6.4. social stratification
The sociological concept of stratification (from Latin stratum - layer, layer) reflects the stratification of society, differences in the social status of its members. Social stratification - it is a system of social inequality, consisting of hierarchically arranged social strata (strata). A stratum is understood as a set of people united by common status features.
Considering social stratification as a multidimensional, hierarchically organized social space, sociologists explain its nature and causes of origin in different ways. Thus, Marxist researchers believe that the social inequality that determines the stratification system of society is based on property relations, the nature and form of ownership of the means of production. According to the supporters of the functional approach (K. Davis and W. Moore), the distribution of individuals into social strata occurs in accordance with their contribution to the achievement of the goals of society, depending on the importance of their professional activity. According to the theory of social exchange (Zh. Homans), inequality in society arises in the process of unequal exchange of the results of human activity.
To determine belonging to a particular social stratum, sociologists offer a variety of parameters and criteria. One of the creators of the stratification theory, P. Sorokin (2.7), distinguished three types of stratification: 1) economic (according to the criteria of income and wealth); 2) political (according to the criteria of influence and power); 3) professional (according to the criteria of mastery, professional skills, successful performance of social roles).
In turn, the founder of structural functionalism T. Parsons (2.8) identified three groups of features social stratification:
Qualitative characteristics of members of society that they possess from birth (origin, family ties, gender and age characteristics, personal qualities, congenital features etc.);
Role characteristics determined by the set of roles that an individual performs in society (education, profession, position, qualification, different kinds labor activity etc.);
Characteristics associated with the possession of material and spiritual values (wealth, property, works of art, social privileges, the ability to influence other people, etc.).
IN modern sociology, as a rule, the following main criteria for social stratification are distinguished:
income - the amount of cash receipts for a certain period (month, year);
wealth - accumulated income, i.e., the amount of cash or embodied money (in the second case, they act in the form of movable or immovable property);
power - the ability and ability to exercise one's will, to determine and control the activities of people using various means (authority, law, violence, etc.). Power is measured by the number of people affected by the decision;
education - a set of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the learning process. The level of education is measured by the number of years of education (for example, in Soviet school was taken: primary education- 4 years, incomplete secondary education - 8 years, complete secondary education - 10 years);
prestige - public assessment of the significance, attractiveness of a particular profession, position, a certain type of occupation. Professional prestige acts as a subjective indicator of people's attitude to a particular type of activity.
Income, power, education and prestige determine the total socio-economic status, which is a generalized indicator of position in social stratification. Some sociologists offer other criteria for identifying strata in society. Thus, the American sociologist B. Barber stratified according to six indicators: 1) prestige, profession, power and might; 2) income or wealth; 3) education or knowledge; 4) religious or ritual purity; 5) the situation of relatives; 6) ethnicity. The French sociologist A. Touraine, on the contrary, believes that at present the ranking of social positions is carried out not in relation to property, prestige, power, ethnicity, but in terms of access to information: the dominant position is occupied by the one who owns the largest amount of knowledge and information.
In modern sociology, there are many models of social stratification. Sociologists mainly distinguish three main classes: the highest, the middle and the lowest. At the same time, the share of the upper class is approximately 5–7%, the middle class is 60–80%, and the lower class is 13–35%.
The upper class includes those who occupy the highest positions in terms of wealth, power, prestige, and education. These are influential politicians and public figures, military elite, big businessmen, bankers, managers of leading firms, prominent representatives of the scientific and creative intelligentsia.
The middle class includes medium and small entrepreneurs, managers, civil servants, military personnel, financial workers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, representatives of the scientific and humanitarian intelligentsia, engineering and technical workers, highly skilled workers, farmers and some other categories.
According to most sociologists, middle class represents a kind of social core of society, thanks to which it maintains stability and stability. As the famous English philosopher and historian A. Toynbee emphasized, modern Western civilization is first of all a civilization of the middle class: Western society became modern after it managed to create a numerous and competent middle class.
The lower class is made up of people with low incomes and mainly engaged in unskilled labor (loaders, cleaners, auxiliary workers, etc.), as well as various declassed elements (chronic unemployed, homeless, vagrants, beggars, etc.).
In a number of cases, sociologists make a certain division within each class. Thus, the American sociologist W. L. Warner, in his famous study of Yankee City, identified six classes:
? top - top class(representatives of influential and wealthy dynasties with significant resources of power, wealth and prestige);
? lower - upper class(“new rich”, who do not have a noble origin and did not have time to create powerful tribal clans);
? upper-middle class(lawyers, entrepreneurs, managers, scientists, doctors, engineers, journalists, cultural and art workers);
? lower-middle class(clerks, secretaries, employees and other categories that are commonly called "white collars");
? upper-lower class(workers employed primarily physical labor);
? lower - lower class(chronic unemployed, homeless, vagrants and other declassed elements).
There are other schemes of social stratification. Thus, some sociologists believe that the working class constitutes independent group which occupies an intermediate position between the middle and lower classes. Others include highly skilled workers in the middle class, but in its lower stratum. Still others suggest distinguishing two strata in the working class: upper and lower, and three strata in the middle class: upper, middle, and lower. The variations vary, but they all boil down to this: non-basic classes arise by adding strata or layers that lie within one of the three main classes - rich, wealthy, and poor.
