Service and significant parts of speech contains the Russian language. The verb belongs to independent parts of speech. "verb" in Old Russian means "to speak". Thus, even the ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of narration, which is achieved by using verbs.
What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features
The verb talks about the action of the subject. Determine the verb on the questions "what to do?", "what to do?". Describing the verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and a function in a sentence. The grammatical features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent.
The points of view of scientists about the selection verb forms diverge. Until now, there are disputes whether to single out the participle and the participle as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.
The grammatical meaning of the verb
Grammatically, the verb talks about the action of the subject. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:
- Work, labor of the subject of speech: “to sharpen”, “to drive”, “to build”, “to dig”.
- Speech or mental activity: “speak”, “assume”, “think”, “find out”.
- The movement of an object in space, its position: “ride”, “stay”, “sit”, “situate”.
- The emotional state of the subject of speech: "sad", "hate", "cherish", "love".
- State environment: “evening”, “freezes”, “drizzles”.
In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence, he is one of the main members, a predicate. The verb-predicate agrees with the subject and forms with it the predicative basis of the sentence. From the verb put questions to minor members predicate groups. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances expressed by nouns, adverbs or participles.
How the verb changes: permanent and non-permanent features
Morphological features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent. This gradation occurs in terms of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, "read" and "read" are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfective verb, while “read” is a perfective one. They will change in different ways: the perfective verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.
Permanent signs of the verb:
- view (imperfect, perfect);
- conjugation (I, II, heterogeneous);
- recurrence (non-returnable, returnable).
- gender (female, neuter, male);
- mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
- number (plural, singular)
- time (present, past, future);
These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it stands in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.
Verb moods
The grammatical features of the verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the non-permanent features of the verb.
- Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); "the child played" (past tense); "the child will play" (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb for persons and numbers.
- Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can happen only under certain conditions. It is formed by adding to the main verb of the particle would (b): "With your help, I could cope with the difficulties." It is possible to change conditional verbs by number and gender, in these forms they are consistent in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would solve this problem himself”; “Most would have solved this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not imply a change in tenses of the verb.
- Imperative mood. Denotes the motivation of the interlocutor to action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the motivation is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question”, and in the form of an order: “Stop screaming!”. To get a verb imperative mood in the singular, it is necessary to add the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a non-suffixal way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed with the suffix -te: "draw - draw!". Imperative verbs change by numbers: "eat soup - eat soup." If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: "I said, everyone stand up!".
verb tense
Morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, any action can be allocated a time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes with tenses, this category will be inconsistent.
Verb conjugations
The grammatical features of the verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - their changes in persons and numbers.
For clarity, here is a table:
Other signs of the verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity
In addition to conjugation, constants grammatical features verbs contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.
- Type of verb. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect. The perfect view involves the questions “what to do?”, “what will he do?”. Indicates an action that has achieved a result ("learn"), begun ("sing") or completed ("sing"). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “what does it do?”. Assumes an action that continues and is repeated many times ("jump").
- Recurrence of the verb. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
- Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun without a preposition in accusative(“Imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will stand in genitive case: "I don't watch it."
So, the signs of the verb as a part of speech are diverse. To determine its permanent features, it is necessary to put the part of speech in the initial form. For determining fickle signs it is necessary to work with the verb taken in the context of the narrative.
Plan: The concept of the verb Permanent signs Non-permanent signs Spelling not with verbs Spelling not with verbs Ways of forming a verb Morphological parsing pattern Conjugated verbs Impersonal verbs Transitive and intransitive verbs
Form of the verb Verbs are perfect and imperfect. Verbs that answer the questions what to do? what do they do? what they were doing? etc., are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the questions what to do? what will they do? what did they do? etc., are perfective verbs.
