The largest transport hub in the country. Transport hubs and terminals

Transport system of Russia

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Transport system of Russia- aggregate Vehicle, infrastructure and management, functioning on territory Russian Federation.

System characteristics

The structure of the Russian cargo- and passenger turnover in 2005

Transport system Russia is characterized by a developed transport network, one of the most extensive in the world and includes 87 thousand people. km of railways, more than 745 thousand km highways with hard surface, over 600 thousand km of overhead lines, 70 thousand km trunk oil- and product pipelines, over 140 thousand km of trunk gas pipelines, 115 thousand km river shipping paths and many sea routes. It employs over 3.2 million people, which is 4.6% of the working population.

Huge space and harsh climate predetermined the paramount importance for Russia of all-weather types of land transport - railway and pipeline... The bulk of the cargo work falls on them. Water transport plays a much smaller role in Russia due to the short navigational period. Role road transport in total freight turnover due to extremely small average distances transportation(within cities and suburbs, v quarries opencast mining mineral, on logging roads in logging areas, etc.) is also small, despite the fact that it transports more than half cargo... An important feature of the Russian transport system is its close relationship with production.

The overwhelming part of passenger traffic falls on four types of transport: air (30%), bus (29%), rail (29%) and metro (9%). The trend of recent years is an increase in the share of air transport (almost 3 times growth compared to 2000) and a decrease in the share of rail transport.

State of the art transport system characterized by a low technical level of the production base of most enterprises and wear and tear of the overwhelming majority Vehicle, which leads to a decrease in the safety of their work, as well as the lack of investment to overcome these problems (unavailable link).

According to Rosstat, as of 2011, in the off-season, 10% of the country's population is actually cut off from the rest of the country (does not have access to the network of year-round highways and / or does not have access to railway stations and airfields) ... The average mobility of the population of Russia (for 2011) is about 6,300 km per capita per year (in Western Europe - 15-20 thousand km, in the USA, Canada - 25-30 thousand km per year) ... A significant factor determining the territorial disunity of the country is the construction of its transport system according to the star-shaped principle with the center in the capital. .

The transport space is a collection of independent organizations - carriers and intermediaries- with a predominance of small capital, which was a consequence of disintegration the economy in the 1990s.

System structure

The transport system of Russia has a complex structure, it includes several subsystems (rail, road, sea, river, air and pipelines), each of which consists of the main elements: infrastructure, vehicles and management. The transport system includes transport hubs and corridors, and industrial and public transport... Infrastructure is usually considered by industries.

Railway transport

Railway transport the most developed in Russia (according to data for 2011, it accounted for 85% of the internal cargo turnover) ... In terms of the length of the railway track (86 thousand km, half of which is electrified), Russia is in second place after USA ... In Russia railway transport subdivided into: public railway transport, non-public railway transport and technological railway transport. In the European part of the country, the railway network has a radial appearance, the railways converge towards Moscow. The first major railway line St. Petersburg - Moscow entered service in 1851 year... At the same time, the construction of railways from St. Petersburg to the south began.

In the Asian part, the railway network has a latitudinal extension and low density. The most important highway - Trans-Siberian- began to build in 1892 year simultaneously from Chelyabinsk across Novonikolaevsk on Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk and from Vladivostok on Khabarovsk... Traffic is open in 1916 year... V 1913 year a branch was built Omsk - Tyumen - Ekaterinburg... Later, latitudinal alternatives of the Trans-Siberian Railway were built: line Kartaly - Astana - Pavlodar - Barnaul - Artyshta, which in the middle of the twentieth century was continued until Ust-Kuta(across Novokuznetsk, Abakan, Taishet, Bratsk); line Semipalatinsk - Barnaul - Novosibirsk; Baikal-Amur Mainline... In the 1970s-1980s for the development of oil and gas resources Western Siberia a railway was built Tyumen - Surgut - Urengoy - Yamburg.

In 1992-1999, 218 km of new railway lines were built in Russia and 1,962 km of railways were electrified. In 2000-2008, 899 km of new railway lines were built and 3,083 km of railways were electrified. The volume of goods transported through the territory is expanding Finland and its ports (which is facilitated by the same gauge). For this, a railway is being built Kochkoma -Ledmozero and further to railways Finland.

