Public staging. Oratory: examples of public speeches of famous people

From this article you will learn:

• What are the rules for public speaking?
• What are the rules for preparing a public speech
• What kind psychological tricks can be used in public speaking

Public speaking is stressful situation for any person. This is confirmed by even the most brilliant speakers who have spent hundreds of hours on stage. Why is this happening? Any public speech is the expression of one's own thoughts and ideas. Their successful or unsuccessful expression immediately affects the reputation of a person, his assessment as an expert, a specialist. Rules public speaking are generally quite versatile. You can perform in front of different groups people - it can be ministers and bankers, students and schoolchildren, journalists, colleagues and even prisoners. But all of them, first of all, will be your listeners, and you need to know a few rules that will help you structure and present information correctly, remain calm and keep the situation under your control.

Public speaking: preparation rules

Any public speech must be thoroughly prepared. The famous psychologist D. Carnegie has a whole book that contains recommendations and rules for preparing a public speech. Main idea: “You need to know what you want to say and what the listeners want to hear. Only based on this knowledge, you can correctly convey the information and convince yourself to believe.

First, let's analyze what types of performances there are:

• Improvisation. This type of presentation does not need preparation, but requires a very deep knowledge of the material and topic. The speaker in this case expresses theses on a given topic, answers any questions from the audience easily and reasonably. This is only possible for experienced speakers and masters of their craft. These were Trotsky, Lenin and Mechnikov.
• Abstract speech. Preparation goes on for each item, which is worked out in advance. Answers to possible questions that may arise during the presentation are also prescribed.
• Preparation of the full text. Most often you can observe such a report from politicians. Sometimes their answers to the questions asked do not exactly match, because they are not used to deviating from a pre-composed text.

How to plan a presentation from start to finish and hold the attention of the audience? Find out in the training program

• Presentation without prompting. The prepared text is learned by heart, pronounced at rehearsals, but in this case the rules of public speaking do not provide for the possibility of answering additional questions.

Especially valuable quality The skill of the speaker is the ability to take into account the mood of the public in his speech and the ability to adapt to various changing circumstances.

Preparing a summary of the speech

What are the rules for public speaking? Let's start with preparation. Take notes on topics that are relevant to the topic of the presentation or the specifics of your topic, industry or profession. D. Carnegie advises: "Write down other people's and, of course, your thoughts on pieces of paper - it's so easy to collect and classify them."

1. Make a list of facts that are relevant to the topic and you may need for the report.
2. Decide on the main, interesting, informative facts, feel free to cross out secondary or only indirectly related to the matter.
3. Return to the topic of the report and see what data you may lack to fully disclose the topic in the vein in which the materials were selected.

Be sure to back up the theses with facts, figures, statistics, examples. It is better if for each thesis you have several points that reinforce the main idea.

The rules for speaking in public also recommend that you pay close attention to the language when you write a summary of your speech. Do not abbreviate sentences, write full extended forms. Do not add questions to the abstract, but specific statements that you could use during a public speech.

Working with an outline

Of course, all lecturers used the prepared materials in different ways during their presentations. For example, Ch. Chaplin, who did not feel very comfortable in front of the microphone, always kept the full text of the speech in front of his eyes and tried not to deviate from it. And the recognized lecturer I. I. Mechnikov prepared with special care for all the speeches, but did not take notes. His speech has always been a masterful improvisation.

Public Speaking Rules famous chemist S. N. Reformatsky were like this: he wrote out the entire text of the lecture, and then read it to his home. As a rule, he took notes with him to the pulpit, but did not look at them. The famous historian V. O. Klyuchevsky had the ability to tell interesting stories based on a prepared speech plan, and the physiologist I. M. Sechenov whispered it in full before the lecture. The recognized orator V. I. Lenin prepared small pieces of paper with theses, with the help of which he built a public speech.

Of course, only a few can speak to the public without any excitement. But if you speak several times with the same topic, then each time your confidence will only grow. You will be much more fluent in the material. When preparing, try to tell more, pronounce the text, and not just read. Over time, by applying the rules of public speaking, you will succeed in this business. Just remember, even the most experienced speakers always rehearse their speech, do not neglect this important step.

Rehearsal of the future speech

Feel free to discuss the topic that will be the subject of your speech in an informal setting. Rehearse in front of friends, family, talk to people who can support you.

But how, when and how much is it better to rehearse a future speech? The more often the better! Use every opportunity for this. Walk down the street - repeat it to yourself, at home or in the office you can repeat it with gestures, saying it out loud, emphasizing in important places.

The rules of public speaking D. Carnegie say: arrange a kind of game at home with your family or friends - making speeches. You can choose topics in which you are strong and in three minutes try to convey it as vividly and informatively as possible to your listeners.

Many have heard the recommendation to work with a mirror, but for beginner speakers, most often it only distracts. Leading psychologists, such as O. Ernst, even write about this method as extremely harmful. First of all, you need to focus on the topic and meaning of the speech being made.

Public Speaking Rules: Psychology

By the time of your public report, you need to come in excellent psychological and physical condition. Don't think about your fears, because in the end it's just a performance. O. Ernst wrote: "Never once has any of the speakers fainted on the podium, even if his performance was really below any criticism."

The existing rules for public speaking contain several important points:

• Pay close attention not on your feelings, but on the content of your speech.
• You should not tell the audience absolutely all the prepared material, leave room for questions, if any. And the idea that you know much more than you say in this lecture will greatly increase your self-confidence.
• You should not prepare on the day of the performance, it is better to finish all the preparations the night before.
• Before the performance, you should not start new business or engage in a new activity that is unusual for you. They will take over all your attention and direction of thought.
• Try to arrange a light lunch or breakfast, do not overeat before a responsible report.

If you still feel that the excitement does not leave you, the main thing is to understand what is the cause of your anxiety. Most often it is:

• a lack of practical experience in such speeches.
• Features associated with the peculiarities of your character: shyness, restraint, excessive anxiety, self-doubt.
• Doubt in the interest of listeners.
• The fact of unsuccessful performance in the past.
• Strong emotions associated with excitement and experiencing a stressful situation.

If your anxiety is mainly related to the reaction of the listeners, that is following rules public speaking:

• choose a viewer who is positively inclined towards you and tell, looking into his / her eyes, as if you are alone in this hall;
• if you feel that contact has been made, you can nod slightly and look at your neighbor and look into his eyes;
• try to keep a friendly and open expression on your face;
• try to smile more often and then you will see how the mood in the hall will change.

If your anxiety is related to your own condition, then carefully study these rules of public speaking:

• Practice speaking in front of the public as often as possible, participate in public discussions, conversations, ask questions.
• During this time you will find internal state that gives you confidence and makes you feel successful. This feeling will be different for everyone. Someone needs to feel the “joy of flying”, someone needs to feel as focused as possible, concentrated on their topic, and someone is helped by a slight excitement that makes them slightly excited and joyful.
• Think about what kind of emotional response you want to achieve from the audience, what message is coming from you to the audience.
• Be sure to warm up before going on stage. You can talk to one of the listeners or organizers, or just walk around the room.

General rules for public speaking:

1. Ideally, if you have the opportunity to rehearse the day before in the room where the performance will take place. You can look around the hall, rehearse the exit, give a speech, work out the posture, gestures, voice volume, some important turning points of your speech.
2. Before going to bed, visualize the entire course of your presentation. How the event starts, how the audience gathers, how you go on stage, what you say, where you look. Bring the speech to the end and feel how wonderfully you did it.
3. A few hours before entering the stage, in your imagination go through the plan of your report, fix the key points of the speech in your mind and feel the joy that will overwhelm you after successful performance.

Rules for Successful Public Speaking: Psychotechniques

One of the secrets of communicating with the audience lies in a certain psychotechnics. You must create eye contact and show your interest in it.

When you enter the stage or pulpit, do not rush to immediately begin your speech, pause, look around, look at the audience, smile if appropriate. By making eye contact with your audience, you greet them and let them know that you are there for them. Therefore, it is important to observe it during the performance.

Remember to maintain eye contact, even if you're giving a science talk where it's normal to refer back to your notes frequently. Subconsciously, a person feels when attention is paid to him: a glance may last only a fraction of a second, but he makes it clear that something important and valuable to him is happening. Therefore, try not only to look around the hall, but also to establish eye-to-eye contact with the audience.

