Lexical means
The rhetorician selects words and phrases from lexical resources of the language, therefore it is important for him to know:
1) the linguistic status of the lexical means he chooses: they relate to general literary, special or non-literary vocabulary;
2) the nature of the use of the word in modern language, its relationship to the history of the language and literary tradition;
3) semantic relations of a word in the language system: the structure of the meaning of a word and its semantic connections with other words.
1. General literary, special and non-literary vocabulary.General literary are words that can be found in any literary written and oral speech, form the basis for understanding speech and are presented in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Anyone who has graduated from a Russian high school, reads and writes in Russian should know these words, at least passively. There are about fifty thousand of them. For example, “feverish”, “lighter”, “stick”, “palliative”, “dedicate”, “gray-haired”, “reason”, “autocracy”, “salop”, “scholasticism”, “clean off”, “skill”, “chronometer”, “skinny”, “khural”, “teal”, “clean spitting”.
General literary vocabulary is opposed to literary special vocabulary, non-literary and taboo, i.e. prohibited for use.
TO special Literary vocabulary includes (1) general scientific and general technical words and (2) terms. The former are used, respectively, in scientific and technical texts in a meaning that is usually not recorded in terminological dictionaries, but is transmitted in the traditions of the scientific school. These are the words “system”, “function”, “research”, “result”, “process”, “development”, “justification”, “experiment”, etc. The second, i.e. terms, on the contrary, are fixed in special terminological dictionaries and are used in a meaning that is associated with a dictionary norm. These are the words: “process” in law, “element”, “compound” in chemistry; “syllable”, “word”, “trope” in philology; “particle”, “force”, “moment”, “acceleration”, “spin” in physics and mechanics; “species”, “circulatory system”, “gene” in biology; “nozzle”, “spindle”, “drive” in technology; “file”, “directory”, “program”, “language”, “command” in computer science.
From the examples it is clear that many terms and general scientific words coincide in form with each other, as well as with general literary words. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish in what capacity a word is used in the text: as a general literary, general scientific or term, and not to confuse different types of meanings of the same word when using it in public speech.
Terminology are of great importance in rhetoric, because special areas of knowledge are sources of invention, and terms display concepts and objects of thought. Terms make speech precise and meaningful. A serious and authoritative speaker refers to terminology as necessary, and if the terms are used appropriately, accusations of incomprehensibility indicate the incompetence or unethicalness of the opponent, who should be familiar with the terminology associated with the subject under discussion. But the terminology that is needed is often replaced by general scientific words, which create the appearance of the rhetorician’s competence and obscure the content of the speech. In this case, criticism of speech for its scientific nature is quite legitimate. That is why the rhetorician must master the terminology associated with the subject of speech and use special vocabulary accurately and appropriately.
Terminological systems take shape over a long period of time - centuries and even millennia - and reflect the nature of the object, structure And history of knowledge in each special branch of activity. The following types of terminological systems are distinguished.
Theological terms are formed in the Tradition of the Church and are approved either in Council definitions or by authorized bodies of the Church. These are the terms: “prayer”, “Week of the Cross”, “similar”, “catavasia”, “canon”, “hypostasis”, “fear of God”. The meaning of some theological terms, mainly related to theology as a science, as well as to church customs, may change, but these changes occur as a semantic development of the originally established meaning and are also approved by the Church. Using theological terminology in an arbitrary sense is unacceptable.
Scientific terms are formed in the process of research in scientific schools and are approved by competent scientific bodies, mainly by the editors of scientific publications. These are “linguistic conjunction”, “morpheme”, “population”, “arbitrary ring”, “operator group”. The main traditional scientific terms are fixed in terminological dictionaries and textbooks. The meaning of a scientific term changes in the process of development of scientific knowledge, but this change occurs in an orderly manner: usually the nature of the increment in the meaning of the term in relation to the original one is determined and justified in scientific works.
Terms arts take shape in art schools and are established in art criticism and art history. These are the terms: “perspective”, “plan”, “rapport”, “still life”, “composition”, “line”, “register”, “fugue”, “scale”, “cutting”, “laying”.
Technical terms are formed in the technical tradition, and are approved by special government agencies(standards service), which is necessary since the technical term is associated with mass production and its incorrect use leads to an accident, violation of technological standards and production relations. A technical term should not change meaning unless such change is approved by the Terminology Standards Authority. Example of technical terms: “mixing nozzle”, “starting yeast”, “dynamic loading”.
Terminology policy- one of the most important areas of cultural activity of the state: it organizes technical progress. The degree to which the political leadership of a state is aware of the importance of terminology policy is an indicator of its competence.
Measuring terms are formed in activities of various kinds, assigned by special scientific government bodies and approved by higher authorities state power. These are “kilogram”, “watt”, “meter”, “hour”, “year”, “ruble”. The meaning of these terms does not change in use.
Legal terms are formed in the practice of legal activity and are approved depending on the nature of the law, either only legislatively by the highest bodies of state power, or partly in the process of judicial activity by collegiums of courts. These are: “government”, “civil rights”, “local authorities”, “property”, “sanction”, “testimony”, “ individual”, “parties to the process”, “legal order”, “mutual claims”, “reasonable precaution”, “offense”, “legal status”. The meanings of legal terms are normative and generally binding, but change in the process of development of legal practice. These changes are streamlined and approved by special bodies.
Terms teams Unlike the types of terms considered, terms do not denote concepts, but firmly established actions, which are performed by the addressee of the speech. The peculiarity of the command term is that the performer is forbidden to think about its content. For example: “to the left”, “circle”, “alignment in the middle”. Therefore, the issuance and execution of commands are regulated by strict rules and are practiced in the process of special training - military, naval, communications and various types of services, but command terms are widespread, for example, traffic rules are command terms, like machine languages.
Prognostic terms are coined by the creators of forecasting systems and approved in management practice. Forecasting terms are a tool for political, government and other management activities. Their main feature is constructiveness and lack of real content, for example, “communism”, “developed socialism”, “market economy”, “marginage”, “human rights”, “rule of law”, “social security”. These terms designate models and change in meaning arbitrarily, due to circumstances and the method of interpretation. They are on the border of terminologies in the proper sense and the propaganda vocabulary of mass communication.
Nomenclature terms are names of objects of activity that are systematized and mutually correlated. There are scientific, artistic, technical, legal, political nomenclatures. For example, “GAZ-24 car”, “lieutenant general”, “city of Moscow”, “catus domesticus - domestic cat”, “President of the Russian Federation”, “bagel with poppy seeds”, “Germanic languages”, etc. Nomenclature terms are strictly established by authorities, depending on the nature of the relevant terminology, and their meaning does not change.
Philosophical the terms are similar to prognostic ones in the sense that they are also author’s: the words “transcendental”, “thing in itself”, “existent” indicate the authors of philosophical systems. But unlike other types of terms, philosophical terms are not associated with nomenclature, since one can philosophize about anything and philosophy does not have a definitely established subject of knowledge. Therefore, in non-philosophical argumentation, the use of a philosophical term means an allusion to a philosophical system. Philosophical terminology usually remains constant within the philosopher’s work, and when borrowed, it changes at the discretion of the borrowing author. There is no specific authority that would deal with philosophical terminology, if it is truly philosophical terminology.
Literary vocabulary in general is opposed non-literary, which is divided into dialectal, colloquial, argotic And taboo(obscene).