The conjugation of the verb is a change of the verb in persons and numbers (in the present and future simple tense) The verb has two conjugations: -The II conjugation includes verbs that end in -it - + exception verbs: drive, breathe, hold and hear; hate and offend; look, see and twirl, and depend and endure - To the I conjugation - all the rest - + exception verbs: shave, lay
Conjugation of verbs II conjugation 1) all verbs in -it (except for 3 exceptions); 2) 7 verbs in -et (look, see, hate, endure, offend, twirl, depend); 3) 4 verbs in -at (drive, hold, hear, breathe). I conjugation 1) verbs to shave, lay, build 2) all verbs on -et (except for 7 exceptions) 3) all verbs on -at (except for 4 exceptions) 4) all other verbs on -ot, -ut, -t,. .
WHAT TO DO? WHAT TO DO? I ref. II ref. -at (yat)it -ot -et -nut -ti, etc. 1 l. -u, -yu -em 1 l.-y, -yu -im 2 l.-eat -et 2 l.-ish -ite 3 l-et -ut -yut 3 l.-it -at -yat + excl .: shave, lay + excl.: drive, breathe, hold, hear, hate, offend, look, see, twirl, depend, endure
Non-permanent signs In the indicative mood: Time (present, past, future) Number (singular, plural) Person (for verbs present and future tense) Gender (for verbs in the past tense) In the imperative mood: Number In the subjunctive (conditional) mood : Number Gender (singular)
Spelling not with verbs Not with verbs is written separately (do not dispose, cannot, do not speak ...) Not with verbs is written together if the word is not used without not (unwell, hate, resent, né live) Not with verbs is written together if the word is formed with the help of the prefix under- (underwritten, underloaded, underheard)
Sample morphological parsing Verb Indicate the part of speech. What does the word mean? (action, state) What question does it answer? Indicate the initial form (infinitive). Name the constant signs (type, recurrence, conjugation); non-permanent signs (inclination, number, time, person or gender). Determine the role in the proposal.
Sample morphological analysis Notes. 1. The tense of the verb is indicated only in the indicative mood. 2. In the past. tense verbs change by gender and number. 3. Present and future. verbs are inflected for person and number. 4. Infinitive, impersonal and conjugated verbs require special attention in morphological analysis.
A sample of morphological analysis A verb goes, because: 1. Denotes an action (what does it do?), n. f. walk. 2. Has permanent signs: carrying. type, non-returnable, II ref.; non-permanent signs: used in the form of express, incl., unit. hours, crust, time, 3rd person. 3. In the sentence it is a predicate (what does it do? walks).
An example of morphological analysis The verb runs, because: 1. Denotes an action (what does it do?), n. f. run. 2. Has permanent signs: carrying. species, irrevocable, heterogeneous; non-permanent signs: used in the form of express, incl., unit. hours, crust, time, 3rd person. 3. In the sentence it is a predicate (what does it do? runs).
Conjugated verbs want in singular. h - conjugate. like a verb I ref. in plural - as a verb. II ref. run - in 3l. plural - as a verb. I ref. in other cases - as vb. II ref. Verbs: eat, give - a special conjugation, since in units. h. there are no vowels in the endings Eat, eat, eat; eat, eat, eat. Ladies, give, give; give, give, give.
Impersonal verbs Denote actions that take place on their own, without a protagonist. They denote: 1. phenomena (state) of nature: dawn, evening, dusk, frost, blizzard ... 2. The physical state of a living being: fever, chills, nausea, unwell, want They change from time to time and can be used in the form of the subjunctive (conditional) mood It's getting light. It was already dawn when we moved in. Dawn would come soon!
Transitive and intransitive verbs transitive verbs denote an action that goes to a specific subject. Other - intransitive verbs with suffixes -sya (-ss) This subject is expressed most often with the help of noun. in V.p. without a pretext (R.p. without a preposition - part of the subject) to go to Moscow - V.p. from the ave. The wind tends the trees - V.p. without suggestion pour gasoline (part) - R.p. without suggestion bring firewood (part) - R.p. without suggestion depend on a neighbor - R.p. from ave.
