The social stratification of a society is a set of vertically arranged social strata that make up a society, and inequality is always the basis of stratification. This inequality is socially conditioned, i.e. it has not natural, natural, but social origin. Or it uses natural inequality for social purposes.
The main criteria for social stratification.
There are four main criteria for social stratification - income, power, education, prestige.
Income - the amount of money received by an individual or family for a certain period of time (month, year). Income is the amount of money received in the form of salaries, pensions, benefits, alimony, royalties, deductions from profits. Income is most often spent on maintaining life, but if it is very large, then it accumulates and turns into wealth.
Wealth is the accumulated income, that is, the amount of cash or materialized money, which can be used to purchase movable and immovable (car, yacht, securities etc.) property. Usually wealth is inherited. Both working and non-working people can receive inheritance, and only working people can receive income. The main achievement of the upper class is not income, but accumulated property. For the middle and lower classes, income is the main source of livelihood.
The essence of power is the ability to impose one's will against the wishes of other people. In a complex society, power is institutionalized, that is, it is protected by law and traditions, surrounded by privileges and wide access to social benefits, it allows making decisions that are vital for society, including laws that are usually beneficial to the upper class. In all societies, people with this or that type of power - political, economic, religious, constitute an institutionalized elite. It defines the inner and foreign policy the state.
Prestige is respect as in public opinion one or another profession, position, occupation, that is, what the person has achieved
in accordance with the standard of living and the quality of the education received.
Education - determined by the number of years of study in public or private school, university. Let's say elementary School means 4 years,
incomplete secondary - 9 years, complete secondary - 11 years, college - 4 years, university - 5 years, graduate school - 3 years, doctoral studies - 3 years. Thus, a professor has more than 20 years of formal education behind his back, and a plumber may not even have eight.
Three scales of stratification - income, education and power - have quite objective units of measurement: dollars, years, people. Prestige is outside this range, since it is a subjective indicator.
The social position of a person is determined by - 1) status in the community; 2) the quality of fulfillment of his social roles; 3) the size of his wealth; 4) his belonging to power structures.
Example 1) - Petrov is a very good family man, a householder, and besides, he is a very respected person in our city.
Example 2) Morgunova is a grandmother who takes good care of 3 grandchildren.
Example 3) Murashenko is a dollar billionaire, owns property abroad, the owner of an oil company.
Example 4) Butsenyuk - prosecutor of Meryungri, colonel of the police station,.
I recommend taking 1 3 and 4 examples
6.4. Social stratification
The sociological concept of stratification (from the Latin stratum - layer, layer) reflects the stratification of society, differences in the social status of its members. Social stratification - it is a system of social inequality, consisting of hierarchically arranged social strata (strata). A stratum is understood as a set of people united by common status features.
Considering social stratification as a multidimensional, hierarchically organized social space, sociologists explain its nature and causes of origin in different ways. Thus, Marxist researchers believe that the basis of social inequality, which determines the stratification system of society, is property relations, the nature and form of ownership of the means of production. According to the supporters of the functional approach (K. Davis and W. Moore), the distribution of individuals according to social strata occurs in accordance with their contribution to the achievement of the goals of society, depending on the importance of their professional activity... According to the theory of social exchange (Tszh. Homans), inequality in society arises in the process of unequal exchange of the results of human activity.
To determine belonging to a particular social stratum sociologists offer a variety of parameters and criteria. One of the founders of the stratification theory P. Sorokin (2.7) identified three types of stratification: 1) economic (according to the criteria of income and wealth); 2) political (according to the criteria of influence and power); 3) professional (according to the criteria of mastery, professional skills, successful performance of social roles).
In turn, the founder of structural functionalism T. Parsons (2.8) identified three groups of signs of social stratification:
Qualitative characteristics of members of society that they possess from birth (origin, family ties, gender and age characteristics, personal qualities, congenital features etc.);
Role characteristics, determined by the set of roles that an individual performs in society (education, profession, position, qualifications, various types labor activity etc.);
Characteristics associated with the possession of material and spiritual values (wealth, property, works of art, social privileges, the ability to influence other people, etc.).
V modern sociology, as a rule, the following main criteria of social stratification are distinguished:
income - the amount of cash receipts for a certain period (month, year);
wealth - accumulated income, i.e. the amount of cash or materialized money (in the second case, they act in the form of movable or immovable property);
power - the ability and ability to exercise their will, to determine and control the activities of people using various means (authority, law, violence, etc.). Power is measured by the number of people to whom the decision is made;
education - a set of knowledge, abilities and skills acquired in the learning process. The level of education is measured by the number of years of study (for example, in Soviet school was taken: primary education- 4 years, incomplete secondary education - 8 years, complete secondary education - 10 years);
prestige - public assessment of the importance, attractiveness of a particular profession, position, a particular occupation. Professional prestige acts as a subjective indicator of people's attitude to a specific type of activity.