When you are engaged in the psychotechnics of establishing contact with the audience, it is very important to understand that the emotional content of your gaze is of the greatest importance. What is in it - the disposition towards the audience or indifferent indifference, courage or fear. In the eyes, all our emotions are read without difficulty, which means that listeners, as a rule, accurately see and feel what is happening in your soul.

So, the main rules of public speaking are to look around, make eye contact with the audience, and focus your attention on the subject of your speech.

Remember, the first words of your presentation are the most important, it is at this moment that the audience determines whether they will listen to you or continue to soar in the clouds. There are several techniques that will help keep the attention of the audience.

• Interesting fact. One of the most effective ways to attract the attention of any audience is to tell a curious fact that has direct relation to the topic of the speech: “Did you know that ...” or “Have you thought that ...”
• Colorful presentation. The presentation helps to structure and regulate the performance. You can mark the main theses or rules on the slides feedback. The rules of public speaking suggest that you formulate this aspect in this way: “I have fifteen minutes to talk about ...”, “During the speech, I would like to address the following questions ...”, “If questions arise during the speech, you can ask them by end of the report.
• Questions. If this is possible in your format, then be sure to use this technique to attract attention. Questions make you involuntarily look for answers, even if they are not spoken out loud, so you will already be listened to more carefully.
• Joke, anecdote. It is important to keep some intrigue and not immediately reveal the connection between the anecdote and the topic of the speech. But there must be a connection. Remember that the joke must be tolerant and appealing to the majority in order to create the right mood.
• Audience compliment. Consider the compliment as a sign of respect and recognition from the public. A well-spoken compliment will evoke a grateful response from the audience. Try not to overact or exaggerate the weight of the compliment so that it is not perceived as a mockery. It is better if the compliment is short, unambiguous, reflecting reality. It can be expressed not only personally to the audience, but also to their profession or company.

Techniques to attract and hold the attention of the audience

Skillful speakers use some rules for public speaking to attract and hold the attention of the audience:

• Contrasting stimuli. This rule consists in changing the type of the information receiving signal. Most often, you can change the audio and video signals. The speaker, for example, can make a long pause, slow down or speed up the pace of speech. Also, an example of a contrast stimulus can be moving around the scene. At first, the speaker can stand still and begin to move around during the presentation, or vice versa.
• Addressing current issues. For every person in certain period life there are relevant, exciting topics. As a rule, in a group of people, large or small, these problems are identical or very similar. Then by addressing these topics of concern to them, you can attract the attention of the audience. AT this method the source of attention will be the significance of the information.
• Referring to authoritative sources. The rules of public speaking have long contained advice to turn to authoritative sources. Quotes of great men, deep sayings often used in their speech technique by many speakers. Success depends on several factors: relevance, completeness of the statement, authority of the source.
• address questions. This type of question is addressed to those present in the hall. And even rhetorical questions increase the attention of the audience.
• Humor. A good speaker's joke always evokes pleasant emotions in the listeners, draws attention to him, arouses sympathy and interest. Humor can often relieve tension and prepare the audience for new information. And although most often humor draws attention not to the topic of the speech, but to the speaker himself, it should be used correctly.

So our article on the rules of public speaking has come to an end. We sincerely hope that you could find useful ideas for your business in it. It is possible that some thoughts became a discovery for you, and something turned out to be just an interesting fact that expanded your understanding of the complex sales process. Which of the points presented would you like to put into practice? How satisfied are you with the way your business is going? Analyze your answers to these questions, then our article will be able to leave a significant mark on your mind.

Remember that if you have any questions, doubts or even objections, you have the opportunity to write to us by mail [email protected] or use the feedback form on the official website. Experienced business coach Evgeny Kotov, the founder of the training company Practicum Group, will be happy to answer them, and perhaps even discuss with you, because truth is born in a dispute.

See you soon!

The introduction is a necessary element of any public speech. The introduction differs depending on the preparedness of the audience: in a well-prepared audience, it can be minimal, consist only of a string, without a beginning; in a less prepared audience, the introductory part should be more detailed and include an introduction.

The beginning is needed in order to capture the attention of the audience.

torii, grab her attention. F. Snell wrote: "The first offer can be compared to a sales agent knocking on your door."

P. Soper, who devoted much great attention the problem of capturing the attention of the audience, noted: “It is much more difficult to influence an indifferent audience than a pre-configured audience against your views ... It is more difficult to set an object in motion than to support the movement itself. The listener also happens to be in a state of inertia of rest and movement. Therefore, the introduction is the most important part of informational speech.

They tell such a case. One farmer was selling a mule. The buyer gave several commands, but the mule did not follow them.

“Your mule is deaf,” said the buyer.

The farmer didn't say a word, took his club and hit the mule between the eyes. Then he whispered something in his ear. The mule barked and rushed off at full speed.

The buyer was amazed.

Why did you beat him with a club? The farmer replied:

First you need to attract his attention ... Attention really needs to be attracted first. Attention is the direction of mental activity and its focus on an object ... Attention is involuntary - such attention arises unintentionally (for example, to the siren of a fire engine, lightning outside the window, a moving object in a lecture hall, etc.), arbitrary - consciously regulated concentration on object and post-voluntary - supported by interest (for example, I started reading a book and got carried away). In the audience, it is necessary to arouse, first of all, arbitrary attention. Research shows that for this you need to create a mindfulness mindset in your listeners.

Attention capture techniques

Practice has developed a number of effective techniques capturing the attention of the audience in the introductory part of a public speech. Almost all of these techniques can be easily applied even by a novice speaker.

– Appeal to an event, time, place.

“Start from where you are,” advises P. Soper. Say: We are gathered today in the auditorium, in

which ... Here is a portrait of Lenin hanging ... Today is the anniversary ... Two months ago I spoke in the same audience, and then ... I think everyone watched the news on TV yesterday and they know ... This morning in the latest news reported, etc., etc.

This technique is simple and very effective for attracting attention.

– Appeal to the vital interests of the listeners, to what excites them daily. Raise questions that relieve or can relieve personal tension in listeners, help them solve any of their daily problems. Here is what D. Carnegie wrote on this topic: “We are not interested in a conversation on the topic “How wills are made in Peru”, but we would be interested in a conversation “How to make our own wills” (p. 65).

P. Soper gave an interesting classification of people's interests, touching on which, we will secure the attention of the audience.

He singled out the "basic interests" of the people:

matters of life and death;

health;

profession;

social prestige;

danger;

urgent action.

In addition to them, he included among the issues of general interest such problems as: patriotism, duty, honor, a sense of justice, the desire to correct evil, compassion for the dumb sufferers.

“Group interests”, according to P. Soper, are bribery in local government, taxes, air, the problem of crime in the community.

"Topical interests" - epidemics, election campaign, new law, position in the world.

"Specific interests" - a car, a house, food, household items, that is, with which we come into daily contact.

It is easy to see that the interests highlighted by P. Soper are mainly American, but it is important to understand the principles for identifying such interests.

- Arousing curiosity.

Bring up an unusual fact that the listener reveals

tellers that they don't know everything yet. For example: “Did you know that slavery exists in 17 countries of the world?” - "How? In which?"

Promise to tell “about foreign lands and peoples, mysterious incidents, miracles of the past and present” (P. Soper).

Give a paradox that will excite the thinking activity of listeners. By placing the audience in front of a paradox, we ensure that the audience will show interest in the problem posed: how will the speaker resolve this paradox? Compare: “Einstein said that education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten.” Is it correct?" Or: “As Heine said, wise men think through their thoughts, fools announce them. Do you agree with this?" Or another option: “The more poverty, the more hope. So said Sholem Aleichem. Really, why is that?

Curiosity can be aroused by putting listeners in front of a dilemma: the mechanism will be the same as when offering some paradoxical statement - the audience itself will not want to solve the problem posed, but it will want the speaker to solve this problem for it, and attention will be provided.

L. P. Grossman in the book “On the Art of the Lecturer” (M., 1970, p. 17) gives an example of setting a dilemma at the beginning of a public speech by A. V. Lunacharsky, who spoke on the topic “Pushkin and Nekrasov”. A. V. Lunacharsky began his speech as follows:

“Plekhanov recalled that at the funeral of Nekrasov, Dostoevsky said over the grave: “He was no lower than Pushkin.” But a whole choir of young voices from the crowd shouted: "Higher, higher!" Dostoevsky made an effort, grimaced and said: "Not higher, but not lower than Pushkin." And again the chorus of young voices: “Higher, higher!” And behind this chorus of voices were many conscious elements of the then Russia.

