electrode can be made according to a table compiled taking into account domestic experience in welding dissimilar metals.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding dissimilar steels and alloys

Electrode brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Type, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/Ah	Polo- stitching seams
ANZHR-1
ANZHR-2
Welding heat-resistant steels with high-alloy heat-resistant steels.
OZL-27
OZL-28
Welding carbon steels with alloy steels, including difficult-to-weld steels.
OZL-6
OZL-6S
Welding carbon and low-alloy steels with high-alloy steels.
NIAT-5
EA-395/9
Welding low-alloy and alloy steels with high-alloy steels.
OZL-25B
Welding of dissimilar steels: corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant, heat-resistant and nickel-based alloys.
IMET-10
Welding of dissimilar heat-resistant steels and alloys.
TsT-28
Welding carbon, low-alloy and chromium steels with nickel-based alloys.
NII-48G
Welding low-alloy, special and high-manganese steels with high-alloy steels

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When working with manual arc welding, you are constantly working with electrodes. This element of the welding process is not as simple as it seems and has its own extensive classification. Today you can select products to suit any needs, based on the metals being welded, the type of equipment, the required properties of the seam and many auxiliary parameters. Below you will learn about the classification of coated electrodes and their designation.

Electrodes applicable for manual arc welding are divided into consumable and non-consumable. Rods that melt during welding are made of cast iron, steel, copper or other metal, depending on the material. They play the role of an anode or cathode, and also act as a filler material. They can be covered or uncovered.

The coating in the melting rods performs many functions, from holding the arc to forming a gas cloud that prevents oxidation of the weld.
Non-consumable electrodes for welding are made from various refractory materials - graphite, tungsten or coal. They serve to ignite and hold the arc, and filling the seam with additives is carried out using manual supply of fusible material.

What does a consumable electrode consist of?

Consumable electrodes for manual arc welding consist of an inner rod and an outer layer. According to the requirements of Gosstandart, when creating consumable welding electrodes, a variety of steels are used: carbon, with a large or small number of impurities; copper, aluminum, nickel and other non-ferrous alloys are also used. The composition of the rod is determined by the material being welded, since both metals must fit together. The exception is cast iron, which can be welded with both steel and copper and iron electrodes.

Like the rod outer layer is made taking into account the metal being welded, which is why its composition may vary slightly. But despite this, it invariably performs the following functions:

• promotes arc retention;
• produces slag that envelops the weld pool, melting the mineral components of the coating;
• produces a protective gas that appears as a result of the combustion of organic components of the coating.
• performs deoxidation or alloying of metal.

Classification of coated electrodes

Considering the long list of all possible variations of coating, alloy and other parameters of coated electrodes, for a more convenient search for the desired type of rods, they received an extensive classification. Kinds welding electrodes divided based on the following characteristics:

By purpose:

• alloys with a small proportion of impurities and carbon alloys;
• material with a large number ligatures;
• alloys of enhanced strength and with unique properties;
• surfacing electrodes with unique properties.

Type - the value of the final seam, characterized by tensile strength, temporary or point mechanical impact.

Welding electrode grades are a unique value assigned by the manufacturer for the internal classification of products. That is why the marking of welding electrodes with the same parameters, but from different manufacturers may be different.

The thickness of the outer layer - based on their thickness ratios, based on the size of the central rod, the outer layer is classified into - thin, medium thickness, thick and the thickest.

Type of current - electrodes of direct current, alternating current with direct or reverse connection.

The composition of the coating is divided into a welding electrode with an acidic, basic, cellulose, rutile, layer with an increased concentration of iron, spraying consisting of various layers.

According to the permissible positions, the rods are divided into products permissible for use in:
· any provisions;
· all except for the vertical, downward direction;
· lower and vertical directed upward;
· lower.

Based on the quality or condition of the seam, after working with the rods, the electrodes are divided into three groups. Products best quality belong to the first group.
Thickness is a parameter indicating the diameter of the steel base; it can range from 1.6 to 12 mm.