Income, power, education, and prestige determine the aggregate socioeconomic status, which is a generalized indicator of position in social stratification. Some sociologists also propose other criteria for identifying strata in society. Thus, the American sociologist B. Barber stratified according to six indicators: 1) prestige, profession, power and might; 2) income or wealth; 3) education or knowledge; 4) religious or ritual purity; 5) the situation of relatives; 6) ethnicity. The French sociologist A. Touraine, on the other hand, believes that at present the ranking of social positions is carried out not in relation to property, prestige, power, ethnos, but according to access to information: the dominant position is occupied by the one who possesses the greatest amount of knowledge and information.
In modern sociology, there are many models of social stratification. Sociologists predominantly distinguish three main classes: upper, middle and lower. At the same time, the share of the upper class is approximately 5–7%, the middle class - 60–80%, and the lower class - 13–35%.
The upper class includes persons holding the highest positions in terms of wealth, power, prestige, education. These are influential politicians and public figures, military elite, large businessmen, bankers, managers of leading firms, prominent representatives of the scientific and creative intelligentsia.
The middle class includes medium and small entrepreneurs, management workers, civil servants, military personnel, financial workers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, representatives of the scientific and humanitarian intelligentsia, engineers and technicians, highly skilled workers, farmers and some other categories.
According to most sociologists, middle class represents a kind of social core of society, thanks to which it maintains stability and stability. As the famous English philosopher and historian A. Toynbee emphasized, modern Western civilization is primarily a middle class civilization: Western society became modern after it managed to create a large and competent middle class.
The lower class is made up of persons with low incomes and employed mainly in unskilled labor (loaders, cleaners, auxiliary workers, etc.), as well as various declassed elements (chronic unemployed, homeless, vagabonds, beggars, etc.).
In some cases, sociologists carry out a certain division within each class. Thus, the American sociologist W. L. Warner in his famous study "Yankee City" identified six classes:
? upper - upper class(representatives of influential and wealthy dynasties with significant resources of power, wealth and prestige);
? lower - upper class("The new rich" who do not have a noble origin and did not manage to create powerful clan clans);
? upper - middle class(lawyers, entrepreneurs, managers, scientists, doctors, engineers, journalists, cultural and art workers);
? lower - middle class(clerks, secretaries, employees and other categories that are commonly called "white collars");
? upper - lower class(workers employed mainly physical labor);
? lower - lower class(chronic unemployed, homeless, vagabonds and other declassed elements).
There are also other schemes of social stratification. For example, some sociologists believe that the working class is independent group, which occupies an intermediate position between the middle and lower classes. Others include highly skilled workers in the middle class, but in its lowest stratum. Still others propose to distinguish two layers in the working class: upper and lower, and in the middle class - three layers: upper, middle and lower. The options are different, but they all boil down to the following: minority classes arise through the addition of strata or strata that lie within one of the three main classes - the rich, the well-to-do and the poor.
Thus, social stratification reflects inequality between people, which manifests itself in their social life and takes on the character of a hierarchical ranking. different types activities. The objective need for such a ranking is associated with the need to motivate people to more effectively fulfill their social roles.
Social stratification is consolidated and supported by various social institutions, is constantly being reproduced and modernized, which is important condition normal functioning and development of any society.
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Interim control test
for applicants in the thematic module: "Social sphere of society"
__________________________________________________
a) Determine the correct option:
1. The social sphere of the life of society finds its manifestation:
a) In the production of material goods
b) Legislative activity of the state
c) Interethnic relations
d) Spiritual and moral foundations
2. The social sphere of society determines the relationship between:
a) Citizens and the state
b) By owners and the state
c) By different groups of the population
d) Between people and nature
3. Social structure modern society is inherent in:
a) Static
b) Mobility
c) Class Struggle
d) Social homogeneity
4. Element of the social structure of society:
a) Mortgage bank
b) Production cooperative
c) Social and professional community
d) Industry ministry
5. Concept that does not belong to the social sphere:
a) State
c) Lumpen
6. A relatively stable set of people, characterized by more or less the same features, conditions and way of life, consciousness, social norms and values:
a) Social structure
b) Social environment
d) Social institution
7. Social stratification is:
a) A set of norms and traditions of human interaction in the processes of informal communication
b) Various organizational forms of joint production activities of people