Dialectal vocabulary currently does not pose a significant problem: Russian dialects are disappearing, and their signs are smoothed out in public speech. The situation is more complicated with the influence on the modern manner of expression of the ethics of the criminal world, a base way of thinking, lasciviousness of motives and a plebeian worldview. But you can avoid vulgarity of speech only by avoiding vulgarity of thought.
2. Status of the word in the language determined by origin, history of use and internal shape words.
Original and borrowed vocabulary. A developed literary language contains borrowings. In English speech, more than 70% of words are of foreign origin. The Russian words “bread”, “shed”, “money”, “sail”, “shoe”, “skirt”, “birch”, “Moscow”, “Kaluga”, “Vyazma” are borrowings. Most borrowings have been mastered by the language so much that they are perceived as original and, in essence, are so. Usually, words that have not been fully mastered or are opposed to the usual, “primordial” ones are perceived as borrowings: the word “agreement,” from the point of view of the history of the language, is the same borrowing as “consensus,” but the first word has been mastered, the second retains traces of Latin origin and English usage. The word carries an additional sign - an indication of the origin and precedents of use, and these additional signs of words turn out to be at the same time signs of the one who uses these words.
Source of borrowing may be a foreign or classical language. For the Russian language, the classical languages are Greek, Latin and Church Slavonic. They are called classical not only because they are supposed to be studied in school, but also because the Russian language culture is a continuation of Greek and Latin, and Church Slavonic is an intermediary in the transmission of this cultural tradition. The meanings of Russian words, like grammatical forms, are equivalent to classical ones, especially if these meanings are associated with abstract ethical, philosophical and scientific ideas.
A significant part of borrowings from foreign languages is Latinized: we say “revolution” and not “revolution”, “industry” and not “industry”, “democracy” and not “demokrasi”, although the main meanings of these words are associated with their use in Western European languages. These are borrowings through written language. Words like “barber”, “cupcake”, “hat” retain traces of everyday borrowing - through oral speech.
Occasional borrowings are introduced for specific use - as indications of the realities of another culture. Mass reproduction of occasional
borrowings vulgarize the meanings of words and language as a whole. It is, therefore, not borrowing as such that is bad, it is the style of the author who abuses borrowed words that is bad.
Archaisms, neologisms, historicisms. Archaisms- words that have fallen out of use in their original meaning, but are used in a figurative or modified meaning (“gendarme”). Historicisms- words denoting the realities of the past (“podvoisky” - herald). Neologisms- words recently created or brought into use with a new meaning (“human rights activist”, “perestroika”). Often neologisms are original words; Thus, the word “industry” was introduced into the Russian language by N.M. Karamzin, the word “perestroika” - obviously V.O. Klyuchevsky.
Usage archaisms and historicisms are closely related to the sources of the invention: words denoting historical realities, especially if they are key, symbolize models or anti-models and therefore require the correct development of meaning.
Thus, the words and expressions “empire”, “imperial”, “imperial consciousness” are used in a negative sense: “... a political system that unites, under the authority of a rigid centralized power, heterogeneous ethno-national and administrative-territorial entities based on relations between the metropolis and the colonies , center - provinces, center - national republics and outskirts. In all senses, the concept of empire is associated with the rigid application of local power from a single center."116
This development of meaning is wrong, since Roman law, on which all modern legal systems, was imperial and as such was opposed to local law with its usual ethnically limited norms. Civil law, the so-called natural human rights, private law, belong entirely to the imperial legal consciousness. This is why the “rule of law” and
116 Political science. Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1993. P. 119.
“empire” are essentially identical, and “rigid centralized power” in fact represents the dominance of written law over local custom, which creates the preconditions for legal equality of citizens regardless of their ethnic or religious affiliation. European culture developed precisely as an imperial culture, that is, within the boundaries of historical empires - Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, the French Empire, which were the heirs of the Roman Empire in cultural, state and legal terms.
The status of a word in the language system thus determines the possibilities of using the word in argumentation. Each word has its own history and is used depending on its origin and relationship to the designated objects. Words are associated with the substantive and conceptual content of culture and direct thought to the sources of invention.
3. Relation of a word to other words.Synonymy is one of the main tools of elocution. The word in the language has multiple meanings and the meanings of words intersect. Synonymy- a rhetorical concept, since it exists only at the moment of choice the right word from a series of words with common meanings.
Once this choice is made and the word is put in its place, synonymy disappears. And if a word in the text can be replaced by another, this means that the speech is stylistically imperfect. The expressions “to determine”, “to be the cause”, “to condition”, “to stand for”, “to promote”, “to be the basis”, “to favor”, “to accompany” are synonymous if variety of speech is more important than accuracy. If the rhetorician needs to distinguish between the meanings of “define” and “promote”, two synonymous series are formed: (1) “to determine”, “to be the cause”, “to be the basis”, “to cause” and (2) “to promote”, “to accompany” , “stand for.” If even greater precision is needed, in the first row one can distinguish between the meanings “to make certain” and “to be the cause.” In that case again
two series are formed: “to determine” on the one hand, and the remaining expressions of the series on the other. When desired value clarified, synonymy disappears. Indeed, one can say: “A determines B and is its cause” and “A determines B, but is not its cause.” Last phrase shows that synonymy has turned into antonymy: the meanings of “to determine” and “to be the cause” turned out to be opposite. But since synonymy itself becomes possible only in conditions of polysemy of words included in the series, it is, in relation to polysemy, an indispensable tool for organizing the meanings of words in the text.
Phrase construction
Rhetorical style associated with the nature of the movement of thought in speech. The author presents the thought in such a way that the audience can either reproduce the statement or form a thought based on what was said. In reality, both happen: the audience follows the rhetorician's thoughts and, starting from it, forms their own ideas.
Uniformity and unevenness of the syllable. Evenness means that syntactic structures are approximately equal in volume and degree of complexity.
“Of course, the cosmology of the Greek fathers reproduces the picture of the universe characteristic of the science of that time. But this in no way devalues the purely theological basis of their comments on the biblical account of the creation of the world. The theology of the Orthodox Church, and it is always soteriological theology, has never entered into an alliance with philosophy for the purpose of constructing a “scientific synthesis.”
(V.N. Lossky)
Main advantage uniform construction is that it provides the reader with freedom to perceive speech and does not highlight some phrases as opposed to others. Uniform construction, in addition, thins out emotion and allows you to focus on the content of thoughts and the connection of judgments. The disadvantage of uniform construction is the monotony of speech, which quickly
bores the reader. Therefore, even if the syllable is generally uniform, the author has to vary the average volume of phrases.
The last sentence of the given fragment contains an introductory phrase that highlights the author’s essential considerations and at the same time breaks the monotony of speech.
Uneven syllable has opposite advantages and disadvantages.
“Dostoevsky’s mind is truly amazing, the extraordinary sharpness of his mind. This is one of the smartest writers in world literature. His mind not only matches the strength of his artistic gift, but perhaps surpasses his artistic gift. In this he is very different from L. Tolstoy, who amazes with the clumsiness, straightforwardness, and almost flatness of his mind, which did not stand up to the height of his brilliant artistic gift. Of course, it was not Tolstoy, but Dostoevsky who was the great thinker. Dostoevsky's creativity is amazing in brilliance, sparkling, piercing revelation of the mind. In terms of strength and sharpness of mind, of the great writers, only Shakespeare, the great mind of the Renaissance, can be compared with him.”