Marking of welding electrodes and their interpretation

To figure out which electrodes are presented in front of you, you should study their markings. Each package contains information about 9 main characteristics in accordance with GOST 9466-75.

1. Types coated electrodes for welding.
   High-strength steels, with a large proportion of carbon, high or low interest rates ligatures are welded with electrodes marked starting with the symbol E - electrode, followed by numbers indicating the maximum permissible loads in tension (kgf_mm2), at the end there is an index A - indicating increased resistance of the seam to plastic and impact loads. For example: E 42, E 50, E46 A, E 60, etc.
   Heat-resistant and high-alloy steels: symbol E, numbers after the dash indicating the amount of carbon, followed by letters and numbers indicating a specific chemical element(A – nitrogen, M-molybdenum, F – vanadium, etc.) and its amount in hundredths. Chemical components are arranged in descending order of their quantity in the product. For example: E-09M; E-10ХЗМ1БФ; E-30G2ХМ, etc.
2. Stamps electrodes for welding
   Brands are an individual parameter and depend solely on the manufacturer.
3. Diameter
   The thickness of the inner part of the coated electrode ranges from 1.6 to 12 mm; in everyday life, thicknesses of 3-5 mm are most often used.
4. Purpose
   Manufactured to work with carbon steels and with a low number of impurities, as well as strength up to 60 kgf/m2, the electrodes are marked with the letter - U;
   Alloyed structural steels with a tensile strength above 60 kgf/m2 are welded with products marked - L;
   Products for steels with low thermal conductivity are marked with the letter - T;
   Metals with a large proportion of impurities and unique properties can be welded with products marked – B;
   Surfacing layers with unique characteristics are produced by products marked - N.
5. Coating thickness
   A value indicating the ratio of coating thickness to internal rod. If this ratio is less than 1.2, then the product is marked with the symbol M and classified as thinly coated; the middle layer ranging from 1.2 to 1.45 is marked with the symbol C; thick - from 1.45 to 1.8 are marked with the symbol D and finally the thickest, the ratio of which is more than 1.8, is marked with the mark G.
6. Basic properties of the seam
   The exact properties of the alloys, for each type these values ​​are their own and indicate strength, percentage composition of impurities, working temperature of the weld and a number of other indicators. These values ​​can be found in the corresponding tables with interpretations.
7. Type of electrode coating
   A – acid coating.
   B – calcium fluoride.
   C – cellulose.
   R – rutile.
   AND - increased content gland.
   There are also mixed types of electrode coatings, which are marked with several letters based on the composition.
8. Marking of spatial positions
   1 – all
   2 – everything except vertical, downward;
   3 – lower, plus vertical (bottom-up movement);
   4 – exclusively lower.
9. Genus welding current and connection
   — Index 0 electrodes for direct current and reverse connection;
   — index 1.4, 7 — indicates products for any type of voltage and any connections;
   - indicators - 2,5,8 - any current, but the connection must be direct;
   — indexes — 3,6,9 for any currents and reverse connection.

Manufacturers of welding electrodes

Below are the three best manufacturers of welding, coated electrodes in Russia:

1. NPP "Welding of Eurasia". Over more than 70 years of history, the company has managed to master the full production cycle of electrodes and this moment produces all types of electrodes - consumable, welding, for alloy steels and many others.
2. JSC "Electrode Plant" The manufacturer is famous for its products, which are supplied to the largest machine-building plants in the country; the company also produces products for the average consumer. Professional welders note the ease of use and quality of this company’s products.
3. NPO Spetselektrod LLC. The products of this company include more than 50 different brands of consumer rods up to 6 mm thick. The production also accepts individual orders.

Don’t forget about the world leaders, the top three:

1. Esab is a company with a century-old history and products recognized as the best in the world. These Swedish electrodes are known on all continents as the highest quality.
2. Kobe Steel is a Japanese company that has gained popularity by supplying their products to oil production companies.
3. Klöckner & Co SE is a German company producing steel and Consumables For welding work. Welding electrodes from this company are very popular and widely used in Russia.