Thus, social stratification reflects the inequality between people, which manifests itself in their social life and acquires the character of a hierarchical ranking of various activities. The objective need for such a ranking is related to the need to motivate people to perform their social roles more effectively.
Social stratification is fixed and supported by various social institutions, is constantly reproduced and modernized, which is important condition normal functioning and development of any society.
| |
There is a part social system, which acts as a set of the most stable elements and their connections that ensure the functioning and reproduction of the system. It expresses the objective division of society into classes, layers, pointing to the different position of people in relation to each other. The social structure forms the framework of the social system and largely determines the stability of society and its qualitative characteristics as a social organism.
The concept of stratification (from lat. stratum- layer, layer) denotes the stratification of society, differences in the social status of its members. social stratificationis a system of social inequality, consisting of hierarchically arranged social strata (strata). All people belonging to a particular stratum occupy approximately the same position and have common status features.
Different sociologists explain the causes of social inequality and, consequently, social stratification in different ways. Yes, according to Marxist school of sociology, inequality is based on property relations, the nature, degree and form of ownership of the means of production. According to the functionalists (K. Davis, W. Moore), the distribution of individuals according to social strata depends on the importance of their professional activities and contribution which they contribute by their labor to the achievement of the goals of society. Supporters exchange theories(J. Homans) believe that inequality in society arises due to unequal exchange of results of human activity.
A number of classic sociologists considered the problem of stratification more broadly. For example, M. Weber, in addition to economic (attitude to property and level of income), proposed in addition such criteria as social prestige(inherited and acquired status) and belonging to certain political circles, hence - power, authority and influence.
One of creators P. Sorokin identified three types of stratification structures:
- economic(according to the criteria of income and wealth);
- political(according to the criteria of influence and power);
- professional(according to the criteria of mastery, professional skills, successful performance of social roles).
Founder structural functionalism T. Parsons proposed three groups of differentiating features:
- qualitative characteristics of people that they possess from birth (ethnicity, family ties, gender and age characteristics, personal qualities and abilities);
- role characteristics determined by a set of roles performed by an individual in society (education, position, various types of professional and labor activity);
- characteristics due to the possession of material and spiritual values (wealth, property, privileges, the ability to influence and manage other people, etc.).
In modern sociology, it is customary to distinguish the following main social stratification criteria:
- income - the amount of cash receipts for a certain period (month, year);
- wealth - accumulated income, i.e. the amount of cash or embodied money (in the second case, they act in the form of movable or immovable property);
- power - the ability and ability to exercise one's will, to exert a decisive influence on the activities of other people through various means (authority, law, violence, etc.). Power is measured by the number of people it extends to;
- education - a set of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the learning process. The level of education is measured by the number of years of education;
- prestige- public assessment of the attractiveness, significance of a particular profession, position, a certain type of occupation.
Despite the diversity various models social stratification currently existing in sociology, most scientists distinguish three main classes: high, middle and low. At the same time, the share of the upper class in the industrial developed societies is approximately 5-7%; middle - 60-80% and lower - 13-35%.
In a number of cases, sociologists make a certain division within each class. Thus, the American sociologist W.L. Warner(1898-1970) identified six classes in his famous Yankee City study:
- top-top class(representatives of influential and wealthy dynasties with significant resources of power, wealth and prestige);
- lower-higher class("new rich" - bankers, politicians who do not have a noble origin and did not have time to create powerful role-playing clans);
- upper-middle class(successful businessmen, lawyers, entrepreneurs, scientists, managers, doctors, engineers, journalists, cultural and art figures);
- lower-middle class(employees - engineers, clerks, secretaries, employees and other categories, which are commonly called "white collars");
- upper-lower class(workers engaged mainly in physical labor);
- lower-lower class(poor, unemployed, homeless, foreign workers, declassed elements).
There are other schemes of social stratification. But they all boil down to the following: non-basic classes arise by adding strata and layers that are inside one of the main classes - rich, wealthy and poor.
Thus, social stratification is based on natural and social inequality between people, which manifests itself in their social life and has a hierarchical character. It is sustainably supported and regulated by various social institutions, constantly reproduced and modified, which is an important condition for the functioning and development of any society.
