All obsolete words and their meanings. Obsolete Words: Historicisms and Archaisms

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Project Topic: Dictionary of Obsolete Words
(on the example of the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit")
Content
Introduction
Chapter I. What are obsolete words?
1.1 What are historicisms?
1.2. What are archaisms
Chapter II. Obsolete words in the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov
"Woe from Wit"
Conclusion
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Vi.
Vii. References
VIII. Application
P. 3
P. 4
P. 6
P. 7
P. nine
P. 17
P. eighteen

Maintaining:
The language is constantly evolving, while individual words become obsolete and
become incomprehensible or obscure even in context. The study
works of art of the last century at school causes
certain difficulties. This is primarily due to the fact that in the language
works of Russian fiction XIX early XX reflected
many outdated phenomena of reality that make it difficult to understand
the content of works of art by students.
When there are no interlinear explanations at hand, the student most often leaves
ignored such "dark" places, and undeciphered meaning
unfamiliar or unfamiliar words turns into a depleted vision
the world of the past.
The purpose of this work is to compile a dictionary of obsolete words based on comedy
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
To achieve this goal, we have set the following tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the material on the passive vocabulary of the Russian language.
2. Find obsolete words in comedy, determine their lexical meaning
according to the dictionary.
3. Make a dictionary of obsolete words to make it easier to read the work
future ninth graders.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that when reading
works of fiction, difficulties often arise,
associated with understanding the meaning of individual words.
The problem of misunderstanding is one of the central problems of the modern world.
Let's consider just one, but extremely important manifestation of this problem,
since every student has come across it more than once, - the degree of understanding
2

an excerpt from a text or a single sentence where words occur,
out of active use, but being a means of knowledge
the surrounding world, its history, culture, as well as a means of creating
character of the hero.
A way out of this situation could be a dictionary for the work.
Item
The object of study is the obsolete words of comedy.
studies - comedy "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov.
Research methods: collecting information, working with text, analysis,
generalization of results, compilation of a dictionary.
Practical results: Compiled "Dictionary of obsolete words of comedy
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The task of the dictionary is to resolve lexical
difficulties in reading the text, teach you to read thoughtfully
literature.
Chapter 1. What are obsolete words?
The dictionary of the language contains active vocabulary, that is, words that
at the moment are used by all speakers or some part of the population,
and passive vocabulary, that is, words that people either stop using, or only
start to enjoy.
Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new
words (neologisms).
Obsolete words are words lost in living speech, passed from
active vocabulary of a language into a passive one. Obsolete words divide
on historicisms and archaisms. Obsolete words are words that are more
are not used in standard speech. To determine if the
certain word to obsolete, apply lexicographic
analysis. He must show that now this word is used in speech.
rarely. One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is
designation of concepts that no longer exist. Quite a bit of
3

similar words among the designations of professions or social positions
a person who has ceased to be relevant, for example, a one-man,
Profos, Moscovite, Provisionmaster, Postilian, Potter. Huge
the number of historicisms denotes objects of material culture,
out of use - horse-drawn tram, torch, chaise, bast shoes. Meaning
some words belonging to this category are known at least
at least the part of native speakers who easily recognize them, but in
active
absent.
Words go out of active use and fall into passive
historicisms

vocabulary gradually. Among other things, a change in their status
occurs due to changes in society. But the role of
directly linguistic factors. An important point is
the number of connections of this word with the rest. Rich word
systemic links of different nature it will be noticeably slower to leave
into a passive dictionary. Obsolete words don't have to be
the ancients. Relatively recent words can quickly emerge from
use. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early
Soviet time. At the same time, both originally Russian words become obsolete, and
borrowings such as "battle" (battle), "victoria" (meaning
"Victory", but not a woman's name), "fortetia" (victory). Obsolete words
in modern written and oral speech can be used with different
goals. In particular, when writing historical novels, their
presence is necessary for styling. In modern oral speech, their
the function may be to enhance the expressiveness of the spoken. Together with
the development of society and the state also changes the language. Part of concepts
remains in the past.
Do you need outdated words at all?
Obsolete words are often used by poets and writers to
recreation of the atmosphere historical era... Reading Pushkin's poem
4

"Ruslan and Lyudmila", we will have to look in the dictionary to find out
the meaning of the words chelo (forehead) and cheeks (cheeks): "His forehead, his cheeks
they burn with an instant flame. " In the 17th-19th centuries, such words were
widespread. Obsolete words are also used for
giving an ironic tint to the statements: “Without preparing
homework, the student, with downcast eyes, stood in front of a stern gaze
teachers ". Many archaisms still adorn dialogues.
No girl can resist the appeal to her: "Merciful
Empress! " Outdated words are part of our history and our
of the past. These are linguistic evidence of historical development and
movement into the future.
1.1 What are historicisms?
Historicisms are words that call outdated things, outdated phenomena.
Historicisms have no synonyms in modern Russian. Explain them
meaning is possible only by resorting to an encyclopedic description. Exactly
this is how historicisms are presented in explanatory dictionaries.
Histories can
accompanied in dictionaries by marks ist. (history) is out of date. (deprecated).
Among obsolete words, a group of historicisms stands out - words that call
concepts,
items,
reality.
phenomena,
which have disappeared from modern
The formation of a group of historicisms is associated with social transformations in
life of society, the development of production, the emergence of new technologies,
updating household items, etc. Therefore, define historicism by
found in the text of the name of the realities of the past tense.
For example: boyar, oprichnik, sergeant, shishak. One of the functions of historicisms
as a nominative means in scientific historical literature - to serve
the names of the realities of past eras. So to recreate
5

historical specificity, use historicisms if you are working on
scientific historical monograph. Histories are called "signs"
time, therefore do not have competing lexical elements in
modern language. Use historicisms "owned" by a certain
to recreate historical paintings from different centuries.
era,
For example, historicisms associated with distant eras: tiun, voivode,
shell; historicisms denoting the realities of the relatively recent past:
surplus appropriation, district committee, province. Another function of historicisms is
protrude lexical means expressiveness in artistic
literature. Therefore, if you write works on the historical
themes, use historicisms to create the flavor of the era. In language
there are known cases of historicisms returning to the active vocabulary. Such
words like governor, lyceum, gymnasium, leader are now not perceived
as outdated. Do not classify such linguistic phenomena as historicisms, since with
the return of the realities of reality, these words fall into the layer
Lexical meaning historicisms
common vocabulary.
determine by the explanatory dictionary. Such words are given with the mark
"Obsolete." For example: “Cartwright, a, m. (Outdated). 1. Shed for carriages and others
crews. 2. Crew master ". From this dictionary entry "Dictionary
Russian language "edited by R. M. Tseitlin you will find out that interesting
you word refers to male, has the genitive form in
singular "coachman", is obsolete (historicism) and has
two meanings. Use historicism in speech and writing, only
clarifying its meaning in the dictionary so as not to look in the eyes of the interlocutor,
the reader is an uneducated person.
1.2. What are archaisms?
Archaisms are words that have become obsolete and replaced by new ones.
6

In addition, they are used to create solemnity of speech, sometimes they
give it an ironic character. Archaisms, have in modern language
synonyms with the help of which explanatory dictionaries explain their meaning,
accompanying them are obsolete.
In each period of language development, words function in it,
belonging to common vocabulary, i.e. to active
vocabulary. Another layer of vocabulary is words that have come out of active
use and "caught" in passive stock.
Instead of "so that" they say "so", instead of "from time immemorial" - "long ago, always", and
instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who
collides with them, and thus they fall out of the passive
vocabulary. For example, few recognize the word "votchie" as
synonym for "in vain". At the same time, its root was preserved in the words "vanity",
"In vain", while included, at least, in the passive dictionary of Russian
language. Some archaisms remained in modern Russian speech as
components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "take care of it like an apple
Oka "contains two archaisms at once, including" apple ", which means
"pupil". This word as opposed to the word "eye" is unknown
the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
To determine the belonging of archaism to the subgroups that
make up a group of archaic vocabulary, find out if it is completely archaic
word or only partially. For example: in vain - in vain, this - this,
Lanites - cheeks ( stylistic synonyms). Height - Height
(archaized suffix design), hall - hall (archaized
form of belonging to the genus), hospital - hospital (archaized
sound form of the word), etc. Determine the belonging of archaism to
subgroup. Lexical archaism has in modern language
the corresponding synonym (neck - neck, from ancient times - from ancient times, very - very).
Semantic archaism has survived in modern language, but is used in
7

obsolete meaning (belly is life, shame is a sight).
phonetic archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different sound
design (history - history, mirror - mirror).
word-formative archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different
word-formation structure (fisherman - fisherman, disaster - disaster).
Find out the stylistic function of archaism. Archaisms are used to
recreation of the historical flavor of the era, so you can meet
a large number of archaisms in works of art on
historical theme. Archaisms are used to add color to speech
solemnity, pathetic emotion (in poetry, in oratorical
performance in publicistic speech). Archaisms are used as
means of speech characterization of a hero in a work of art
(for example, persons of clergy, monarch). Archaisms are used to
creating a comic effect, irony, satire, parody (usually in
feuilletons, pamphlets, epigrams). When analyzing stylistic
functions of archaisms, it must be borne in mind that their use can be
v
is not related to a specific stylistic task (for example,
humorous stories by A.P. Chekhov to create a comic effect),
but due to the peculiarities of the author's style. For example, A.M. Gorky
used archaisms as stylistically neutral words. Besides,
archaisms are often used in poetic speech for rhythmic
organizing a poem or for rhyming. Most
a popular technique is the use of incomplete words (breg,
hail).
voice,
gold,