c) Sectoral infrastructure of organized interest groups and pressure groups
d) The hierarchy of social stratification and inequality inherent in a given society
8. A strata is a group of people:
a) Employed in the system of material production
b) United by a socially significant trait
c) Professing a particular religion
d) adhering to left-wing radical views
14. Groups of people who do not fit into the existing in the given society social structures and traditions, and pushed, as it were, to their "roadside", to the "periphery" are defined as:
a) Informals
d) Marginal people
15. Declassed strata in society:
a) Laborers
b) Criminal elements
c) Migrants
d) Pensioners
16. Youth - community:
a) Professional
b) Confessional
c) Demographic
d) Corporate
17. Domestic dollar billionaires form a class mini-stratum, for the essential characteristics of which we can use the ancient Greek term:
a) Plutocracy
b) Ochlocracy
c) Meritocracy
d) Oligarchy
18. A social community in which the position and behavior of its individual members is regulated by regulatory documents:
a) Small group
b) Large group
c) Formal group
d) Informal group
19. Expansion of the share of the urban population and the spread of the urban way of life:
a) Industrialization
b) Urbanization
c) Population explosion
d) Modernization
20. Changes in the social behavior of an individual or social group directly related to the concept:
a) Social stratification
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social differentiation
21. Individual and group movements, reflecting the dynamics of the stratification of any society, appear in the form of:
a) Emigration
b) Labor migrations
c) Territorial movements associated with a change of residence
d) Social movements from one stratum to another
22. Is a manifestation of upward horizontal social mobility:
a) Seasonal migration harvesting
b) A skilled worker takes up the position of a foreman
c) An engineer of one firm is appointed as an engineer of another
d) The applicant became a student
23. Is a manifestation of upward vertical social mobility:
a) Moving from village to city
b) Assignment of the next military rank
c) Demotion
d) A girl from a simple family married a millionaire
24. The process of organic inclusion of a person, most often immigrants, into the linguistic environment, lifestyle, culture of the new society, including the acquisition by this person of the citizenship of the host country (as a result of marriage, for example):
a) Legalization
b) Integration
c) Adaptation
d) Naturalization
25. Tribes, nationalities, nations are communities:
a) Confessional
b) Social
c) Ethnic
d) Racial
26. A feature inherent in the concept of "nation":
a) One religion for all
b) Your own army
c) Territorial and linguistic community
d) Sovereign statehood
26. A community of people speaking the same language with a particular nation, but having some peculiarities in everyday life, traditions, customs:
a) Nationality
b) Confessional group
c) Ethnographic group
27. How do they relate to each otherthe concepts of "ethnos" and "nationality":
a) They have nothing to do with each other
b) Are concepts of the same semantic series, that is, synonyms
c) Ethnicity is a kind of nationality
d) Nationality - a kind of ethnos
28. Belonging of any person or group to one of the ethnic communities of people:
a) Nationality
b) Nationality
c) Citizenship
d) Racial identification
29. The Cossacks in Russia are:
b) Nationality
c) Ethnic group
d) Ethnographic group
30. Physical destruction a large number people belonging to a certain national-ethnic community, representatives of another nationality:
a) Genocide
b) Interethnic conflict
c) Struggle for national liberation
d) Civil War
31. The family is:
a) Social community
b) Social institution
c) Social layer
d) Social stratum
32. Under reproductive function family means:
a) Continuation of the human race
b) Production of material goods
c) Accumulation of wealth
d) Organization of leisure
33. Of the following, corresponds to a democratic (partner) type family:
a) Restriction of the functions of a woman by household and childcare
b) Unquestioning obedience of juniors to elders
c) Voluntary division of responsibilities
d) The dominant position of the father of the family
34. Marriage is not allowed (without any exceptions):
35. Which of the following concepts is the opposite of the concept of "conflict"?
a) Confrontation
b) Consensus
c) Controversy
d) Peacefulness
36. Definition associated with such phenomena as dispute, skirmish, quarrel:
a) Controversy
b) Collision
c) Disagreement
d) Compromise
37. Participant conflict situation who has a point of view, views, beliefs, arguments that differ from the main, initial or in comparison with yours:
a) Conformist
b) Competitor
c) Opponent
d) Vis-a-vis
38. The style of reaction in a conflict, based on changing one's position, restructuring behavior, smoothing out contradictions, etc., is called:
a) Device
b) Compromise
c) Evasion
d) Leaving
39. The rules established in society, patterns of expected behavior of people:
a) Social statuses
b) Social norms
c) Social positions
d) Social ranks
40. K social norms relate:
a) Administrative rules
b) Religious commandments ("Thou shalt not kill, do not steal", etc.)
c) Housing standards
d) Sanitary and hygienic standards
41. The optimal state of public relations:
a) Social tension
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social stagnation
43. The main social “customer” and guarantor of democracy is:
a) Political elite
b) Middle class
c) Bureaucracy
d) Declassed element
44. Which of the following characterizes a conservative social policy?
a) Active state intervention in the regulation of the social sphere (education, health care, social security, etc.)