Intermediate control test
for applicants for the thematic module: " Social sphere society"
__________________________________________________
a) Choose the correct option:
1. The social sphere of the life of society finds its manifestation:
a) In the production of material goods
b) Legislative activity of the state
c) Interethnic relations
d) Spiritual and moral foundations
2. The social sphere of society determines the relationship between:
a) Citizens and the state
b) Owners and the state
c) Different population groups
d) Between people and nature
3. Social structure modern society inherent:
a) static
b) Mobility
c) Class struggle
d) Social homogeneity
4. Element of the social structure of society:
a) mortgage bank
b) Production cooperative
c) Socio-professional community
d) Industry Ministry
5. A concept that is not related to the social sphere:
a) State
c) lumpen
6. A relatively stable set of people, characterized by more or less the same features, conditions and way of life, consciousness, social norms and values:
a) Social structure
b) Social environment
in) social community
d) Social institution
7. Social stratification is:
a) The totality of norms and traditions of interaction between people in the processes of informal communication
b) Various organizational forms of joint production activities of people
c) Industry infrastructure of organized interest groups and pressure groups
d) The hierarchy of social stratification and inequality inherent in a given society
8. A group of people is called a stratum:
a) Employed in the system of material production
b) United by a socially significant feature
c) profess one religion or another
d) Adhering to radical left views
14. Groups of people who do not fit into existing in this society social structures and traditions, and are pushed, as it were, to their "roadside", to the "periphery" are defined as:
a) Informals
d) Outcasts
15. Declassed strata in society:
a) laborers
b) Criminal elements
c) Migrants
d) pensioners
16. Youth - community:
a) Professional
b) Confessional
c) Demographic
d) Corporate
17. Domestic dollar billionaires form a class mini-stratum, for the essential characteristics of which the ancient Greek term is applicable:
a) Plutocracy
b) Ochlocracy
c) Meritocracy
d) Oligarchy
18. A social community in which the position and behavior of its individual members is regulated by regulatory documents:
a) Small group
b) large group
c) Formal group
d) Informal group
19. Expansion of the proportion of the urban population and the spread of urban lifestyle:
a) Industrialization
b) Urbanization
c) Population explosion
d) Modernization
20. Changes in the social behavior of an individual or social group directly related to the concept
a) Social stratification
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social differentiation
21. Individual and group movements, reflecting the dynamics of the stratification of any society, appear as:
a) emigration
b) Labor migration
c) Territorial movements associated with a change of residence
d) Social movements from one stratum to another
22. It is a manifestation of upward horizontal social mobility:
but) seasonal migration related to harvest
b) A skilled worker took the position of foreman
c) An engineer from one firm is assigned as an engineer from another
d) The applicant became a student
23. It is a manifestation of upward vertical social mobility:
a) Moving from village to city
b) Assignment of the next military rank
c) demotion
d) A girl from a simple family married a millionaire
24. The process of organic inclusion of a person, most often immigrants, into the language environment, lifestyle, culture of a new society, including the acquisition by this person of the citizenship of the host country (as a result of marriage, for example):
a) Legalization
b) Integration
c) Adaptation
d) Naturalization
25. Tribes, nationalities, nations are communities:
a) Confessional
b) Social
c) Ethnic
d) Racial
26. Sign inherent in the concept of "nation":
a) One religion for all
b) Own army
c) Territorial and linguistic community
d) Sovereign statehood
26. A community of people speaking the same language with a particular nation, but having some features in everyday life, traditions, customs:
a) nationality
b) Faith group
c) Ethnographic group
27. How do they relate to each otherthe concepts of "ethnos" and "nationality":
a) They are not related to each other in any way.
b) They are concepts of the same semantic series, i.e. synonyms
c) Ethnicity is a kind of nationality
d) Nationality - a kind of ethnic group
28. Belonging of a person or group to one of the ethnic communities of people:
a) nationality
b) Nationality
c) Citizenship
d) Racial identification
29. The Cossacks in Russia are:
b) Nationality
c) Ethnic group
d) Ethnographic group
30. Physical destruction a large number people belonging to a certain national-ethnic community, representatives of another nationality:
a) Genocide
b) Interethnic conflict
c) The struggle for national liberation
d) Civil war
31. The family is:
a) social community
b) Social institution
c) Social stratum
d) social stratum
32. Under reproductive function family means:
a) The continuation of the human race
b) Production of material goods
c) Wealth accumulation
d) Organization of leisure
33. Of the following, corresponds to a family of a democratic (partner) type:
a) Restriction of the functions of a woman by conducting household and child care
b) Unquestioning obedience of the younger to the elders
c) Voluntary distribution of responsibilities
d) The dominant position of the father of the family
34. It is not allowed (without any exceptions) marriage:
35. Which of the following concepts is the antonym of the concept of "conflict"?
a) Confrontation
b) Consensus
c) Controversy
d) Peacefulness
36. A definition that is associated with such phenomena as a dispute, skirmish, quarrel:
a) contradiction
b) Collision
c) disagreement
d) Compromise
37. Participant conflict situation having a point of view, views, beliefs, arguments that differ from the main, original or in comparison with yours:
a) conformist
b) Competitor
c) Opponent
d) Counterpart
38. The style of response in a conflict, built on changing one's position, restructuring behavior, smoothing out contradictions, etc., is called:
a) fixture
b) compromise
c) evasion
d) Care
39. Rules established in society, patterns of expected behavior of people:
a) Social statuses
b) Social norms
c) Social positions
d) Social ranks
40. K social norms relate:
a) Administrative regulations
b) Religious commandments (“Thou shalt not kill, do not steal”, etc.)
c) Housing regulations
d) Sanitary and hygienic standards
41. Optimal state of social relations:
a) Social tension
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social stagnation
43. The main social "customer" and guarantor of democracy is:
a) Political elite
b) Middle class
c) Bureaucracy
d) Declassed element
44. Which of the following characterizes a conservative social policy?
a) Active intervention of the state in the processes of regulation of the social sphere (education, health care, social security, etc.)