Chapter II. Outdated words in the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Griboyedov reflected in the comedy the atmosphere and the main conflict of the era -
clash of new and old, progressive and conservative, "reason"
and "unreasonable reality."
8

In the comedy of Griboyedov, you can find many examples of words that came from
use. Let's take a closer look at some of them. As an example
a word that is not part of modern normative language, but easily
perceived with reference to context, the word reluctant can be used. On
the wife's question about the ball at Famusov Platon Mikhailovich answers:
Natasha - mother, I doze at balls,
A mortal reluctant before them ... "(IV, 2)
We easily understand that the word reluctant meant “a person who does not
who wants to do something, do something. " It is just as easily understood in
context and not currently used noun mediocre and little
used rare noun superstition. He uses both of these words in
of his speech Repetilov:
Here are farces I have so often been sung,
That I am idle, that I am stupid, that I am superstitious,
That I have all the forebodings, omens ...
Here are the people, are there any like them? Hardly ...
Well, between them I am, of course, mediocre ... (IV, 4)
These nouns were formed on the basis of phrases: superstitious
person, an ordinary person. The noun is also archaism
fancy used by Chatsky:
And in St. Petersburg and in Moscow,
Who is the enemy of the discharged persons,
pretentious, curly words ... (III, 2)
The meaning of this word becomes clear when referring to the Dictionary.
modern Russian language, which explains it like this:
fancy -
intricate techniques, means used to produce large
impression. The meaning can be easily identified from the context
obsolete verb to last:
9

It is not my desire to prolong the debate. (Chatsky, II, 2)
to prolong - "to continue something, to tighten". Not used in
modern literary language and the verb to remove, although the context indicates
its meaning:
Put on your hat, take off your sword;
Here's a sofa for you, lie back. " (II, 5)
take off means "take off." Griboyedov uses archaisms to
to recreate the era of that time.
We read Chatsky's monologue:

Are you not the one to whom I have been from the veil
For some incomprehensible plans
Was the child taken to bow?
That Nestor of the noble scoundrels,
A crowd surrounded by servants ...
Here (the line The Child was taken to bow is more or less clear at once:
"They took me as a child to congratulate").
We leaf through the immortal comedy further. Comes to Famusov for the evening
the Tugoukhovsky family. The voices of the princesses are heard:
3rd book. What an esharp cousin gave me!
4th book. Oh yes, barge!
Even our women of fashion do not understand these remarks. It is only clear what they say about
outfits. But what and about what exactly? To understand this, you need to know that the word
esharp means "scarf", and the word barge means "from barge" (a special thin and
transparent fabric).
Here Skalozub returns with a safe and sound ("hand is bruised slightly")
Molchalin, after the latter fell from the horse and Sophia fainted, into the house and
tells her:

Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you.

What he says to her, we understand only when we know the meaning now
of a long-forgotten archaism, irritation - "excitement".
Let's turn to individual proposals.
Famusov. 1) "All have contrived beyond their years"; 2) “We take the vagrants, and into the house and
by tickets "; 3) "The deceased was a venerable chamberlain, With a key, and his son was able to
leave"; 4) "To work for you, to settle you";
Repetilov. 5) “Taken into custody by decree!”; 6) "Other all gil"; 7) “With his wife and
I went into reverse with him. "
These expressions become understandable only when we take into account
the real meaning of the words that form them.
The above phrases can be translated into modern language something like this:
1) “Everyone became smart beyond their years”; 2) “We take vagrants as
teachers and tutors, and as coming teachers (coming
teachers were paid "by tickets"
T.
e.
by notes,
certifying the visit) "; 3) "The deceased was deserving
the greatest respect for a chamberlain at the royal court (with a key
- with a golden key on his uniform as a sign of the rank of chamberlain) and
he managed to make his son a chamberlain as well ”; 4) "To hard labor you, to
settlement "; 5) “According to the tsar's decree, my estate was taken under
state supervision "; 6) “Everything else is nonsense, nonsense (cf.
slob of the same root) "; 7) "I played cards with his wife and with him"
(reverse is a card game).
As mentioned above, historicisms are words denoting disappeared
realities. Based on the fact that the play was written in the 19th century, it is natural that we
we find in it the following historicisms:
Assessor is a civil rank of the eighth class, as well as a person holding this rank.
11

English klob (club) in Russia since the time of Catherine II English
Klob was the name of a well-known aristocratic club in Moscow of the type
leading 16th century clubs in England
Maid of honor title of the lady of the court in the empress
Zugom zug harnessing horses in single file or one after the other
Dancemaster dance teacher.
And these are far from all the historicisms that can be found in the work
A.S. Griboyedov.
Most of the outdated vocabulary of the comedy "Woe from Wit" is
archaisms. Archaisms are divided into several groups. Let's consider in more detail
each group.
1. Semantic archaisms are "words that have survived in modern
language, however, used in the sense that is obsolete and
unusual for a modern native speaker. "
that semantic archaisms are ambiguous words that are outdated
one or more values.
The number of archaisms of this group in the literature of the 19th century is very large. In their own way
sound and structure, these words, at first glance, are familiar and understandable to us, but
if you look closely, they will turn out to be "far" from us. For example, the word
commission ("what a commission, creator, to be a father of an adult daughter ...").
The dictionary gives the following interpretations of the word "commission":
1) a group of persons, or a body from a group of persons with special powers when
any institution;
2) an order executed for a certain remuneration;
3) (outdated) troublesome, difficult business.
The word is ambiguous, the first two meanings are modern, but the hero
Comedy Famusov uses this word in the 3rd meaning, which
is obsolete.
12

Here are just a few examples of words from this group:
"... be a military man, be he a civilian ...", "... Zagoretsky took over
Skalozuba "," Oh! Potion, darling ... "," .. what an opportunity! "," ... who would then
they did not get carried away .. "," ... we find where we do not mark ... "
Statsky in 1 meaning "the same as civilian"
Started in 1 meaning "borrowed"
Potion in 4 meaning "malevolent, stinging person"
Providence in the 2nd meaning "rare, unexpected case"
Didn't get involved in 1 value. "did not stretch, did not drag"
We mark in 4 digits. "notice, assume"
2. Lexical archaisms. This group includes words that are outdated
completely and passed into the passive layer, and in modern Russian
used with another non-derivative form.
Such archaisms in comedy are the following words:
"... now I have zapochil ..." in 1 meaning, fell asleep; "... loud kissing ..."
(obsolete and ironic) kissing; "... low-worshiper" flatterer; "…. How not to please
dear ... "," ... if they were not concerned about your upbringing .. "in 1 meaning
promote; "... time is not hot ..." in the second meaning, it did not come; "…not
you never favor ... "you do not accept the 3 meaning.
In dictionaries, we find these words marked "obsolete". This allows
conclude that these words are archaisms. Another sign
the fact that these words have left our active vocabulary is that we are not
we use words with such bases, that is, there was a complete replacement of some
other words that we do not use at present.
3. Lexicological archaisms. We refer to this group
words for which certain derivational elements are outdated, but with
most often, the root remains unchanged. In Griboyedov, one can distinguish
13

derivational archaisms of the three parts of speech: noun,
verb and adverb.
Nouns.
"... I'm sick today, I won't take off the harness ..." in modern language
it is used with another prefix on (bandage); ... we take the vagabonds ... "
there is no such form in modern language either, the word is used without
rates.
"... but we can't get rid of trouble with slowness ..." we use this word with
prefix pro;
"... to please the daughter of such a person ..." in modern language with the given
the suffix is ​​not used;
"... and uniforms are differences ..." the word difference is used. During
throughout the 19th century, the verbal noun was widely used with
suffix to a;
"... night robber, duelist ..." modern shape"duelist".
Verbs.
"... lured honors and nobility ..."; "... as a person who is growing up ..."; "...
we ascended, bowed ... "" a circle of foundations combined with the prefix vz v
late 18th early 19th century was wider than in modern language ... but at the end of 19th
at the beginning of the 20th century, verbs with this prefix have reduced their usage "
"... how to compare, but see ..."; "... I will ask everyone ..." in
in modern language, verbs with the prefix po have been preserved in a certain
quantity. Now the verbs previously used with this prefix, we
we use without it.
"... promised to go to the priest ..."; "... don't be angry, take a look ..." both
verbs are formed from the infinitive with the help of the postfix sy, this is an indicator
the reflexivity of the verb, which is confirmed by the context and semantics.
Adverbs.
14