The advantage of an uneven syllable is that, by combining the volumes of sentences, the author achieves reader interest through the construction of speech - a syllable. In the above passage there is only one thought - that F.M. Dostoevsky is smarter than L.N. Tolstoy. This idea is difficult to substantiate, so the author resorts to amplification and repetition, which are organized in the dynamic rhythm of an uneven syllable with a consistent increase in the length of the sentence at the beginning of the fragment, a return to a short sentence and a new, less intense increase towards the end of the fragment. This technique creates the impression of intense thought and the reader’s presence in the philosopher’s mental laboratory: the reader, together with the author, is convinced: “But he really is smarter!”
The disadvantage of an uneven syllable is the same monotony: playing with volumes of phrases is tiring and annoying, especially if the movement of the syllable is not determined by the movement of thought.
Integrity and discontinuity of expression of thought.
The unity of individual thought in classical rhetoric expressed in the concept of period and periodic speech:
“Sentences that are common and complex, characterized by unity of thought, completeness and completeness of its development, harmonious presentation, ease of pronunciation and pleasantness to the ear, were given the name period in ancient times.... A period does not constitute a special syntactic form of speech - it only represents a more a complex, particularly harmonious form of a sentence, which is why in its structure it is subject to all generally syntactic rules concerning the structure of sentences. Grammar introduces the syntactic structure of periods.”
(N. Livanov)
Speech is divided according to the degree of rhythmic organization into poetic, periodical and prose. Periodic speech has a rhythmic and, most importantly, semantic organization of a separate complex thought, the structure of which is specified through the logical-grammatical relations of its parts (causal, connective, adversative, comparative, concessive, explanatory, defining, conditional relations), the number and order of parts of the period and the degree distribution of each of them.
The periodic structure of speech creates a qualitatively different type of speech thinking than poetic or prosaic speech.
“The most subtle philosophical imaginations and reasoning, the many different natural properties and changes that occur in this visible structure of the world and in human communications, have us decent and meaningful speeches. And if we cannot accurately depict something, we must attribute it not to our language, but to the art dissatisfied with it. Who immediately goes deeper into it, using the general philosophical concept about the human word, he will see an immensely wide field, or, better to say, a sea that barely has boundaries.”
(M.V. Lomonosov)
The example includes three periods: one (first) simple and two (second and third) complex. Simple period may include columns (members) - rit -
mimically organized components, similar to lines in a poetic stanza: “the subtlest philosophical imaginations and reasonings”, “many different natural properties and changes”, “occurring in this visible structure of the world and in human communications”, “we have decent and thing-expressing speeches” - columns simple period. The difficult period is divided into parts: protasis, previous (position, premise, antecedent) - the conditioning part of the period, or its communicative subject, and apodosis, subsequent (explanation, definition, consequent) - the conditional part of the period, or its communicative predicate. Since a difficult period always represents difficult sentence, protasis and apodosis are connected by a certain relationship: the first complex period is conditional (“if... then”), the second is relative (“who... that”). The last period is two-part and four-part. As can be seen in the example, the parts and members of the period are organized in communicative (given in relation to the new), logical (conditional connection), rhythmic (volume and rhythmic structure of columns and parts are consistent: each part has two columns) and semantic (semantic additions , oppositions, parallelisms) relationships. Thus, a period is a phonetically, logically, lexically and syntactically organized expression of the author’s individual thoughts.
The author strives to present the thought in the most unified form - as a single cognitive image, which is developed intensively, in depth. Development of thought in the period subordinated strict rules: On the one side, These are the considered semantic restrictions, and on the other hand, the necessary harmonic relationship between the volumes and rhythm of the parts of the period. These two sets of interrelated restrictions create internal period form, whose members depend on each other: thought, expressed in period has a certain semantic structure, and parts of the period unfold it. That's why period construction requires careful selection of words and the use of figures of speech that create additional semantic dimensions: repetition, gradation, accumulation, transformation, etc.
A unified thought expressed by a period requires appropriate reading: the text is read by periods, like a poem by stanzas, and each period, as an internally completed complex thought, is considered separately, based on its internal structure, but as single thought- in relation to other periods, which is why the structure of the text becomes multi-level with clearly marked level boundaries: text, part of speech, period, part of a period, separate sentence, word.
Modern thinking is barely able to concentrate on a complex subject of thought; it strives for economy of effort, quick grasp and cannot stay in a separate position for a long time in order to think it through, which is why it needs to move in small steps, change the course of presentation, repeat and comment.
Syllable discontinuity means the inclusion of several semantic plans in speech, which thins out the meaning and allows information to be presented in small portions, which are accepted by the reader with less stress than with a continuous construction. Discontinuity in this sense - property of prosaic speech as opposed to periodic. Discontinuity is achieved by including lateral trains of thought in the phrase, which are expressed by various kinds of complicating constructions with directly or indirectly expressed evaluative meaning.
“I’ll tell you straight: Stepan Timofeevich constantly played some special and, so to speak, civic role among us and loved this role to the point of passion - so much so that, it seems to me, he could not live without it. Not that I have already equated him to a theater actor: God forbid, especially since I respect him myself. Here everything could be a matter of habit, or, better to say, a continuous and noble inclination, from childhood, to a pleasant dream of a beautiful civil performance. He, for example, extremely loved his position as a “persecuted” and, so to speak, “exiled.”
(F.M. Dostoevsky)
Progression is a transition to something new. You can expand the content of your speech sequentially without leaving
dwelling on what was said and not returning to it. In this case, the progression will be straight.
“At another time, another boss became furious with me - he ran into my house, beat me, and chewed off the fingers of my hand, like a dog, with his teeth. And when his throat was filled with blood, then he let go of my hand from his teeth, and, leaving me, he went to his house. But by the grace of God, wrapping my hand in a scarf, I went to Vespers. And as I was walking along the way, he ran at me with two small arquebuses and, being near me, fired a pistol, and by God’s will the gunpowder was on the shelf and puffed, but the arquebus did not fire. He threw it on the ground and lit it with another pack in the same way, and that arquebus did not fire. I diligently, walking, praying to God, overshadowed him with one hand and bowed to him. He barks at me, and I say to him: “Grace be in your mouth, Ivan Rodionovich!” Therefore, he took the yard from me, and knocked me out, robbing me of everything, and did not give me any bread for the journey.”
(Habakkuk)
Progression creates speech dynamics and makes it interesting, but breaks the coherence of the speech, so even the energetic speech of Avvakum contains redundant, from the point of view of progression, repetitions. Stop or slow down progression is possible reprises And amplifications, which elaborate individual elements of the presentation. Then speech acquires the necessary redundancy.