b) Development and implementation of large-scale public social projects and programs
C) Setting that every worker should provide for himself, his family and his old age himself
d) Consumer demand management, dynamic revenue policy
45. The concept of "stratum" is borrowed by sociologists from:
a) Geology
b) Anthropology
c) Biology
d) Informatics
b) Complete the sentences:
1. In contrast to the professional criterion of social differentiation, which is based on the social division of labor, the basis of the class criterion is __________________________________
2. The concept of "social displacement" as a synonym corresponds to the concept of _______________________
3. If the status is obtained from birth, it is called ascriptive (assigned), if acquired as a result of human activity - ____________________
4. "Two classes and one layer." This "three-term" formula of social differentiation is typical for a very specific period Russian history, namely _____________________________________________
5. An extremely aggressive form of nationalism, which is characterized by disregard for the interests of other nations, incitement to violence against them, incitement of national enmity and hatred is ____________________________
6. Ensuring compliance between the deeds of people and the reward for them from the society (reward or punishment) means the implementation of the principle __________
7. The form of marriage, in which a man has one wife, and a woman has one husband, is determined by the concept of __________________________________________________
8. If under the slave system the main classes are slaves and slave owners, under feudalism - feudal lords and dependent peasants, then under capitalism - __________________________________________________
9. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: norms and _______________________
10. If miners, teachers, doctors are professional communities, then castes, estates, classes __________________________________________________
c) Write in the concepts corresponding to the definitions below:
|
Definition |
concept |
|
1) An integral indicator of the social status of the individual, covering the profession, qualification, position | |
|
2) The assessment that society gives to the status of a person or position | |
|
3) The set of individuals who have the highest index in the field of their professional activity | |
|
4) Movements of individuals and groups, reflecting the dynamics of changes in the social stratification of society | |
|
5) The social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex creative work, development and dissemination of culture | |
|
6) Formal or actual denial for a person or group of persons of those rights and freedoms that are recognized for other persons or groups | |
|
7) Type of interaction of an individual or social group with social environment during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are agreed. | |
|
8) Any actions or actions that do not comply with written or unwritten norms | |
|
9) Direction in sociology 2nd half of XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, reducing the patterns of social life to the biological laws of natural selection and the struggle for existence | |
|
10) Social stratum, a group of people distinguished by any sign (property, professional, level of education, etc.) | |
|
11) A large group of representatives of a particular ethnic group living outside the country of their ethnic origin | |
|
12) The rule (model) of behavior established in society | |
|
13) Part of the free (non-working) time that a person has at his own discretion | |
|
15) The area of daily activities, considered as different from professional, industrial, official activities of people |
e) Conclude:
1. The American writer Theodore Dreiser, in his Frank Cowperwood trilogy, described life path hero from a boy - a seller of soap to a magnate-multimillionaire. What type of social mobility is this biography an example of?
Answer_________________________
2. “Even when everyone is equal, some are still more equal than others.” About what feature of social stratification, organically inherent in any society, in question in this aphoristic remark of the English writer and publicist J. Orwell?
Answer________________________
Z., speaking about the causes of social revolutions in Russia, remarks: “Poverty is not a vice in itself. Poverty is a vice only in comparison with wealth. Hence there are two ways: to destroy poverty, to destroy wealth. The West, as you know, went the first way - took and destroyed poverty. And what path did Russia take after October 1917?
Answer__________________________
4. Describing situations of social mobility, P. Sorokin gave the following comparison: “In the first case, the “fall” reminds us of a person who fell from the ship, in the second case, the ship itself with all the passengers on board is immersed in water.” What type of social mobility, what are its two forms, and what direction of social movement are reflected in the above comparison?
Answer___________________________
"The political sphere of society"
_______________________________________
1. From the judgments below, real history the origin of the policy corresponds to:
a) Politicians (rulers) appeared because there is a strong desire individual people to power
b) Politics - the resultant product of the complication of relations between people associated with the emergence of private property and the state
c) Politics was invented by the ancient sages who decided to benefit humanity many centuries to come
d) Politics brought into public life political parties and their charismatic leaders
2. The political sphere of the life of society finds its manifestation:
d) Spain
31. If the church is separated from the state, then in this case the state is:
a) theocratic
b) secular
c) atheistic
d) charismatic
32. Under the concept of "form state structure" means:
a) The way in which the supreme power is formed
c) Assumes the existence of their own constitutions in administrative-territorial units
d) Excludes any form of sovereignty of its constituent territories
35. Confederation is a form of government, which is characterized by:
but) High degree centralization of power and lack of political independence of administrative-territorial entities
b) The entities that are part of the state (states, lands, provinces) have a certain independence
c) Voluntary union of states with state sovereignty
d) Structuring supreme bodies state power on the principle of separation of powers
36. Solemn procedure for the inauguration of the elected president as head of state:
a) Legitimation
b) Coronation
c) Legalization
d) Inauguration
37. Impeachment is a procedure in relation to the highest official in the state, related to:
a) With his removal from office
c) Application of penalties
d) Expression of a vote of no confidence
38. Of the judgments listed below, the judgment is correct:
a) All parties are divided only on the basis of class
b) All parties have individual fixed membership
c) All parties aim at the struggle for power
d) All parties limit their activities to elections
39. Most general concept, denoting the presence of three or more political parties in the country:
a) Party political culture
b) Party-political system
c) Multi-party system
d) Pluralistic Democracy
40. If a party upholds traditional, time tested values and ways of development of the country, then in its ideological and political orientation this party is:
a) Anarchist
b) conservative
c) liberal
d) Left radical
41. "Left" refers to supporters:
a) conservatism
b) liberalism
c) Fascism
d) Socialism
42. The principle of political representation in rule of law implemented:
a) political parties
b) Religious organizations
c) government officials
43. A term denoting a system of pressure on various authorities in order to ensure the interests of certain organized groups:
a) paternalism
b) Lobbying
d) obstruction
c) Protectionism
44. Included in the political rights and freedom:
a) Right to life
b) The right to freedom of movement and choice of residence
c) The right to protect honor and good name
d) The right to elect and be elected to a public authority
45. In the role of whom the citizens of a democratic state perform essential function reproduction of the existing political system?