"... ready to ride again ..." "again" the prefix was replaced here
syz on the prefix with. In modern language, words with such a prefix can be
meet in some dialects.
"hastily" hastily. In modern language, the word is used with
The suffix ive is derived from the adjective hasty. And here is the word
especially (especially) on the contrary, in the 19th century it was used with the suffix willows, but in
in modern language this suffix has been lost and now this adverb on Fr.
When claiming that a word is not used in modern
language, we used data from modern dictionaries.
4. Lexicophonetic archaisms. It should be noted that these are words, u
which, in the process of the historical development of the language, the sound
the form.
"In comedy, there are a number of accentological archaisms that give
material that allows you to judge the living language of that time ... "These are words,
whose accent is different from modern. Such archaisms in comedy
so many.
"... never forever ..."; "... with the stars"; "…. A historian and geographer"; "….and
dancing and singing ";" ... the judges are always, to everything ";" ... to drive us away "and
other.
The words ryumatism ("... all ryumatism and headaches ..."),
hairdresser
(hairdresser) clearly borrowed. From given pronunciation and writing
we can conclude that these words have not yet taken shape in Russian 19
century, and these words are adapted to the speech of a Russian person by
simplification of the sound composition.
In the word eighth we see a phenomenon when before the initial [o] did not develop
sound [in], it will probably happen later. We are now using the form
"eighth". But in dialects one can often find the form "octopus,
eighteen. "
15

The words of anti-speech, frunt, now have a slightly different
phonetic composition of the root: contradiction, front.
The word klob is borrowed, and therefore in "Woe from Wit" we meet two
variant of this word spelling: klobclub. Preserved in the modern language
and the second option was approved.
5. Morphological archaisms are words for which it is obsolete.
grammatical form. In this group, the following should be considered
parts of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun and
service parts of speech.
"... carried for the report" the form of the word report is explained by the declension of the given
the words. In the 19th century, specialization of the form to u takes place. This word
is a remnant of the ancient declension to th, here the form of the genitive
case, unit numbers, husband. kind.
"... as a child, they took him to bow ..." "the word child at the end of the 18th century.
usually inclined in singularity close to the Church Slavonic model with
variant forms of the instrumental case ... In live use in 19
century, forms without extension were possible. From colloquial speech, these forms
penetrated into writing. "
"…. In three days turned gray…" given form words the day was
common. "In the second half of the 19th century, the form of days is known in
stylized speech. At the same time, the form of days was variant according to
relation to the basic form on i.
Adjectives in comparative: "... the older, the worse ...", "...
more ... "," deafened louder than any trumpets "," from the gentlemen give me "
formed in two ways:
1. By means of suffixes eish, aish
2. By means of suffixes her, e
The next part of speech is a pronoun:
16

"... for others it is like a triumph ...". In modern language, it is used
form "other". Both of these forms are used in the text of the comedy.
Consider the service parts of speech:
Prepositions.
"I thought about myself ...", "about yours, about upbringing" in modern language
we use the preposition about. But these prepositions can be called synonymous.
Unions.
"But that's the problem!" in the dictionary are used with the label colloquial.
Conclusion
In Russian vocabulary, there are two similar groups of words - archaisms and historicisms. Their
the closeness lies in the fact that in modern language there are practically no
used, although they used them no less often for another hundred hundred years,
than the rest of the words. Both archaisms and historicisms are called obsolete words.
It is known that archaisms give the flavor of antiquity. It was impossible without them
would reliably convey the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago.
In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation,
which will not be superfluous in poetic language, but completely unnecessary in
language official documents and often redundant in journalism. However
less, in modern editions, especially technical ones,
you can often see something like “this computer appeared in
selling ... "," ... therefore we can say that ... ".
Often archaisms are used in a completely different sense - for example, they write:
“The score was hard-hitting," meaning that the score was low, although
the meaning of the word "impartial" is independent, impartial. And all
because almost no one has the habit of looking into a dictionary in case
doubts arise.
17

Of course, it is absolutely impossible to discard archaisms, however, it is also impossible to decorate speech with them.
you need to be very careful - as we can see, there are enough pitfalls here.
Obsolete words as a category of vocabulary have their own specific features,
presented in dictionaries of obsolete words. In them you can find not only
interpretation incomprehensible word, met in the studied in the classroom
literature is a work of fiction, but also to expand your knowledge of
bygone eras, to learn a lot of interesting and entertaining information on
history and culture.
In conclusion, I would like to note that by studying archaisms, we can
enrich both passive and active stock, improve the language culture,
to add a "flavor" to oral and written speech, to make it more
more expressive and take advantage of the wealth that our fathers have saved for us
and grandfathers. We must not forget that archaisms are a linguistic treasure -
the richest heritage that we have no right to lose, as we lost
already a lot. In the comedy A.S. Griboyedov, we meet with such words,
which are historicisms and archaisms for us, modern
readers, but during the writing of the analyzed work by the author
were not like that. For A.S. Griboyedov, these were the usual words of his active
vocabulary, everyday use.
References:
1. Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S .: Dictionary of obsolete Russian words
language. Based on the works of Russian writers of the XVIIIXX centuries. Bustard, 2010
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu .: Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, 4th
edition, supplemented, Moscow, 2008.
3. Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich: Woe from Wit: a comedy in 4 acts,
Moscow, 1996
4.http: //www.yaklass.ru/p/russkyyazik/10klass/leksikafrazeologiia
leksikografiia10519 / passivnai/ re
18aA
and
A:
AA
list of officials of all government agencies
[Repetilov:] Everyone came out to know
Everyone is important today.
Look at the address calendar.
English club (history)
- the society of metropolitan aristocrats in Russia,
constantly gathering for conversation and entertainment in a designated
this room. He was famous for dinners and a card game, in many ways determined
public opinion. Membership was limited, new members
accepted on recommendation after secret ballot.
[Chatsky:] Then think, a member of the English club,
I will donate whole days to rumor
About the mind of Molchalin, about the soul of Skalozub.
As quarrels (history)
army. The transition from class IX to VIII, especially for non-nobles, was considered
most difficult. Until 1845, this rank was associated with the receipt
hereditary nobility.
He warmed the rootless and introduced him to my family,
He gave the rank of assessor and took him to secretaries;
Transferred to Moscow through my assistance;
And if not me, you would have smoked in Tver.
B:
Chew bar (architect)
cotton fabric of rare weaving.
What an esharp cousin gave me!
Oh! yes, barge!
- collegiate assessor - rank VIII class, equal to the captain in
- made of barege - woolen, silk or
eA
eA
20

oA
eA
ya
oA
- title of nobility below the count; title holder
- at the mercy of an influential person, under the auspices of
- paper banknote; receipt presented in
Bar n (history)
barony - the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant, then.
Baron von Klotz as ministers methyl,
And I - to his son-in-law
Barin (history) - boyar, lord, a man of the upper class; nobleman
Ah! Sir! (Lisa)
Bil t (history)
the master's office for the payment of money.
[Famusov:] We take the vagabonds both into the house and with tickets.
Blezhen - happy, prosperous.
Blessed is he who believes, warmth to him in the world! " Chatsky;
V:
In the case (history)
influential persons. IA Krylov has the title of the fable: "An elephant in the case."
Then not what it is now,



A nobleman in case, even more so,
Not like the other, and drank and ate differently.
Vetreniki (architect) - a place open to the wind from all sides
Let go, windy ones themselves,
Come to your senses, you old men ... (Lisa)
Suddenly a row (arch.)
They deigned to laugh; how is he?
Got up, recovered, wanted to bow,
Suddenly fell in a row - on purpose ...
Pretentiousness (architect) - excessive pretentiousness in the performance of something [initial.
about the fanciful pattern]. Speak without pretentiousness
... And in St. Petersburg and in Moscow,
Who is the enemy of discharged persons, pretentious, curly words ...
D:
aA
D vecha
I myself am glad that I found out everything at night,
There are no reproachful witnesses in the eyes
As recently, when I fainted,
Here Chatsky was ...
Court (history) - the monarch and persons close to him.
... I ate on gold; one hundred people at the service;