So who is higher?

– Appeal to struggle, conflict.

Dale Carnegie has a wonderful saying in this connection that any speaker should remember: “The world loves to hear about wrestling. When movie characters start hugging, everyone is looking for coats and hats."

P. Soper invites the speaker to find in the topic what

touches the adventure vein; "look for conflict: clash in struggle arouses involuntary interest." Remember: people willingly watch everyday conflicts on the street, stop to stare at a fight, fire, accident, etc. By announcing at the very beginning of the speech about the conflict or dramatic situation that you intend to talk about, you will win the attention of the audience. It is worth the speaker to say: “In the winter of 1930, on a stormy night, when a cargo ship was approaching the coast ... - and the audience will immediately start up” (P. Soper, p. 137). Or another version of the beginning: “Quarrels between husband and wife are a common thing in families. Why is this happening?" Or: “The other day I witnessed a violent conflict in the queue. What started it all...?

- Demonstration of an object.

You can start like this: “Here is a book in my hands. Excellent binding, excellent paper, well published. She is very attractive to those who take her in their hands ... At the same time, there is not a word of truth in her ... "

Or: “Here I brought to show you a small badge. It miraculously survived with me, I don’t even know how. And this badge is “Voroshilovsky shooter”. Who knows why it was given in our country?

- A story about yourself personal experience, a case from your life, about what you read.

You can talk about your experiences, feelings: "I am very worried today, speaking to you, because ...". Other possible options for “telling about yourself”: “Somehow I had to witness an interesting dispute ... Recently I read that ... Once such an incident happened to me ... Once I was on a train from Moscow and there was a very interesting fellow traveler with me in the compartment ... etc.

- Quoting a friend.

Give the statement of your good friend, friend, buddy. This statement can be presented by you in the best possible way, processed in such a way as to arouse the interest of the listeners.

- Quoting a celebrity. For example: "Bernard Shaw once said..."; “They say that Peter I told his associates...”; "Einstein owns a very curious phrase ...", etc. The convenience of such a beginning is that the aphorism or catchphrase easily

prepare in advance, and its quality will ensure that it attracts attention.

- Historical episode.

You can start like this: “In the 18th century, there was a custom at the French court ...”; “I will tell you about one interesting case described by our historians at the beginning of the 19th century ...”; “We all know the past rather poorly, and therefore the lessons of the past teach us little. At the same time, we can learn a lot of useful things even from the life of the ancient peoples. “Do you know that it was already accepted among the ancient Romans ...”, etc.

For example: “Yesterday in Izvestia there was a small note about ...”, “This morning in the program“ Time for business

people" I heard a curious message..."; “Late last night, Mayak reported that ...”, etc. This technique is very reliable as a means of capturing attention, because among the listeners there will definitely be people who listened or watched, read what you are going to talk about, and this immediately puts them in the position of "at one with the speaker"; such people usually say to those sitting next to them: “Yes, I saw (read, listened to) too ...” and mobilize other listeners to listen attentively. It’s also a good idea to give some details: “At eleven o’clock at Mayak ...”, “In the morning, I was just about to leave, I stood in the corridor and heard ...”, etc. Additional details - when, where, under what conditions you received the information that you share with your listeners, has an additional attracting effect.

- Statement of the problematic question and the answer to it. This method of capturing attention is recommended by D. Carnegie; its limitation lies in the fact that different audiences react differently to such a beginning - an unprepared, heterogeneous audience reacts to such a beginning more passively than a prepared one.

- Rhetorical question.

If a rhetorical question is asked emotionally, after which a pause is maintained, then the speaker in most cases is able to attract the attention of the audience. It must be borne in mind that the topic posed at the beginning of the speech by a rhetorical question should be further immediately developed, concretized - by others, more

more specific rhetorical questions or arguments; a single rhetorical question often looks too declarative, “beautiful”.

- A statement of the purpose and objectives of the speech.

This technique is effective only in a very competent audience, when the audience is initially well versed in the problem and their attention is actually provided by the very interest in the topic.

There are also some purely "technical" ways to capture collections:

uttering a deliberately loud phrase;

performing an unusual action (for example, the audience does not calm down for a long time, and the speaker begins to look for something in his portfolio for a long time: everyone will calm down, watching with curiosity - what is he looking for there?

You can also point out some wrong tricks in the initial part of the speech:

Don't say you're not a speaker.

Don't start your speech with an apology.

Don't start with a joke.

The last recommendation is especially important for our audience. The American audience, for example, admits such a beginning and reacts positively to a joke at the very beginning, but the Russian audience does not consider such a beginning acceptable, is not used to it, and will evaluate such a beginning rather as unsuccessful, as evidence of the speaker’s frivolity, or decipher the joke as the speaker’s desire from all strength to please the audience. If any communicative technique is deciphered, its effect is equal to zero and it even worsens the communicative position of the speaker.

One day, a speaker who was supposed to speak to an audience of university professors on environmental topics (and the audience was forced to listen to a lecture on ecology), in order to win the attention and favor of the audience, began his lecture like this: “We all love to drink (?!) ... But in order to drink, you must have something to eat (?!). And in order to have something to eat, it needs to grow... And in order to grow, you need a good ecological environment... So we'll talk today about the importance of ecology in life human society!" This opening caused bewilderment and laughter in the audience, and the speaker was perceived as frivolous. "Buffoon",

one of the listeners said about him. The audience did not want to listen to him. So with humor in the initial stage of the performance, one must be very careful. Do not assume that you have to be witty from the moment you appear in front of people. Humor is best saved for later, for the next stages of your presentation.

The history of the world has already met dozens of specialists oratory whose speeches we still remember. The most recent geniuses of this art have been Hitler, Khrushchev, and other politicians who were campaigning. More often, it is politicians who give an example of how to turn ordinary speech into something more, an element of history. You should know that writing texts for speeches brings money, because the topic of the speech can be any, including earnings.

But it is not always the case. For example, the last "strong" speech delivered Steve Jobs in 2005 and it wasn't a new product launch. With the help of oratory, he encouraged students at Stanford University to strive for dreams and about the benefits of looking for opportunities in life's failures. Using speech techniques, Jobs touched life themes, endearing himself to the public, and the speech went down in history.

For some, this is a hobby, while someone studies eloquence so that the presentation will receive the highest marks and be useful.

“Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved it. You need to find what you love. And this is as true for work as it is for relationships. Your work will fill most life and the only way to be completely satisfied is to do what you think is a great thing. And the only way to do great things is to love what you do. If you haven't found your business yet, look for it. Do not stop. As with all things of the heart, you will know when you find it. And like any good relationship, it gets better and better with age. So seek until you find. Do not stop".

“Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't fall into the trap of dogma that says to live on other people's thoughts. Don't let the noise of other people's opinions drown out your inner voice. And most importantly: have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know who you really want to be. Everything else is secondary."“Stay hungry. Stay reckless."

If you analyze any speech by Steve Jobs, you will notice that it resembles a conversation - it is very understandable, natural and laid-back. Constant pauses, which are an integral part of speech, give emotionality to the text.

Despite the fact that this speech is considered one of the best delivered in modern times, some experts believe that Jobs lacks the correct gestures and body movements and the speech is not the limit of oratory. But do not forget that for this person this was not an activity, rather it was a hobby and duties, as the owner of the company. By the way, presentation new technology, always looked very exciting.

Where can you find this art?

Yes, almost everywhere Everyday life We are surrounded by moments like this all the time. Sports, friendships or other part of your life is filled with them. Maybe you don't always remember it, but if sport is a part of your life for you, then where do you look for motivation? That's right, in the words of athletes when they talk in public about their results. Sport, like business or war, requires motivation.

What is the art of oratory

If the topic of eloquence is a hobby for you, then you don’t have to go into too much detail, but you should know the basic components of a good speech.

• Training. The key to a successful performance depends on your preparation for it. The clothes in which the performance will take place require careful selection.

It is important for a girl not to wear a lot of makeup and to have a modest appearance. This will put the audience at ease and not be distracting.

For men, it is important to look neat and ironed. Show success and confidence, otherwise the listener may simply not attach due importance to the words.

You need to pay attention to the elements depending on your audience. Indeed, for businessmen, money and the high cost of style will be an important element. For schoolchildren or students, a simpler and more casual look is suitable.

