The face as a morphological feature of the verb. Impersonal verbs

Hairstyles for different form faces The details of corrective hairstyles have already been described in the “Hairstyle” chapter. Let me remind you that the characteristics of the main types of faces are given there, and I hope that you could easily determine which of them yours belongs to. After reading the above

Forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, used in speech, in addition to the main ones, can express additional shades of meanings.

1st person form unit numbers can be used to indicate a generalized subject of action: "Whose I eat that and listening", "Someone else's trouble with his hands scout"; It is often found in proverbs and sayings. However, the meaning of generalization is most often expressed through the use of other face shapes.

In addition, the form of the 1st person unit. numbers are used in colloquial speech in constructions like: "I tell you I will shout!", "I will I will go! "as an emotional form of prohibition and threat of punishment if the prohibition is violated.

The 1st person plural form can express all the same additional shades of meaning as the personal pronoun we. It:

1) jointly restrictive meaning (author and interlocutor, author and interlocutors): "By the way, bet about tastes. Many merchants, of course, did not have a fine taste ... but the fact that some ... merchants were peculiar people is evident from their surviving houses "(Og. 1989, no. 32);

2) generalizing-restrictive meaning: "In fact, we are all ... we are holders of the great right to appeal in search of justice to any authority and at the same time not we have not the slightest guarantee of obtaining the desired justice "(Koms. pr. 1989. 30 Aug.);" Trying to put life into a different orbit, we are not the first in the world we pass the threshold of a sharp decline in welfare "(Moscow nov. 1991. No. 46);

3) generalizing meaning: "Oh, how are we love hypocrisy And we forget without difficulty That we are closer to death in childhood. Than in our mature years "(Mand.);" So fragile is the world in which we inhabited"(Coms. Pr. 1989. June 8);

4) colloquially informal indication of the action of the interlocutor (if you wish to express his thoughts, his state): "How we ourselves feel?";

5) meaning synonymous I am(combined with "author's we"):" On this we let's finish our message ".

The 2nd person singular has two complementary shades of meaning:

1) the meaning of generalization, which is often found in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms: " Sow wind - reap storm "(last);" What will you give - then yours. " notice in the waiting rooms. Various bosses, large and small, rarely receive different days so even the simplest question, but associated with many approvals, at one time never decide"(Coms. Pr. 1989. 30 Aug.);

2) an indication of the speaker himself: "Is peep? – there is no past there: And joy, and torment, and everything there is insignificant "(L.);" What in May, when the trains are scheduled by the Kamyshin branch read in a compartment, it is grander than the Holy Scripture, and Black canapes from dust and storms "(Paste.).

The 2nd person plural form can also express the meaning of generalization (although much less often than the singular form). Let us recall, for example, one of B. Okudzhava's songs: "When a blizzard screams like a beast lingeringly and angrily lock up your door, let the door be open. And if a long way lies, a hard way, Imagine, do not forget to open the door, open door leave". And here is an example from the newspaper: "... it seemed to me amazing that people's deputies both at the Congress and at the session The Supreme Council about what want to they tried, judged, but not about the school "(Ned. 1989, No. 35).

In addition, the forms of both the singular and the plural of the 2nd person give the written, monologue speech an addressed character, indicate an action directed directly to the addressee (see "Pronoun").

The 3rd person plural form is often used without a subject in one-part sentences. At the same time, it can express: a) generalized personal meaning (an indication of an action relating to any subject): "about tastes argue", "At U.S. not smoke", "Chickens in the fall think"; b) indefinite personal meaning (the action is performed by some persons unknown to the reader):" About this they say"(Pr. 1989. June 24);" How us read abroad? "(Lit. Gaz. 1989. July 26).

The forms of the 3rd person plural have a different meaning. numbers in newspaper headlines like " looking for loopholes "(Pr. 1989. 11 Sept.);" Are planning provocation "(Pr. 1989. March 2);" Inflate fire "(Pr. 1989. July 18);" Expand concentration camp "(Pr. 1989. 11 Sept.). Neither the meaning of generalization, nor the meaning of uncertainty is here; the subject of the action is specific persons named later in the text. Most often, such headings are used when the material talks about phenomena negative character(see examples above). But sometimes this is also the name of messages telling about what does not cause a negative attitude from the author: " Build and buy"– on the construction of new thermal power plants in Finland (Pr. 1989. March 15); " Come back with diplomas "- about Soviet students who graduated from Hungarian universities (Pr. 1989. June 24).