- another time, again, again, again.
(d wiche)
(arch.) - recently. shortly before the conversation.
aa
21

eA
- a room for courtyard girls in landowners, lords
- excitement, excitement, confusion (obsolete military
Then not what it is now,
Served under the Empress Catherine.
D vichya (architect)
houses.
[Khlestova:] After all, God created such a tribe!
Damn it; in girlish she;
Should I call?
To linger - to continue something, to tighten
It is not my desire to prolong the debate. (Chatsky)
F:
Yellow House (architect) - in the old days the name of houses for the mentally ill; walls
these houses were usually painted yellow.
[Zagoretsky:] ... How can I not know? an example case came out;
His uncle hid him in the mad;
They grabbed me into a yellow house and put me on a chain.
AND:
aA
Irritation (arch.)
term).
[Skalozub:] Well! I didn't know what would come of it
Irritation for you. They ran in headlong ...
TO:
Carriage (architect) - a closed passenger carriage with springs.
Get out of Moscow! I'm not a rider here anymore!
I'm running, I won't look back, I'm going to look around the world,
Where the offended feeling has a corner ...
Carriage to me, carriage!
ya
K rtag (history)
day) - a reception day at the court.
At the kurtagh he happened to encircle himself;
He fell, so much so that he almost knocked the back of his head;
The old man gasped, his voice hoarse;
He was awarded the highest smile ...
L:
The little casket is small. caress. a casket, skillfully made, decorated with a box for
storage of jewelry; box, chest.
Oh, the human race! fell into oblivion
That everyone himself must climb there,
In that little casket where you neither stand nor sit. (Famusov)
M:
eA
M ntor (arch.)
son of Odysseus, in Homer's poem "The Odyssey").
[Chatsky:] Our mentor, remember his cap, robe,
- educator, mentor (named after Telemak's teacher,
– old word(from French cour - yard and German Tag -
22

aA
aA
- a large fan.
- 1. Rare. unusual case.
Index finger, all signs of learning
How our timid minds troubled ...
Rumor (architect) - Rumors, news, rumors in society about something. "... Sin does not matter,
word of mouth is not good. " Lisa's words)
H:
Reluctant (architect) - a person who does not want to do something, something
to do "Natasha - mother, I doze at the balls,
A mortal reluctant before them ... "
O:
Okia (arch.)
[Famusov:] What an opportunity!
Molchalin, are you brother?
[Molchalin:] Yas.
Opakh lo (arch.)
[Chatsky:] Spray with water. - Look:
Breathing became freer.
What to tell?
[Lisa:] Here's a fan.
NS:
Pud (architect) is an ancient measure of weight, equal to about 16.4 kg.
Then not what it is now,
Served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days, everyone is important! forty poods ...
Sexton (history) is an unofficial designation of a clergyman,
which is also called "paramonary"
Read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with a sensible arrangement. ”Famusov;
WITH:
Sir (history) - a polite form of addressing the interlocutor,
used in the Russian Empire.
T:
eA
Dumb th (arch.)
hair.
Then not what it is now,
Served under the Empress Catherine.
And in those days, everyone is important! forty poods ...
Bow, do not nod dumb.
C:
Zug (history) - a rich exit, in which the horses are harnessed in single file.
... Maksim Petrovich: he is not that on silver,
I ate on gold; one hundred people at the service;
- old men's hairstyle; a bundle gathered at the back of the head
23

Cap (architect) - women's and children's headdress
All in orders; travel is always a train;
A century at court, but at what court!
H:
Chep ceA
When the creator delivers us
From their hats! cheptsov! and studs! and pins!
And bookshops and biscuit shops! (Famusov)
Chin (arch.) - the degree of the official position established at
court, civil and military service.
“Like everyone in Moscow, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars, but with
ranks "Liza;
I AM:
Jacob netz (history)
free thinking.
Listen, so his little finger
Smarter than everyone, and even Prince Peter!
I think he's just a Jacobin
Your Chatsky! ..
and
- a person suspected of being politically
24

Historicisms and archaisms are distinguished depending on the reasons why a particular word is classified as obsolete.

Histories

- these are words that have fallen out of use because the objects and phenomena that they denoted have disappeared from life.
Historicisms do not have synonyms, since this is the only designation of a disappeared concept and the object or phenomenon behind it.
Histories are quite diverse thematic groups words:
1) The names of old clothes: zipun, camisole, caftan, kokoshnik, zhupan, shushun, etc .;
2) Names of monetary units: altyn, penny, polushka, hryvnia, etc .;
3) Titles: boyar, nobleman, king, count, prince, duke, etc .;
4) Names of officials: policeman at the governor, clerk, sergeant, etc .;
5) Names of weapons: pishchal, hedgehog, unicorn (cannon), etc.;
6) Administrative names: volost, county, okolotok, etc.
For ambiguous words, historicism can become one of the meanings. For example, the word people has the following meanings:
1) The plural of the noun person;
2) Others, strangers to someone;
3) Persons used in any business, personnel;
4) A servant, an employee in a noble house.
The word people in the first three meanings is included in active dictionary... The fourth meaning of this word is outdated, therefore we have before us semantic historicism, which forms the human lexeme in the meaning of "a room in which a servant lives."

Archaisms

- these are words denoting concepts, objects, phenomena that exist at the present time; for various (primarily - extralinguistic) reasons, archaisms were ousted from active use in other words.
Consequently, archaisms have synonyms in modern Russian, for example: sail (noun) - sail., Psyche (noun) - soul; Overseas (adj.) - foreign; Koi (pronoun) - which; Sei (pronoun) - this; Poeliku (union) - because, etc.
Depending on whether the whole word, the meaning of the word, the phonetic design of the word or a separate word-forming morpheme are outdated, archaisms are divided into several groups:
1) Actually lexical archaisms are words that have completely gone out of use and have passed into a passive vocabulary: lzya - you can; tat - a thief; aki - how; piit — poet; adolescent - teenager, etc.
2) Lexical-semantic archaisms are words in which one or more meanings are outdated:
Belly - "life" (not on the belly, but to fight for death); The idol - "statue";
Scoundrels - "unfit for military service"; Shelter - "port, pier", etc.
3) Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words in which, as a result of historical development, the sound design (sound shell) has changed, but the meaning of the word has been completely preserved:
Mirror - mirror;
Iroism is heroism;
Eighteen - eighteen;
Passport - passport;
Calm - style (poetic), etc.
A special group is made up of accentological archaisms - that is, words in which the stress has changed (from the Latin Accentum - emphasis, stress):
Muses "ka - mu" language;
Suffi "ks - su" ffix; Philoso "f ~ filo" sof et al.
4) Lexico-derivational archaisms are words for which individual morphemes or derivational model are outdated:
Dol is a valley; Friendship is friendship; A shepherd is a shepherd; Fisherman - fisherman; Phantasm - fantasy, etc.
Archaization of words is not related to their origin. The following types of fishing can become obsolete:
1) Primordially Russian words: laby, outcast, lzya, endova, etc.;
2) Old Slavicisms: smooth, united, zelo, cold, child, etc.
3) Borrowed words: satisfaction - satisfaction (about a duel); Securs - help; Fortetia (fortress), etc.

The role of obsolete words in Russian is varied. Historicisms in the special scientific literature are used to describe the most accurate era. In works of fiction on historical themes historicisms and archaisms help to recreate the flavor of the era, and are also a means of speech characterization of characters.
Examples of such use of outdated vocabulary are the novels "Stepan Razin" by A.P. Chapygin, "Peter I" A.H. Tolstoy, "Emelyan Pugachev" V.Ya. Shishkov, "Ivan the Terrible" by V.I. Kostyleva and others.
In the text of any of these works of art you can find Various types archaisms:
I learned this: according to Tatya Fomka's answer, thieves were caught behind Nikitsky gates (Chapygin).
Archaisms can be used to create the solemnity of style, which is especially characteristic of the poetry of the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. Examples are the works of A.N. Radishcheva, G.R. Derzhavin, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, etc.
Archaisms can also be used to create comic and satirical effects: Look, finally, at your own person - and there, first of all, you will meet the chapter, and then you will not leave the belly and other parts unmarked (S. Shch.)

It doesn't matter what faith you are, what your social position,
sexual orientation and food preferences,
you will definitely need a dictionary of obsolete words.

Abiye - immediately, since, when.

Aki - how, because, like, like, like.

Asche - if, though, when.

Barber is a barber, hairdresser.

Watch - take care; be on guard, alert.

Fluency is speed.

Care is caution.

To be devoid of - certainly, undoubtedly, incessantly.

Shameless - shameless.

Good - kind, good.

Bo - for, because.

Blockhead - a statue, idol, block.

Will - if, if, when, if.

Shafts are waves.

Suddenly - again, for the second time.

Guilt is the reason, the reason.

Clearly - exactly, actually.

Wool is wool.

In vain - in vain.

In vain - in vain, in vain.

I will take it out - always, at any time, incessantly.

Vyuschiy is the greater, the highest.

Gehenna is hell.

Woe is up.

Actors are actors.

Dennitsa - morning dawn.

Gum, right hand - right, right hand.

Ten - ten times.

Divy - wild.

Today - now, now, today.

Sufficient is enough.

Suffers - should, should, should, decently.

Dondeje - as long as.

When - when.

Hedgehog - which.

Eliko - how much.

Epancha - a cloak, a veil.

Food is food.

Nature is nature.

Lives - it happens.

The belly is life, property.

They live - they do.

Envy - envy.

The gap is shame.

Legal is illegal.

Here - here.

Zelo - very much.