The popularity of welding is due to the relative simplicity of the process, as well as low financial costs for high level quality. There are various brands of electrodes for manual arc welding. They are selected according to what kind of metal will have to be welded, since specialists try to achieve identity between the metal of the rod and the workpiece. In addition, there are a number of factors that influence external conditions that accompany the connection process. It is these conditions that create the situation due to which there are different kinds electrodes for manual arc welding.

They often have a coating that maintains a stable arc and creates protection from negative impact external factors. can also have many differences that make them suitable for certain conditions, but often they also depend on what metal the products are intended for. The same brands can be produced by different manufacturers, the main thing is that production standards are observed, which will guarantee that the declared technical characteristics are obtained.

Types of electrodes for manual arc welding

Electrodes for manual arc welding can differ in several ways. First of all, they differ in purpose:

• For welding steels with low alloying elements and medium carbon content. As a rule, their tensile strength is about 600 MPa. In the Marking they are designated by the letter “U”.
• For welding alloy steels with high degree heat resistance. In the marking they are designated by the letter “T”.
• For welding structural steels containing alloying elements. Their tensile strength is also about 600 MPa.
• For fusing surface layers on metals with special properties. They are designated by the letter "N".
• For welding steels with a high content of alloying substances and having special properties.
• For welding metals with high ductility properties. Contains the letter “A” when designated in the labeling.

Appearance of electrodes for manual arc welding

Welding electrodes for manual arc welding can also be classified according to coating thickness. They depend on the diameter of the metal rod, but the varieties concern precisely this ratio, and not the absolute size. There are four main types:

• Thin "M" coating. Its thickness is about 20% of the diameter of the rod;
• Average "C". The thickness is about 45% of the rod diameter (the most common option);
• Thick "D". The thickness is about 80% of the rod diameter;
• Extra thick "G". Thickness more than 80% of the rod diameter.

They are also distinguished depending on the presence of coating and its type. It is worth immediately noting that they are found not only in pure form, but also in various combinations, where the composition includes the main components of at least two types. Electrode coatings for manual arc welding are designed for the protective function that inert gas performs in gas welding. Pure types include the following:

• “A” - Sour;
• "B" - Basic;
• “C” - Cellulose;
• “R” - Rutile;
• “P” - other (this does not include double types, such as RC, BC and others, which are distinguished separately).

Electrodes may have limited use in terms of spatial position. The fact is that some of them turn out to be too fluid, therefore, when positioned on the ceiling, they simply cannot fuse to the desired place, but will flow down. To make it clear which brand is intended for what, the designation of manual arc welding electrodes contains a paragraph on spatial position:

• “1” - can be used in all possible positions;
• “2” - all positions are available except vertical, driven from top to bottom;
• “3” - for horizontal and vertical, excluding ceiling position;
• “4” - only horizontal varieties are acceptable.

Table of electrode grades and areas of application for manual arc welding and surfacing of alloy steel

Some types of electrodes are initially created to work with certain industrial metals. Alloy steels are often used in production, so consumables are produced specifically for their properties. They contain the same alloying elements as in the base metal to compensate for their deficiency after exposure to temperature.

Table of electrode brands and areas of application for manual arc welding and surfacing of cast iron

The choice of electrodes for manual arc welding of cast iron depends on the carbon content of the metal. In any case, it is quite high and therefore consumables also contain this element, which distinguishes their properties relative to other electrodes.

Table of electrode brands and areas of application for manual arc welding and surfacing of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metals are more rare than steel. Electrodes for them are intended for both pure metals and alloys. Presence is required here large quantities the main element in the composition, since many of the parts are difficult to weld.

Table of electrode brands and areas of application for metal cutting

These types of materials are unique, since heating and melting of the electrode during arc welding usually occurs at medium conditions, whereas these should be used at maximum current. They have increased heat resistance, but they are still fusible options.