The moods of the verb indicative conditional imperative 1. denote actions that have happened, are happening or will happen 1. denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions 1. denote such actions that someone forces or asks to perform 2. what is he doing? what have you been doing? what will he do? change from time to time, conjugate 2. what would you do? what would you do? change by gender and number; do not change over time 2. what to do? what do you do? change in numbers; do not change over time 3. carry. in. – n.v., p.v., b.v. (compound) run - runs, ran, will run sov.v. – p.v., b.v. do - did, will do. 3. are formed from the basis of n.f.g. + -l- + would(b) the particle is written separately, can stand after the verb, before it, can be separated in other words: ran would 3. is formed from the basics of n.v. and b.v. with -and- or without the suffix. teach - teach, teach; hide - hide, hide; throw - throw, throw. 4. II ref - on -it + drive, breathe, hold and hear; hate and offend; look, see and twirl, and depend and endure I - sp. – everyone else + shave, lay 4. would see, would see, would see, would see I would go on a trip. I would cure all children. If a dog barked in the evening, you would understand that a stranger is coming. 4. are usually used in the form of 2 l., units. and many others. hours; also has the form 3l. units and pl. + yes, let, let, ka and 1l., pl. Let the country sing about us! May there always be a mother! Sing to me, nightingale! in a sentence - more often a predicate
Often in school homework in the Russian language, students are faced with the need to perform one or another analysis of a word, phrase or sentence. Along with syntactic, lexical and morphemic analysis, the school program includes morphological analysis. Let's see how to do it morphological analysis for the verb, and find out what morphological features characterize this part speech.
The verb and its forms
Definition initial form, the part of speech to which the word belongs, and its role in the sentence is usually not difficult. However, students often have questions regarding the morphological features of the word. For each part of speech, their permanent and non-permanent features are distinguished: it can be gender and case for a noun, aspect and tense for a verb.
A verb is an independent part of speech denoting an action that answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” Here are some examples: clean, walk, wish, love, walk.
This is interesting: checked unstressed vowels in the root of the word, rules with examples.
There are 4 verb forms. These include:
- infinitive, or initial form of the verb: run, sit, be;
- conjugated forms: read, sing, steal;
- participle: fallen, dormant, embedded;
- gerund: dreaming, answering, completing.
In a sentence, conjugated forms most often play the role of a predicate, and the remaining forms can be any other members of the sentence.
This is interesting: what does the term litote mean, its examples in Russian.
There are fixed and non-permanent signs of the verb. The infinitive has only constant features, since it is an invariable part of speech. For conjugated forms, it is also possible to define non-permanent signs, since these verbs can change, for example, in numbers or persons.
This is interesting: “to lead by the nose” - the meaning of a phraseological unit, the history of occurrence, synonyms.
Permanent morphological features
Permanent signs include the following:
- conjugation;
- returnability;
- transitivity.
This is interesting: words with the suffix -enn-, spelling rules.
View is a category that defines how a given action proceeds over time and indicates whether it has been or will be completed at a particular point in time. View can be specified for all verb forms.
The perfect form includes verbs that are used when you need to show the completeness of the action. Not perfect view, on the contrary, denotes a certain prolongation in time, incompleteness. It is not difficult to distinguish them: the imperfect form answers the question “what to do?”, For the perfect form, the question “what to do?” is used.
Consider several sentences and determine the form for the verbs that were used in them.
He woke up as the sun was already setting.
This is interesting: “chickens are counted in the fall” - the meaning of the proverb.
Let's find out what question the first highlighted verb answers.
He (what did he do?) woke up.
This question is a sign of a perfect look. The value also indicates the completion of the action: he woke up, i.e. has already performed the action.
Let's look at the second verb. Let's ask him a question:
The sun was already (what was doing?) setting.
We define the form of the second word as imperfect. Really, the sun was setting, but it's not clear if the action was completed or not.