• Introduction. You can start with a story from life or an unusual phrase that should hook the listener. This technique is called "hook". In the speech of Steve Jobs, which we talked about above, the “hook” was used in the form of a joke.

Always use pauses between main parts of speech. It helps to digest what has been said and at the same time you can see the reaction of people.

Oratory is based on the ability to draw images, but only the right images. It should be what can be visually represented, and if it's about numbers, then you need to use slides or translate into something that can be visually measured.

• Main part. Of course, there are no specific rules for the main part, but a couple of tips can be given. Break the speech into blocks in a logical way so that it is clear where you are moving into another part of the speech.

Do not make a monologue out of the speech, otherwise the listeners will simply get bored and will feel like guests. Ask rhetorical or direct questions, draw someone from the audience into a conversation, you can call on the stage. Ask to do something. Talk energetically.

• Conclusion. The speech can end beautiful phrase or take a step back. No need to stretch the conclusion and tell something else.

You can emphasize the main thing from the speech and at the end start to lower the tone. Then everyone will understand that the performance is over. The art of ending a speech briefly and clearly requires mandatory practice.

• Personal examples and stories. Now it is difficult to surprise with some facts or insert something completely new for the target audience into the text of the main part.

Therefore, personal stories are on a par with pauses and images in the foundations of the art of successful performance. Let's say if you are a businessman, it would be good to tell you how you earned your first money. Telling a story from life, you bring the viewer closer to you, give you the opportunity to imagine yourself in your place. And if you write a speech correctly, then you can integrate key points into the story and convey to the viewer necessary information.

Genre of speech

Oratory is divided into types and a person can delve into any genre. Here are the main directions of this art:

• scientific genre;
• political;
• judicial speech;
• church genre;
• other types of eloquence.

Money as the goal of oratory

Currently, trainings and seminars, where the topic of how to make money is discussed, has swept the Internet. Actually, the Internet has contributed to this. He opened up opportunities for earning, and hence for learning. After all, before the main source of self-study was the book.

An example of speeches by millionaires at universities or online seminars in the Internet space - this all relates to the subject of business, where the main task is to make money. The purpose of these speeches is to motivate the listener, charge them with emotions and the desire to do something. All this is driven by the desire to have a lot of money and be independent. A good way to convert the knowledge of oratory into money is to open a school for the practice and study of eloquence.

court speech

Judicial speech as a genre came to us from ancient Greece. In connection with the growth of the population, politicians studied oratory, and judicial speech was of great importance at that time. The fate of a politician could be decided by the ability to speak in public. In Greece, this skill was trained and paid a lot of money for it.

Since in the courts at that time everyone had to defend himself, citizens who had money paid logographers for the text, and judicial speech allowed them to avoid punishment.

The court speech, like any other, consisted of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The man thus tried to pity the judges and make them believe that his court speech was not fictitious.

Judicial practice in ancient times was the property of the people, and many people gathered for the court, so it was problematic to speak without proper preparation.

Judicial speech, as a genre, has a place to be and develop in modern times and can bring money to professionals. All prosecutors and lawyers prepare the text of the speech in advance, this is what distinguishes a good lawyer. In order for a court speech to impress the judge and jury, techniques in rhetoric are used.

An example of Lincoln's speech

In 1863, a few months after the bloody battle, Lincoln delivered the famous Gettysburg Address. There is no need to talk about oratory and attitude to professional rhetoric here, there simply would not be enough space for receptions in it. But the text written by Lincoln, forced to shed tears and cling to the soul

The public speech lasted only about two minutes, but history will not forget those two minutes. As a result, this speech was carved on a monument in the Lincoln Memorial.

“Eighty-seven years have passed since our fathers founded a new nation on this continent, owing its birth to freedom and devoting itself to proving that all people are born equal.”

“Now we are going through a great test civil war that will decide whether this nation, or any nation like it by birth or vocation, is able to endure. We converged on the field where thundered great battle this war. We have come to consecrate a part of this land - the last resting place of those who gave their lives for the life of this nation. And that in itself is quite appropriate and worthy.”

“But still it is not in our power to consecrate this field, make it sacred, spiritualize this land. By the deeds of the brave men, the fallen and the living, who fought here, this land is already sacred, and it is not in our modest power to add or subtract anything. What we say here will only be glimpsed and soon forgotten, but what they did here will never be forgotten. Let us, the living, devote ourselves to the unfinished business that these warriors were doing here. Let us dedicate ourselves here to the great work that lies ahead of us, and be even more determined to give ourselves to the goal to which those who have fallen here have given themselves to the end. Let us solemnly swear that their death will not be in vain, that this God-protected nation will find renewed freedom, and that the power of the people, by the will of the people and for the people, will not disappear from the face of the earth.

Historians say that Lincoln decided to write the text for the speech himself, taking as a basis the principle of equality from the Declaration of Independence and relying on the great figures of the past. According to eyewitnesses, the speech was so strong that it made the people believe that all the victims were not in vain, and they are not fighting against other states, but are fighting for the freedom of the people and the future of their native state. Just one text allowed people to unite, like a family, to resist the enemy.

Example of Chaplin's text

Charlie Chaplin's speech test is called in Russian translation "How I fell in love with myself" and became our story and the main speech of a person. He said it on his seventieth birthday.

True, there are rumors that in fact the example of the text could have been written by fans from Brazil. There is no clear evidence that this was the work of Charlie Chaplin, as well as exact evidence of forgery.

Despite this, the speech on the topic of self-love turned out great and deserves attention - this is an example that you can use for your own purposes.

“When I fell in love with myself, I realized that longing and suffering are only warning signs that I am living against my own truth. Today I know it's called "BE YOURSELF".

When I fell in love with myself, I realized how much you can offend someone if you impose on him the fulfillment of my own desires, when the time has not yet come, and the person is not yet ready, and this person is myself. Today I call it “SELF-RESPECT”.

When I fell in love with myself, I stopped wanting another life, and suddenly I saw that the life that surrounds me now provides me with all the opportunities for growth. Today I call it "MATURE".

When I fell in love with myself, I realized that under any circumstances I am in right place in right time and everything happens at just the right moment. I can always be calm. Now I call it "SELF CONFIDENCE".

As I began to love myself, I stopped stealing my own time and dreaming of big future projects. Today I only do what gives me joy and makes me happy, what I love and what makes my heart smile. I do it the way I want and at my own pace. Today I call it SIMPLE.

When I fell in love with myself, I freed myself from everything that harms my health - food, people, things, situations. All the things that led me down and out of my own way. Today I call it "LOVE FOR YOURSELF".

When I fell in love with myself, I stopped always being right. And that's when I started making fewer and fewer mistakes. Today I realized that this is "MODITY".

When I fell in love with myself, I stopped living in the past and worrying about the future. Today I live only in the present moment and call it "SATISFACTION".

When I fell in love with myself, I realized that my mind can interfere with me, that it can even make me sick. But when I was able to connect him to my heart, he immediately became my valuable ally. Today I call this connection "WISDOM OF THE HEART".

We no longer need to be afraid of arguments, confrontations, problems with ourselves and with other people. Even stars collide, and out of their collisions new worlds are born.Today I know that this is “LIFE”.

Churchill's public speech (part)

Churchill is a master at writing text for speeches. Performance at military theme in 1940 did not leave anyone indifferent and gives an example to follow.

“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We are facing a severe test. Before us are many long months of struggle and suffering. What is our policy, you ask? I answer: to wage war on sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the power that God can bestow upon us; wage war against a monstrous tyranny that has never been equaled in the grim and mournful list of human crimes.

That is our policy. What is our goal, you ask? I can answer in one word: victory - victory at any cost, victory in spite of all the horrors; victory, no matter how long and thorny the path to it may be; without victory, we will not survive. It is necessary to understand: the British Empire will not be able to survive - everything for which it existed will perish, everything that humanity has defended for centuries, what it has strived for for centuries, and what it will strive for will perish. However, I accept my duties with energy and hope. I am sure that people will not let our cause perish.

Now I feel entitled to demand help from everyone, and I say: "Let's go forward together, joining our forces."

Churchill was allowed to write this text by the techniques of the art of eloquence. Historical this text made directness and honesty of statements.