a) voters
b) Entrepreneurs
c) Employees
d) Consumers
46. The right of a person to be elected to representative bodies of power refers to:
a) To the right to participate in government
b) The right to choose an occupation
c) Active suffrage
d) Passive suffrage
47. Requirement of the law, according to which the right to participate in elections is granted only after reaching a certain age:
a) Age status
b) Age rank
c) Age limit
d) Age threshold
48.The principle of democratic elections relating to the nomination procedure:
a) Universality
b) Periodicity
c) Alternative
49. Mixed is called electoral system, with which:
b) A candidate who obtains the absolute majority of votes provided for by law is considered elected.
c) One half of the candidates are elected by the majority, and the other half by the proportional principle
d) A candidate who obtains the relative majority prescribed by law is considered elected.
50. Formal or actual denial for a person or group of persons of those rights and freedoms that are recognized for other persons or groups:
a) chauvinism
b) Voluntarism
c) Discrimination
d) Nationalism
"Legal sphere of society"
_____________
________
1. State-established obligatory, formally certain rules behaviors:
a) Legal regulations
b) Party norms
c) Moral and ethical standards
d) Traditional norms
a) Presumption
b) Hypothesis
c) precedent
d) Definition
3. Of the listed norms, the category of social norms includes:
a) Fire safety rules
b) Business ethics
c) Administrative regulations
d) Housing regulations
4. Legal rights include:
a) The right to be a patriot of one's country
b) The right to love and be loved
c) The right to be the master of one's own destiny
d) The right to alternative service
a) Regulatory
b) Protective
c) definitive
d) dispositive
b) Licensing
c) State registration
d) Adoption of the charter
18. Not included in the classification of non-commercial legal entities:
a) Public organizations
b) Housing associations
c) Charitable foundations
d) Production cooperatives
19. Form of termination of activity legal entity without the transfer of his rights and obligations in the order of succession to other persons is:
a) self-dissolution
b) Liquidation
c) Bankruptcy
d) Restructuring
20. A deal is:
a) Illegal act
b) An act that is formally legal but actually illegal
c) Working on a piecework basis
d) Action aimed at establishing a civil legal relationship
21. Trade covering another trade:
a) imaginary
b) feigned
c) Bonded
d) Legal
22. According to such a criterion as the number of parties involved, there are no transactions:
a) unilateral
b) bilateral
c) tripartite
d) Multilateral
23. An agreement concluded for the manufacture or processing of a thing or for the performance of other work with the transfer of its results to the customer is an agreement:
b) Leases
c) Contract
24. Illegal, guilty action (inaction) of an individual or legal entity, for which administrative liability is established by law, is defined as:
a) reckless behavior
b) Misdemeanor
c) Offense
d) Criminally punishable act
25. Crime is:
a) Offense
b) Action dangerous to society
c) Illegal act
d) An act prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
26. The objective side of the crime consists of:
a) in a careless way
b) In action
c) on purpose
d) inadvertently
27. The application of a statutory sanction to a violator of a legal norm is a form of conviction:
a) Public
b) Moral and ethical
c) State
d) religious
28. The guilt of the person accused of committing a crime is recognized:
a) The indictment of the investigating authority
b) by the verdict of a court that has entered into legal force
c) The sanction of the prosecutor
d) Judgment of detention
29. What circumstance does not exclude the criminality of the act?
a) Necessary defense
b) Reasonable risk
c) Minority of the perpetrator
d) Physical or psychological coercion
30. Criminal liability arises from the moment:
a) Committing a crime
b) Taking him into custody
c) The beginning of investigative actions
d) Judgment
31. By general rule Criminal liability for grave crimes (murder, rape, robbery, etc.) is subject to a person who has reached the age by the time the crime was committed:
32. The accused is:
a) The defendant
b) Condemned
c) Suspect
d) Prisoner
33. Which of the following is an offense?
a) The man did not give up his seat to the woman on the subway
b) The young man was late for the start of the theatrical performance
c) The young man refused to marry the girl
d) A neighbor appropriated a thing left for her to keep
34. Situation regulated by civil law:
a) Crossing the street in the wrong place
b) Dismissal from work
c) Division of property of spouses
35. Which of the following acts refers to an administrative offense?
a) burglary
b) Illegal logging for speculative sale
c) Theft of a light bulb in a public place
d) robbery
36. Is not a measure of state coercion, appointed by a court sentence:
a) dismissal
c) Corrective labor
d) Deprivation of liberty
b) Correctional labor
c) Reprimand
d) Administrative arrest
38. Not included in the number of administrative penalties:
a) Warning
c) Corrective labor
d) Placement in the bullpen
39. Being late for work entails responsibility:
a) civil
b) material
c) criminal
d) disciplinary
40. Intentional and reckless acts, for which the maximum punishment does not exceed five years of imprisonment, are classified as crimes:
a) light weight
b) Moderate
c) heavy
d) especially serious
41 . Not included in the number of crimes against freedom, honor and dignity of the individual:
a) kidnapping
b) Unlawful deprivation of liberty
c) slander
42. Forensic term meaning finding the accused
at the time of the commission of the crime in another place as evidence of innocence:
c) Presumption
d) precedent
43. Judicial or administrative decision used to resolve other disputes under similar conditions:
a) custom
b) Tradition
c) precedent
d) Sanction
44. Under family law, the legal age for marriage is:
45. According to Russian family law, marriage is considered to be a voluntary union of a man and a woman concluded:
a) After marriage and engagement
b) After the actual start of living together
c) In the registry office
d) in a religious temple
46. It is not allowed (without any exceptions) marriage:
a) Between persons under the age of marriage
b) Persons, of whom only one person has reached the age of marriage
c) Incomplete brothers and sisters who have a common father or mother
d) cousins
47. Divorce is made:
a) Only in civil registry offices
b) Only in court
c) Simultaneously in both instances
d) In one of them, depending on the specific situation
48. The property of the deceased, by right of inheritance, passes to the state in the event of:
a) Absence of will
b) Recognition of the will as completely invalid
c) Refusal of part of the heirs under the will from their inheritance
d) If there are no heirs either by law or by will
49. A minor has the right to work:
a) In gambling clubs and casinos
b) In theater and concert organizations
c) In night bars and restaurants
d) Liquor and tobacco shops
50. Persons under 18 to work at night:
a) Engaged without any restrictions
b) Engaged only with their consent
c) Engaged only in exceptional cases provided for by law
d) Engagement is prohibited by law
a) Citizens and the state
b) Owners and the state
c) Different population groups
d) Between people and nature
3. The social structure of modern society is inherent in:
a) static
b) Mobility
c) Class struggle
d) Social homogeneity
4. Element of the social structure of society:
a) mortgage bank
b) Production cooperative
c) Socio-professional community
d) Industry Ministry
5. A concept that is not related to the social sphere:
a) State
b) Ethnos
c) lumpen
d) Class
6. A relatively stable set of people, characterized by more or less the same features, conditions and way of life, consciousness, social norms and values:
a) Social structure
b) Social environment
c) Social community
D) Social institution
7. Social stratification is:
a) The totality of norms and traditions of interaction between people in the processes of informal communication
b) Various organizational forms of joint production activities of people
c) Industry infrastructure of organized interest groups and pressure groups
d) The hierarchy of social stratification and inequality inherent in a given society
8. A group of people is called a stratum:
a) Employed in the system of material production
b) United by a socially significant feature
c) profess one religion or another
d) Adhering to radical left views
9. The criterion of social differentiation due to the social division of labor:
a) class
b) Professional
c) Demographic
d) Territorial
10. The main class-forming feature, according to Marxism:
a) The relationship of people to the means of production
b) Access and scope of power
c) Availability and nature of education
d) Manner and way of life
11. A factor that is not included in the system of social reproduction of inequality:
a) Professionalism and competence
b) Scope and access to power
c) money and wealth
d) Beauty and personal charm
12. Not an objective criterion of status:
a) Income
b) Education
c) Power
d) Self-identification
13. The middle class includes:
a) The highest officials in the state
b) Small and medium entrepreneurs
c) Unskilled workers
14. Groups of people who do not fit into the social structures and traditions existing in a given society, and are pushed, as it were, to their “roadside”, to the “periphery” are defined as:
a) Informals
b) Punks
c) homeless people
d) Outcasts
15. Declassed strata in society :
a) laborers
b) Criminal elements
c) Migrants
d) pensioners
16. Youth - community:
a) Professional
b) Confessional
c) Demographic
d) Corporate
17. Domestic dollar billionaires form a class mini-stratum, for the essential characteristics of which the ancient Greek term is applicable:
a) Plutocracy
b) Ochlocracy
c) Meritocracy
d) Oligarchy
18. A social community in which the position and behavior of its individual members is regulated by regulatory documents:
a) Small group
b) Large group
c) Formal group
d) Informal group
19. Expansion of the proportion of the urban population and the spread of urban lifestyle:
a) Industrialization
b) Urbanization
c) Population explosion
d) Modernization
20. Changes in the social behavior of an individual or a social group are directly related to the concept:
a) Social stratification
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social differentiation
21. Individual and group movements, reflecting the dynamics of the stratification of any society, appear as:
a) emigration
B) labor migration
C) Territorial movements associated with a change of residence
d) Social movements from one stratum to another
22. It is a manifestation of upward horizontal social mobility:
A) Seasonal migration associated with harvesting
b) A skilled worker took the position of foreman
c) An engineer from one firm is assigned as an engineer from another
d) The applicant became a student
23. It is a manifestation of upward vertical social mobility:
A) Moving from the countryside to the city
b) Assignment of the next military rank
c) demotion
d) A girl from a simple family married a millionaire
24. The process of organic inclusion of a person, most often immigrants, into the language environment, lifestyle, culture of a new society, including the acquisition by this person of the citizenship of the host country (as a result of marriage, for example):
a) Legalization
b) Integration
c) Adaptation
d) Naturalization
25. Tribes, nationalities, nations are communities:
a) Confessional
b) Social
c) Ethnic
d) Racial
26. Sign inherent in the concept of "nation":
a) One religion for all
b) Own army
c) Territorial and linguistic community
d) Sovereign statehood
26. A community of people speaking the same language with a particular nation, but having some features in everyday life, traditions, customs:
a) nationality
b) Faith group
c) Ethnographic group
d) Tribe
27. How do the concepts of "ethnos" and "nationality" relate to each other:
a) They are not related to each other in any way.