It should be remembered that there are two-spectrum verbs for which it is possible to determine the aspect only when the word is given in the context. As an example, consider the word use:
- It is convenient for students to study (what to do?) to use a laptop.
- To pass the most difficult level in the game, I had to (what to do?) use the last hint.
By asking appropriate questions to the word, we can easily determine the form of the verb: in the first phrase - the imperfect, and in the second - the perfect form.
This is interesting: the moral of the fable “Dragonfly and Ant” by Krylov.
Type conjugations There are 3 types of verbs: I conjugation, II conjugation and conjugated verbs. To define conjugation, you need to put right word into the infinitive form and see what it ends with. If before the suffix -th is the letter and ( drink, saw, repair, glue), the word belongs to the II conjugation. In the event that another letter stands before the infinitive suffix ( take, walk, prick, command, bend), we refer the verb to the I conjugation.
However, keep in mind that there are exceptions to this rule, as shown in the table below.
Also a constant feature is recurrence. The reflexive form differs from the non-reflexive form by the presence of a suffix -sya or -ss at the end of a word. Returns include following words: laugh, learn, have fun; are irrevocable walk, be able to, wash.
Transitivity characterized by the possibility of connecting a verb with a noun or pronoun in the genitive or accusative case without a preposition. In this way, turn on (light), open (window), see (forest) - examples of transitive infinitives, and believe (in oneself), laugh (at a joke) are examples of intransitives.
Inconstant signs of the verb
There are five non-permanent signs:
- mood;
- time;
- number;
- face;
It should be remembered that the presence of a particular category depends on the form in which the word is used.
Mood used to indicate how an action relates to reality. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote an action that actually took place, can take place in this moment or else will happen in the future. Examples
- As children, we often walked in the park near the house.
- In a few days they will buy a new bicycle.
The conditional mood describes actions that are possible only when performing certain conditions. They are formed from the infinitive or the past tense with the particle would (b). For example: She would have to pay a large sum for this.
The imperative mood is used in requests and orders to indicate the required action. Examples:
- Please bring my book to school tomorrow.
- Put this cabinet a little closer to the window.
The time category is defined only for indicative mood. There are 3 forms: past tense for actions that have already happened before; present for actions taking place at the current moment; future tense - for what will happen after a certain time period. Here are some examples:
- came home, looked for a notebook, listened to music - past tense forms;
- I learn by heart, you look around, they make noise in the yard- present tense forms;
- we will know mathematics, find a wallet, watch a movie - forms of the future tense.
Number can be defined for any inflected verb forms. As with other changeable parts of speech, they distinguish the singular (when one actor is related to the performance of the action) and the plural (if there are several persons).
- come, would do, leave, learn, looking for- singular;
- bring, would like, reacted, fall, ride- plural.
Category faces are distinguished only for forms of the imperative mood, as well as for the present and future tenses of the indicative mood. 1 person means that the speaker refers this action to himself or the group of people in which he is ( I say, we think). If the described action refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, then the verb is used in the form of 2 persons ( answer, repeat). 3 person means that the action is performed by people who are not related to the speaker or interlocutor ( silent, wipe).
Genus is a sign that is defined for singular in conditional mood or in the indicative mood in the past tense.
- bought, would come- masculine;
- wear, dream- feminine gender;
- broken, burnt- neuter gender.
Need to know: What is indefinite form verb?
An example of morphological parsing
Consider how you can determine what morphological features a verb has. To do this, we analyze the word mastered used in the sentence:
Fifth grade students easily mastered new topic.
- Mastered denotes an action, therefore, we define a part of speech - a verb.
- Initial form (infinitive) - master.
- We define permanent signs:
- Students (what did they do?) mastered , the question refers to the perfect form.
- Pay attention to the form of the infinitive, pay attention to the fact that before -th located And(while the verb is not on the list of exceptions), this indicates the II conjugation.
- No suffix -sya or -ss says that the verb is irrevocable.
- The verb agrees with the noun in the accusative case ( mastered the topic), therefore, it belongs to the transitional ones.