Railways, as of spring 2012, are available in 78 out of 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. There are no railways only in Republic of Altai, Republic of Tyva, Kamchatka region, Magadan region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug(at the beginning of 2012). With the construction of the railway Kuragino - Kyzyl Tyva will become the 79th constituent entity of Russia with railway transport.

Sea transport

This type of transport plays a major role in interstate freight turnover. The importance of sea transport for Russia is determined by its position on the shores of three oceans and the length of the sea border of 42 thousand kilometers. Main ports: on Black sea - Novorossiysk, Tuapse; on Sea of ​​Azov - Taganrog; on Baltic - St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, Vyborg; on Barents - Murmansk; on White -Arkhangelsk; on Japanese - Vanino, Vladivostok, Find, Port Vostochny.

River transport

Length of internal waterways, "List .." of which was approved by the order of the Government Russian Federation, is 101.6 thousand km ... The share of inland waterway transport in the total freight turnover is 3.9%. The role of river transport is sharply increasing in a number of regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

The main one in Russia is the Volga-Kama river basin, which accounts for 40% of the cargo turnover of the river fleet. Thanks to Volgo-Baltic, White Sea-Baltic and Volgo-Donskoy channels Volga became the core of the unified water system of the European part of Russia, and Moscow- "port of five seas".

Other important rivers of European Russia include Northern Dvina with tributaries, Sukhona, Onega, Swir, Neva.

In Siberia, the main rivers are Yenisei, Lena, Ob and their tributaries. All of them are used for shipping and timber rafting, transportation of food and industrial goods to remote regions. The importance of the Siberian river routes is very significant, due to the underdevelopment of railways (especially in the meridional direction). Rivers connect the southern regions of Western and Eastern Siberia with the Arctic. Oil from Tyumen is transported along the Ob and Irtysh. The Ob is navigable for 3600 km, the Yenisei - 3300 km, Lena - 4000 km (navigation lasts 4-5 months). The ports of the lower reaches of the Yenisei - Dudinka and Igarka- available for ships following Northern sea route... The largest transshipment points for cargo from rivers to railways - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Kut.

The most important river artery of the Far East is Amur. Shipping is carried out along the entire length of the river.

Pipeline transport

The development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 1950s. XX century. The most important transported goods are raw oil, natural and associated gas. Transportation petroleum products, liquid and gaseous chemicals is promising, but at present product pipelines are not widely used. In Russia, large-diameter pipelines (1220 and 1420 mm) and long pipelines predominate. latitudinal direction .

Large oil pipelines:

Oil pipeline "Druzhba"- the largest export route in Russia ( Almetyevsk - Samara - Unecha - Mozyr - Brest and further to countries Eastern and Western Europe);

Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow;

Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;

Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchuk - Kherson, Snegirevka - Odessa;

Surgut - Tyumen - Ufa - Almetyevsk;

Nizhnevartovsk - Samara;

Surgut - Polotsk;

Alexandrovskoe - Anzhero-Sudzhensk;

Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk;

Surgut - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent - Chardzhou.

Largest gas pipelines:

gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow- the first gas pipeline in Russia (840 km);

Stavropol - Moscow;

Krasnodar region - Rostov-on-Don - Serpukhov - St. Petersburg;

Middle Asia - Ural

Bearish - Nadym - Tyumen - Ufa - Torzhok;

Nadym - Punga - Permian;

Urengoy - Surgut - Tobolsk - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk.

Nord Stream

the world's largest gas pipeline system Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod- countries of Eastern and Western Europe(4451 km),

gas pipeline running from Orenburg across Ukraine to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe.

Large product pipelines:

Ufa- Brest with a branch to Uzhgorod;

Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk;

Nizhnekamsk - Odessa.

Gas pipelines are under construction Bovanenkovo ​​- Ukhta, Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok.

Gas pipelines are being designed South Stream, Altai, Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok and Caspian gas pipeline, oil pipelines Baltic pipeline system-II, Murmansk oil pipeline and Zapolyarye-Purpe-Samotlor.

Automobile transport

total length highways with hard surface in Russia is 754 thousand km (2008). In 2008, 6.9 billion tons of cargo were transported by road, its turnover in the same year amounted to 216 billion ton-kilometers.

From 2000 to 2008, the volume of cargo transportation by road increased by 17%, cargo turnover - by 41%.