b) Development and implementation of large-scale public social projects and programs
C) The attitude that every worker must provide for himself, his family and his old age himself
d) Consumer demand regulation, dynamic income policy
45. The concept of "stratum" is borrowed by sociologists from:
a) Geology
b) Anthropology
c) Biology
d) Informatics
b) Add the sentences:
1. Unlike the professional criterion of social differentiation, which is based on the social division of labor, the basis of the class criterion is __________________________________
2. The concept of "social movement" as a synonym corresponds to the concept of _______________________
3. If the status is obtained from birth, it is called ascriptive (assigned), if acquired as a result of human activity - ____________________
4. "Two classes and one layer." This "three-term" formula of social differentiation is characteristic for a very specific period. Russian history, and named _____________________________________________
5. An extremely aggressive form of nationalism, which is characterized by disregard for the interests of other nations, calling for violence against them, inciting national enmity and hatred - this is ____________________________
6. Ensuring compliance between the actions of people and the reward for them from society (reward or punishment) means the implementation of the principle of __________
7. The form of marriage in which a man has one wife and a woman has one husband is defined by the concept __________________________________________________
8. If under the slave system the main classes are slaves and slave owners, under feudalism - feudal lords and dependent peasants, then under capitalism - __________________________________________________
9. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: norms and _______________________
10. If miners, teachers, doctors are professional communities, then castes, estates, classes __________________________________________________
c) Enter the concepts that meet the definitions below:
|
Definition |
Concept |
|
1) An integral indicator of the social status of an individual, covering the profession, qualifications, position | |
|
2) The assessment that society gives to the status of an individual or position | |
|
3) The set of individuals who have the highest index in the field of their professional activity | |
|
4) Movements of individuals and groups, reflecting the dynamics of changes in the social stratification of society | |
|
5) The social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mainly complex creative work, the development and dissemination of culture | |
|
6) Formal or actual denial of a person or a group of persons of those rights and freedoms that are recognized for other persons or groups | |
|
7) The type of interaction of a person or social group with social environment, during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are agreed. | |
|
8) Any actions or actions that do not comply with written or unwritten norms | |
|
9) Direction in sociology 2nd half of the XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, reducing the laws of social life to the biological laws of natural selection and the struggle for existence | |
|
10) Social stratum, a group of people distinguished according to some criterion (property, professional, educational level, etc.) | |
|
11) A large group of representatives of one or another ethnic group living outside the country of their ethnic origin | |
|
12) The rule (pattern) of behavior established in society | |
|
13) Part of free (non-working) time that a person has at his own discretion | |
|
15) The area of daily activity considered as distinct from professional, industrial, official activities people |
e) Conclude:
1. American writer Theodore Dreiser in the trilogy about Frank Cowperwood described life path a hero from a boy - a soap seller to a multimillionaire tycoon. What type of social mobility is this life story exemplifying?
Answer_________________________
2. "Even when everyone is equal, some are still more equal than others." What feature of social stratification is organically inherent in any society, in question in this aphoristic remark of the English writer and publicist J. Orwell?
Answer________________________
3., speaking about the causes of social revolutions in Russia, notes: “Poverty is not a vice in itself. Poverty is a vice only in comparison with wealth. Hence there are two ways: to eliminate poverty, to destroy wealth. " The West, as you know, took the first path - it took and eliminated poverty. What path did Russia take after October 1917?
Answer__________________________
4. Describing the situation of social mobility, P. Sorokin made the following comparison: "In the first case, the" fall "reminds us of a person who fell from the ship, in the second - immersion in the water of the ship itself with all the passengers on board." What type of social mobility, what are its two forms and what direction of social movement are reflected in the above comparison?
Answer___________________________
"The political sphere of society"
_______________________________________
1. From the judgments below, real story occurrence of the policy corresponds to:
a) Politicians (rulers) appeared because the desire individuals to power
b) Politics is the resulting product of the complication of relations between people associated with the emergence of private property and the state
c) The policy was invented by the ancient sages, who decided to do good to mankind for many centuries to come
d) Politics was brought into public life political parties and their charismatic leaders
2. The political sphere of the life of society finds its manifestation:
d) Spain
31. If the church is separated from the state, then in this case the state is:
a) Theocratic
b) Secular
c) Atheistic
d) Charismatic
32. Under the concept of "form state structure"Means:
a) The method of forming the supreme power
c) Assumes the existence of its own constitutions in administrative-territorial units
d) Excludes any form of sovereignty of its constituent territories
35. Confederation is a form of government characterized by:
a) High degree centralization of power and lack of political independence of administrative-territorial entities
b) Formations that are part of the state (states, lands, provinces) have a certain independence
c) Voluntary union of states with state sovereignty
d) Structuring higher bodies state power on the principle of separation of powers
36. Solemn procedure for the inauguration of the elected president as head of state:
a) Legitimation
b) Coronation
c) Legalization
d) Inauguration
37. Impeachment is a procedure against the highest official in the state, related to:
a) With his removal from office
c) Application of penalties
d) By expression of a vote of no confidence
38. Of the following judgments, the correct judgment is:
a) All parties are divided only by class
b) All parties have individual fixed membership
c) All parties aim to fight for power
d) All parties limit their activities to elections
39. Most general concept, indicating the presence of three or more political parties in the country:
a) Party-political culture
b) Party-political system
c) Multi-party system
d) Pluralistic democracy
40. If the party stands for traditional, time-tested values and ways of development of the country, then in its ideological and political orientation this party is:
a) Anarchist
b) Conservative
c) Liberal
d) Left radical
41. Supporters are called "leftists":
a) Conservatism
b) Liberalism
c) Fascism
d) Socialism
42. The principle of political representation in rule of law implemented by:
a) Political parties
b) Religious organizations
c) Government officials
43. The term denoting a system of pressure on various authorities in order to ensure the interests of certain organized groups:
a) Paternalism
b) Lobbyism
d) obstruction
c) Protectionism
44. Included in the number political rights and freedoms:
a) The right to life
b) The right to freedom of movement and choice of residence
c) The right to protection of honor and good name
d) The right to elect and be elected to a public authority
45. In the role of whom do the citizens of a democratic state perform essential function reproduction of the existing political system?