Impersonal verbs

Some verbs call such processes, states, the meaning of which does not correspond to any actor... This is a designation of the states of nature, man: dawn, dusk, dusk, unwell, I want it, it’s okay. Impersonal verbs are used in a form that coincides in the present tense with the form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense - with the singular form of the neuter: " Day is breaking. The mouth opens wider and wider. The night drinks a sip of a sip he "(Lighthouse . ); "It got dark. Along the alleys, over sleepy ponds, I wander at random "(Boon.).

Sometimes some personal verbs appear in an impersonal meaning. For example: "How late autumn sometimes. There are days, there are hours. When will blow suddenly in the spring And something will stir up in us "(Tyutsch.);" You can't see the birds. The forest, deserted and sick, is obediently withering away. The mushrooms came off, but firmly smells In the ravines with mushroom dampness "(Bun.);" Melo, melo in all the earth, in all limits, the candle warmed on the stele, the candle burned "(Paste.).

Attention should be paid to those cases when a personal verb in an impersonal meaning is used in such a sentence where, in principle, another construction is possible: with a subject indicating the subject of the action, and the same (or similar in meaning) verb used in a personal form ... For example: "It has not yet completely darkened, and the frost has become violently stronger by evening. A prickly-scalding wind muzzle from the side of the dark crimson, pressed to the ground crack of the sunset, and as if from side to side shook over the height the thundering fire of the battle. Strongly carried ice crumbs swept from the parapet, sharp as broken glass, prick on the lips, on the eyes "(Bond.). Here a synonymous substitution is permissible:" muzzle"– "blew wind", " carried, pricked ice crumb "-" rushed, pricked ice crumb. "However, variants with the impersonal and personal forms of the verb differ in expressive and semantic nuances. Sentences containing the subject and the predicate (personal verb) draw a more concrete," existential "picture of the world. And the use of verbs in an impersonal meaning leads to the fact that the actions indicated by these verbs and naming the processes occurring in nature become more mysterious, vague, mysterious in the reader's perception, and the very picture of the world depicted by the writer becomes just as mysterious, ghostly and unsteady.

Note. In the individually poetic style of speech, on the contrary, there are cases of the use of impersonal verbs in a personal sense: "Suddenly - I am in full shining be able - and again the day will ring. "(Lighthouse.) Such deviations from traditional use, due to their unusualness, are very expressive.

The species category is the ability of a verb to characterize how an action develops in time (regardless of the moment of speech). So, some verbs represent an action as limited in its development by some limit. These are verbs perfect kind... Others are like a process that is not limited by any limit. These are verbs imperfect.

The limit of development of an action, expressed by perfective verbs, can be different. Most logically, the concept of the limit is associated with the idea of ​​the end of the course of action. The termination of the action may be due to its exhaustion: "Snowflake slowly melted"(V.Kat.). A particular case of the exhaustion of action is the achievement of the result that was sought:" Now it turns out that he wrote great work "(Ch.);" Lebedkin took a lump of earth in his hands and raster it between the fingers "(A. Stepanov). In both cases, the nature of the duration of the action in time (its duration or shortness) is not felt, the characteristic of the action is focused on expressing the idea of ​​the end, its termination as exhausted, effective. In verbs with a certain structure (mainly with prefix from-, and also with this prefix and postfix -sya) the action is presented not only as terminated (for some reason, but not in connection with its exhaustion), but also as long-lasting: " Dissuaded a golden grove with a birch, cheerful tongue "(Es.);" - I'm going east, - the captain suddenly announced loudly and defiantly, - fought back, - he nodded at his motionless hanging left hand"(Chuck.)

The limit can refer to the beginning of the action, and the actions themselves can be felt a) as more or less prolonged or, on the contrary, b) as those whose length in time is not felt in any way: a) "And he obediently on the way drip and by the morning he returned with poison "(P.);" Sang hewn tracks "(Es.); b)" How plead gold fish" (NS.).

An action (state) can be represented as a process, the development of which is limited by some (relatively small) time period: "Junior officers got together to chat and smoke"(Kupr.);" You call me, friend, be sad off the sleepy shores "(Es.).

An action can be characterized as being accomplished in one act, including instantly: "How old are you?" - "Eighty", - joked young lady "(Ch.);" Smiled sleepy birches "(EU).