In terms of the total length of highways, Russia surpasses almost all European countries, except France, and ranks 7th in the world ... In relation to the population, the density of hard-surface roads in the Russian Federation is about 5.3 km per 1,000 inhabitants, which is slightly higher than in Ukraine or Kazakhstan (3.3 and 5.0, respectively), but lower. than a number of other countries: for example, in Finland this figure is about 10 km, in the USA - about 13 km, in France - 15.1 km per 1,000 inhabitants ... The total length of roads is 910 thousand km, of which 745 thousand km are covered asphalt, 45.4 thousand km federal roads... As of 2011, 92% of the length of the country's federal highways are roads with one lane in each direction; 29% of federal highways operate in congestion mode ... The poor condition of the country's roads entails an extremely low average speed of movement of commercial goods by road - about 300 km per day (in European countries - it is close to 1500 km per day) .

The activities of freight forwarding companies for the delivery of goods by land transport are currently regulated by the Charter road transport.

The construction of the motorway was completed in September 2010 "Amur".

Since 2011, the main state source of financing for the road sector in Russia is Federal road fund, the planned amount of deductions to it in 2011 is 386.7 billion rubles. .

Air Transport

Air transport is the most expensive, which limits its use in cargo (perishable goods), it is of great importance for passenger transportation. In areas Far north important role played helicopters: transport cargo and passengers to production facilities, provide urgent medical assistance etc. The main centers of air traffic are Moscow, St. Petersburg, resorts North Caucasus,Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok... At the same time, the overwhelming majority of passenger air traffic is closed at the Moscow air hub: about 80% (as of 2011) air traffic is carried out from Moscow or to Moscow ... The network of operating airports in Russia from 1991 to 2012 decreased by more than 4 times ... Unlike most developed countries, in Russia, national air carriers can use (and are using) aircraft registered not in the Russian Federation, but in foreign offshore zones.

Industrial transport

Industrial transport includes non-public transport and technological transport that performs production and technological transportation of goods on internal roads industrial enterprises and organizations, complexes of buildings and structures, transport services, and does not go out onto public roads. According to SNiP 2.05.07-91 industrial transport includes:

rail transport with track 1520 mm vs 750 mm,

technological road transport, including motor carts width up to 2.1 m, designed for between workshop transportation: rechargeable (loaders, tractors with trailers, electric cars) and with engines internal combustion (forklift trucks, autocars and tractors with trailers).

hydraulic transport,

rope suspended transport,

conveyor transport.

Public transport

Leading in intracity passenger transportation in Russia buses... The largest cities also have established tram and trolleybus message. The operational length of tram and trolleybus lines is 7.6 thousand km. St. Petersburg has the longest tram network in the world (more than half is in emergency condition). In the seven largest cities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara,Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and Kazan- available subway... The total operational length of the metro tracks is more than 475 km.

Transport hubs

On the territory of Russia, two types of transport hubs can be distinguished .

International nodes, federal level, the zone of their influence extends to large economic regions: Siberia, Far East, Ural, Volga region, Central Russia, South of Russia, Northwest Russia... Federal nodes include Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok.

Nodes regional(interregional) significance, the zone of their influence extends to one, two, three subject of the Russian Federation (republic, edge, region, district).

Federal and regional transport hubs complement each other: cargo from a certain territory initially accumulate at the regional node in the necessary for the formation route directions in volumes, and then centrally delivered to the federal transport hub, which makes it possible to reduce the empty movement of transport.

Transport corridors

Way out Europe v Asia through Russia - the shortest, therefore it is economically expedient for it to develop transport corridors. Currently, three pan-European transport corridor: first"North South" ( Helsinki - Tallinn - Riga - Kaunas and Klaipeda - Warsaw and Gdansk), second"East-West" ( Berlin - Poznan - Warsaw- Brest - Minsk - Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod) and ninth (Helsinki - Vyborg - St. Petersburg - Pskov - Moscow - Kaliningrad - Kiev - Lyubashevka - Kishinev - Bucharest - Dimitrovgrad - Alexandropolis).

Are strategically important Trans-Siberian Railway, ferry lines on Baltic, a corridor for the delivery of goods from The Pacific coasts USA v China through Russian ports Primorye, Russian airspace .