Zelny is huge, strong, great.

Zenitsa - eye, pupil.

Atrocities are atrocities.

Hydra is a hydra.

Like - what, who, who.

Indé - somewhere, elsewhere, ever.

Art is experience.

The treasurer is a preacher.

Execution is punishment, retribution.

Carthaginians are inhabitants of Carthage.

Coy, coy, some, what, what.

Colico - how much, how.

Kolo - a wheel, a circle.

Concha - right, certainly, of course, very much.

Inert - slow, unhurried, motionless.

Krasik is handsome.

Red is beautiful, beautiful, decorated.

Kres<т>tsy - crossroads.

Kruzhalo is a tavern, a drinking house.

Laziness is a lazy person, a lazy person.

Deprivation is a surplus.

Lovitva - hunting.

Losky - smooth, shiny.

Lzya - you can.

Flatter - deceive, seduce.

Metaphrasis - transposition, allegory.

Diverse - Diverse.

Mochno - You can.

Mraz is frost.

Me - me.

Nan - at him.

The boss is the founder, the initiator.

No, no.

Below - and not, by no means, also not.

To force - to force.

Obesity - gluttony, gluttony.

Abundance is wealth, treasure.

Images - resentment, insult, discontent.

Ov, ova, ovo - this, this, this; that, that, that.

The right hand is on the right.

One-person - the same, unchanging, the same.

The one is the one.

Ostuda is a nuisance, resentment, insult, shame, annoyance.

From here - from here.

It has been more difficult since.

To retaliate - to suffer, to lose, to lose.

Weaning is a withdrawal.

Oshuy is on the left.

The bosom is the bay.

Paky again, again.

More - more.

Percy is the chest.

Fingers are fingers.

Finger - dust, dust.

Flesh is body.

Habit is a habit.

A disgrace - a spectacle, a performance.

Full is enough.

The shelf is a stage.

Ponezh - because.

Breed - origin (noble).

After - after.

Swallowing is flattery, obsequiousness.

Right is fair, right.

The beauty is deception, temptation, deceit.

To prohibit is to prohibit.

The butt is an example.

Ascribe - to dedicate.

Providence - predestination, care, thought.

It is disgusting - the opposite, on the contrary.

Cool - pleasures, delights.

Five - five times.

To please - to care.

To blush - to blush, to be ashamed.

Things - to say, to speak.

A freeman is a freedman.

That is to say - that is.

Perfectly - worthy, decent, appropriate.

Watchmen are spectators.

Saute - a hundred times.

Path - road, path.

Bitch is carrion.

Stolchak - so much, toilet seat.

Obstinate - obstinate.

Stud is a shame.

Same - then, then.

Ti - to you.

By current - by current.

To hurry - to be timid, fearful.

Try, touch - three times.

Vain - generous, diligent, caring.

Ubo - for, because, therefore.

Ud - sexual organ (male)

Convenient - capable.

The charter is order, custom.

Phrasis is a phrase, an expression.

Praiseworthy - Praiseworthy.

Wicked - weak, sickly.

Monk is a monk.

Chin is order.

Loins - thighs, loins, stun.

The reader is the reader.

Respectful - respected, respected.

A stranger - a stranger.

Thorn, thorny - rose, pink.

Editsiya - edition.

The Ephesians are the inhabitants of Ephesus.

Yuzhe - what, which.

Yazhe - what, which.

Language is a people, a tribe.