a) Voters
b) Entrepreneurs
c) employees
d) Consumers
46. The human right to be elected to representative bodies of power refers to:
a) To the right to participate in government
b) The right to choose an occupation
c) Active suffrage
d) Passive suffrage
47. The requirement of the law, according to which the right to participate in elections is granted only after reaching a certain age:
a) Age status
b) Age rank
c) Age qualification
d) Age threshold
48. Principle of Democratic Elections Relating to the Nominating Procedure:
a) Universality
b) Frequency
c) Alternative
49. Mixed is called electoral system, with which:
b) A candidate who has obtained an absolute majority of votes prescribed by law is considered elected.
c) One half of the candidates is elected by majority vote, and the other half by proportional basis
d) A candidate who has obtained the statutory relative majority is considered elected.
50. Formal or actual denial of a person or a group of persons of those rights and freedoms that are recognized for other persons or groups:
a) Chauvinism
b) Voluntarism
c) Discrimination
d) Nationalism
"Legal sphere of society"
_____________
________
1. Generally binding, formally established by the state certain rules behavior:
a) Legal regulations
b) Party norms
c) Moral and ethical standards
d) Traditional norms
a) Presumption
b) Hypothesis
c) Precedent
d) Definition
3. Of the listed norms, the following belong to the social category:
a) Fire safety rules
b) Norms of business ethics
c) Administrative regulations
d) Housing norms
4. Legal rights include:
a) The right to be a patriot of your country
b) The right to love and be loved
c) The right to be the master of your own destiny
d) The right to alternative service
a) Regulatory
b) Protective
c) Definitive
d) Dispositive
b) Licensing
c) State registration
d) Adoption of the charter
18. Not included in the classification of non-commercial legal entities:
a) Public organizations
b) Housing associations
c) Charitable foundations
d) Production cooperatives
19. The form of termination of activities legal entity without the transfer of his rights and obligations in the order of succession to other persons is:
a) Self-release
b) Liquidation
c) Bankruptcy
d) Restructuring
20. A deal is:
a) Unlawful action
b) An action formally legal, but factually illegal
c) Work with piecework wages
d) Action aimed at establishing a civil legal relationship
21. Trade covering another trade:
a) Imaginary
b) Feigned
c) Bonded
d) Legal
22. According to such a criterion as the number of parties involved, there are no transactions:
a) One-sided
b) Bilateral
c) Trilateral
d) Multilateral
23. A contract concluded for the manufacture or processing of a thing or for the performance of other work with the transfer of its results to the customer is a contract:
b) Rent
c) Contract
24. Unlawful, guilty action (inaction) of an individual or legal entity, for which the law establishes administrative responsibility, is defined as:
a) A rash act
b) Misconduct
c) Offense
d) Criminal offense
25. Crime is:
a) Offense
b) Action dangerous to society
c) Illegal action
d) An act prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
26. The objective side of the crime is:
a) In carelessness
b) In action
c) By design
d) In imprudence
27. The application of a sanction provided by law to a violator of a legal norm is a form of conviction:
a) Public
b) Moral and ethical
c) State
d) Religious
28. The guilt of the accused of committing a crime is recognized:
a) The indictment of the investigating authority
b) By a verdict of a court that has entered into legal force
c) By sanction of the prosecutor
d) By a court decision on detention
29. What circumstance does not exclude the criminality of the act?
a) Necessary defense
b) Reasonable risk
c) Minority of the perpetrator
d) Physical or psychological coercion
30. Criminal liability arises from the moment:
a) Committing a crime by a person
b) Imprisoning him
c) The beginning of investigative actions
d) Delivery of a judgment
31. By general rule criminal liability for grave crimes (murder, rape, robbery, etc.) is subject to a person who has reached the age of at the time of the crime:
32. The accused is:
a) Defendant
b) Condemned
c) Suspect
d) Prisoner
33. Which of the following is an offense?
a) The man did not give way to the woman in the subway
b) The young man was late for the start of the theatrical performance
c) The young man refused to marry the girl
d) The neighbor appropriated the thing left to her for preservation
34. Situation governed by civil law:
a) Crossing the street in the wrong place
b) Dismissal from work
c) Division of property of spouses
35. Which of the following acts is an administrative violation?
a) burglary
b) Illegal logging for speculative sale
c) Stealing a light bulb in a public place
d) Rogue attack
36. It is not a measure of state coercion imposed by a court verdict:
a) Dismissal
c) Correctional labor
d) Deprivation of liberty
b) Correctional labor
c) Reprimand
d) Administrative arrest
38. Not included in the number of administrative penalties:
a) Warning
c) Correctional labor
d) Placement in the bullpen
39. Being late for work entails responsibility:
a) Civil
b) Material
c) Criminal
d) Disciplinary
40. Intentional and negligent acts, for the commission of which the maximum punishment does not exceed five years in prison, are crimes:
a) Slight severity
b) Moderate
c) Heavy
d) Particularly grave
41 . Not included in the number of crimes against freedom, honor and dignity of the person:
a) Kidnapping
b) Unlawful deprivation of liberty
c) Slander
42. A forensic term meaning the location of the accused
at the time of committing a crime elsewhere as evidence of innocence:
c) Presumption
d) precedent
43. Judicial or administrative decision used to resolve other disputes under similar conditions:
a) Custom
b) Tradition
c) Precedent
d) Sanction
44. Under family law, the legal age for marriage is:
45. A marriage under Russian family law is a voluntary union of a man and a woman, concluded:
a) After matchmaking and engagement
b) After the actual beginning of life together
c) In the registry office
d) In a religious temple
46. Marriage is not allowed (without any exceptions):
a) Between persons under marriageable age
b) Persons of whom only one person has reached the age of marriage
c) Half-brothers and sisters who have a common father or mother
d) Cousins
47. Divorce is made:
a) Only in civil registration authorities
b) Only in court
c) Simultaneously in both instances
d) In one of them, depending on the specific situation
48. The property of the deceased shall pass to the state by right of inheritance in the event of:
a) Lack of will
b) Recognition of a will completely invalid
c) Refusal of part of the heirs by will from their inheritance
d) If there are no heirs either by law or by will
49. A minor has the right to work:
a) In gambling clubs and casinos
b) In theater and concert organizations
c) In night bars and restaurants
d) In wine and tobacco shops
50. Persons under 18 years of age to work at night:
a) Are attracted without any restrictions
b) Involved only with their consent
c) Involved only in exceptional cases provided for by law
d) Attraction is legally prohibited
Affiliation measured by subjective and objective
indicators:
subjective indicator
Feeling of belonging to this group, identification with it;
objective indicators
Income, power, education, prestige.
So, a large fortune, high education, great power and high professional prestige - the necessary conditions so that you can be attributed to the highest stratum of society.
A stratum is a social stratum of people who have similar objective indicators on four scales of stratification.
Concept stratification
(stratum - layer, facio - doing) came to sociology from geology, where it denotes the vertical arrangement of layers of various rocks. If you make a cut crust at a certain distance, it will be found that under the layer of chernozem there is a layer of clay, then sand, etc. Each layer consists of homogeneous elements. So is the stratum - it includes people with the same income, education, power and prestige. There is no stratum that includes highly educated people in positions of power and powerless poor people engaged in low-profile jobs. The rich belong to the same stratum with the rich, and the middle - with the middle.
In a civilized country, a large mafioso cannot belong to the highest stratum. Although he has very high incomes, possibly a high education and strong power, his occupation does not enjoy high prestige among citizens. It is condemned. Subjectively, he can consider himself a member of the upper class and even come up on objective indicators. However, he lacks the main thing - the recognition of "significant others."
The "significant others" are two large social groups: members of the upper class and the entire population. The highest stratum will never recognize him as "theirs" because he compromises the entire group as a whole. The population never recognizes mafia activities as a socially approved occupation, since it contradicts the mores, traditions and ideals of the given society.
Let's conclude:
belonging to a stratum has two components - subjective (psychological identification with a certain stratum) and objective (social entry into a certain stratum).
Social entry has undergone a certain historical evolution. In primitive society, inequality was negligible, so there was almost no stratification. With the emergence of slavery, it suddenly intensified. slavery
The form of the most rigid fixation of people in unprivileged strata. Castes
an individual's lifelong attachment to his (but not necessarily unprivileged) stratum. V medieval Europe lifelong. affiliation is weakened. Estates imply legal attachment to a stratum. The wealthy merchants bought titles of nobility and thus passed on to a higher class. The estates were replaced by classes - open to all strata, not presupposing any legitimate (legal) way of securing one stratum.