b) They are concepts of the same semantic series, i.e. synonyms
c) Ethnicity is a kind of nationality
d) Nationality - a kind of ethnic group
28. Belonging of any person or group to one of the ethnic communities of people:
a) nationality
b) Nationality
c) Citizenship
d) Racial identification
29. Cossacks in Russia are:
a) Nation
b) Nationality
c) Ethnic group
d) Ethnographic group
30. Physical destruction of a large number of people belonging to a certain national-ethnic community by representatives of another nationality:
a) Genocide
b) Interethnic conflict
c) The struggle for national liberation
d) Civil war
31. The family is:
a) social community
b) Social institution
c) Social stratum
d) social stratum
32. The reproductive function of the family means:
a) The continuation of the human race
b) Production of material goods
c) Wealth accumulation
d) Organization of leisure
33. Of the following, corresponds to a family of a democratic (partner) type:
a) Restriction of women's functions to housekeeping and childcare
b) Unquestioning obedience of the younger to the elders
c) Voluntary distribution of responsibilities
d) The dominant position of the father of the family
34. It is not allowed (without any exceptions) marriage:
a) Between persons under the age of marriage
b) Persons, of whom only one person has reached the age of marriage
c) Incomplete brothers and sisters who have a common father or mother
d) cousins
35. Which of the following concepts is the antonym of the concept of "conflict"?
a) Confrontation
b) Consensus
c) Controversy
d) Peacefulness
36. A definition that is associated with such phenomena as a dispute, skirmish, quarrel:
a) contradiction
b) Collision
c) disagreement
d) Compromise
37. A participant in a conflict situation who has a point of view, views, beliefs, arguments that differ from the main, initial or in comparison with yours:
a) conformist
b) Competitor
c) Opponent
d) Counterpart
38. Response style in conflict, built on changing one's position, restructuring behavior, smoothing out contradictions, etc., is called:
a) fixture
b) compromise
c) evasion
d) Care
39. Rules established in society, patterns of expected behavior of people:
a) Social statuses
b) Social norms
c) Social positions
d) Social ranks
40. Social norms include:
a) Administrative regulations
b) Religious commandments (“Thou shalt not kill, do not steal”, etc.)
c) Housing regulations
d) Sanitary and hygienic standards
41. Optimal state of social relations:
a) Social tension
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social stagnation
43. The main social "customer" and guarantor of democracy is:
a) Political elite
b) Middle class
c) Bureaucracy
d) Declassed element
44. Which of the following characterizes a conservative social policy?
a) Active intervention of the state in the processes of regulation of the social sphere (education, health care, social security, etc.)
