Federal agency of Education
State educational institution higher professional education
State University of Management
Department of State and Municipal Administration
by discipline « Social anthropology »
on the topic: " Interethnic conflicts».
Performed:
Student of the GiMU group 3–3
Stenina Maria
Checked:
D.I.N., professor Taisaev K.U.
Moscow 2009
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 2
2. Causes and factors of interethnic conflicts ……………… ... 3
3. Forms of interethnic conflicts ……………………………… .5
4. Ways of solving interethnic conflicts ……………………… .6
5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………… ... 9
6. List of used literature ………………………………… ... 11
INTRODUCTION
A multi-ethnic environment is a typical feature and condition of life modern man... The peoples not only coexist, but also actively interact with each other. Almost all modern states are multinational. All the capitals of the world are multinational, big cities, and even villages. And that is precisely why, today more than ever, you need to be correct and attentive both in words and in actions. Otherwise, you can find yourself involved in completely unexpected and unreasonable vicissitudes, and sometimes even in a clearly formed interethnic conflict.
Interethnic conflict- This is the complication of relations between nations and peoples up to direct military action. As a rule, interethnic conflicts can occur on two levels interethnic relations... So one of them is associated with interpersonal and family household relations, while the other is implemented through the interaction of federal constitutional and legal bodies and the subjects of the Federation, political parties and movements.
CAUSES AND FACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL
CONFLICTS
Interethnic conflicts as a social phenomenon there is a clash of interests different levels and content, and is a manifestation of complex deep processes in relations between individual ethnic communities, groups of people, proceeding under the influence of many socio-economic, political, historical, psychological, territorial, separatist, linguistic, cultural, religious and other factors.
Factors influencing interethnic conflicts:
1.the ethnic composition of the conflict region (its likelihood is higher in mixed regions);
2. type of settlement (the probability is higher in a large city);
3. age (extreme poles: "senior-young" give a higher probability of conflict);
4. social status (the likelihood of conflict is higher in the presence of marginals);
5. the level of education (the roots of the conflict are nesting in the mass of a low level of education, however, it should be remembered that individual representatives of the intelligentsia are always its ideologists);
6. political views (conflicts are much higher among radicals).
Whatever the reasons for interethnic conflicts, they lead to massive violations of laws and citizens' rights. Objective reasons for the exacerbation of interethnic tension can be:
firstly, the consequences of serious deformations national policy the dissatisfaction that has accumulated over many decades, which has spilled out in the conditions of openness and democratization;
secondly, the result of a serious deterioration in the economic situation in the country, which also generates discontent and enmity among various segments of the population, and these negative sentiments are channeled, first of all, in the sphere of interethnic relations;
thirdly, a consequence of the ossified structure state structure, weakening the foundations on which a free federation of Soviet peoples was created.
Subjective factors are also important.
Interethnic conflicts due to the reason and nature of origin can be:
● socio-economic (unemployment, delays and non-payment of wages, social benefits that do not allow the majority of citizens to meet the necessary needs, the monopoly of representatives of one of the ethnic groups in any service or industry National economy, etc.);
● cultural and linguistic (related to the protection, revival and development native language, national culture and guaranteed rights of national minorities);
● ethno-demographic (a relatively rapid change in the ratio of the population, that is, an increase in the share of the newcomer, non-ethnic population due to the migration of internally displaced persons, refugees);
● ethno-territorial-status (non-coincidence of state or administrative boundaries with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples, the requirement of small peoples to expand or acquire a new status);
● historical (relationships in the past – wars, former relations of politics "domination – submission ", deportations and related negative aspects historical memory, etc.);
● inter-religious and inter-confessional (including differences in the level of the modern religious population);
● separatist (the requirement to create their own independent statehood or to reunite with a neighboring “mother” or culturally and historically related state).
The reason any rash or deliberately provocative statements by politicians, national leaders, representatives of the clergy, the media, domestic incidents, cases
Conflicts over national values, the most important attitudes in the sphere of interethnic relations are among the most difficult to resolve, it is here that the problem of ensuring and protecting the civil, socio-cultural rights of individuals, representatives of certain ethnic groups can be most acute.