System management

As of December 2012, the transport system in the Russian Federation is managed by Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Transport of Russia) is a federal body executive power in the field of transport, performing functions for the development public policy and legal regulation in the field civil aviation, the use of airspace and air navigation services for users of the airspace of the Russian Federation, aerospace search and rescue, sea (including seaports), inland waterways, railway, automobile (including transport control at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation), urban electric (including the subway) and industrial transport, road facilities, operation and safety of navigable hydraulic structures, ensuring transport security, as well as state registration of rights to aircraft and transactions with them and traffic management in terms of organizational and legal measures for traffic management on road roads .

Transport legislation

Postage Stamp Of Russia, year 2009: 200 years of the transport department of Russia

The main acts of transport legislation:

International transport conventions

Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Charter of the railway transport of the Russian Federation. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 18-ФЗ dated January 10, 2003

Code of Inland Water Transport of the Russian Federation. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 24-FZ of March 7, 2001

Road transport charter and urban land electric transport. the federal law No. 259-FZ dated November 8, 2007

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 87-FZ of June 30, 2003 "On forwarding activities"

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 17-FZ of January 10, 2003 "On Railway Transport in the Russian Federation"

Important elements of the regulatory framework for transport activities are various transport rules and tariffs.

see also

Economy of Russia

Transport system

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Notes (edit)

Passenger traffic by public transport

Transport system of Russia: competitiveness in the international dimension

1 2 3 4 5 Svetlana Ivanova. In general: Not far away Archived from the original April 9, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2011.

1 2 3 4 Mikhail Blinkin. In general: The ideology of the era of horse-drawn transport... // Vedomosti, Appendix "Forum", 05/25/2011. Archived from the original April 9, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2011.

1 2 3 4 Main indicators of transport// Rosstat

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Railway Transport in the Russian Federation"

1 2 Socio-economic indicators of the Russian Federation in 1992-2008// Rosstat

Nikolaev A.S. Unified transport system / A.S. Nikolaev. - M .: Lyceum, 2001.

Livshits V.N. Transport for 100 years // Russia in the surrounding world / V.N. Livshits. - M .: 2002.

The Russian government signed a decree on the construction of the Zapolyarnoye-Purpe oil pipeline// Interfax, April 29, 2010

Length of highways. Total - Country Comparison | on the world map

Length of highways. Total - Country / Region Comparison

Transport strategy. State of the art

Airport Association

1 2 Report on the activities of the General Directorate of the Association "Airport" // Airport Partner: magazine. - Moscow, 2007. - No. 3-4. - S. 5.

Levitsky L. Losing altitude How can the aviation industry survive after the crash of the Sukhoi Superjet-100? // Airport Partner: magazine. - Moscow, 2012. - No. 6.

Provide a safe and effective work air transport // Airport Partner: magazine. - Moscow, 2011. - No. 3. - P. 3.

"Government hour" in the State Duma // Airport Partner: magazine. - Moscow, 2012. - No. 1. - P. 8.

Lyudmila Morozova There is no need to fly// Russian Business newspaper. Industrial Review: newspaper. - Moscow, 2012. - No. 843.

Russian statistical yearbook. 2011. - Moscow: Rosstat, 2011 .-- 795 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89476-319-4

SNiP 2.05.07-91 Industrial transport

Komarov K.L., Maksimov S.A. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of SGUPSa, 2003 .-- 43 p.

Grigoriev M.N., Dolgov A.P., Uvarov S.A. Logistics. - M .: GARDARIKI, 2006.

Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2004 N 395 (as amended on November 29, 2012) "On approval of the Regulation on the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation".

Literature

Yakushev P. Ya.Transportation system of Russia M., Transport, 1999

Shishkina L.N. Transport system of Russia / Shishkina L.N. - M .: 2003.

Transport system of the Russian Federation

Main transport corridors of Russia

Operational news of the transport complex

Formation of transport and logistics infrastructure in Russia

International transport corridors as a factor of Russia's integration into the European transport system

Transport system as a factor of national security

Vladislav Inozemtsev. The transit country will no longer leave Russia... // vedomosti.ru. Archived from the original December 4, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.

A source - " http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_system_Russia&oldid=53670215»

A transport hub is a point where at least 2-3 lines of one type of transport converge. When in one settlement communication paths converge different types transport, it is called complex. The interconnection of various types of transport is clearly seen here. The complex transport hubs carry out the transshipment of goods and the transfer of passengers.