Since the verbs of the perfect form express a relation to the inner limit (the completed transition from the absence of action to the beginning of the action, the transition from the action to the absence of action, the completion of the action during any time), it is clear, obvious that the verbs of the perfect form do not have a present tense.

Imperfect verbs represent an action or a) as a continuous indefinite time without interruption, "continuous", i.e. without a definite beginning and end, or b) as also not limited in time, but intermittent, repeating from time to time: a) "You you flow like a river, a strange name "(B.Ok.);" shone morning light; the morning light was gray and cloudy; thick stems rocked in the window ricinia in the rain; they were doused with crystal and silver, muddy streams carried in the windows there is red sand of paths "(A. Bel.); b)" The doctor slowly stirred spoon in a glass and smoked "(Veres.);" In the garden .... lazily howls dog "(Ch.);" Old Monsicha welded to the back rooms of the women-thieves "(A.N.T.).

The use of adverbial words is closely related to how the action develops, how it is represented by verbs of the perfect and imperfect form (and vice versa, the meaning of certain adverbial words used in the text predetermines the use of verbs of a certain type). So, for example, when the action is one-act, instantaneous, adverbial words like suddenly, suddenly, unexpectedly(as well as words that fix the time, the moment of the action; in this time, then, right there etc.). The action is repetitive, intermittent, arising and stopping, arising again and again stopping, etc., can be accompanied by words like often, at times, from time to time, sometimes, now and then. If it comes about continuous long-term action, such words that clarify or enhance its meaning as endlessly, endlessly, all the time, long etc. etc.

Formation of species pairs

The concept of "species pair" is associated with the formation of verbs of the opposite kind. A species pair is called two opposite verbs that have the same thing lexical meaning and differ only in the presence or absence of the idea of ​​the result of the action. Practically for a particular imperfective verb, you can find a perfect verb (if any) by the formula: "did, did and (finally) did". For example: wrote, wrote and (finally) wrote. That is write and write - species pair. Species pairs are also melt-melt;build-build, recruit-recruit etc.

Russian verbs have a variety of means of forming species pairs, among which there are productive and unproductive.

Productive means, i.e. the means that "work" in the modern Russian language are:

1) prefixes, with the help of which paired perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs: do - do;sow - sow;write - write;dig - dig;

Note. Often, the addition of a prefix leads to a change not only in the form, but also in the meaning. For example: do - finish(remake, trim. patch up, fake, fake etc.). Such perfective verbs are not a member of a species pair with an unprefixed imperfective verb; they are independent words, albeit with the same root. Such perfective prefixed verbs can form their specific pair using the suffix -va - / - willow- (see below).

2) changing the suffix -and(th) on -a(th) (or vice versa): decide - decide;cum - cum;to throw - to throw;ground - ground;cut in - cut in;

3) suffix -va - / - willow- , with the help of which imperfective verbs are formed from many prefixed perfective verbs: rebuild - rebuild;finish - finish;kick off - kick off;to park - to park.

The formation of imperfect verbs can be accompanied by alternating root vowels. So, if in a perfective verb the stress is not on the root vowel O , then in a paired imperfective verb instead of O appears a , for example: scavenge O thief - vyrab a to poke;jam O zit - jam a to live;crust O yat - crust a live etc. If in a perfective verb the stress falls on the root vowel O , then in a paired imperfective verb, in accordance with the literary tradition, alternation should not occur: dishonor - dishonor;vulgarize - vulgarize;legitimize - legitimize;harden - harden etc.

but strong impact tendencies to replace O on a led to the fact that in a significant part of the verbs, the alternation still occurs. So, the form with a solidified in the following imperfective verbs: per(under-, times-, you- etc.) slave a push, for(under-, ra-, you- etc.) pp a Ivat, oh(at-, y-)sv a dispute, dispute*, prispos a blush(Xia), at(per-)To a sleep, calm down á Ivat, u(with-)dv a ivy, mornings a Ivat, sick a chit(Xia), per(re-, you- etc.) pestilence a live, ass a shave, for(at-, under-, on-)Goth a pour**.