Designation and marking of electrodes for manual arc welding

Using the example of electrode E-46 LEZANO21 UD E 43 1(3) RC13

• E-46 – type, for low-alloy and carbon steels;
• LEZANO21 – brand;
• U – purpose, for low-alloy and carbon steels;
• D – thick coating;
• E – consumable electrode;
• 43 – tensile strength – 430 MPa;
• 1 – relative elongation about 20%;
• (3) – 20 degrees Celsius to maintain impact strength;
• RC – rutile-cellulose coating;
• 1 – spatial positions, all are allowed;
• 3 – current for welding, you can weld with direct current of reverse polarity and alternating current at idle of 50 V.

Appearance of electrode E-46 LEZ ANO-21

Choice

The primary factor in choosing is the metal in the rod. It should be similar to the one from which the workpiece is made. for manual arc welding go to the next point, since they should not exceed the thickness of the part itself. The coating is selected according to the conditions in which you have to work. Before making your final choice, you should study the labeling in detail to make sure it is correct.

“Important! Before using the electrodes, they must be dried and calcined.”

Different types of electrodes have their own markings. The marking indicates the basic information and parameters of a particular type of electrode. And, in order to learn to understand what properties a particular electrode has, we will talk about how to decipher the electrode markings.

Before starting any welding work, ensure that the electrode meets the national standard. To do this, on the packaging of the electrodes, find the abbreviation “GOST – ХХХ-ХХ-Х”), where instead of “X” a combination of numbers will be displayed. Let's look at the electrode markings using one of them as an example. So, in our example, consider the electrode E46-LEZMR-3S (also called the “blue” electrode).

The marking may differ from what will be described in the example, however, the decoding principle remains the same. Reason various markings is the use of electrodes in certain welding conditions, when working with various metals, materials, and so on.

So, the electrode is E46-LEZMR-3S. Any electrode is marked with 12 combinations (ciphers), thanks to which you can find out this or that information about it.

"E46"– this combination indicates the type of electrode that is in this case designed for welding carbon and low-alloy steels, the tensile strength of which reaches up to 46 kgf/sq.m. mm.

"LEZMR"– indicates the brand of the electrode and the manufacturer (in this case, it is the Losinoostrovk Electrode Plant, and the brand of the electrode is MP-3S).

«Ø» – a symbol indicating the diameter of the electrode (the diameter itself is indicated elsewhere on the packaging).

"UD"– a combination indicating the purpose of the electrode.

- "U" – indicates the possibility of welding carbon and low-alloy steels, the tensile strength of which reaches a value of 588 MPa, or 60 kgf/sq.mm.

- "D" – indicates the coefficient of coating thickness, in this case, it is a thick coating of 1.45

"E"– index indicating the melting coating of the electrode.

"43"– a value indicating tensile strength (value 43 corresponds to a value of 430 MPa, or 44 kgf/sq.mm.).

"1"– indicates relative elongation, the value “1” corresponds to 20%.

"(3)"– this designation indicates the minimum temperature at which the impact strength of the weld metal should be at least 32 J/sq.cm, the value “3” corresponds to a temperature of -20°C.

"RC"– a value indicating the type of coating, in this case, the combination “RC” indicates a rutile-cellulose coating.

"13"– a combination indicating permissible spatial positions, welding current and open circuit voltage. In this case, “1” corresponds to the value “for any spatial position,” and the number “3” indicates the possibility of welding with alternating and direct current of reverse polarity, as well as an open circuit voltage of about 50V.

Electrodes are marked approximately in this way. To decipher the designations of the electrodes, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with detailed information and all possible designations that are found in the electrodes.

Electrode type. So, for manual arc welding or surfacing, the electrode marking will always begin with the value “E”. For welding carbon and low-alloy steels, the electrode type marking will consist of three values. From the letter “E,” a number that indicates tensile strength, and the letter “A,” which indicates that the weld metal has increased ductility and toughness.