- We analyze what non-permanent signs can be determined for this form:
- The action is performed in reality, therefore its mood is indicative.
- The time of action is the past (you can add adverbs of time to the sentence yesterday, last year, the form of the verb will not change). Remember that the person is not defined in the past tense.
- Insofar as pupils - this set actors, mastered is in the form plural. For the plural, it is impossible to determine the gender.
- In this offer mastered is predicate.
Like any other part of speech, the verb has a number of features inherent in it.
- permanent signs;
- unstable symptoms.
- returnability;
- transitivity;
- conjugation type.
- mood;
- number;
- time;
- face;
Permanent signs of the verb
Let's consider the constant features of the verb in more detail.
- Type of verb. Verbs are of two types: perfective and imperfective.
Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action and answer a question. what to do? For example, sail (what to do?).
Imperfective verbs indicate actions that are currently being performed and answer the question what is he doing? For example, swim (what to do?).
- Transitivity of the verb. Distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs.
Transitive verbs are those that can be combined with nouns in the accusative case without prepositions. For example, find (who?) a person, take out (what?) garbage.
Accordingly, verbs are called intransitive, which are combined with a noun in the accusative case only with the help of prepositions. For example, go in school.
- Recurrence of the verb. Verbs are also characterized by a sign of recurrence / non-returnability.
All verbs with a postfix are reflexive -sya. For example, wash, gather, study. Everything reflexive verbs are intransitive.
In turn, all verbs without postfix -sya are non-refundable. For example, collect, wash, buy, read, leaf through. They can be either transitional (to read), and intransitive (to stand).
- Types of conjugations of verbs. There are only 2 types of conjugations of verbs: 1 and 2 conjugation. Verb conjugation can be defined in two ways:
- by personal endings of verbs;
- according to the suffix of the initial form of verbs (if the ending is unstressed).
To determine the conjugation of a verb, you need to decline it by person and number.
Verbs of the 1st conjugation must have endings -u(-u)/-eat; -eat/-eat; -et/-ut (-yut). For example, growing, growing; you grow, you grow; grows, grows.
Verbs of 2 conjugations have endings -y (-y) / -im; -you/-ite; -it / -at (-yat). For example, I teach, we teach; teach, teach; teaches, teaches.
Thus, verbs have permanent and non-permanent features. View, transitivity, reflexivity and types of conjugations of the verb are its constant features that remain unchanged in any context.
Verb Parsing Plan
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and a question. | ||
| II | Initial form (infinitive). Morphological features: | ||
| A | Permanent morphological features: | ||
| 1 | view(perfect, imperfect); | ||
| 2 | recurrence(irrevocable, returnable); | ||
| 3 | transitivity(transitive, intransitive); | ||
| 4 | conjugation; | ||
| B | Variable morphological features: | ||
| 1 | mood; | ||
| 2 | time(in the indicative mood); | ||
| 3 | number; | ||
| 4 | face(in the present, future tense; in the imperative mood); | ||
| 5 | genus(in the singular past tense and subjunctive mood). | ||
| III | Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the verb in this sentence). | ||
Verb parsing patterns
Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(proverb).
Do you love
- what are you doing?
- N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
1) imperfect species;
2) irrevocable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
2) present time;
3) singular;
4) 2nd person.
Ride
- Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what to do?
- N. f. - ride. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) imperfect view;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the infinitive form (invariant form). - In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.
love
- Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what do you do?
- N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) imperfect view;
2) irrevocable;
3) transitional;
4) II conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
1) imperative mood;
2) singular;
3) 2nd person. - In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.
Plowing has begun(Prishvin).
started
- Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what did you do?
- N. f. - start. Morphological features:
A) Permanent morphological features:
1) perfect look;
2) returnable;
3) intransitive;
4) I conjugation.
B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
1) indicative mood;
2) past tense;
3) singular;
4) feminine. - In a sentence it is a predicate.