A month after the speech of the ally of England, the Germans defeated and captured, on this subject he wrote another text and spoke with it. Parts of his speech should be found and read, this is a good example if you want to write a speech or your goal is to make a cool presentation.

Sports, friendship, family, hobbies are topics on which you can write professional texts and apply oratory. Examples or parts of oratory texts can be found on the Internet or seen on television. This is a must if you want to write a text that is good for reading and speaking. A book on public speaking will also help with learning, reading specialized literature has improved my ability to properly conduct a dialogue, thanks to which friendship with people has become stronger, and a recent hobby has begun to pay dividends.

I once asked Dr. Lynn Harold Howe, former president of Northwestern University, what he considered most important for a speaker based on his years of experience in the field. After a moment's thought, he replied: "An exciting opening that will immediately attract attention." He planned ahead for almost last word everything he was supposed to start and end his speech with. So did John Bright, Gladstone, Webster, Lincoln. In fact, every speaker with common sense and experience does the same.

And the beginner? Rarely. Planning takes time, requires mental effort and willpower. The work of the brain is a painful process.

On the walls of his workshops, Thomas Edison affixed plaques with the following statement by Sir Joshua Reynolds: "There is no trick that a person would not resort to to avoid the real difficulties associated with the process of thinking."

The beginner usually hopes for the inspiration of the moment, and as a result it turns out that he has to go on a road full of potholes and potholes.

The late Lord Northcliffe, who went from a miserable office worker to the richest and most powerful newspaper owner in british empire, said that the following three words of Pascal helped him more in achieving success than anything else he had ever read:

"To foresee is to control."

When you plan your speech, this great motto should be on your desk. Try to anticipate where you will start when your mind is fresh so that you can be aware of every word you say. Try to anticipate what impression you will eventually leave when nothing can erase it.

Ever since the time of Aristotle, books on the subject have divided the speech into three parts: the introduction, the actual speech, and the conclusion. Until the relatively recent past, the introduction, in its leisurely - and this could be afforded - often resembled a ride in a convertible. In this case, the speaker broke the news and entertained the listeners at the same time. A hundred years ago, he often filled the gap in society that is currently filled by newspapers, magazines, radio, television, telephone, cinema.

However, the situation has changed radically. The world has been rebuilt.

Inventions in the last hundred years have accelerated life more than has been done at any time since Belshazzar and Nebuchadnezzar. Thanks to cars, airplanes, radio, television, we are moving at an ever-increasing speed, and the speaker must keep up with this impatient pace of the times. If you're going to start with an intro, then trust me, it should be as short as the poster. Here's what would appeal to the average modern audience: "Do you have something to say? Good. Just let's hurry and as best we can less jewelry. No rhetoric! Give us the facts quickly and sit down in your seat."

When Woodrow Wilson spoke before Congress on critical issue ultimatum about submarine warfare, he announced the topic of his speech and concentrated the attention of his audience on this issue with only following words: "In the foreign policy relations of our country, such a situation has arisen that it is my direct duty to sincerely tell you about it."

When Charles Schwab spoke at the Pennsylvania Society in New York, he got straight to the point in the second sentence: "The main thing in the minds of American citizens at present is next question: how should we understand the current downturn in business activity and what awaits us in the future? Personally, I'm optimistic...

The commercial director of the National Cash Register, in one of his speeches, addressed his employees in the following way. There were only three sentences in the introduction to his speech, and they were easy to listen to, as they were full of energy and perspective: “Those of you who receive orders are supposed to keep smoke coming from the chimney of our factory. Quantity the smoke emitted from our chimney during the last two summer months was not enough to obscure the surrounding landscape to any great extent.

Now that the hard days are behind us and the season of business recovery has begun, we make a short but strong request to you: we want more smoke."

Do inexperienced speakers usually manage to achieve such commendable speed and brevity in the introduction to their speeches? Most inexperienced and unqualified speakers start their presentations in one of two unfortunate ways. Let's discuss them.

Beware of telling a so-called funny story at the beginning of a speech

For some lamentable reason, the novice speaker often assumes that he must be witty. By its nature, it can be as serious as an encyclopedia, completely devoid of any sense of humor. However, the moment he starts speaking, he imagines that the spirit of Mark Twain has descended upon him. Therefore, he tends to start his speech with a funny story, especially if he speaks after a dinner party. What happens? You can bet twenty to one that both the story and the manner of presentation of this new storyteller will be as heavy as a dictionary.

His story will surely fail. In the immortal words of the immortal Hamlet, he will turn out to be "insignificant, flat and stupid."

If the narrator makes several such misfires in front of listeners who have paid for their seats, he will be shushed, and unflattering exclamations will be heard in the hall. However, usually listeners are sympathetic towards the speaker, and therefore, for purely philanthropic reasons, they will make every effort to giggle a few times, although in the depths of their hearts they will feel sorry for the failed humorist for his failure! They themselves will feel out of place. Haven't you ever witnessed this kind of fiasco?

There is nothing more complex and rarer in all the difficult art of oratory than the ability to make listeners laugh. Humor is a spontaneous matter, associated with individuality, personality.

Remember, the story itself is rarely funny. It all depends on how you tell. Out of a hundred people, ninety-nine will fail miserably by telling the same stories that made Mark Twain famous. Read the stories that Lincoln repeated in the taverns of the Eighth Judicial District of Illinois, those stories that people traveled miles to hear, stories that they listened to until morning and which sometimes, according to an eyewitness, made listeners laugh out loud and fall out of their chairs. Read these stories aloud to your family and see if they bring a smile to your face. Here is one of the stories that brought Lincoln tremendous success. Why don't you try telling it? Just do it, please, in private, not in front of an audience: "One day, a belated traveler, trying to get home on the dirt roads of Illinois, was overtaken by a thunderstorm. The night was black as ink. It was raining with such force as if a dam had burst in the sky. Lightning tore through the angry clouds like dynamite. Continuous flashes illuminated the falling trees around. The roar deafened the traveler. Finally, a clap of thunder, which was the most terrible and terrible thing that this helpless man had ever heard in his life, threw him to his knees. He usually never prayed, but now, breathless, he wailed: "Oh, my God, I beg you, send more light and less noise."

You may be one of those people blessed with the rare gift of humor. If so, then cultivate this gift in yourself by all means.

You will be welcomed three times warmer wherever you perform. But if your talent lies in other areas, then it would be reckless and even, one might say, a state crime on your part to try to put on the mantle of Chauncey M. Depew.

If you ever read his speeches, Lincoln's speeches or Job Hedges' speeches, you will probably be surprised that they told their listeners very little of any stories, especially at the beginning of the speech. Edwin James Catell told me that he never told funny stories just for laughs. Such stories should be appropriate and illustrate any stated position. Humor should be the icing on the cake, the chocolate between the layers of the cake, not the cake itself. Strickland Gillilan, one of the finest humor lecturers in the United States, made it a point to never tell any story within the first three minutes of his speech. If he considered it suitable for himself, then I think that you and I can follow his example.

Should the beginning of the performance then be ponderous, elephantine, and exceptionally solemn? In no case.

Arouse amusement, if you can, by referring to specific local features related to the situation or to the remarks of a previous speaker. Note any inconsistency. Exaggerate her. These kinds of jokes will bring you success forty times faster than outdated jokes about Pat and Mike, about the mother-in-law or about the goat.

Perhaps the most the easy way in order to create a cheerful mood, is a joke to one's own address. Tell about yourself, how you got into some funny and predicament, and this will immediately provide a humorous atmosphere. Eskimos even laugh at a man who has broken his leg. The Chinese are giggling over a dog that fell out of a second-story window and crashed to death. We are somewhat kinder, but don't we smile if someone tries to catch their hat or slips on a banana peel?

Almost anyone can make people laugh if they compare the incomparable, as one journalist did in a statement when he wrote that he "can't stand children, tripe food and Democrats."

See how cleverly Rudyard Kipling was able to get the audience laughing at the beginning of one of his political speeches in England. He did not tell ready-made jokes, but shared his own own experience and cheerfully compared the incomparable:

"Dear lords, ladies and gentlemen! When I was a young man and was in India, I used to cover criminal cases in the newspaper in which I served. It was interesting job because she introduced me to counterfeiters, embezzlers, murderers, and other enterprising "athletes" of that kind. (Laugh). Sometimes, after I wrote a report from the courtroom, I visited my friends in prison who were serving their sentences there. (Laugh). I remember one man who was sentenced to life in prison for murder. He was a smart, well-spoken guy, and he told me what he called the story of his life. He said: "Believe me - if a person has embarked on a dishonest path, then one act entails another until he is in such a position that he needs to remove someone from his path in order to get back on the straight path. ". (Laugh). This is what determines the current position of the Cabinet of Ministers. (Laughter. Cheers.)"