Transport hubs are of state, interdistrict, district and local significance. In addition, transport hubs are classified by purpose, combination of modes of transport, by functions performed, by transport balance, by the amount of cargo turnover. Complex transport hubs can also have combinations: rail-water (rail-river, rail-sea), rail-road, water-road.

The level of development of the transport system of economic regions is not the same. The provision of communication routes both in total length and in density (kilometers of track per 1000 km2) differs ten or more times. The most developed transport system is the Central Black Earth, Central, Northwest, North Caucasian, Volgo-Vyatka regions; the least developed - the Far Eastern, East Siberian, West Siberian, Northern economic regions. Districts also differ in the structure of cargo turnover. In areas where such minerals as iron ore and coal are developed on an interregional scale, the main transportation is carried out by railways; where oil and gas are produced, the share of pipeline transport is high; in areas where forest resources are developed, the share of inland water transport is significant; in areas specializing in manufacturing industries, the main role is played by rail. So, for example, in the West Siberian region, railway transport and a high proportion of pipeline transport prevail, in the Central region the overwhelming part of traffic is carried out by rail. The regions of the extractive industry have an active transport balance, that is, the export exceeds the import, since the mass of raw materials and fuel is greater than the mass of finished products, and the regions of the manufacturing industry, respectively, are passive, that is, the import exceeds the export.

The capacities of transport flows also have significant differences and depend on the location of the main sources of raw materials, fuel, materials, etc. There are three main main directions of the country's transport system:

1. The latitudinal main Siberian direction "east-west" and vice versa, it includes railways, pipelines and waterways using the Kama and Volga rivers.
2. The meridional main central European direction "north-south" with access to Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus, formed mainly by railways.
3. The meridional Volga-Caucasian main direction "north-south" along the Volga river, railway and pipeline routes, connecting the Volga region and the Caucasus with the Center, the North of the European part of the country and the Urals.

The main cargo flows of the country go along these main trunk routes; in these areas, rail, inland waterways and road transport modes interact especially closely. Main air routes also mostly coincide with overland ones.
In addition to the main trunk routes, there is a dense transport network of intra-district and local significance. Combining with each other, they form the Unified Transport System of Russia. With the development of the productive forces of the country as a whole and its individual regions, the transport system needs constant improvement both in terms of rationalizing location and in increasing it. quality level: updating the material and technical base, improving the organizational and management system, using the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress. The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at more fully meeting the needs of the economy and the population of the country with transport services.

Video tutorial 2: World transport geography

Lecture: The main international highways and transport hubs

World transport

The transport industry ranks third in importance. Transport does not produce material goods, products. Placement of industrial enterprises, fast transportation of agricultural products, transportation of passengers, international transportation, ensuring international trade - its main functions.

The rationality of the country's transport system is calculated in ton-kilometers (the amount of cargo mass per number of kilometers) and passenger-kilometers (number of passengers per number of kilometers).

The world's transport system consists of several types of transport:

railway

car

• air

  pipeline

Transport security is calculated according to the formula: the ratio of the length of communication routes to total area, or by the number of people.

V recent times the popularity and development of road, air and pipeline transport increased.

By all indicators (cargo turnover and passenger turnover), the transport system in developed countries is more modern and dense. Developing countries are lagging behind. Countries rank first in the world North America(thirty%). The second region is the CIS countries - (10%). Europe occupies a leading position in terms of the density of transport routes, but is inferior in terms of transportation distance. V developing countries it is at an early stage of development. Cartage plays the main role... There are territories where there are no communications at all: there are no railways or pipelines. Globally, developed countries account for 78%, and developing countries account for 22% of all roads, respectively 60 km. per 100 km2 and 10 km. per 100 km2.

In the last 10 years, there has been a change in the transport system. They are improving the quality of highways and electrifying railways. To unload the most loaded sections, parallel lines or pipelines are built. Container transportation is very popular, transport corridors are being created passing through several states.

An example of transport corridors is the corridor: Tallinn - Riga - Kaunas - Warsaw - Kaliningrad - Gdansk. In Russia: highways Gvardeysk - Neman, Sovetsk and Dorozhnoe, Severny sea ​​route and the Trans-Siberian Railway.