* Already in Pushkin there are forms not only with O but also with a , cf .: "They received praise and slander indifferently and did not smallpox O rivai fool ";" Everyone boasted, offered their opinions and freely smallpox O rival Pugachev "and:" G. Bronevsky is also unfair smallpox O rivet my testimony that an order was sent from St. Petersburg to burn down Pugachev's house and property. "

** Several verbs (prefixed) of the perfect form with root stressed and unstressed O has variant forms of an imperfect form - with a suffix -willow- and with the suffix -a-(replacing the suffix -and- perfective verbs): per(at-, under-)Goth a pour and per(at-, under-)Goth O put in;zas O rub(Xia) and zas a rip(Xia); zat a pour to zat O to drink(bake); podb a dribble and podb O rubbish. For example: "Nobody littered the usual swearing of the chaste silence of the morning "(Leon.) and:" [Fedot Pamfilych] could not utter in any way - Tigellin, and called me now Tigelinius, now Tinegil. Every time he was corrected, he barked: "Spit. Nonsense. I'll become brains litter"(Kupr.).

Verbs in the present and future tense of the indicative and in the imperative mood have a fickle morphological feature faces.

Face indicates the manufacturer of the action.

Form 1 of the person indicates that the producer of the action is the speaker (alone or with a group of persons): go, go.

Form 2 of the person indicates that the producer of the action is the listener / listeners: go, go, go, go.

Form 3 of the person indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or by objects: go, go, let go / go.

Forms 1 and 2 of the person in the absence of a subject can indicate that the action is attributed to any manufacturer (see generalized personal one-piece sentence: The quieter you go, the further you'll get).

From the point of view of attitude to the morphological category of a person, verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal.

Personal verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences ( I'm sick).

Impersonal verbs denote an action that has no producer ( Dusk), or an action that is thought of as happening against the will of the subject ( I'm not feeling well). These are states of nature ( It is getting dark), person ( I'm shivering) or a subjective assessment of the situation ( I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as main member one-piece impersonal sentence.

Impersonal verbs have a limited number of forms:

In the past tense of the indicative mood and in conditional mood the impersonal form coincides with the form of the neuter singular. numbers: dawn (would);

In the present / future tense of the indicative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers: dawn, dawn;

In the imperative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers: Light up early, I would get up early(figurative use of the imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional).

Most impersonal verbs also have an infinitive form, but some impersonal verbs do not even have it, for example: The task should be done in advance(verb to follow in the infinitive it does not matter the obligation).

Personal verbs can also appear in an impersonal form (cf .: The wave washed away the boat. - The wave washed away the boat.). This happens when the action itself is more important to the speaker than its producer.

V indicative mood the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, it is a concordant category: personal pronouns I am and we require the formulation of the verb in the 1-person form, personal pronouns you and you require the use of the verb in the 2nd person, the rest of the pronouns and all nouns, as well as words that act as a noun, require the use of the verb in the form of the 3rd person.

Conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change in the verb for persons and numbers.

The endings of the present / simple future tense are called personal endings a verb (since they also convey the meaning of a person).

Personal endings depend on the conjugation of the verb:

If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. So, the verb sleep refers to the II conjugation ( h-ish), and the verb drink- to I conjugation ( drink-eat). To the same conjugation are derived from them prefixed verbs with unstressed endings ( drink-eat).

If the endings are unstressed, then the conjugation is determined by the form of the verb infinitive: к II conjugation all verbs in - go, except shave, lay, build up as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs in - eat (watch, see, endure, twirl, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs in - at (hear, breathe, drive, hold). The rest of the verbs refer to I conjugation.

In Russian, there are verbs in which some of the personal endings refer to the first conjugation, and some to the second. Such verbs are called multi-conjugate... it want, run, honor and all the verbs formed from the given ones.

Verb to want has endings of I conjugation in all singular forms. numbers and endings of II conjugation in all plural forms. numbers.

Verb run away has the endings of II conjugation in all forms, except for 3 persons pl. numbers where it has the ending I conjugation.

Verb honor can either be multi-conjugate, or refer to the II conjugation, which depends on the form of the 3rd person of the plural. the numbers honor / honor.

In addition, there are verbs, some of the personal endings of which are not represented in either I or II conjugations. Such verbs have particular conjugation. it there is and to give and all educated from them ( eat, pass), as well as verbs related to origin data ( get bored, create). They have the following endings:

Most verbs have all possible face and number forms, but there are also verbs that do not have at all or are usually not used in one form or another. So, for verbs win, find yourself, weird there are no forms of 1 person unit. numbers, for verbs crowd, group, scatter forms of unit are not used. numbers, for verbs foal, crystallize- Forms 1 and 2 faces.