In the same way, William Howard Taft managed to bring a dose of humor to the annual banquet of executives of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. The most remarkable thing is this: he joked and at the same time made an elegant compliment to his listeners:

"Mr. President, gentlemen of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company!

I visited my native place about nine months ago and heard a gentleman speak there at a banquet who spoke with enthusiasm. He said that he had consulted in advance with a friend of his, who had great experience in giving banquet speeches, and this friend informed him that the best audience for this kind of speech was an intelligent, well-educated, but drunk audience. (Laughter and applause.) Today, I have to say that as a banquet specialist, your audience is one of the best I've ever seen. It's true that you're missing the element that was mentioned in the previous sentence (applause), but I think the spirit of Metropolitan Life Insurance makes up for it.

(Prolonged applause.)"

Don't start with an apology

The second biggest mistake that a beginner usually makes at the beginning of a speech is that he apologizes: "I'm not a speaker ... I didn't prepare for the speech ... I have nothing to say ..."

In no case! In no case! One of Kipling's poems begins with the words: "There is no point in moving on." This is the feeling that the listeners get when the speaker begins his speech in this way.

Either way, if you're not prepared, some of us will notice without your help. Others won't notice. Why draw their attention to this? Why insult your listeners by telling them that you didn't see fit to prepare and that any old dish that happened to be on your stove would be good to regale them with? No way! We don't want to hear your apologies. We came here to be informed and interested, interested, remember that.

The second you appeared in front of the audience, naturally, they inevitably gave you their attention. It's not hard to keep it up for the next five seconds, but it's not easy to keep it up for the next five minutes. If you lose it, it will be doubly difficult for you to get it back again. Therefore, start your speech with some interesting message already in the very first sentence. Not in the second and not in the third, but in the first, FIRST!

"How to do it?" - you ask. I admit it's not easy.

In trying to collect material for this purpose, we must go down various detours and winding paths, because so much depends on you, on your listeners, on the topic, the material collected, the situation, and so on. Nevertheless, we hope that the recommendations that will be discussed and illustrated in the remainder of this chapter will be of some use to you and will prove to be valuable.

Excite Curiosity

That's how Howell Healey got his start at the Penn Athletic Club in Philadelphia. Do you like it, does it immediately grab your attention?

"Eighty-two years ago, at about this time of the year, a little book was published in London, which was destined to become immortal. Many called it "the greatest little book in the world." When it first appeared, then friends who met on the Strand or Pall -Mall, they asked each other: have you read it?And the answer is always heard: "Yes, I read it, God bless him."

The day the book was published, a thousand copies were sold. Within two weeks demand reached fifteen thousand. Since then, the book has gone through countless editions. A few years ago, J.P. Morgan acquired the manuscript of this book for a fabulous sum, and it is now kept among his other priceless treasures in this delightful art gallery in New York, which he calls his library.

What is this world famous book? "Christmas Carol"

Dickens..."

Do you consider this start successful? Did it grab your attention, increase your interest as the story progressed? Why? Was it because the story piqued your curiosity and kept you on your toes?

Curiosity! Who is not subject to it?

I saw birds in the forest that flew for an hour watching me out of sheer curiosity. I know a hunter in the Alps who lured a chamois by throwing a sheet over it and crawling to and fro, thus arousing the curiosity of the animals. Curiosity is possessed by dogs, cats, all kinds of animals, including the well-known genus homo .

Therefore, arouse the curiosity of your listeners from the very first phrase, and they will listen to you with interest.

One writer used to begin his lecture on Colonel Thomas Lawrence and his adventures in Arabia as follows:

"Lloyd George says he considers Colonel Lawrence one of the most romantic and colorful personalities of our time."

This start has two advantages. A quote from the statements of a famous person, firstly, always attracts a lot of attention.

Secondly, it arouses curiosity. "Why romantic and why flamboyant? - a natural question arises. - I've never heard of him before ... What did he do?"

Lowell Thomas began his lecture on Colonel Thomas Lawrence as follows:

"Once I was walking along Christian Street in Jerusalem and met a man dressed in the luxurious clothes of an eastern ruler. He had a crooked golden saber on his side, which is worn only by the descendants of the prophet Mohammed. However, this man was completely different from an Arab. He had Blue eyes and Arab eyes are always black or brown."

Such a beginning grabs your attention, doesn't it? You want to hear more. Who was he? Why did he dress like an Arab? What was he doing? What happened to him?

One speaker who began his talk with the question "Did you know that slavery exists in seventeen modern world?”, not only aroused curiosity, but also amazed the listeners: “Slavery? Nowadays? Seventeen countries? It doesn't sound plausible. In what states? Where they are?"

It is often possible to arouse the curiosity of the audience by starting with the effect and making the listeners feel a burning desire to hear the cause.

For example, one of my listeners began his speech with the following statement:

"Recently a member of one of our legislatures came out and proposed a law forbidding tadpoles to turn into a frog closer than two miles from any school building."

You are smiling. Is the speaker kidding? What nonsense. Was it really? ...Yes. The speaker explains how this happened.

"Are gangsters really organized? Generally, yes. How?.."

You can see that in these few words the author of the article informed about the topic, told you something about it and piqued your curiosity about how gangsters are organized. This is very commendable. Every person who wants to speak in public should learn the techniques that journalists use to grab the reader's attention immediately. From them you will learn much more about how to start a speech than if you study collections of printed speeches.

Why not start with a story?

We especially like it when the speaker talks about his personal experiences. Russell E. Conwell gave his "Acres of Diamonds" lecture over six thousand times and received millions for it. And how does this extremely popular lecture begin?

"In 1870 we sailed down the Tigris River. We hired a guide to show us Persepolis, Nineveh and Babylon..."

And he starts telling a story. That is what attracts attention. Such a start is almost unmistakable. It is unlikely to fail. Events are developing. Get dynamism. We follow them. We want to know what happens next.

The following are opening sentences taken from two stories printed in one of the issues of the Saturday Evening Post.

1. The sharp crack of a revolver shot broke the silence.

2. An incident, trivial in itself, but by no means trivial in its possible consequences, took place during the first week of July at the Montview Hotel in Denver. It aroused such curiosity in Goebel, the manager, that he told Steve Faraday, owner of the Montview Hotel and half a dozen other hotels, about it when Steve arrived here a few days later, following his desire to have another check in midsummer.

Note that these suggestions are full of action. They start something.

Even an inexperienced beginner can usually get off to a good start if he uses this storytelling technique and piques the curiosity of his listeners.

Start with a specific illustration

It is difficult, very difficult, for the average audience to listen to abstract statements for a long time. It is easier, and much easier, to listen to the illustrations. Why not start with one of them? It's hard to get speakers to do that. I know. I already tried. They feel like they should first make a few general statements. Nothing like this.

Start your presentation with an illustration, arouse interest, and then continue with your general remarks. If you want an example of such a method, please see the beginning of Chapter Six.

What method was used at the beginning of this chapter you are reading now?

Use any item

Perhaps the easiest way in the world to get attention is to hold something in your hands so that the listeners can look at it. Even the savages and the feeble-minded, the babies in the cradle and the monkeys in the shop window, and the dogs in the street, will pay attention to such a stimulus. Sometimes it can be used with success even in front of the most respected audience. For example, C. S. Ellis of Philadelphia began one of his speeches by holding a coin high above his head between his index finger and thumb. Naturally, all the listeners began to look at her. Then he asked: "Did anyone present find such a coin on the sidewalk? Everything suggests that the lucky one who finds it will receive many benefits in the form real estate. All he has to do is show up and present this coin..." Then Ellis began to expose the illegal and unethical activities.

Ask a question

There is another positive quality to the opening used by Ellis. His speech begins with a question that forces the audience to think along with the speaker, to cooperate with him. Note that the article on gangsters in The Saturday Evening Post begins with two questions in the first three sentences: "Are gangsters really organized?.. How?" The use of such key issue is indeed one of the simplest and most reliable methods for arousing and entering the imagination of your listeners. If other methods prove useless, then you can always apply this method.