The roads of the world and individual states resemble a grid: railways and highways have a latitudinal and meridional direction, at the intersection of several types of roads, as well as a river channel, large transport hubs are usually formed.

An example of transport hubs can be called Warsaw, St. Louis, Cologne. Usually transport hubs of international importance are located in the port cities of London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre.

There are highways connecting many countries... For example:

1) Brest - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow;

2) London - Paris - Vienna-Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul. A road is being built along the Great Silk Road: from Istanbul to Beijing.

And also in the Asia-Pacific highway project: Singapore - Bangkok - Beijing - Yakutsk - tunnel under the Bering Strait - Vancouver - San Francisco.

Railway transport

Until the 70s and 80s, he held a leading position in cargo transportation. For the transportation of bulky goods over long distances, rail transport is cheaper, but the costs of repair and maintenance are not so small. Mainly raw materials (coal, timber, ores) are transported by rail. For more efficient use of the freight train, so-called specialized trains or double-deck container platforms are used (the cargo doubles). Its advantages, regardless of climate and weather conditions, time of day, cheapness. The disadvantages include: the risk of damage or loss of goods, the impossibility of sometimes direct delivery to the destination of the goods (additional road transportation).

Water transport

This transport is capable of transporting intercontinental cargo (sea and ocean). It has a large carrying capacity and low tariffs. There are disadvantages associated with the presence of deep-water ports, duration, additional transportation to the destination or port. Seasonal and weather conditions... They transport mainly raw materials, agricultural products. River vessels the most mobile mode of transport (no deep-water ports are needed), but it depends on weather conditions, the presence of navigable rivers, speed and type of current. Risk of loss or damage to cargo.

Automobile transport

The car is best suited for transporting small loads, over short distances. Advantages: high mobility and speed. With the invention of special refrigerated containers, it is ideal for the delivery of perishable goods. Fixed costs not large, but the variables are tangible: driver's salary, fuel, repair costs and tires. High safety of the cargo, delivery exactly to the destination covers all costs. Car transports finished products... Used in trade. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions, the risk of road accidents, and atmospheric pollution.

Air Transport

Air transportation is the least popular due to its high cost. Despite the high speed of delivery, unlimited range, air transportation accounts for only 1%. The volume of cargo is limited. Another disadvantage is the need for airfields, and the lack of accessibility for other modes of transport. Only a car can drive up to the airport. Variable costs low, but constant very high: the cost of the aircraft itself, special equipment, fuel, Maintenance, wage service personnel. Dependence on weather conditions is also a disadvantage. It is used for the delivery of emergency and perishable goods, as well as for transporting goods to hard-to-reach places (helicopters).

Pipeline transport

This transport is gaining popularity in recent years, although it is designed to transport liquid or gaseous materials. A mode of transport capable of working without interruption. Most high level fixed costs: pipeline laying, pumping stations... But there are practically no variables. Positive sides is a high carrying capacity, high safety of the cargo. Narrow specialization refers to the shortcomings of the system.

The time the average city dweller spends on the road, for example, from home to work and back, is terrifying. The figure is even more impressive if he is a resident of a metropolis, twice a day freezing in so-called traffic jams. This is one of the most important issues in organizing a comfortable environment in the city. And it can be, if not completely solved, then significantly reduce its severity if transport hubs and terminals are created correctly. So, what are they for and what are they generally?

What are transport hubs

There are the most different ways movement: buses, trams, trolleybuses, cars, airplanes, ships, trains, etc. As a rule, you can get from one point to another in several ways. But often, especially if the route is rather difficult, you have to change several to reach your destination. And although, for example, you can change from a bus to a metro or a car in several places within any major city, sometimes it happens that you can leave one point in many ways at once. And then the term "transport hub" will be applied. This place is constantly bustling with life, hundreds and thousands of passengers rush about their business, trains arrive, planes leave, in general, at first glance, complete vanity and disorder reign. In fact, everything is different. With a good organization, transport hubs are well-functioning systems, where each part is a debugged mechanism that interacts with all other elements. And in this case, their importance is difficult to overestimate.