Explanatory Dictionary of Old Russian Words A Alatyr - Center of the Cosmos. Center of the Microcosm (Human). That around which the cycle of Life takes place. Translation options: ala - motley (snowy), tyr<тур>- a top, a staff or a pillar with a pommel, a sacred tree, a mountain, "ascending" Variations: Latyr, Altyr, Zlatyr, Zlatar Permanent epithet - "white combustible (hot, sparkling)" - (white - "shiny"). In Russian texts, there is a gold, gold, smooth, iron stone. The armor-stone is the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega. That from which everything begins and where it returns (locus). More precisely, the meaning and meaning of words are conveyed in epics ... Alkonost - from the Old Russian saying "alkyon is (a bird)", from the Greek alkyon - kingfisher (the Greek myth about Alcyone, turned by the gods into a kingfisher). Depicted in popular prints as a half-woman, half-bird with large multi-colored feathers and a girl's head, shaded by a crown and a halo. In his hands he holds flowers of paradise and an unfolded scroll with the saying about reward in paradise for a righteous life on earth. Unlike the Sirin bird, she was always depicted with hands. Alkonost, like the Sirin bird, captivates people with his singing. The legends say about the days of alcoholic - seven days when Alkonost lays eggs in deep sea and incubates them, sitting on the surface of the water and calming the storms. Alkonost is perceived as a "manifestation of divine providence" and serves as a designation for the divine word. B Bass - beauty, decoration, panache. Batog is a stick. Bayat, punch - talk, say. Taking - a burden, an armful, as much as you can grasp with your hands. Boyars are rich and noble people close to the king. Swearing is a battle; The abusive field is a battlefield. Brothers - brothers. Armor - clothing made of metal plates or rings; protected the warrior from blows of a sword, a spear. Britous - Old Believers called so shaved, without a beard Bulat - steel of a special manufacture. Weapons made of this steel were also called damask. Bustle - to get rich, to increase prosperity. The story is a true story. Epic - a Russian folk epic (full of greatness and heroism) song - a legend about heroes In Vatazhitsya - to know, communicate, make friends, make acquaintances. To be known is to know. Vereya is a pillar on which the gate was hung. Nativity scene - a cave, a dungeon. Take a huff - make a noise. Golt (golt) = make noise. "Don't be goldie!" = do not make noise! Golk = noise, hum,< гулкий >echo. Frenzied - having lost all sense of proportion. Vityaz is a brave warrior, a hero. At ease - easy, free, without much difficulty, safe. To endure - to endure, endure, transfer. G Garnets - an ancient measure of loose bodies, bread (~ 3 liters) Goy you (from the word goit - to heal, live; goy - peace< , в его развитии, в движении и обновлении >, abundance) - greatness, a wish for health, corresponding in meaning to today's: "Be healthy! Hello!" Goy you = be healthy<есть>"Goy" is a Russian wish of health, good luck and prosperity, a kind word. Variants: "Goy naturally" - be healthy, in the sense of a greeting, a wish to the interlocutor of health, kindness. "Oh, you" is a greeting, with many meanings, depending on the intonation of the speaker. Gorazd - he knows how, the skilled Upper Room - this is how, in the old fashion, the upper room with large windows was called. The threshing floor, humentse - the place where they thresh, and also - the shed for storing the sheaves. D Recently - recently (until the moment of the conversation) Dushegreika - a warm short jacket or a quilted jacket without sleeves, with gathers in the back. Dereza is a thorny bush, "chepyzhnik". In an ancient way - in an old way Dense - "dense forest" - dark, dense, impassable; an illiterate person Ye Elan, Elanka - a grassy glade in the Endova forest - a wide vessel with a spout. Food - food, food. Zhaleika is a willow bark pipe. Jug - a jug with a lid. The belly is life. Bellies - estate, wealth, livestock Z Zavse<гда>- constantly. Take the word - start fasting, fasting. Outpost - a fence made of logs, a control point at the entrance And the Eminent - a rich, noble Monk - in the church. “Tonsured a monk, then ordained a deacon ...” Izba is a house, a warm room. The name "hut" comes from the word "to heat" (original version - "source" / s birch bark letter, XIV century - Novgorod, Dmitrievskaya street, excavations /). House = "smoke" from the chimney. Kalinovy ​​(about fire) - bright, hot. Hag is a crow. Tub - capacity cylindrical(barrel), assembled from wooden rivets (planks), tied with metal hoops. Killer Whale / Killer Whale - affectionate treatment. The original meaning is "having beautiful braids" Kichka, kika - an old female headdress that adorns the appearance and gives to the become. A cage is a closet, a separate room A cage in an old Russian house was called a cold room, and a hut was called a warm one. Podklet - the lower cold floor of Kluk's house - a stick with a bent upper end. Knysh is bread baked from wheat flour and eaten hot. Kokora, kokorina - snag, stump. The rattletrap is an old painted carriage, in which noble people drove. Kolyada - Christmas dignity in honor of the owners of the house; for the carol, they were given a gift. Kolyadka is a Christmas song sung on Christmas Eve and on the first Christmas day by rural youth. For ancient carols, elements are characteristic - chants and conclusions from the end - without preparing. Origin (variant): the original word is Kondak (kondakia, kontakia) - a stick (diminutive for "spear"), on which a scroll of parchment was wound. The parchment sheet or scroll itself, written on both sides, was also called a kandak. Subsequently, the word K. began to denote a special group of church chants, in the middle of the first millennium - long (hymns, poems), modern - small (one or two stanzas, as part of the canon) Box, boxes - a large bast box or box in which they kept miscellaneous good. Cochet, cochet is a rooster. To be baptized is to be baptized, to cross oneself. "Oxtis!" - come to your senses! Kurgan is a high earthen hill, which was poured by the ancient Slavs over the grave. Kut, kutnichek - a corner in a hut, a counter, a chest in which chickens were kept in winter. Kutia - a steep sweet barley, wheat or rice porridge with raisins, the Circle-amulet, developed from a circular detour of the area where they were going to spend the night or settle for a long time; such a detour was necessary to make sure that there was no den of predators, or snakes. The idea of ​​a circle served as an image<своего> the world. Lada! - expression of consent, approval. OK! dr.-rus. Okay - the word has many meanings depending on the intonation. Plate - iron or steel armor worn by warriors. M Poppy - top of the head. Matitsa - middle ceiling beam. The world is a peasant community. N Nadezha Warrior is an experienced, reliable, strong, skillful fighter. Nadys - recently, the other day. The charge is interest. "It will be unaccountable" - inexpensive, profitable Place - instead of. Naryoksya - named himself; to name - to give a name, to name. A week is a day when "don't do" is a day of rest. In the pre-Christian period in Russia, Saturday and Sunday were called - pre-Monday and week (or week), respectively. Arrears - Nicoli's unpaid tax or quitrent - never. About Ruffle - a tie at a bast shoe. Abundance is a lot of something. This is how bread was called in Novgorod Obrok - a tribute to Oklematsya - to regain consciousness, to recover. Oprich, okromya - except. Shout - to plow. The rest - the last Osmushka - the eighth (eighth) part = 1/8 - "octopus for tea" (~ 40 or 50 grams) Oprich - except ("okromya") P Club - a club with a bound head. Parun is a hot day after rain. Sailboat - sailor clothing. Brocade is a silk fabric woven with gold or silver. More - "more", "all the more that ... = all the more so ..." The veil is what covers from all sides (cloth, fog, etc.) The finger is the finger. Polati is a boardwalk sleeping platform located under the ceiling. Spelled is a special kind of wheat. To be happy - to be zealous; eat a lot. Posad is a village in which merchants and artisans lived. The throne is a throne, a special chair on a dais, on which the king sat on solemn occasions. It is an old, high-style word meaning - always, forever and ever. Printed Gingerbread - Gingerbread with an imprinted (printed) pattern or letters. Pudovka is a pound measure of weight. Pushcha is a reserved, impenetrable forest. It is necessary to ponder - to think, to realize, to ponder this matter, to discuss something with someone; kumekat - to understand, to think, to judge about something. Genital (color) - light yellow Midday - southern P Ratnye - military. The host is an army. Thoughtful - diligent, diligent Towel - embroidered towel. To swirl - to agree, agree. To get loose - to walk without a belt, to lose any shame. Scythian = skete (initial) - from the words "wander", "wandering", therefore, "Scythians-sketes" - "wanderers" ("nomads"? ). A new meaning - a monastic skete "Like a tablecloth" - the original meaning ... Yablochny saved Sloboda - a village near the city, a suburb. Solovye - horses of yellowish-white color. Forty is a barrel for forty buckets. Sorochin, Sarachin - Saracen, Arabian rider. The clothes are good - that is, not bad. Staritsa is an old (or dry) river bed. Pillar noblewoman is a noblewoman of an old and noble family. The adversary is the enemy, the enemy. with a boost - at times, inadequate. Antimony - colored black. Leaf - covered with a thin film of gold, silver, copper or tin. Gilded Susek, bins<а>- a place where flour and grain are stored. Satiety - food, food. Seventh - week T Terem - high, with a turret at the top, houses. Tims are goatskin shoes. They were highly valued, were sold in yuftas, that is, in pairs. Later they began to be called "morocco" (Persian-e word) Either here<тута>, and roofing felts there ... - words from a modern song about the difficulty of learning the Russian language. Allure three crosses - super-fast execution of any order: one cross on packages with reports - the usual speed of horse delivery is 8-10 km / h, two - up to 12 km / h, three - the maximum possible. Tolokno - crushed (not ground) oat flour. To thin - to spend Udel - possession, principality, fate Uval ... - Ural (?) - Khural (belt, Turkic.) ... Russia, belted by the Urals, is Siberia ... Fita's products themselves are a letter of the old Russian alphabet (in the words "Fedot", "incense") Foot - an ancient measure of length equal to 30.48 cm X Chiton - underwear made of linen or woolen fabric in the form of a shirt, usually without sleeves. On the shoulders it is fastened with special fasteners or strings, at the waist it is tied with a belt. The chiton was worn by both men and women. Khmara - cloud Pyarun - thunder Ts Tsatra (chatra, chaator) - fabric made of goat down (undercoat) or wool. Tselkovy is the colloquial name for the metal ruble. Chelo - forehead, according to the modern. In the old days, the forehead is the top of the head. Child is a son or daughter up to 12 years old. Chasing - expecting, hoping. Chapyzhnik - thickets<колючего>bush. Chebotar is a shoemaker, shoemaker. Chebots - high, closed shoes, male and female, boots or shoes with sharp toes bent upwards a roan horse - motley, with white splashes on gray (and other, main) wool or other color mane and tail Chelyad is a servant in the house. Scarlet - red Chelo - a person's forehead, a vaulted hole in a Russian stove, the entrance to a den by