“The washerwoman Palashka, a fat and pockmarked girl, and the crooked cowwoman Akulka, somehow agreed at the same time to throw themselves at mother’s feet, blaming themselves for criminal weakness and crying with complaints about the monsie who had seduced their inexperience. Mother didn’t like to joke about this, and complained to the priest. His reprisal was short. He immediately demanded the Frenchman's channel. They reported that Musyu was giving me his lesson. Father entered my room. At this time, Beaupre was sleeping on the bed in the sleep of innocence. I was busy with business. You need to know that a geographical map was issued for me from Moscow. It hung on the wall without any use, and had long tempted me with the width and goodness of the paper. I decided to make snakes out of it, and taking advantage of Beaupre's sleep, I set to work. Father came in at the same time as I was adjusting the bast tail to the Cape of Good Hope. Seeing my exercises in geography, the priest pulled me by the ear, then ran up to Beaupre, woke him up very carelessly, and began to shower him with reproaches. Beaupre, in confusion, wanted to get up and didn’t
could: the unfortunate Frenchman was dead drunk. Seven troubles, one answer. Father lifted him out of bed by the collar, pushed him out of the door and drove him out of the yard that same day, to Savelich’s indescribable joy. That was the end of my upbringing.”
(A.S. Pushkin)
Coherence of speech. Unified logical-semantic construction phrases is created by using special linking words denoting semantic relationships between parts of the structure: “and”, “therefore”, “then”, “finally”, etc. In this case, the content of the members of the structure must naturally correspond to the meaning of the connectives. Connected speech is close to periodic speech, differing from the latter in the optional proportionality of the parts of the phrase.
“One day, after bathing in cold water Kidnos, Alexander caught a cold and fell ill. When the doctor Philip was called, the king was reclining on the bed, flushed and reading some letter.
Glancing briefly at the newcomer with his fiery gaze, Alexander continued to read while the doctor was grinding and mixing his potions. Finally, Philip handed the cup to the king; he, looking at him keenly, exclaimed: “What trust, Philip!” and began to drink slowly, without taking his eyes off the calm face of the doctor. Then, leaning back on the pillows, he let Philip read Parmenius’ denunciation that the royal physician had been bribed to poison Alexander. Having recovered, the king brought Philip even closer to himself, completely alienating Parmenius.”
(M. Kuzmin)
The words “once”, “when”, “finally”, “then”, and also participial phrases with a temporary meaning represent a logical-semantic frame of the structure, divide it and separate it from previous and subsequent fragments of the narrative.
If the author seeks to focus thought on an evaluative rather than an objective image, he omits such connectives and even rearranges individual sentences of the phrase, making it less coherent and disrupting the semantic sequence. In this case, the image of the author merges with the image of the subject.
“One of these false contemplative outlets is art as religion.
The last religious limit of art is the tragic contemplation of the world. The personality of the hero of the tragedy, reaching the highest manifestation of will, dies in the struggle with the impersonal force of fate or passion. The imaginary ideal outcome of aesthetic contemplation only deepens the real hopelessness of world evil.
The greatest good is
Not to be born at all
And having been born,
Die quickly.
Under the rainbow cover of fleeting symbols, art reveals the eternal darkness of insignificance, which lies at the foundation of the world. There is not and cannot be beauty, because all beauty of life is overcome by the ugliness of death.”
(D. Merezhkovsky)
The first sentence of the passage talks about the relationship of tragedy to religion, but the content of the tragic is defined in the last, and unfolds in the third sentence, while an example is given in the second. It turns out that the entire argument is not only devoid of connecting elements, but its parts are deliberately rearranged. However, this is imaginary chaos, since the completions of the sentences create a single image: “perishes in the fight against the impersonal force of fate or passion”, “the hopelessness of the world’s evil”, “to die quickly”, “is defeated by the ugliness of death”.
Volume of speech. Presenting a subject in many plans or perspectives. Volume is the most effective means of building an image.
“What! You can hear and see the grass growing!” - Levin said to himself, noticing a slate-colored wet aspen leaf moving near a needle of young grass. He stood, listened and looked down, now at the wet mossy ground, now at the listening Weasel, now at the sea of bare tops of the forest stretching out in front of him under the mountain, now at the dim sky covered with white stripes of clouds. A hawk, slowly flapping its wings, flew high above the distant forest, another flew in the same way in the same direction and disappeared. The birds chirped louder and busier in the thicket. An owl hooted not far away, and Laska, shuddering, took a few steps carefully and, bowing her head to the side, began to listen. A cuckoo was heard from across the river. She crowed twice with her usual cry, and then wheezed, hurried and got confused.”
(L.N. Tolstoy)
The first sentence gives an internal perspective - Lewin's thoughts. The second contains a transition from an internal to an external perspective. Further, the presentation is based on the external perspective of the movement of Levin’s gaze, but presented objectively, from the side of the narrator. Huck the semantic multidimensionality of the image creates a single visual image. This speech technique is sharply different, for example, from M. Kuzmin’s stylization, in which the image is constructed one-dimensionally: the perspective of presentation remains constant throughout the passage.
Monocentricity and polycentricity of speech. A phrase, especially a complex one, is united by semantic centers in relation to which the rest of the content unfolds. If there is only one center in a phrase, speech is monocentric, if there are several-polycentric. Monocentricity, like one-dimensionality, makes it easier to evaluate speech, since a phrase or sentence contains one thought, although it can be expanded. If speech is multidimensional or polycentric, each phrase needs additional analysis, since it can contain several thoughts.
An example of monocentric speech.
“This world is full of weeping, not joy, sorrow and sadness, not joy, burdens and sorrows, not joys. There is nothing permanent or unchangeable in it. His joy is mixed with sorrow, joy with sadness, his glory is changeable: wealth soon disappears, beauty turns into dust and ashes, sensual pleasure into stench and pus, and finally all this is stopped and concluded by death.”
(St. Demetrius of Rostov)
This-typical construction of a division figure: first the general is said, and then the parts or types of the general are listed.
Let's consider an example of polycentric speech construction.
“Look at this eldest son. He is always with his father, but how different he is from him. Doesn't look like him at all! Because he has no love, no good attitude towards his brother, and even towards his father. An envious, smug man. And although you and I seem to be close to God, we have gathered here in church and take communion, and confess, and pray,
many of us read prayers every day and even Holy Bible, and live according to the church calendar - next to God, but are we like our Heavenly Father? This is what we need to ask ourselves, because we should be similar. It must be said that a person does not necessarily look like his parents. But spiritually he can, he is free to learn from them what he needs. If he didn’t adopt it, it’s his fault.”
(Alexander Men)
There are two centers in the passage - the prodigal son and the congregation to whom the preacher is addressing, but thought the passage is uniform, since the epithets that characterize the subject of speech and the audience are uniform.
So, different qualities of a syllable, above, related to the task that the rhetorician sets for himself, The rhetorician has to choose between uniformity and unevenness, unity and discontinuity of speech, fast and slow progression, volume and one-dimensionality, mono- and polycentricity. The syllable depends on how stable and flexible the methods of constructing a speech image used by the author are.
To the dictionary outdated words We have placed terms that are currently practically not used or are used very rarely. Outdated words and expressions are words that it is important to familiarize your child with before reading a fairy tale or explain their meaning while reading, so that the meaning of the work is perceived exactly as the authors would like. Some obsolete words and their meaning will be especially useful for the general development of the child, for example, measures of length: vershok, fathom and others.
Obsolete words of the Russian language are, for the most part, those words that have gone out of use in modern world, but which our old grandparents can very often use in communication. The kindness of Little Red Riding Hood, the tenderness of Thumbelina, the hard work of Cinderella and many others best features We can convey the characters’ characters to children in the language of their great-grandparents and at the same time instill in children respect and interest in our history.
If this dictionary outdated words of the Russian language does not contain the word you were looking for or you were unable to fully understand the meaning of existing words - write to us through the form feedback, they will definitely answer you.