a) Citizens and the state
b) By owners and the state
c) By different groups of the population
d) Between people and nature
3. The social structure of modern society is inherent in:
a) Static
b) Mobility
c) Class Struggle
d) Social homogeneity
4. Element of the social structure of society:
a) Mortgage bank
b) Production cooperative
c) Social and professional community
d) Industry ministry
5. Concept that does not belong to the social sphere:
a) State
b) Ethnicity
c) Lumpen
d) Class
6. A relatively stable set of people, characterized by more or less the same features, conditions and way of life, consciousness, social norms and values:
a) Social structure
b) Social environment
c) Social community
D) Social institution
7. Social stratification is:
a) A set of norms and traditions of human interaction in the processes of informal communication
b) Various organizational forms of joint production activities of people
c) Sectoral infrastructure of organized interest groups and pressure groups
d) The hierarchy of social stratification and inequality inherent in a given society
8. A strata is a group of people:
a) Employed in the system of material production
b) United by a socially significant trait
c) Professing a particular religion
d) adhering to left-wing radical views
9. The criterion of social differentiation due to the social division of labor:
a) Class
b) Professional
c) Demographic
d) Territorial
10. The main class-forming feature, according to Marxism:
a) The attitude of people to the means of production
b) Access and scope of power
c) The presence and nature of education
d) Manners and way of life
11. A factor that is not included in the system of social reproduction of inequality:
a) Professionalism and competence
b) Scope and access to power
c) Money and wealth
d) Beauty and personal charm
12. It is not an objective criterion for status:
a) Income
b) Education
c) Power
d) Self-identification
13. The middle class includes:
a) Top officials in the state
b) Small and medium entrepreneurs
c) Unskilled workers
14. Groups of people who do not fit into the social structures and traditions existing in a given society, and are pushed, as it were, to their "roadside", to the "periphery" are defined as:
a) Informals
b) Punks
c) Homeless
d) Marginal people
15. Declassed strata in society :
a) Laborers
b) Criminal elements
c) Migrants
d) Pensioners
16. Youth - community:
a) Professional
b) Confessional
c) Demographic
d) Corporate
17. Domestic dollar billionaires form a class mini-stratum, for the essential characteristics of which we can use the ancient Greek term:
a) Plutocracy
b) Ochlocracy
c) Meritocracy
d) Oligarchy
18. A social community in which the position and behavior of its individual members is regulated by regulatory documents:
a) Small group
b) Large group
c) Formal group
d) Informal group
19. Expansion of the share of the urban population and the spread of the urban way of life:
a) Industrialization
b) Urbanization
c) Population explosion
d) Modernization
20. Changes in the social behavior of an individual or social group are directly related to the concept:
a) Social stratification
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social differentiation
21. Individual and group movements, reflecting the dynamics of the stratification of any society, appear in the form of:
a) Emigration
B) Labor migrations
C) Territorial movements associated with a change of residence
d) Social movements from one stratum to another
22. Is a manifestation of upward horizontal social mobility:
A) Seasonal migration associated with harvest
b) A skilled worker takes up the position of a foreman
c) An engineer of one firm is appointed as an engineer of another
d) The applicant became a student
23. Is a manifestation of upward vertical social mobility:
A) Moving from village to city
b) Assignment of the next military rank
c) Demotion
d) A girl from a simple family married a millionaire
24. The process of organic inclusion of a person, most often immigrants, into the linguistic environment, lifestyle, culture of the new society, including the acquisition by this person of the citizenship of the host country (as a result of marriage, for example):
a) Legalization
b) Integration
c) Adaptation
d) Naturalization
25. Tribes, nationalities, nations are communities:
a) Confessional
b) Social
c) Ethnic
d) Racial
26. A feature inherent in the concept of "nation":
a) One religion for all
b) Your own army
c) Territorial and linguistic community
d) Sovereign statehood
26. A community of people speaking the same language with a particular nation, but having some peculiarities in everyday life, traditions, customs:
a) Nationality
b) Confessional group
c) Ethnographic group
d) Tribe
27. How do the concepts of "ethnos" and "nationality" relate to each other:
a) They have nothing to do with each other
b) They are concepts of the same semantic series, i.e. synonyms
c) Ethnicity is a kind of nationality
d) Nationality - a kind of ethnos
28. Belonging of any person or group to one of the ethnic communities of people:
a) Nationality
b) Nationality
c) Citizenship
d) Racial identification
29. The Cossacks in Russia are:
a) Nation
b) Nationality
c) Ethnic group
d) Ethnographic group
30. Physical destruction of a large number of people belonging to a certain national-ethnic community by representatives of another nationality:
a) Genocide
b) Interethnic conflict
c) Struggle for national liberation
d) Civil War
31. The family is:
a) Social community
b) Social institution
c) Social layer
d) Social stratum
32. The reproductive function of the family means:
a) Continuation of the human race
b) Production of material goods
c) Accumulation of wealth
d) Organization of leisure
33. Of the following, corresponds to a democratic (partner) type family:
a) Restriction of the functions of a woman to housekeeping and caring for children
b) Unquestioning obedience of juniors to elders
c) Voluntary division of responsibilities
d) The dominant position of the father of the family
34. Marriage is not allowed (without any exceptions):
a) Between persons under marriageable age
b) Persons of whom only one person has reached the age of marriage
c) Half-brothers and sisters who have a common father or mother
d) Cousins
35. Which of the following concepts is the opposite of the concept of "conflict"?
a) Confrontation
b) Consensus
c) Controversy
d) Peacefulness
36. Definition associated with such phenomena as dispute, skirmish, quarrel:
a) Controversy
b) Collision
c) Disagreement
d) Compromise
37. A participant in a conflict situation who has a point of view, views, beliefs, arguments that differ from the main, initial, or in comparison with yours:
a) Conformist
b) Competitor
c) Opponent
d) Vis-a-vis
38. The style of reaction in a conflict, based on changing one's position, restructuring behavior, smoothing out contradictions, etc., is called:
a) Device
b) Compromise
c) Evasion
d) Leaving
39. The rules established in society, patterns of expected behavior of people:
a) Social statuses
b) Social norms
c) Social positions
d) Social ranks
40. Social norms include:
a) Administrative rules
b) Religious commandments ("Thou shalt not kill, do not steal", etc.)