Chetami - in pairs, in pairs. Couple - a couple, two objects or faces Quarter - the fourth part of something Black (clothing) - rough, everyday, working. Chick - hitting Chugunka - the railway. Sh Shelom - a helmet, a pointed iron cap for protection from sword blows. Shlyk - a buffoon's hat, cap, cap. Damask - a glass bottle of 1.23 liters (1/10 of a bucket) A person with a big heart, showing the noble breadth of the soul E Yu Yushka - an ear or a liquid soup. St. George's Day (November 26) is a statutory period when a peasant who settled on the master's land and concluded a "decent" one with the owner had the right to leave the owner in Muscovite Rus, having fulfilled all his obligations in relation to him. This was the only time of the year, after the end of the autumn work (the week before and after November 26), when dependent peasants could change from one owner to another. I am Egg-raitso - egg-happiness, magic egg. Food - food, food, food. Yarilo - ancient name The sun's stump is clear - meaning: "Naturally! Of course!" In this form, the expression - appeared, relatively recently, Yakhont - Old-Russian. name some precious stones, more often ruby ​​(corundum of a dark red color), less often sapphire (blue), etc. Old Slavonic names of the Svei peoples - Swedes, Lyakhs - Poles, Ugric group - Ostyaks, Voguls, Magyars Volga-Bulgarian - Cheremis, Permian Mordvinians - Permians, Zyryans, Votyaks midday - southern fryazhski - Italian. "fryazhskoe" writing - a type of painting, as a result of the transition from icon painting to nature painting, in late XVII v. Germans are those who speak incomprehensibly (mute). the Dutch - from the territory where the Kingdom of the Netherlands is now located. sorochinin - Arab languages ​​- peoples (common name) Man Brow - forehead Right hand - on the right hand or side of Oshuyu - on the left hand or side. Shuiy is left. Shuytsa is the left hand. Right hand and Shuitsa - right and left hand, right and left-hand side("Standing at the right hand and at the entrance ...") Colors "red sun", "red maiden" - beautiful, bright "red corner" - the main red color - amulet The connection of weaving with cosmological motives Whitewashing and weaving in weaving appears as a form modeling the world. If the thread is fate, the path of life; that canvas, constantly produced and reproduced, is the whole World. Ritual towels (towels, the length of which is 10-15 times greater than the width) and square scarves with an ornament in the form of a model (mandala) of the Universe. Ancient Slavic writing ("Russian letters", before the beginning of the second millennium AD) - Slavic Runes and "Knot writing" V folk tales there is often a knotted tangle-guide, indicating the Way. Unwinding and reading it, the person recognized the clues - where to go and what to do, read the words-images and numbers. The knotted (nodular) Elm was rolled up, for storage, in books-balls (or on a special wooden stick - Ust; hence the teachings from the elders - "Wrap yourself on your mustache") and put away in a box-box (from where the concept of "Speak with three box "). Attaching the thread to the mouth (center of the ball) was considered the beginning of the recording. Many letters-symbols of the ancient Glagolitic alphabet are a stylized display of a two-dimensional projection on paper of Knotted Elm. Drop caps (capital letters of old Cyrillic texts) - usually depicted as a Knot Knot ornament. Loop techniques were also used to transfer and store information and to create protective amulets and amulets (including braiding hair in braids). Examples of words and phrases that mention the notions: "tie a knot for memory", "friendship / marriage", "intricate plot", "tie" (stop), union (from sous<ы>), "runs like a red thread (Alyu) through the whole story." "Traits and Rezes" - "birch bark letter" (simplified version Slavic runes), commonly used for household records and short messages between people. Slavic Runes - sacred symbols, each of which conveyed a phonetic meaning (the sound of the sign of the runic alphabet), a meaning-image (for example, the letter "D" meant "good", "prosperity"< дары Богов, "хлеб насущный" >, Tree< в узелковом письме может соответствовать перевёрнутой петле "коровья" (схватывающий узел) / Дерево >and belt buckle) and numerical matching. To encrypt or shorten the recording, knitted runes were used (combined, intertwined, built into a picturesque ornament). Monogram, letter monogram - connection in one image initial letters name and / or surname, usually intertwined and forming a patterned ligature. Dwelling The main pillar in the house is the central one that supports the hut. Community Everyday objects are common (that is, nobody's; belonging to everyone and to nobody separately) things that are important to everyone to the same extent, during common rituals. Belief in the purity (whole, healthy) and holiness of common ritual meals, brotherhoods, joint prayers, folds. An ordinary object is pure, new, it has the tremendous power of a whole, untouched thing. The main elements of Slavic mythology Latyr-stone, Alatyr - the center of coordinates of the world and man in Slavic mythology. Alpha and Omega (the initial singular Growth point and the final volumetric World< всё наше Мироздание, есть и другие, но очень далеко, со всех сторон >in the form of an almost infinite ball). That from which everything begins and where it returns (point, locus). Miraculous stone (in Russian folk beliefs). in epics ... Alatyr - Centers of Cosmos (Universe) and Microcosm (Man). Fractal Growth Point, three-dimensional< / многомерная >singularity line ("Ladder" connecting the worlds), fabulous " Magic wand-a lifesaver "/ wand / staff with a pommel or stationary Magic Altar. That from which the Existence begins and where it returns, around which the cycle of Life occurs (axial point). Russian letter A, Greek -" Alpha ". The symbol of the Ladder is prayer beads ( "Ladder" = ladder connecting the top and bottom of the Universe) / "ladder"). In the temple - Analoy (high table, in the center, for icons and liturgical books). Translation options: ala - motley, tyr<тур>- a top, a pillar or a staff with a triple pommel, a fabulous "magic wand", a scepter, a sacred tree or mountain, the trunk of the World Tree, "ascending" Variants - Latyr, Altyr, Zlatir, Zlatar, Alva Permanent epithet - "white combustible (burning = glowing, hot, sparkling) "- (white - dazzlingly brilliant). In Russian texts, there is a gold, gold (amber?), Smooth (polished by the hands of worshipers), iron (if a meteorite or a fossil magnetic ore) stone. Merkaba is a star tetrahedron, a closed volume of an energy-informational crystal-chariot for the ascension of the Spirit, Soul and Human body. "First Stone"< Краеугольный, Замковый >- the initial, axial point of any creation. "The navel of the Earth" - the energy center of the planet, in which, according to legend, there is always a crystal ("unearthly Jewel"), the magical Alatyr< подземный Китеж-Град, Ковчег, неземной Храм >... Folk legends put him in different points on Earth, usually - to real energy centers / nodes (places of Power), such as in the vicinity of the village of Okunevo, on the Tara River, in Western Siberia. The stories about these regions, at first glance, are unrealistically fabulous, but modern scientists still cannot really explain all the anomalies and miracles that occur in such areas, on the local lakes. There is information in the open press that Helena and Nicholas Roerich, in the twenties of the last century, passing Russia, carried with them a certain old box with an unusual stone inside (? -<Ш>Chintamani, Lapis Exilis, "wandering in the world", part of the Sacred Stone of the Grail / Wisdom, in the casket-ark), sent to them by the Mahatma. This box is not accidentally shown on famous painting"Portrait of N. Roerich", written by his son, Svyatoslav Roerich. The main part of this Stone (called the "Treasure of the World" - Norbu Rimpoche, a cosmic magnet from the center of our Universe, with the energetic rhythm of its Life) is located in the legendary Shambhala (Tibet, in the Himalayan mountains). The story is amazing, almost incredible. More information is available on other sites on the Internet. Holy Grail (Bowl of Buddha) - a symbol of the source< волшебного >elixir. Where it is now is not known for certain, except for the almost fabulous, fantastically UFO legends, from the times of the middle of the last century, which are now published by modern researchers on the Internet and in books, about the German base (numbered 211) in Antarctica (located where- then near the current South Geographic Pole, on the coast of Queen Maud Land, from the Atlantic Ocean, in warm karst caves with underground rivers and lakes, where for a long time, after the Second World War, hundreds, and maybe thousands of German military, specialists and civilians who sailed there in submarines lived and hid). Most likely, in those grottoes and catacombs-laboratories (artificially created with the help of mining equipment delivered there by ships a few years earlier), the Nazis hid some especially valuable artifacts and sources of Ancient Knowledge, which they obtained around the world and found, discovered on the spot. And almost certainly, all this is there safely and carefully hidden, with numerous traps, to neutralize and pass which, perhaps, in the not very distant future, people< или, опередившие их - пришельцы, инопланетяне >will be able to with the help of robots. Philosopher's Stone of Wisdom< эликсир жизни >- to obtain gold (human enlightenment, immortality ( eternal youth) his<тела>-souls-<духа>in their synthesis). The spine (spinal cord) - "Mount Meru", with a top in the head (pineal gland (m) and pituitary gland (g) - on the physical plane, halos and radiance - on the next, higher planes). Ancient name Baltic Sea- "Alatyrskoe" Rus - an indigenous inhabitant of the Russian land Alatyr - a stone in fairy tales and epics is found in the form of the phrase: "On the sea on the Okyan, on an island on Buyan, there is the Alatyr Stone." Spaces of the microcosm in Slavic mythology The first, outer circle of a concentrically arranged "world" (history, event) is most often the sea or the river. A pure field is a transitional area between the worlds. The second area following the sea is an island (or just a stone) or a mountain (or a mountain). The central locus of the mythological world is represented by a multitude of all kinds of objects, of which stones or trees may have proper names. All of them are usually found on an island or mountain, i.e. one way or another included in the previous locus as a central and maximally sacred point. The sea (sometimes a river) in Slavic mythology is that body of water (in the southern regions, as well - vast sandy and rocky deserts, for example, the Mongolian Gobi), which, according to traditional ideas, lies on the way to the kingdom of the dead and to another world ... the old Slavic "ocean", as well as - Okiyan, Okean, Okean, Okeyan. Kiyan-more More-okiyan - the absolute periphery of the world (antilocus); It is impossible to get around it. Blue Sea - locus Black Sea - antilocus Khvalynskoe Sea - Caspian Sea or Black Sea. Antilocus Khorezm - Aral Sea. Antilocus The Currant River is a mythical prototype of all rivers. It acts as a water boundary of the “other world”. There is a viburnum bridge on it. Buyan Island - In folklore, Buyan is associated with the other world, the path to which, as you know, lies through the water. The island can serve as an arena for fabulous action.