Abwakhta - guardhouse Avos - either - perhaps, maybe Azhno - so Azovka - mythical creature Aksamit - velvet Altyn - three kopecks Asps - poisonous snakes
Babayka - a large oar attached to a boat Baet - speaks, tells Baidak - a river boat with one large sail Balagta - swamp Balakat - speak Canopy - a decorated canopy on posts Balodka - a one-handed hammer Basa - beauty, decoration, panache Batog - stick Bergamots - variety pears Pregnancy - an armful of Bosoviki - slippers Boyars - rich and noble people War - battle Brotherhood - brotherhood Armor - metal clothing that protects a warrior from blows Damask steel - weapons made of steel Burochki - a type of warm boots for cold climates, often felt boots Bureau - table with paper storage box
To go on patrol - to guard, to guard In a bag - to chase Vacation time - vacation Vacation - vacation To know - to know Venuti - to wind, to blow Vershok - an old measure of length, equal to 4.4 centimeters Vestimo - of course, it goes without saying Vetoshka - a rag Knight - a brave warrior , bogatyr Vovan is a liquid fat extracted from the fat of marine mammals. Used for lighting in lamps and street lamps Meet - meet Eversion - the rhizome of a large tree turned out of the ground Endure - withstand, endure, endure
Galushka - dumpling cooked in water or borscht Galyota - a small merchant ship Ganat - guessing Voice of obedience - an answering voice Gorazd - knows how Gorka - a pyramid-shaped shelf for expensive dishes Upper room - room Rowing - a narrow dam on the river
Hay girl - maid Ten - 24 sheets Marvel - surprise, amaze
Food - food, food If - if
Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark Zhban - a jug with a lid Burmitsky (Burmite) pearls - large and round pearls Zhernovtsy - a small hand-made chalk
Zagnetka - a place in the fore-furnace where the heat is raked Zagnetka - a place in front of the firebox where the heat is raked Get started - start fasting Ahead of time - sing Lazarus in advance - flatteringly beg Sinisters - small fantastic creatures
Imperial - gold coin Inda - even, so
Treasury - money, wealth, property Kamka - colored silk fabric with patterns Karmazin - dark red cloth Kniksen - bow with a squat as a sign of greeting or gratitude on the part of females Casing - outerwear made of leather Kokurochka - a butter flatbread Kolymaga - a carriage in which noble people traveled Korob - a basket, a basket Oblique fathom - an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers of an outstretched hand diagonally is 216 cm Krinitsa - a well, a spring Krosna - home loom Tow - a bunch of flax or wool Body - wicker basket
Plate - iron or steel armor worn by warriors Lyko - the bark of a young linden, willow, elm, bast shoes, baskets, baskets are woven from it Lytka - shirk, shirk Lytka - part of the leg below the knee
Damask sword - a sword made of especially strong steel It’s not my first time - it’s not my first time Hoe - a hand-held agricultural tool Ant - overgrown with grass (ant)
Biggest - senior Whip - belt whip Namale - soap Unsalted to sip - be deceived in your expectations Nikoli - never
Flint - a stone or piece of steel for cutting fire from flint Once - once, once Come to your senses - come to your senses Scream - plow Chill - freeze
Boarding house - a school with a dormitory for students Blame - reproach, reproach Finger - finger New - welcoming a newborn Polati - wide sleeping bunks in a hut under the ceiling between the stove and the opposite wall Pomelo - a broom wrapped in a rag at the end, used for sweeping ash in the stove Tried - tried on Pokhitnik - thief Start - start Clearing - clearing not overgrown with trees or lawn in the forest Pryskuchy - fast Pryazhon - fried (fry in oil) Span - an ancient measure, the distance between the large and index fingers hands
Army - army Rosstan - the crossroads of two roads To dress up - to persuade
Sazhen - an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance of the arm span from the fingertips of one hand to the fingertips of the other Salop - an ancient outer women's dress Sam-ten - ten times more Sam-pyat - five times more Sam-Thursday - four times more Seredovich - a middle-aged man A scolded tablecloth - a tablecloth woven with patterns Conscience will not hurt - conscience does not bother Shrike, shrike - a bird from the order of passerines Student - a well with icy water Sousek - a chest in which flour or grain is stored Twist - twist, twist several strands into one a thread
the keeper belles lettres
Clever words borrowed from other languages are designed to amaze others with the intelligence of the speaker or writer. And many people want to know Clever words for communication and their meaning, but are too lazy to simply look for them on the Internet and use them in simple speech. It's time to finally compile a dictionary of the most unclear words in Russian and their meanings and memorize them! Where and how will this help you? For example, in reviews of new films, plays and books, in conversations with colleagues, in talk shows on TV and the blogosphere, here and there “insight”, “excess”, “existential” and, of course, trendy “ the cognitive dissonance" But you don’t understand a word, and no one wants to feel “close-minded” and ignorant.
Remember the proverb “The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it”? Full list We, of course, cannot give you the smartest words in the world that can be used for conversation, and their meaning, but we bring to your attention a list of literate smart words for communicating with people (and their meaning) - a kind of mini-dictionary of popular smart expressions.
Smart nouns
The most useful complicated words with meanings that everyone should know are nouns, because they are the basis of our speech. All these smart words, like “insight”, “collaboration”, “frustration”... So, let’s replenish our vocabulary with long smart words that you need to know by heart.
ADDICTION
The English word addiction characterizes dependence, bad habit, a way to escape reality. Addictions are not only alcoholism, gambling, drug addiction, and smoking. Psychologists assure: a similar mechanism of addiction is found in those who overeat, live and burn at work, love extreme sport, hangs out on the Internet for days, loves creativity and... falls in love. Another thing is that forms of addiction are divided into those acceptable by society, such as workaholism or falling in love, and unacceptable, such as excessive craving for alcohol.
AMPHIBOLICITY
Amphibolicity is the ambiguity of a concept, its contradictory interpretation. As a rule, this word is used rarely - in dissertations, in court hearings or in biochemical work. But it’s not bad to understand if someone says “this is amphibolic” or “the amphibolic nature of this concept baffles me, because I adhered strictly to one line,” but you understand that it’s all about the ambiguity of the concept you are discussing.
VIS.
“French” vis-a-vis in Russian can be both an adverb (“sit vis-a-vis”, that is, opposite each other), and a noun, both masculine and female(“my smart counterpart”, “your beautiful counterpart”). You have every right to call your counterpart the one who is opposite you, with whom you are sitting face to face.
IDIOSYNCRASY
What did Stirlitz mean when he said: “I have an idiosyncrasy for rhyme”? The fact that he is completely devoid of poetic gift. He was modest, of course... A word with ancient Greek roots (idos - “separate, special”; synkrasis - “mixture”) for a long time was familiar only to doctors, but came into wide use as a synonym for the words “allergy”, “rejection”: “Yes, he has an idiosyncrasy for everything new!”, “I have an idiosyncrasy for empty talk.”
INSIGHT
Translated from English, “insight” literally means insight, insight. This concept is used in philosophy and psychology to convey insight, a sudden understanding of something that is not inferred from past experience. So someone will say: “And then it dawned on me!” - and someone will proudly declare: “I had an insight!”