For welding heat-resistant or high-alloy steels, as well as for surfacing, the electrode type may have additional symbols indicating the percentage of other chemical elements.

Electrode brand. In this case, each type of electrode can correspond to one or several brands.

Electrode diameter. The electrode diameter value will correspond to the diameter of the metal rod of this electrode.

Purpose of the electrode. In this case, it is enough to be guided by the table below.

Coating thickness coefficient. This value indicates the relationship between the diameter of the electrode coating and the diameter of the metal rod. Depending on this, the value of the coefficient will correspond to the following values:

A group of indices indicating the characteristics of the weld metal or weld metal. For electrodes that are used in welding carbon and low-alloy steels (the tensile strength of which is up to 588 MPa).

When choosing electrodes for welding, you should pay special attention to the markings. The fact is that it contains the most important information about the electrodes being purchased, including the manufacturer, composition and other characteristics. If you focus on this information, then the task of choosing the most suitable material that will provide a high-quality result when working under certain conditions with the metals and alloys planned for joining is simplified. To do this, before making a decision, you must carefully study the signs that are located on the packaging.

Electrode welding

Electrodes are used as the main consumable material for manual arc welding, which is most often used to weld metals today. According to its execution they look like a metal rod or a product made of another material, which may or may not have a coating. One end of the rod must be coated. It is this side that is placed in the electrical holder.

During welding work, an electric arc is formed in the area formed by the end of the electrode and the surface being processed. The process of joining surfaces using welding equipment takes place under conditions of elevated temperatures, while the substances used for melting are subject to too intense interaction with each other.

Advantages of electrodes

Electrodes are the most preferred consumables for welding the following reasons:

• their use allows you to create an even weld that does not have pores and is devoid of uncooked areas.
• igniting the arc does not require much effort. There are also no problems with maintaining it.
• the use of electrodes allows you to create a uniform slag-based coating, which can be removed without much effort after completing welding work.

Main purpose and composition of welding electrodes

In its design, the electrode has the form of a rod made of metal or other material, thanks to which the current reaches the workpiece being welded. For this reason, the material being processed must have high electrical conductivity. Most often, such structures are made on the basis of wire and alloys with different levels of alloying.

To give the product the required characteristics, it has a special coating. Thanks to him the electrode withstands the effects of gases perfectly, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, and also helps maintain the stability of the arc and combat harmful impurities contained in the molten metal. The benefit of the coating is that the metal or alloy used for welding is enriched with the necessary alloying elements.

In general, it can be noted that in order to provide the electrode with the necessary properties, certain components must be present in the coating composition.

An important role is played by slag-forming substances, for example, chalk, marble, which provide high protection against the negative effects of nitrogen and oxygen, the harm of which lies in the effects of oxidative processes. You can rid the molten metal of oxygen using substances such as ferroalloys of titanium, manganese, aluminum and silicon. The latter represent a group of deoxidizing substances, due to which the required result is ensured.

To create a protective gas environment use special gas-forming components, the most prominent representatives of which are wood flour and dextrin. The task of giving the seam exceptional characteristics in terms of resistance to wear and not being affected by corrosion is solved by introducing special alloying additives into the composition.

The list of these components is quite large, so we will present only a few of them: chromium, titanium, nickel, vanadium, etc. The group of stabilizing substances consists of potassium, sodium and calcium. Their main effect is to ensure ionization of the welding arc. To create a reliable connection between each coating component and the electrode rod it is necessary to use special binders, for which silicate glue is most often used.

Marking of electrodes for welding and requirements for them

The classification of electrodes implies their division into two types:

• melting;
• non-melting.

The first group includes products made from materials such as steel, copper, cast iron and bronze. A distinctive feature is the presence of additional coverage. A special group is formed by melting uncovered elements, however they are most widely used as wire for welding structures carried out in a protective gas environment. The category of non-consumable types of electrodes for welding includes products created on the basis of materials such as tungsten, thorium and lanthanum.