What are they needed for

The time spent on travel or delivery from one point to another in the conditions of the modern rhythm of life should be minimized. People, tired of waiting, have made many inventions that allow you to instantly receive information and establish communication. But, unfortunately, while there is no teleport, we have to spend quite a lot of time on the road. And sometimes you also have to go, for example, to the airport or station. The concentration of several modes of transport at transport hubs partially solves this problem. Firstly, in order, for example, to change from train to ship or plane, here you need minimal amount time - everything is literally within walking distance. Secondly, if properly located, even one hub can relieve other transport arteries. As a result, everyone wins.

This reveals another aspect of the functioning of any unit - it not only accumulates, but also regulates traffic flows according to the principle of valve operation. If necessary, in order to avoid congestion and inconvenience, some passengers or cargo can be delayed at some stage. In short, there are analogues of roads and traffic lights here.

Hubs are not only passenger, but also cargo. Even if you take the postal services industry - in each large city there will be a place that can be described as a central transport hub - it is there that correspondence will flow, which later, after sorting, will go to smaller territorial divisions. And here letters and parcels will come, then to go, say, abroad. Do you still have questions about whether you need transport hubs?

Organization and structure

Logistics is not easy, but very promising direction... It is she who helps to correctly and most effectively organize the work of any more or less large node... When building the structure of its work, it is important to take into account both the most basic things, for example, methods of transporting goods from one mode of transport to another and the necessary infrastructure, as well as very small nuances like convenient and intuitive navigation for passengers.

To simulate the operation of the hub, even at the stage of its design, special software is used to show what will happen when certain parameters are changed.

Accommodation

The right place is one more important point when planning traffic flows. If the wrong choice is made, it can only worsen the situation. Inconvenient access roads will create traffic jams in the vicinity, and the lack of parking spaces will become a serious problem for motorists. The low-lying airport will be canceling flights over and over again due to heavy fog. In general, it is very easy to make a mistake. And here the same science comes to the rescue, helping to simulate the situation under certain options. After all, a transport hub is not a place where people appear out of nowhere - they arrive in one way or another, and you need to make sure that it is convenient for them to do so.

Advantages and disadvantages

Correctly organized transport hubs, at first glance, are completely devoid of disadvantages. But, unfortunately, this is not entirely true. Firstly, it is obvious that their work is not silent, and placing them away from the main streams is pointless, so that they interfere with someone anyway. Secondly, due to the fact that there is great amount of people busy with their thoughts, it is in the hubs that there are a lot of thefts, despite a large number of security measures. Moreover, and this is much worse, transport hubs often become the site of major terrorist attacks. With sufficient density, it can result in a huge number of victims and injured. However, such a danger exists for all places where a large number of people gather at the same time.

Examples of

Almost every major European city is an international transport hub. Amsterdam, London, Berlin: Flights with connections at local airports are commonplace. In the East, these are Doha, Shanghai, Dubai, which receive a huge number of transit passengers. Moscow, with its only three passenger airports, as well as nine railway stations, can also be included in this list.

For more low levels the nodes, respectively, are less significant in scale. An example is the same Simferopol in the Crimea. Any metro station in Moscow can be called local hubs. But they are also very important - you just have to remember what happens in case of sudden failures in work.

Efficiency

As it has probably already become obvious, the operation of a large transport hub depends on many factors. And one more, without which high efficiency is simply unattainable - technical equipment... Without modern electronic systems and instrumentation, any calculations of convenient location and flow planning are useless. Conveyor belts, automatic recognition services and many more things that passengers even do not encounter are important and necessary for the smooth operation and correct interaction of the modes of transport involved, especially if there are more than two of them.

And, perhaps, the passenger traffic can be called a universal indicator of the efficiency of the hub. The number of people that he manages to serve per unit of time is an indicator that perfectly characterizes the quality of the transport hub at its level.

Further development

The importance of transport hubs is undeniable. Moreover, any hub is primarily an economic and industrial potential. Hotels, shops, restaurants, vending machines can be placed in crowded places. Almost any goods and services will be in demand, for example, if people want to pass the time during a transplant.

Expanding the angle a little, it is easy to understand that major transport hubs and cities are interconnected and interdependent. On the one hand, the hubs provide uninterrupted supply, which creates conditions for the development of industry, and on the other, megacities require the solution of logistical problems. So one simply cannot exist without the other.

In addition, new modes of transport are gradually developing, and it is necessary to integrate them into existing flows. So, for example, helicopter transportation for several decades was something from the realm of fantasy, and today they are available to almost every traveler. And this direction is just one of many.