b) Development and implementation of large-scale state social projects and programs
C) Setting that every worker should provide for himself, his family and his old age himself
d) Consumer demand management, dynamic revenue policy
45. The concept of "stratum" is borrowed by sociologists from:
a) Geology
b) Anthropology
c) Biology
d) Informatics
b) Complete the sentences:
1. In contrast to the professional criterion of social differentiation, which is based on the social division of labor, the basis of the class criterion is ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The concept of "social displacement" as a synonym corresponds to the concept of ______________________________________________________________________________
3. If the status is received from birth, it is called ascriptive (assigned), if acquired as a result of human activity - _________________________________________________
4. "Two classes and one layer." This "three-term" formula of social differentiation is typical for a very specific period of Russian history, namely _______________________________
5. An extremely aggressive form of nationalism, which is characterized by disregard for the interests of other nations, incitement to violence against them, incitement of national enmity and hatred - this is __________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Ensuring compliance between the deeds of people and the retribution for them from society (reward or punishment) means the implementation of the principle _______________________________
7. The form of marriage, in which a man has one wife, and a woman has one husband, is determined by the concept of __________________________________________________________________
8. If under the slave system the main classes are slaves and slave owners, under feudalism - feudal lords and dependent peasants, then under capitalism - ________________________________
9. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: norms and __________________________________________
10. If miners, teachers, doctors are professional communities, then castes, estates, classes _____________________________________________________________________________
c) Write in the concepts corresponding to the definitions below:
|
Definition |
concept |
|
1) An integral indicator of the social status of the individual, covering the profession, qualification, position | |
|
2) The assessment that society gives to the status of a person or position | |
|
3) The set of individuals who have the highest index in the field of their professional activity | |
|
4) Movements of individuals and groups, reflecting the dynamics of changes in the social stratification of society | |
|
5) The social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex creative work, development and dissemination of culture | |
|
6) Formal or actual denial for a person or group of persons of those rights and freedoms that are recognized for other persons or groups | |
|
7) The type of interaction of an individual or a social group with the social environment, during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are agreed. | |
|
8) Any actions or actions that do not comply with written or unwritten norms | |
|
9) The direction in sociology of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which reduces the patterns of social life to the biological laws of natural selection and the struggle for existence | |
|
10) The social stratum, a group of people distinguished by any sign (property, professional, level of education, etc.) | |
|
11) A large group of representatives of a particular ethnic group living outside the country of their ethnic origin | |
|
12) The rule (model) of behavior established in society | |
|
13) Part of the free (non-working) time that a person has at his own discretion | |
|
14) Declassed, degraded person | |
|
15) The area of \u200b\u200beveryday activity, considered as different from the professional, industrial, official activities of people |
e) Conclude:
1. The American writer Theodore Dreiser, in his trilogy about Frank Cowperwood, described the hero's life path from a boy selling soap to a multimillionaire tycoon. What type of social mobility is this biography an example of?
2. “Even when everyone is equal, some are still more equal than others.” What feature of social stratification, organically inherent in any society, is referred to in this aphoristic remark by the English writer and publicist J. Orwell?
Answer_______________________________________________________
3. P.A. Kropotkin, speaking about the causes of social revolutions in Russia, notes: “Poverty is not a vice in itself. Poverty is a vice only in comparison with wealth. Hence there are two ways: to destroy poverty, to destroy wealth. The West, as you know, went the first way - took and destroyed poverty. And what path did Russia take after October 1917?
Answer____________________________________________________________
4. Describing situations of social mobility, P. Sorokin gave the following comparison: “In the first case, the “fall” reminds us of a person who has fallen from the ship, in the second case, the ship itself is immersed in water with all the passengers on board.” What type of social mobility, what are its two forms, and what direction of social movement are reflected in the above comparison?
Answer____________________________________________________________
The social stratification of a society is a set of vertically arranged social strata that make up society. Stratification is always based on inequality. This inequality is socially conditioned, i.e. it has not a natural, natural, but social origin. Or it uses natural inequality for social purposes.
Basic criteria of social stratification.
There are four main criteria for social stratification - income, power, education, prestige.
Income - the amount of cash receipts of an individual or family for a certain period of time (month, year). Income is the amount of money received in the form of wages, pensions, allowances, alimony, fees, deductions from profits. Incomes are most often spent on maintaining life, but if they are very large, they accumulate and turn into wealth.
Wealth - accumulated income, i.e. the amount of cash or embodied money that can be used to purchase movable and immovable (car, yacht, securities etc.) property. Usually wealth is inherited. Inheritance can be received by both working and non-working, and only working people can receive income. The main achievement of the upper class is not income, but accumulated property. For the middle and lower classes, income is the main source of subsistence.
The essence of power is the ability to impose one's will against the wishes of other people. In a complex society, power is institutionalized, that is, it is protected by law and traditions, surrounded by privileges and wide access to social benefits, and allows making decisions that are vital for society, including laws that, as a rule, are beneficial to the upper class. In all societies, people who have this or that type of power - political, economic, religious - constitute an institutionalized elite. It defines the internal foreign policy states.
Prestige - respect public opinion uses this or that profession, position, occupation, i.e. what a person has achieved
in accordance with the standard of living and the quality of the education received.
Education - determined by the number of years of study in the state or private school, university. Let's say Primary School means 4 years
incomplete secondary - 9 years, complete secondary - 11 years, college - 4 years, university - 5 years, postgraduate studies - 3 years, doctoral studies - 3 years. Thus, a professor has more than 20 years of formal education behind him, while a plumber may not have eight.
Three scales of stratification - income, education and power have quite objective units of measurement: dollars, years, people. Prestige is outside this range, as it is a subjective indicator.
The social position of a person is determined by - 1) status in society 2) the quality of the performance of his social roles 3) the size of his wealth 4) his belonging to power structures.
Example 1) - Petrov is a very good family man, house owner, and besides, he is a very respected person in our city.
Example 2) Morgunova is a grandmother who takes good care of 3 grandchildren.
Example 3) Murashenko is a dollar mulliard, has property abroad, is the owner of an oil company.
Example 4) Butsenyuk - prosecutor of the city of Merungri, colonel of the police station,.
I recommend to take 1 3 and 4 example