• Wolf Ticket (Wolf Passport)
  In the 19th century, the name of the document blocking access to public service, educational institution and so on. Today, phraseological units are used in the meaning of a sharply negative characteristic about the work of someone.
  The origin of this circulation is usually explained by the fact that a person who received such a document was not allowed to live in one place for more than 2-3 days and he had to wander like a wolf.
  In addition, in many combinations, wolf means "abnormal, inhuman, bestial", which strengthens the opposition between the owner of a wolf ticket and other "normal" people.
• Lies like a gray gelding
  There are several options for the origin of phraseological units.
  1. The word gelding comes from the Mongolian morin "horse". V historical monuments horse Siv, gelding Siv are very typical, the adjective gray "light gray, gray" indicates the old age of the animal. In the past, the verb to lie had a different meaning - "to speak nonsense, to gossip; to talk." The gray gelding here is a stallion that has turned gray from long work, and figuratively - a man who is already talking from old age and talking annoying nonsense.
  2. Gelding - stallion, gray - old. The expression is explained by the usual boasting of old people of their own strength, as if they were still preserved, like among the young.
  3. Turnover is associated with the attitude to the gray horse as a stupid creature. The Russian peasants avoided, for example, paving the first furrow on the gray gelding, because he "lied" - he was mistaken, paving it incorrectly.
• Give oak- die
  The turnover is associated with the verb zadubat - "cool down, lose sensitivity, become hard." The oak coffin has always been a sign of special honor to the deceased. Peter I introduced a tax on oak coffins - as a luxury item.
• Alive, smoking room!
  The origin of the expression is associated with the game "Smoking Room", popular in the 18th century in Russia at gatherings on winter evenings. The players sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying "Alive, alive, Smoking room, not dead, legs are thin, soul is short ...". The one who lost the torch was extinguished, began to smoke, smoke. Later, this game was replaced by "Burn, burn clearly, so as not to go out".
• Nick down
  In the old days, almost the entire population in Russian villages was illiterate. To account for the bread handed over to the landowner, the work done, etc., so-called tags were used - wooden sticks up to a fathom length (2 meters), on which notches were made with a knife. The tags were split into two parts so that the notches were on both: one remained with the employer, the other with the performer. The calculation was made based on the number of notches. Hence the expression "hack to death", which means: remember well, take into account the future.
• Play spill
  In the old days in Russia the game of "spillikins" was widespread. It consisted in using a small hook to pull out, without touching the rest, one of the other heaps of all the spillots - all kinds of little toy things: hatchets, wine glasses, baskets, barrels. This is how not only children, but also adults spent their time on long winter evenings.
  Over time, the expression "playing with spillikins" began to mean an empty pastime.
• Sip cabbage soup
  Bast shoes - wicker shoes made of bast (the subcrustal layer of lindens), covering only the soles of the feet - in Russia were the only available footwear for poor peasants, and cabbage soup, a kind of cabbage soup, was their simplest and favorite food. Depending on the family's wealth and the season, cabbage soup could be either green, that is, with sorrel, or sour cabbage, with meat, or lean cabbage without meat, which was eaten during fasting or in case of extreme poverty.
  About a man who could not earn money for boots and more refined food, they said that he "slurps soup with bast shoes", that is, he lives in terrible poverty and ignorance.
• Fawn
  The word "fawning" comes from the German phrase "Iсh liebe sie" (ich lebe zi - I love you). Seeing the insincerity in the frequent repetition of this "lebe zi", the Russian people wittily formed from these German words Russian word"Fawning" means to curry favor, to flatter someone, by flattery to seek someone's favor, favor.
• Fishing in troubled waters
  It has long been one of the prohibited ways of fishing, especially during spawning, to stun fish. The fable is known ancient greek poet Aesop about a fisherman who muddied the water around the nets, driving a blinded fish there. Then the expression went beyond fishing and took on a broader meaning - to benefit from an unclear environment.
  There is also a well-known proverb: "Before you catch fish, [you need] to muddy the water", that is, "deliberately create confusion for profit."
• Small fry
  The expression came from peasant use. In the Russian northern lands, the plow is a peasant community from 3 to 60 households. And a very poor community was called a small fry, and then its poor inhabitants. Later, officials who occupy a low position in the state structure began to be called a small fry.
• The thief's hat is on fire
  The expression goes back to an old anecdote about how a thief was found in the market.
  After vain attempts to find the thief, people turned to the sorcerer for help; he shouted loudly: "Look! The thief's hat is on fire!" And suddenly everyone saw a man grab his hat. So the thief was discovered and caught.
• Lather your head
  In the old days, the tsarist soldier served indefinitely - until death or to complete disability. From 1793 a 25-year term was introduced military service... The landowner had the right to give up his serfs as soldiers for offense. Since the recruits (recruits) were shaved off their hair and said about them: “shaved,” “shaved their foreheads,” “soaped their heads,” the expression “soaped my head” became synonymous with threats in the mouths of the rulers. In a figurative meaning, “to lather your head” means: to make a severe reprimand, to scold strongly.
• Neither fish nor fowl
  In Western and Central Europe of the 16th century, a new trend appeared in Christianity - Protestantism (lat. "To protest, to object"). Protestants, unlike Catholics, opposed the Pope, denied holy angels, monasticism, arguing that each person himself can turn to God. Their ceremonies were simple and inexpensive. A bitter struggle was going on between Catholics and Protestants. Some of them, in accordance with Christian commandments, ate modest - meat, others preferred lean - fish. If a person did not adhere to any movement, then he was contemptuously called "neither fish nor meat." Over time, they began to talk about a person who did not have a clearly expressed position in life, who was not capable of active, independent actions.
• There is no place to sample- disapproving of a depraved woman.
  An expression based on comparison with a golden thing passing from one owner to another. Each new owner demanded to check the product with a jeweler and put a sample. When the product was in many hands, there was no longer any place for a sample.
• Not washing, so rolling
  Before the invention of electricity, a heavy cast-iron iron was heated on a fire and, until it cooled down, linen was ironed with it. But this process was difficult and required a certain skill, so the linen was often "rolled". To do this, the washed and almost dried linen was fixed on a special rolling pin - a round piece of wood like the one that is currently being rolled out to the dough. Then, with the help of a ruber - a curved corrugated board with a handle - the rolling pin was rolled along with the linen wrapped around it over a wide flat board. At the same time, the fabric was stretched and straightened. Professional laundresses knew that well-rolled laundry had a fresher look, even if the wash was not very successful.
  This is how the expression "not by washing, by rolling," appeared, that is, to achieve results not in one way, but in another way.
• Break a leg- wish of good luck in anything.
  The expression was originally used as a "spell" designed to deceive the evil spirits (this expression was admonished to go hunting; it was believed that a direct wish for good luck could "jinx" the prey).
  Answer "To hell!" should have made the hunter even more secure. To hell - this is not a curse like "Go to hell!" Then the unclean person will do the opposite, and it will be what is needed: the hunter will return “with down and feather,” that is, with the prey.
• Let's beat swords into plowshares
  The expression goes back to Old Testament, where it is said that "the time will come when the peoples will hammer plowshares and spears into sickles: the people will not raise the sword against the people, and they will no longer learn to fight."
  V Old Church Slavonic"shouted" - a tool for cultivating the land, something like a plow. The dream of establishing universal peace is figuratively expressed in the sculpture of the Soviet sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, which depicts a blacksmith forging a sword into a plow, is installed in front of the UN building in New York.
• Goof
  Prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine, with which wool was combed. To fall into a hole meant to be crippled, to lose an arm. To get into trouble is to get into trouble, in an awkward position.
• Knock off the pantalyk
  Confuse, confuse.
  Pantalyk is a distorted Pantelik, a mountain in Attica (Greece) with a stalactite cave and grottoes, in which it was easy to get lost.
• Straw widow
  A bundle of straw among Russians, Germans and a number of other peoples served as a symbol of the concluded agreement: marriage or sale and purchase. To break the straw meant to break the contract, to disperse. There was also a custom to make the bed for newlyweds on sheaves of rye. Wedding wreaths were also woven from straw flowers. The wreath (from the Sanskrit word "vene" - "bunch", meaning a bunch of hair) was a symbol of marriage.
  If the husband left somewhere for a long time, then they said that the woman was left with only straw, so the expression "straw widow" appeared.
• Dance from the stove
  The expression became popular thanks to the novel by the Russian writer of the 19th century V.A. Sleptsova "A Good Man". The main character of the novel "the non-serving nobleman" Sergei Terebenev returns to Russia after long wanderings in Europe. He recalls how he was taught to dance as a child. Serezha started all his movements from the stove, and if he was wrong, the teacher told him: "Well, go to the stove, start over." Terebenev realized that his life circle was closed: he began with the village, then Moscow, Europe and, having reached the edge, he again returned to the village, to the stove.
• Grated roll
  In Russia, kalach is wheat bread in the form of a lock with a bow. Grated roll was baked from a steep roll dough, which was kneaded and rubbed for a long time. Hence, the proverb "Do not rub, do not mint, there will be no rolls" appeared, which in a figurative sense means: "the troubles of a person are taught." And the words "grated kalach" became winged - this is what they say about an experienced person who has seen a lot, who "rubbed between people" a lot.
• Pull the gimp
  Gimp is a very thin, flattened, twisted gold or silver wire used for embroidery. Making a gimp consists in pulling it out. This manual work is tedious, monotonous and time-consuming. Therefore, the expression "pull the gimp" (or "breed gimp") in a figurative sense began to mean: do something monotonous, boring, causing an annoying waste of time.
• At the devil's place
  V deep antiquity Glades in dense forests were called bands. The pagans considered them enchanted. Later people settled deep into the forest, looked for bands, settled there with the whole family. This is where the expression came from: the devil is on the kulichi, that is, very far away.
• Too
  In Slavic mythology, Chur or Shchur is an ancestor, ancestor, the god of the hearth - a brownie.
  Originally "chur" meant: limit, border.
  Hence the exclamation: "chur", meaning the prohibition to touch anything, go beyond any line, beyond any limit (in spells against " evil spirits", In games, etc.), the requirement to comply with some condition, agreement.
  From the word “chur” the word “too much” was born, meaning: to go over “chur”, to go beyond the limit. “Too much” means too much, too much, too much.
• Sherochka with little little girl
  Until the 18th century, women were educated at home. In 1764 in St. Petersburg at the Resurrection Smolny nunnery the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens was opened. Daughters of nobles from 6 to 18 years old studied there. The subjects of study were the law of God, French, arithmetic, drawing, history, geography, literature, dance, music, various types of home economics, as well as subjects of "secular treatment". The usual address of school girls to each other was the French ma chere. From these French words, the Russian words "sherchka" and "masherochka" appeared, which are now used to name a couple consisting of two women.
• Trump
  V ancient Russia boyars, unlike commoners, sewed a collar embroidered with silver, gold and pearls, which was called a trump card, to the collar of the ceremonial caftan. The trump card stuck up impressively, imparting a proud bearing to the boyars. To be a trump card is important to walk, and to be a trump card is to show off something.