COLLABORATION
The unification of several equal, independent participants to achieve common goals in fashion, art, business, science and education is called (from the English collaboration - cooperation). For example, at the end of March, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the science fiction franchise “Star Trek,” the cosmetics company MAC announced the release of a Star Trek beauty collection. Makeup options will be borrowed from the movie heroines of the franchise and implemented using 25 limited-edition products for lips, eyes and face. Sales start in August 2016.
CARRILLISM
A phenomenon in which the interlocutor asks you a question again, although he heard it perfectly well. Why is he doing this? Scientists say that a person does this consciously or subconsciously in order to have more time to formulate an answer. They (or their colleagues) are still arguing about the origin of the word. Many associate him with American politician John Kerry, who at the end of 2015 could not immediately answer a question from a Russian schoolboy and asked him again several times. If anyone wants to accuse you of being slow to respond, tell them that this is nothing more than Carrilism, and you need a couple of seconds to formulate an answer.
LIPOPHRENIC
Remember this: “Don’t touch me, old woman, I’m sad.” It was not Ivan the Terrible who said this, but a lipophrenic. In more detail, a lipophrenic is a person who feels irresistible sadness, melancholy and does not know the reasons for the appearance of this condition. Lipophrenia, which is also called apathy, depression, melancholy, usually appears from being alone for a long time, from routine activities or insufficient activity (which is important for modern youth), as well as from a lack of positive emotions. If you don’t want to bear the not-so-proud name “lipophrenic,” do your favorite things more often, virtual communication prefer living things, walk more in the fresh air.
NATIFORMA
Have you ever seen heart-shaped stones or a tomato with a nose? If yes, then you are halfway to understanding the word “natiform”. But here is a more special case, because natiform is nature education, resembling the outline female body or parts thereof. It could be a tree that you looked at from a certain angle and saw shoulders, chest, waist, hips... Or stones in a rock that look so bizarre that they reminded you of your ex. These are all natiforms.
PALINFRASIA
Have you noticed that some people repeat one word or phrase in almost every sentence? If not, you are lucky, and if you have encountered this, congratulate your friend: he has palinphrasia. It’s not contagious, but it’s absolutely unpleasant when in every sentence they say “sir” or “I told you that...”. And so on in a circle. As a result, you will not hear other words, you will lose the essence of the story and generally lose all interest in the conversation.
SYNERGY
When this word is mentioned, one usually remembers its arithmetic “formula”: 1 + 1 = 3. The ancient Greek synergeia is translated as “cooperation, commonwealth.” It means an amazing effect that occurs when several subjects or objects interact. This cumulative effect exceeds the return from the actions of each participant in the process individually. An example of synergy: you've mastered a few secrets of applying concealer, and your friend knows the ins and outs of mascara. By sharing life hacks, both of you, without losing your previous experience, will gain new ones, that is, you will grow in the art of makeup.
SOPHISTRY
Philosophical movement in Ancient Greece, whose followers were famous for their ability to cunningly conduct scientific disputes, gave the name to verbal statements based on juggling facts, simplifications, and violations of logic. Another sophist (from the ancient Greek sophia - “skill, skill, cunning invention, trick, wisdom, knowledge”) is brilliantly able to prove obvious absurdity: “Half-empty is the same as half-full. If the halves are equal, then the wholes are equal. Therefore, the empty is the same as the full.” Therefore, sophistry in a figurative sense refers to any speech that is built on false conclusions, but disguises itself as correct, logical.
TOUCHET
The word "touché" (touchér in French - touch), borrowed from the sports sphere, brings an end to a certain dispute when one of the interlocutors admits the rightness, the superiority of the other after a decisive argument or a verbal jab - what if you competed not in knowledge of the topic, but in wit? Touché, the argument is valid, just as fencing touches or throws on the back of wrestlers, performed according to all the rules, are counted.
FRUSTRATION
To fall into a state of frustration (Latin frustratio - deception, failure, futile expectation) means to experience a whole range of negative feelings due to the inability to achieve what you want. For example, you were planning a vacation at the seaside, had already packed your suitcase, and suddenly your bosses, using carrots and sticks, postpone your vacation a month later because of an important project that cannot be done without you. Naturally, you feel anger, despair, anxiety, irritation, disappointment and hopelessness... Frequent experiences of such states, psychologists note, spoil your character and damage your self-esteem.
EGOCENTRIC
The egoist's namesake, egocentric (from the Latin words ego - “I” - and centrum - “center”) is still not similar to him. Egocentric is self-centered inner world, point of view, his own interests, needs and does not notice those of others, but is able to “move”, help others, hear them if asked for support. Egocentrism is inherent in everyone to one degree or another. An egoist sees other people's interests, but deliberately ignores them, opposes himself to others, always putting his own person first.
EXCESS
The Latin excessus means “exit, evasion.” In Russian, the word consonant with “process” has two meanings. The first is an extreme manifestation of something: “This is not literature, but a graphomaniac excess!” The second is an emergency, a disruption to the normal course of events: “Her gossip caused a real excess in the team.”
ESCAPADE
A daring, shocking, provocative, willful trick in the style of Salvador Dali, Lady Gaga or Miley Cyrus, for example, a rotten herring on a hat or a dress made of raw meat, - this is an escapade. The French word escapade also has a second meaning - an adventure trip - which is not in demand in our language.
Smart adjectives
After nouns, it’s time to see a dictionary of smart adjectives for every day and their meanings, because it is the presence of adjectives in your speech that will distinguish you favorably from other interlocutors. Decorate your speech with little-known smart words, believe me: it will help you in all areas of life. These unfamiliar intelligent words (and their meanings) will help increase your status among both friends and colleagues.
UPSCALE
Derived from English adjective upscale – “high quality, first class, exclusive.” Characterizes the absolute embodiment of the desired properties in any subject or object: upscale interior design, upscale sound, upscale image.
VERBAL
This adjective has nothing to do with a tree with fluffy buds, but it has very much to do with our speech. The Latin verbum is translated as “word,” so “verbal” is verbal, oral. For example, verbal thinking, verbal intelligence, verbal method. There is also an adjective “non-verbal” - without verbal expression: non-verbal communication, nonverbal signals.
DEVIANT
What do they mean when they talk about deviant behavior? French word Deviation characterizes a deviation from the norm, be it the position of the compass needle, the heading of an airplane or a sea vessel, as well as a feature of the human psyche. In other words, deviant behavior destroys the personality and health of someone who prefers an asocial lifestyle, and also causes moral and material harm to others.
COGNITIVE
Translated from Latin, cognitio is knowledge, cognition. The adjective “cognitive” describes a person’s ability to acquire knowledge, to understand the world around him and himself. This psychological term would not be so popular without its “French” companion: dissonance means “discord, disharmony, inconsistency.”
What we get is a kind of “mine is yours, don’t understand” situation, when previous experience and already accumulated knowledge come into conflict with new information, new circumstances. There are two opposing ideas about the same thing in your head at once. Let’s say your friend emphasizes that he values punctuality very much, you like it, and at the same time you don’t remember a single meeting when he was not late. So should we consider him punctual, organized, true to his word and justify his behavior as accidents or not? The need to choose one thing, evaluate and interpret the newly received picture becomes a cause of mental discomfort.