Another sign of the classification of welding electrodes can be the type of coating. Products that have the letter A in their markings belong to the class of products with an acid coating. Similar electrodes not recommended for welding carried out for joining steels characterized by a high concentration of carbon and sulfur. If we talk about spatial position, there are no restrictions here. The exception here is vertical placement, when the electrode is brought from top to bottom. The most frequently detected defects are the appearance of strong splashes and the risk of cracking of the seam.

The letter B is used to designate the base coating. Welding electrodes with such markings should not be used for welding in a vertical position. The same applies to those products that have a rutile coating, which is indicated by the letter P. If the marking contains the letter C, then this is a hint about the use of cellulose coating. Such electrodes retain their performance characteristics in any position.

If we talk about their disadvantages, then this should include formation of strong splashes and risk of overheating, which is why they require special attention during operation. The last group of electrodes consists of products marked AC and RB. They are a combined option that is used to connect pipelines and structures for various purposes. When working with them, you should remember that they must not be placed in a ceiling position.

Having become familiar with the features of these elements and their design, you can move on to the requirements that they must meet. Say, for any electrode It is important to create favorable conditions for welding, at which the arc will burn stably, which in turn will ensure uniform melting of the metal. In addition to this, the seam being created must meet the requirement for its chemical composition. The latter may include various components, which is determined by the operating conditions of the part and the composition of the metal products that need to be connected.

Decoding the markings of electrodes for welding

It's time to get acquainted in more detail with what information the marking of welding electrodes hides. It always starts with characters that match the type containing the load limit hint. Let's say E46 says that for the parts being welded the maximum load is 46 kg/mm ​​2. It is followed by a brand indicating the manufacturer, and after it there is information about the thickness and purpose:

• the presence of the letter Y in the marking indicates that the electrode in question is suitable for welding products made from low-alloy and carbon steels;
• markings that contain the letter L indicate that these electrodes can be used to connect alloyed structural alloys;
• if the task is to connect structures made on the basis of heat-resistant or high-alloy steels, the electrode used for welding must have the designations T and B;
• perform high-quality surfacing of the layer, which must have exceptional properties, is possible provided that the electrode used is marked in the form of the letter H.

Thickness, diameter, current

The marking also gives a hint about the thickness of the coating, for which it provides the following symbols:

• M - means thin coating;
• C - medium coverage;
• D - it corresponds to a thick coating;
• G - indicates the presence of a coating of maximum thickness.

Further in the marking information about the diameter is provided. Sometimes it may not contain numerical designations; this information can only be provided in the form of an icon. In this case, it is necessary to conclude that the necessary data is provided on the print. The next symbols are the index and its value, by which you can understand the characteristics of the metal. We are talking about properties such as elongation, impact strength and tensile strength. To obtain more accurate information about these parameters, you must refer to GOST 9467–75.

At the very end there is information about the type of coating discussed above. From the last two digits you can understand what spatial position is provided for a specific brand of electrode and what the recommended operating current should be.

If the number 1 is present there, then the selected electrode is suitable for work in any position. 2 indicates no restrictions other than top-down position.

Sometimes the penultimate number is 3, which suggests that this electrode should not be placed in a ceiling orientation. The presence of the number 4 indicates that The product is intended for making bottom seams, as well as the lower ones in the “boat”.

• 1, 4, 7 - indicates no restrictions;
• 2, 5, 8 - applies to currents with direct and other types of polarity;
• 3, 6, 9 - stipulates that the current must have reverse polarity.

Conclusion

Welding work is impossible without the use of such important consumables as electrodes. However, its importance cannot be underestimated, since the quality of the connection of the treated surfaces depends on the correct choice. The presence of different markings on the electrodes already suggests that they have different purposes. For this reason, it is important to have an idea of ​​what a particular label means. Knowing about such designations, you can easily understand which electrode is suitable for welding work and make the right choice.