Why not start with a quote from a famous person's speech?

The words of some famous person always attract attention, so good quote best for starting a performance. Do you like how the discussion about commercial success started?

“Society gives us great rewards, both money and honors, for all but one thing,” says Elbert Hubbard. “And that alone is initiative. What is initiative? necessary, although he was not asked to do so."

This introduction deserves a few words of praise. The first sentence arouses curiosity, it captivates us, and we want to know more. If the speaker makes a skillful pause after the words "Elber Hubbard", then this provokes a sense of anticipation. "What does society give us great rewards for?" we ask. Tell us quickly. We may not agree with you, but in any case, let us know your opinion. The second sentence brings us right to the heart of the matter. The third one, which is a question, invites listeners to take part in the discussion, to think, to do something. And listeners love it. They love it! The fourth sentence defines initiative... After this beginning, the speaker gives an example from his own life.

Link your topic to the vital interests of your listeners

Start with some remark that directly relates to the interests of the audience. This is one of the most better ways start speaking. It will definitely draw attention. We are very interested in things that directly and strongly affect us.

It's just common sense, isn't it? However, this method is rarely used. For example, I heard one speaker begin his speech on the need for periodic medical check-ups. How did he start his speech? He began it with a story about an institute that dealt with issues of extending human life. He told how this institute is organized and what services it provides. Nonsense! Our listeners do not show the slightest interest in how and where some companies operate. However, they are deeply and eternally interested in themselves.

Why not recognize this important factor? Why not demonstrate how vital this company is to listeners? Why not start, for example: "Do you know what your life expectancy is according to the tables developed by insurance companies? According to life insurance statistics, your life expectancy is two-thirds of the time between your present age and eighty years.

For example, if you are now thirty-five years old, then the difference between your current age and eighty years is forty-five. You can expect to live two-thirds of that time, that is another thirty years... Is that enough? No, no, we all yearn to live longer. However, the above tables were compiled from millions of cases. Can you and I count on refuting them? Yes, we can, if we take the necessary precautions, and the very first step in this direction is a thorough medical examination ... "

In this case, if we explain in detail why the periodic medical examinations are necessary, the student may be interested in any institution established to provide such services to him. However, to begin with a story about such an institution would be a disastrous mistake!

Let's take another example. I heard one speaker begin his speech about the need to conserve forests. He spoke something like this:

"We Americans should be proud of our national treasures..."

After such an introduction, he began to argue that we were wasting wood in a shameful way. However, the beginning was unsuccessful, too general, too vague. He did nothing to make the listeners feel the importance of this issue for themselves. Among the listeners was a printing house worker. Deforestation means something very specific to his work. Among the listeners was a banker.

The destruction of the forests will reverberate on him as well, as it will affect our general well-being ... and so on. So why not start off like this: "The issue I'm about to touch on is about your business, Mr. Appleby, and yours, Mr. Saul. As a matter of fact, it will have an impact on both the cost of food and rent to a certain extent. It affects well-being and prosperity for all of us."

Paul Gibbons, former president of the Philadelphia Optimist Club, began his talk on crime with the following compelling statement:

"Americans are the worst criminals in the civilized world. Astonishing as this statement may be, it is true. Cleveland, Ohio has six times as many murders and one hundred and seventy times as many robberies as London, based on population .Every year in Cleveland there is a significant large quantity more people are robbed or attacked with the intent to rob than in all of England, Scotland and Wales combined. More people are killed each year in St. Louis than in all of England and Wales. There are more murders in New York than in France, Germany, Italy or British Isles. The sad truth is that the criminal is not punished. If you commit murder, there is less than one chance in a hundred that you will ever be executed for it. As a civilian, you are ten times more likely to die of cancer than to be hanged if you shoot a man."

How do you like the beginning below, and if so, why?

Mary E. Richmond addressed the annual meeting of the League of Women Voters of New York at a time when legislation against underage marriage was being drafted:

"Yesterday, as the train I was on was passing through a town not far from here, I thought of a wedding that took place here a few years ago. Because so many other marriages in this state have been just as hasty and disastrous, like this one, I'm going to start by talking about him today and giving some details of this particular case.

It was December 12th. A fifteen-year-old high school student met for the first time a young man at a nearby college who had just come of age. On December 15, that is, just three days later, they obtained a marriage license, swearing that the girl was already eighteen, and therefore there was no need for parental permission. Leaving the municipality with this permission, they immediately turned to the priest (the girl was a Catholic), but he quite rightly refused to marry them. Somehow, perhaps through a priest, the girl's mother found out about this marriage attempt. However, before she could find her daughter, the pair were brought together by a justice of the peace. The groom took his bride and went with her to an inn, where they spent two days and two nights, after which he left the girl and never returned to her."

Personally, I really like this start. The very first suggestion is a good one. It suggests interesting memories, and we want to hear the details. We begin to listen to an interesting history of human life. In addition, it seems very plausible. It has no academic taste, it is not told for the sake of formality, it is not far-fetched ... "Yesterday, when the train in which I rode passed through a city not far from here, I remembered a wedding that took place here several years ago." It sounds natural, natural, human. It seems that one person is telling another interesting story. Any audience loves it. However, it is likely that listeners would not like something that looked too carefully prepared, with premeditated intent. We love art that hides art.

Only very few people - very, very, very few - can successfully tell funny joke. Usually such an attempt confuses the audience instead of giving them pleasure. Stories should be relevant and not cited just to be told. Humor should be the icing on the cake, not the cake itself... Never apologize, as it usually offends and annoys your listeners. Say exactly what you are going to say, say it quickly and sit in your seat.

4. The speaker can win the attention of his audience in the following ways: a) arousing the curiosity of the listeners (as in the case of Dickens' book "A Christmas Carol"); b) telling an interesting story in a human way (as, for example, in the lecture "Acres of Diamonds"); c) starting with a specific illustration (see the beginning of chapter six of this book); d) using any object (for example, a coin that entitles the one who found it to a land plot); e) asking a question (for example: "Have any of you found such a coin on the sidewalk?"); f) starting with some amazing quote (as did, for example, Elbert Hubbard in his speech on the value of the initiative); g) Showing that the topic of the speech is related to the vital interests of the listeners (for example, stating: “... your life expectancy is two-thirds of the time between your present age and eighty years. You can extend your life if you periodically undergo thorough medical examinations ", etc.); h) by starting with startling facts (for example, by saying that "Americans are the worst criminals in the civilized world").

5. Don't start your presentation too formally. Do not show that you have prepared it too carefully. It should look free, unintentional, natural. This can be achieved by talking about what just happened or what was just said (for example: "Yesterday, when the train I was on passed through a city not far from here, I remembered...") .

Sooner or later, everyone has to perform in front of an audience. And since the latter is very selfish, this activity can cause a lot of trouble. But as Mark Twain said: “The public initially does not expect anything from you,” so do not be nervous, but it will be nice to use a few useful tips and review examples of public speaking.

Where to begin?

Any example of public speaking begins with proper preparation speech. No matter how wonderful the speaker's text may seem, you need to understand that behind it is remarkable work and long hours of practice.

Each successful example public speaking begins with the preparation of a speech. Mark Twain at one time knowingly said that it takes about three weeks to prepare an impromptu. Any performance, regardless of its type and the goal pursued, must be prepared in advance. First you need to make the so-called "skeleton" of the performance. To do this, you need to decide on the following positions:

• Understand the motivation of people who came to listen to the speech.
• Determine the main idea of ​​the speech.
• Divide this idea into several component parts (subheadings).
• designate keywords. They will need to be repeated several times in the speech so that the listeners better remember what, in fact, it is about.
• Each speech should have a clear plan and structure. The speech should consist of an introduction, main body and conclusions.

muscles

When the speaker has decided on the basic structure of his speech, it is necessary to build up “muscles” on this “skeleton”. What can they be made of?

• You can use vivid examples from life or literature, the main thing is that they correspond to the main topic.
• To help the listener visually consolidate the information received, it is worth preparing graphs, slides, pictures, videos, etc.
• The audience can be approached with a question during the speech, this will help keep the audience's attention on the main topic.

Introductory part

Particular attention should be paid to the beginning and end of the speech. It is they who play the main role in the communication between the speaker and the listener. The introduction helps to form a first impression of the speaker, and the debriefing allows the audience to consolidate the information received.