Another stable phrase, the meaning of which not everyone knows, can be called a synonym for “cognitive dissonance”. This is a “pattern break.” This is a broader concept, but the essence is the same: you had some kind of scheme in your head regarding a person, concept, phenomenon, and overnight this scheme collapses due to new knowledge. It turns out that two and two are not always four. Like this?..
SMART
WITH English word“smart” is translated as “intelligent”, “savvy”. This is precisely the meaning of the word “smart” that is now used in Russia. It cannot be said that it is firmly entrenched in the minds of Russians, but if you do not know what a “smart watch” or “smart television” is, and even more so a “smartphone”, shame on you. To put it simply, the prefix (or part in the word) “smart” means “smart”: smartphone = smart phone, smart watch = smart watch etc. As you probably noticed, the word “smart” is used specifically with high-tech items, so when using it, pay attention to the context.
TRANSPARENT
An adjective with English roots (transparent) is held in high regard by politicians, bloggers and even cosmetologists. The former enter into transparent agreements and voice transparent positions without secrets or omissions, while the latter vow to be as open and sincere as possible with the audience. And transparent, that is, transparent powder does not look like a mask on the face and at the same time mattifies it perfectly. Yes, she is unable to hide skin imperfections, but that’s another topic for discussion.
TRANSCENDENTAL
There is a good understandable word “incomprehensible”. And when, outside of a philosophical debate, one wants to add intellectual depth to speeches, some flaunt the Latin “transcendent” (transcendentis) with the same meaning. And now the speaker or writer and his audience begin to look for and discuss transcendental meanings, connections, feelings...
TRIVIAL
Banal, boring, ordinary, primitive, ordinary - that’s how many synonyms the adjective “trivial” has. It has French ancestry, and in native language trivial means the same thing - something ordinary. Fewer people to talk to you with trivial thoughts and anecdotes, theatrical productions and a film premiere with a trivial plot!
EXISTENTIAL
Another philosophical concept related to existence, human life. The Latin word existentia is translated as “existence.” There are many things that influence our days, but the use of the epithet “existential” adds a universal dimension to these “agents of influence.” Existential problems, crises, experiences are phenomena that exist at the core of the world, manifest themselves in reality and are often beyond the control of human will.
Conclusion
In general, if not all the new words were able to immediately fit into your head, we advise you to compile a dictionary of complex intellectual words for conversation, which few people know, with their meaning, of course, and use them as often as possible - in correspondence, when writing in a diary, in conversation . This is the only way it won’t become empty information that you will forget about when you close this page. And by the way: don’t think that this is shameful or feigned. There is no shame in looking for and memorizing tricky words with definitions in order to appear smart. After all, the request “ Difficult words with explanations for smart people» is found very often in RuNet. Note that for already “smart people”, stupid people won’t even look for this.
What we wouldn’t advise you to look for on the Internet are smart words for a girl’s status that no one knows. If no one knows them, why write them in the status? By the way, there is also a list with very clever synonyms for simple words that you need to know in order to shine in a conversation, but more on that some other time.
Why should you, as an internet entrepreneur, become a better writer, you ask?
Have you ever noticed amazing ability do some writers play with the reader's emotions?
No? But in vain. It’s precisely you, as an Internet entrepreneur, who should pay attention to this because the client ( attention secretsecret =)) buys ONLY emotions. Neither the product nor the solution to the problem, but the emotions that he receives from the work of the seller during the sale, the lack of stress thanks to your product, which prevented the problem, the positive emotions that the service can give, etc.
Just a few pages for real can make you experience the whole gamut of feelings: from excitement and tears to rage and the desire to throw a book across the room. This sign of the greatest writing skill, proof of mastery of the craft and the yardstick by which aspiring writers evaluate their work.
Of course, the ability to take the reader on an emotional rollercoaster is important for novels and short stories, but what to do with letters, blogs, resumes, commercial offers? All of them, one way or another, are designed to influence the addressee. Their goal- transmit information, but you, as the author, are also interested so that the reader feels close to these emotions and takes the targeted action.
Maybe you need to impress them; make you worry or, on the contrary, wary; to make you angry or to push you to continue the path you have started – here the goal can be any kind of emotion. The more feelings you evoke in the reader, the greater your influence on him and, therefore, the greater the chance of achieving your goals.
Remember: it is emotion that leads to a target action (purchase, for example), you just need to be careful about what emotions to evoke in the reader for a certain target action and actually become this brilliant writer who can evoke the right emotions.
Want to know how to do this?
We have good news for you: you can achieve this too. There is an easy way. Read on to find out what you need to do.
How to become a better writer in an instant? It's simple. Use powerful words.
Instead of explaining what I mean, I I'll give you quote great Winston Churchill:
“We stand on the threshold of a severe test, one of the most difficult. We have many, many long months of struggle and suffering ahead of us. You ask, what is our policy? I can answer: to wage war. Land, sea and air, with all our strength and with all the strength that God can give us; a war against a monstrous tyranny, which nothing in dark, sorrowful history has ever surpassed human crimes. This is our policy. You ask, what is our goal? I can answer in one word: it is a victory. Victory at any cost; victory, despite all the terror; victory, no matter how long and stubborn the path to it; for without victory we cannot survive.”
Inspiring, isn't it?
Yes, there was room for inspiration there. Under threat from Germany, Britain was fighting for its survival, and somehow Churchill needed to find a way to inspire his countrymen and encourage them to fight.
He chose the words. Or to be more precise, powerful words.
Let's look at this quote again, and this time highlight the powerful words:
“We stand on the threshold of a severe test, one of the most difficult. We have many, many long months of struggle and suffering ahead of us. You ask, what is our policy? I can answer: to wage war. Land, sea and air, with all our strength and with all the strength that God can give us; a war against a monstrous tyranny, which nothing in the dark, sorrowful history of human crimes has hitherto surpassed. This is our policy. You ask, what is our goal? I can answer in one word: it is a victory. Victory at any cost; victory, despite any terror; victory, no matter how long and stubborn the path to it; for without victory we cannot survive.”
Each underlined word evokes some feeling in the audience. IN in this case Churchill mixes words that cause fear(“struggle”, “tyranny”, “terror”) with words that give hope(“power”, “God”, “victory”). Especially the last, positive words are repeated again and again, causing almost a storm of emotions in the minds of the audience.
This is no accident. , like their speechwriters, saturate their public speeches carefully chosen powerful words, skillfully leading the audience from one emotion to another - just like any writer or screenwriter.
Of course, this is not the only thing they use. The best writers use many tools to evoke emotion in the recipient, and words are only one of them.
But for aspiring authors, powerful words - it is one of the easiest tools to learn. Instead of using a variety of techniques that require years of writing practice, you can start using powerful words in your writing, and you will soon notice a significant improvement in the quality of your writing.
All you need is a list of such words, and of course, I have prepared it for you.
257 Powerful Words You Can Start Using Right Now:
Enjoy.
1. Provoking panic
Let's do a little experiment. Take a break from this article for a while, and find a news channel. Watch it for about five minutes, listening to the words. You will likely hear dozens of words that I list below. And that's why:
, is undoubtedly the most powerful emotion for capturing and holding the audience's attention. To keep you from changing the channel, newscasts overload your mind with fear-inducing words, making you worry that you'll miss something important.
And it works. Of course, there is a danger of overdoing it, but in my opinion, most authors do not use sufficiently these words in my works. And they really help you find .