c) Housing standards
d) Sanitary and hygienic standards
41. The optimal state of public relations:
a) Social tension
b) Social mobility
c) Social stability
d) Social stagnation
43. The main social “customer” and guarantor of democracy is:
a) Political elite
b) Middle class
c) Bureaucracy
d) Declassed element
44. Which of the following characterizes a conservative social policy?
a) Active government intervention in the regulation of the social sphere (education, health care, social security, etc.)
b) Development and implementation of large-scale state social projects and programs
C) The attitude that every worker must provide for himself, his family and his old age himself
d) Consumer demand regulation, dynamic income policy
45. The concept of "stratum" is borrowed by sociologists from:
a) Geology
b) Anthropology
c) Biology
d) Informatics
b) Add the sentences:
1. Unlike the professional criterion of social differentiation, which is based on the social division of labor, the basis of the class criterion is _____________________________________________________________________________________
2. The concept of "social movement" as a synonym corresponds to the concept of ______________________________________________________________________________
3. If the status is obtained from birth, it is called ascriptive (assigned), if acquired as a result of human activity - _________________________________________________
4. "Two classes and one layer." This "three-term" formula of social differentiation is characteristic of a very specific period of Russian history, namely _______________________________
5. An extremely aggressive form of nationalism, for which disregard for the interests of other nations, a call to violence against them, incitement of national enmity and hatred are typical ____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Ensuring compliance between the actions of people and the retribution for them by society (remuneration or punishment) means the implementation of the principle of _______________________________
7. The form of marriage in which a man has one wife and a woman has one husband is defined by the concept of __________________________________________________________________
8. If under the slave system the main classes are slaves and slave owners, under feudalism - feudal lords and dependent peasants, then under capitalism - ________________________________
9. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements: norms and __________________________________________
10. If miners, teachers, doctors are professional communities, then castes, estates, classes _____________________________________________________________________________
c) Enter the concepts that meet the definitions below:
|
Definition |
Concept |
|
1) An integral indicator of the social status of an individual, covering the profession, qualifications, position | |
|
2) The assessment that society gives to the status of an individual or position | |
|
3) The set of individuals who have the highest index in the field of their professional activity | |
|
4) Movements of individuals and groups, reflecting the dynamics of changes in the social stratification of society | |
|
5) The social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mainly complex creative work, the development and dissemination of culture | |
|
6) Formal or actual denial of a person or a group of persons of those rights and freedoms that are recognized for other persons or groups | |
|
7) The type of interaction of an individual or social group with the social environment, during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are agreed. | |
|
8) Any actions or actions that do not comply with written or unwritten norms | |
|
9) The direction in sociology of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, reducing the laws of social life to the biological laws of natural selection and the struggle for existence | |
|
10) The social stratum, a group of people distinguished by any criterion (property, professional, educational level, etc.) | |
|
11) A large group of representatives of one or another ethnic group living outside the country of their ethnic origin | |
|
12) The rule (pattern) of behavior established in society | |
|
13) Part of free (non-working) time that a person has at his own discretion | |
|
14) Declassed, Degraded Man | |
|
15) The area of daily activity, considered as different from the professional, industrial, official activities of people |
e) Conclude:
1. American writer Theodore Dreiser in a trilogy about Frank Cowperwood described the life of a hero from a boy - a soap seller to a multimillionaire tycoon. What type of social mobility is this life story exemplifying?
2. "Even when everyone is equal, some are still more equal than others." What feature of social stratification, organically inherent in any society, is this aphoristic remark of the English writer and publicist J. Orwell talking about?
Answer_______________________________________________________
3. PA Kropotkin, speaking about the causes of social revolutions in Russia, notes: “Poverty is not a vice in itself. Poverty is a vice only in comparison with wealth. Hence there are two ways: to eliminate poverty, to destroy wealth. " The West, as you know, took the first path - it took and eliminated poverty. What path did Russia take after October 1917?
Answer____________________________________________________________
4. Describing the situations of social mobility, P. Sorokin made the following comparison: "In the first case, the" fall "reminds us of a person who fell from the ship, in the second - immersion in the water of the ship itself with all the passengers on board." What type of social mobility, what are its two forms and what direction of social movement are reflected in the above comparison?
Answer____________________________________________________________