During the preparation of the presentation, many questions may arise. For example, how to start a public speaking? The main thing here is to interest the audience from the very beginning. The first impression of the speaker will accompany him throughout the speech, and if you make a mistake, it will be difficult to correct it later.

For example, the introduction to a public speech might be a witty joke or some kind of interesting fact. You can puzzle the audience with a question or intrigue with a pause. The main thing is to draw attention to yourself. Just do not start apologizing for the fact that the voice is hoarse, this is the first speech, etc. The speaker should always be self-confident, and turn every trouble to his aid. For example, if the speaker is really ill, you should not apologize, but say that due to such and such circumstances I ask everyone to sit closer so that I can be heard.

End of speech

As for the end, it is important to summarize the entire speech, highlight the main thoughts and recall the issues raised. Last phrases should have a certain emotional message and be expressive, only in this way the listener can not only reward the speaker with applause, but also become an adherent of his ideas. Although, no matter how much you talk about the correct construction of a speech, it will be easier to consider examples of public speaking.

Types of public speaking

Examples of public speaking are divided into several types:

• Informational. For the most part, these are reports, lectures, oral answers.
• Protocol and etiquette. Such speeches are used when meeting important guests, making toasts, mourning speeches, or opening a new institution.
• Entertaining. Usually they are used for a pleasant pastime, they have an entertaining context, but at the same time convey information. As an example, we can cite the performances of Russian pop comedians E. Petrosyan, E. Stepanenko, M. Zadornov and others.
• Persuasive speech. Such a report should have indisputable facts and evidence that will incline the audience to your side. Examples include speeches by well-known politicians. For example, Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address in 1863, where he assured citizens that not a single soldier died in vain, and this is a necessary sacrifice on the path to freedom.

Get it done in three minutes

In general, the attention of the audience lasts only 15-20 minutes, this is due to psycho-physiological reasons. Depending on the variety, oral presentations can last from a few minutes to 1-2 hours. However, there are some speeches that need to be delivered in 3 minutes. In most cases, these performances are wedding toasts or press conferences. In total, the length of the speech should be between 200 and 405 words. Here is an example of a public speaking for 3 minutes:

“Today, for the first time, the Dalai Lama gave a unique interview to a Russian blogger. For his YouTube channel, business blogger Dmitry Portnyagin was the first in the CIS to interview the Dalai Lama. Communication with a famous Buddhist took place in a Delhi hotel, where the monk often stays with his followers. The premises were double-checked before the conversation began, first by Indian guards led by a Sikh, and then by His Holiness's personal guards.

The interview only lasted an hour. During this time, the participants were able to discuss political problems, including questions of competence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin and Putin. Predict the future of Russia, talk about material and spiritual values, mutual understanding between people and the secrets of success. Each question received a detailed answer. The Dalai Lama spoke openly and with humor. At the end, he gave some tips for entrepreneurs and talked about personal safety.

Dmitry Portnyagin did not remain indifferent during the conversation. He showed the Dalai Lama a photograph of his grandfather, said that in his office there was always a photograph of the supreme head of Tibet, so he also became interested in this topic. Saying goodbye to His Holiness, Dmitry presented the Dalai Lama with a hat with earflaps as a keepsake. The monk immediately put on a new thing and appeared in this form in front of the camera lenses. The full version of the interview can be viewed on the Transformer channel.

Suitable or not?

This example of public speaking text complies with all the rules. Such short speech fully reveals the theme of the video presentation on YouTube channel. It tells about the participants, the location of the interview, the issues that were raised and general mood that was present during the conversation.

At the end of the press release, the speaker invites listeners to watch the full version of the video. Although the ending can be supplemented with one more two sentences, saying that the interview turned out to be successful and informative for everyone.

Alexander I

To be effective, speech must be precise and expressive. And it may not always be large volumes of text. You can convey your idea with a few strong sentences and vivid comparisons. For example, the public speech of Alexander I to the French ambassadors even before the start of the war was as follows:

“This is small Europe, and this is big Russia (he shows all this on the map). In case of failure, you can only retreat as far as Paris, and I can run to the edge of Kamchatka! But at the same time, every meter of this land will be hostile to you, even the women will not stop fighting. Russia may lose some battles, but she will never be defeated.”

To say that the ambassadors left impressed would be an understatement. An example of the text of the public speech of Tsar Alexander I amazes readers today. There is not a drop of arrogance here, solid facts, filed under the right "sauce".

Steve Jobs

Steve Jobs' speeches can serve as a striking example of modern oratory. Oratory was definitely not his forte - it's just a hobby, but he began every presentation of a new product with his own speech. Examples in its execution are as follows:

These are just small fragments of one of his speeches. But how a person motivates!

The right decision

You can speak on any topic. Examples of public speaking are easy to find in print and other media. Speakers usually touch on important social, political and economic issues. AT recent times it has become fashionable to give trainings on how to make money on the Web, present a variety of training programs or draw attention to advertising promotions. Sometimes speakers conduct psychological trainings, discuss religion or philosophy. But whatever the speaker is talking about, his main goal is to captivate the audience.

The speaker is not the person who professionally manipulates pathos speeches, but the one who is able to conduct a simultaneous dialogue with thousands of listeners. He must speak the language of the people who listen to him, understand their problems, find common ground and skillfully lead them to make the right decision.

business communication

It may seem that it is diverse and has no clear boundaries, this public speech. The examples of speeches presented above give a false impression that the texts of the speakers have nothing in common. In fact, they all have the same goal: the listener must agree with the speaker's point of view. And you can do it completely. different methods up to and including provocation. Although this method is used mainly in litigation.

The founder of the Russian advocacy, A.F. Koni, once defended a disabled hunchback. For many years a neighbor mocked him, and then one day, unable to stand it, the hunchback grabbed a stone and threw it at him, thereby causing serious bodily injury. In his public speech, A. F. Koni was original like no other. He, as expected, turned to the jury: "Gentlemen of the jury!" Then he paused and repeated this phrase four more times, making minute stops after each appeal. After the fourth appeal, one of the jurors could not stand it and furiously blurted out: “Are you kidding me?!” A.F. Koni did not lose his head, he expected such a reaction: “I addressed you politely and only 4 times, and you have already begun to get nervous. My client has listened to insults in his direction for many years. What must he have felt?

This performance achieved its goal - the defendant was acquitted.

Who feeds you, comrade judges?

History knows many cases with such original performances. Even in the literature one can find good examples oratorical speeches, according to which this art can be taught. So, in the novel by A. M. Gorky "Mother" on court session the convict Pavel Vlasov spoke. He was convicted under a political article and refused to carry out the escape, prepared by his comrades only in order to make a speech before the large people who had gathered at the trial.

His speech was full of refrains, where he spoke on behalf of the people, but the main "highlight" of the speech was the climax: "How can you destroy the workers, those who feed you, comrade judges?" It costs a lot to create such a speech.

Prosperity of the country

Finishing the article, I would like to give one more version of a public speech. An example of a text on the topic "Theft in Japan."

“Many human and economic factors influence the prosperity of a country. Among them there is one, almost insignificant fact, which will seem to us a fantastic absurdity.

In Japan, they don't steal. They don't steal at all. They don't steal at all. Never steal. People do not lock apartments and cars. Shops safely put trays of goods on the streets and safely forget about them. They know: no one will take someone else's.

In this country, you can forget anything, anywhere, and then come back for the loss a few days later. She will remain untouched. Every Japanese knows: if something is lost, it probably lies where it was lost, which means it will be found. Whether it's a mobile phone or a wallet, anyway, there is any thing.

Tips are not accepted in Japan. The seller or waiter will run after you for several blocks to give you change. Most residents of the capital move around on bicycles, and no one ties them up. Steal a bike?! It's funny!

Here they know: to take someone else's is a shame. After him, a person will no longer be trusted, he will never wash himself off from him.

And by the way, about the economy. Officials sacredly follow this rule: taking someone else's is taboo. Not so long ago, the Japanese minister hanged himself, who was suspected of free handling of finances. Not even stealing. Because of this story, the previous prime minister also resigned.

So, on what does the prosperity of the country depend? That's right, from theft, or, more precisely, from its absence.

The speaker is a kind of shooter. He either hits the target and makes everyone bow their heads before him, or misses, and then the discouraged crowd goes about their business, ignoring the words of the speaker. Therefore, before speaking to the public, you need to aim at a specific target. Examples of public speaking leaders will help.