Here's a list to get you started:
Gambling
Apocalypse
Balance
Insane
Worry
Painful
Invasion
exhausted
Disastrous
Confiding
Evaporate
Extermination
Mutilate
Catastrophe
Insidious
Attack
Out of place
Abnormal
Unreasonable
Stun
Fool
Danger
Weakened
Blinded
Beware
Laughing stock
Warning
Warning
Frightening
Shatter
Destructive
Risky
Burnt
Fatal
Crazy
Toxic
Murder
Threatening
Terrifying
Destroy
Drowning
Vulnerable
Monstrous
2. Pep talk
Let's face it. Most people are not full of energy and enthusiasm when they read. They may feel bored, perhaps a little depressed, and almost certainly tired. They subconsciously look for something that could cheer them up and make them feel a little better.
Good news: yours can do it. Use the following words to write an encouraging text and give your readers some positivity:
Fearless
Grateful
Excited
Delightful
Valor
Wonderful
Breathtaking
Jubilant
Magical
Courage
Incredible
Disobedience
Implement
Stunning
Conquer
Startling
Dedicated
Awesome
Sensational
Strength of will
Courage
Kernel
Happy
Amusing
Amazing
Bravery
Wonderful
Shocking
3. Take a page from any men's magazine (I'm serious)
Whether we like it or not, passion is one of the basic human emotions. Just take a look at the men's and women's magazines on the trays and you'll see what I mean. Almost every cover directly or indirectly hints at sex.
And this applies not only to men and women's magazines– this can be used everywhere. As a writer, you can use passion words to make almost any piece of writing compelling.
Here is a list of words for this topic:
Immoral
Uncensored
Shameless
Hypnotic
Prohibited
Breathtaking
Excruciating
Naughty
Naked
Lonely
Concerned
Provocative
Corrupt
Slutty
Scandalous
Sensual
4. Playing on greed
Legendary copywriter Gary Halbert once said, “If you want people to buy something, irritate their greed glands until they bleed.” Figuratively? - Yes, but still true.
Read , and you will find many such powerful words. Many of them are already so hackneyed that they have long turned into clichés, but this does not negate their effectiveness.
The bottom line is that almost all of us are interested in how to make or save money. To stimulate these desires, use the following words:
For free
Greatest
blow up
Dizzy
Additional
Massive
Billion
Fulminant
Cash
Inexpensive
Huge
Festive
Luxurious
Saving
Reduced
hidden treasures
Discounted
Quadruple
Six figures
Saving
Economical
5. Give a feeling of security
Greed isn't the only emotion your readers should feel. You should also make them feel safe.
They need to trust you and your product or service and trust that you will deliver. They must believe in the result.
Of course, creating such trust begins with the quality of the product/service and reputation, but the words with which you , are also very important. To help clients feel safe, try using the following words whenever possible:
Anonymous
Anti-crisis
No questions
Without obligations
Free of charge
Safety
Unconditional
Best-seller
Refund
Guaranteed
Proven
Protected
Study
Confidentiality
Unbreakable
No risk
Approved
Cancel at any time
Official
Backed up
Authentic
Try before you buy
Verified
results
Certified
Life time
6. Offer forbidden fruit
Do you remember when you were probably forbidden to do something as a child, and from that moment on you couldn’t think about anything else? It was so?
It attracts us all - such is our nature. So why not use this fact to your advantage?
Whenever you need to arouse curiosity, use the following words in your texts and your readers will not be able to resist the temptation:
Outlaw
Behind the scenes
Detained
Transcendent
Prohibited
Banned by censorship
Insider
Smuggled
Confidential
Invalid
Illegal
Illegal distribution
Unauthorized
Lost
Private
Confessions
Cover up
Hidden
Back door
Conclusion
Yes, this is a huge list, but not the whole list. Of course, there are a lot of powerful words, and it’s difficult to fit them all into one article. But what you have read is the basis, the foundation that will help you immediately evoke the emotions of your readers and / , subscription, etc.
What other words are there that carry an emotional charge?
Do you have 5 minutes? Read another very useful article:
Valued in any society. It is easier for a person who knows how to correctly and competently compose a dialogue to find a job, get promoted up the career ladder, and make new acquaintances. People around him listen to him more often; his monologue never seems inappropriate or stupid.
But the paradox is that in order for others to perceive you as an intelligent and educated person, it is enough to expand your vocabulary by only about fifty words. It is enough to use some for communication in order to appear in the eyes of others as an extraordinary, creative person.
The art of competent communication
It won't be difficult to master if you want. A confident voice will be much more important, clear diction and the appropriateness of using certain words. Surely you have encountered a situation in life when a person, conducting a dialogue, tries with all his might to use abstruse words to communicate, sometimes using them completely out of place and in the wrong inflection. Such attempts look ridiculous and funny. To prevent this from happening to you, arm yourself vocabulary for all occasions, don’t be lazy to find out exact value words, their synonyms and antonyms, declension, gender and stress. This is the only way you will be able to use them correctly and competently in conversation.
Getting rid of banality
The first thing you should do is try to minimize the use of hackneyed expressions and words that you use in your everyday life. For example, a banal set of words like “good”, “beautiful”, “smart”, etc. can be replaced with less hackneyed, alternative options, because each of them can be accessed using explanatory dictionary choose at least a dozen synonyms.
For example, the word “beautiful”, depending on the situation, can be replaced with “bright”, “elegant”, “luxurious”, “incomparable”, “magnificent”, “delightful”. “Useful” in everyday conversation can easily be used as “beneficial”, “fruitful”, “expedient”, “practical”, “necessary”. Even to a simple word"smart" has many synonyms. You should remember and appeal to them as necessary. Here are some of them: “witty”, “resourceful”, “smart”, “good”, “wise”, “smart”.
It also doesn’t hurt to learn a few that will help you create the desired effect on others:
Idiosyncrasy - intolerance.
Transcendental - abstract, mental, theoretical.
Esoterics is a mystical teaching.
A truism is a well-known fact, statement or opinion.
Euphemism is the replacement of harsh, rude words and expressions with more acceptable and soft ones.
Sophistry is the ability to argue sharply, to skillfully juggle words.
Eclecticism is a combination of different types of theories, views or things.
Homogeneous - homogeneous.
Invective - swearing, obscene language.
Decadence is decline.
Hyperbole is an exaggeration.
Frustration is disappointment.
Discourse - conversation, conversation.
At first, when using smart words to communicate, you may experience some awkwardness in the conversation; your language will seem to get tangled and stumble over “new expressions.” It's okay; a new colloquial form, like a new pair of shoes, should be worn in. After a while, you will, without thinking, choose better synonyms and expressions to express your opinion.
Speech-clogging expressions
The most difficult part of this process may be learning to notice them in your own speech. If you cannot notice them on your own, you may need the help of loved ones with whom you often communicate, or a voice recorder. At the next stage, you should learn to either skip them or replace them with smart words for communication; to consolidate the result, you also need to periodically listen to your own monologue recorded on a voice recorder. In the process of mastering the organization and production of your own speech, try to speak thoughtfully, logically constructing each phrase, only this way, after some time, you will be able to master the art of competently conducting a dialogue.
By learning to clearly structure sentences, using smart words to communicate, and getting rid of expressions that clog your speech, you will be able to make an excellent impression, because the more competently a person speaks, the more intelligent and successful he seems to his interlocutors.