The transport hub includes a complex of transport devices at the point of interaction of several types of main transport, performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. The structure of a transport hub may include railway stations and approaches to main railway lines, sea and river ports or water hubs, road junctions of main and local significance, airports and other air transport devices, industrial and urban public transport devices.

In the transport hub, passengers are transferred and goods are transferred from one type of transport to another at the joint points. Passenger connection points include railway passenger stations, bus stations, sea and river ports, airports, metro stations. Freight docking points are freight railway stations, specialized bases, sea and river ports, airports, etc.

Transport hubs specialize: by the number of modes of transport serving the hub; by the nature of the operational work; on the economic and geographical basis; the population of the city served; the location of transport devices and the geometric shape of the node diagram.

By the number of types of transport, there are railway-road (Chelyabinsk), railway-water-road (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Omsk) and water-road junctions (Yakutsk).

By the nature of operational work, transport hubs are divided into: transit, serving transit flows in direct and mixed types of messages; with a lot of local work, serving transit and local flows (Rostov-on-Don, Yaroslavl); local (Murmansk).

According to the economic and geographical basis, the nodes are land and located on the banks of rivers and seas. Depending on the size of the population of the city served by the hub, they are subdivided: into small and medium-sized ones with a population of up to 100 thousand people and a relatively underdeveloped industry; large and large with a population of up to 1 million people. and a developed mining and manufacturing industry; the largest with a population of more than 1 million people. and large industry.

According to the location of transport devices, transport nodes are subdivided: into single-set with a combined arrangement of transport devices; one-set with a separate arrangement of the passenger and cargo areas; multi-set with a combined arrangement of devices for modes of transport and multi-set combined.

One-piece transport hubs serve small, medium or large cities of compact form. They have one unified station where all transport facilities are concentrated, an industrial area served by this station, and a combined railway and road station. V big cities in one-set units, it is possible to separate the passenger and cargo areas. Multiple units are typical for large and large cities. They have several industrial areas with freight stations serving them, one or more marshalling yards, a combined passenger area with independent stations for modes of transport and stopping points for rail, road and water transport.

According to their geometric shape, transport nodes are divided into terminal, radial, elongated, radial-semi-circular, radial-circular and combined.

Terminal nodes are located near the seas, large rivers and high mountains (Arkhangelsk, Vladikavkaz). They have a small number of railway and road junctions with a pronounced character of the final flows of passengers and goods. Terminal nodes usually serve small towns.

Radial knots are most typical for major cities(Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod). In them, railways and highways converge with beams-radii to one area of ​​the city, or to one area, railway lines converge, and motor roads to another. In radial transport hubs, railway lines can be arranged in a radial, triangular or cruciform pattern.

Lengthy transport junctions are typical for areas with difficult topographic conditions, on the banks big rivers and seas (Volgograd). These junctions serve cities that are elongated in length, and the approaches of railways and highways in them are located at opposite ends. Such junctions are formed at the confluence of converging railway lines on the approaches to the city. Several sequentially located stations are being built in them, serving non-public tracks and performing work on train formation. When designing units elongated in length, it is necessary to provide for the abutment of lines that provide minimum angular fluxes.

The radial-semi-circular nodes of large cities, usually located on the shores of seas and large rivers, have one ring or several semi-rings (St. Petersburg), and the radial-circular nodes of large cities have several rings of railways and highways with radii and diameters within the city (Moscow ). Such nodes are convenient to operate, ensuring uniform removal of the transport infrastructure from the city center.

Combined nodes are a combination of the above schemes. Most often, there are nodes, including: dead-end railway and radial road junctions with rectangular or radial layout of street networks; railway junction with parallel passages and radial road junction; railway junction, elongated in length, or with parallel passages and a radial road junction.

The same type of transport node can correspond to significant amount varieties of schemes differing individual details but merged general patterns development, characteristic devices and operating conditions.

The development of various types of transport and industry in cities creates conditions for changing the schemes and types of railway and road junctions, sea and river ports, thereby changing the general scheme of transport junctions. Radial nodes are usually transformed into radial-semi-circular and radial-circular, and then combined. The location of transport hubs is determined by the location of the productive forces and the historically formed network of cities and their layout.