According to A.G. Zdravomyslova, and source of conflict is the measure and form of distribution of powers and positions available in the hierarchy of power and management structures.
FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
There are civilized and uncivilized forms of interethnic conflicts:
a) local wars (civil, separatist);
b) mass riots accompanied by violence, gross and numerous violations of the rights and freedoms of the individual;
c) religious fundamentalism.
Depending on the motives (reasons), the characteristics of the subjective composition, interethnic conflicts can be presented as follows:
1) national-territorial conflicts. In many cases, these conflicts contain attempts to solve the problems of the "historical homeland" (the original territories of residence or reunification of different ethnic communities);
2) conflicts related to the desire of national minorities to realize the right to self-determination;
3) conflicts, the source of which is the desire of the deported peoples to restore their rights;
4) conflicts based on the clash of the ruling national elites in the economic and political spheres;
5) conflicts related to discrimination of any nation, ethnic group, violation of its rights or the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of its representatives;
6) conflicts caused by belonging (on a national basis) to different religious communities, currents, that is, on confessional grounds;
7) conflicts based on discrepancies and collisions of national values (legal, linguistic, cultural, etc.).
The importance of research and prevention of conflicts on an ethnic, interethnic basis is also evidenced by the following figures: for some unofficial sources, in the period from 1991 to 1999, the number of deaths in interethnic conflicts by post-Soviet space amounted to more than one million people.
WAYS OF RESOLUTION TO INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Interethnic conflicts are one of those types of conflicts for which it is impossible to find a standard approach or solution, since each of them has its own peculiarity, basis. World experience shows that it is better to settle such situations only by peaceful means. So the most famous of them are:
1. deconsolidation (separation) of the forces involved in the conflict, which, as a rule, is achieved through a system of measures that allow you to cut off (for example, by discrediting in the eyes of the public) the most radical elements or groups and support forces inclined to compromise, negotiations.
2. interruption of the conflict- a method that allows you to expand the action of pragmatic approaches to its regulation, and as a result of which changes emotional background conflict, the intensity of passions is reduced.
3. negotiation process- the way for which there is special rules... In order to succeed in it, it is necessary to pragmatize the negotiations, which consists in dividing the global goal into a series of sequential tasks. Usually the parties are ready to conclude agreements on vital needs, about which a truce is established: for the burial of the dead, the exchange of prisoners. Then they move on to the most relevant economic ones, social issues... Political issues, especially those with symbolic significance, are postponed and dealt with last. Negotiations should be conducted in such a way that each side strives to find satisfactory moves not only for itself, but also for the partner. As conflictologists say, it is necessary to change the “win-loss” model to the “ win-win". Every step in negotiation process should be documented.
4. participation in negotiations of mediators or mediators... In especially difficult situations, the participation of representatives of international organizations provides confirmation of the legality of the agreements.
Settlement of conflicts is always a complex process bordering on art. It is much more important to prevent the development of events leading to conflicts. The sum of efforts in this direction is defined as conflict prevention. In the process of their regulation, ethnosociologists and political scientists act as experts to identify and test hypotheses about the causes of the conflict, to assess “ driving forces", The massive participation of groups in one or another scenario, to assess the consequences of decisions
CONCLUSION
A conflict is always a confrontation between two (or more) parties, which does not bring with it anything but discomfort. This phenomenon usually does not pass away, but with each subsequent time it acquires the character of mass character. It is on the same principle that interethnic conflict operates. It is truly one of the largest of all types of conflicts. Since after the expiration of the time of the people taking part in it, only only increases, the discontent increases, and the amount of damage and losses becomes only more impressive.
Having done a lot of work on the abstract, I once again made sure and came to the conclusion that:
1) interethnic conflict is an undesirable and extremely destructive phenomenon in the life of society, which is a kind of brake in solving problems public life people of different nationalities.
2) Both objective and subjective contradictions lie at the heart of interethnic conflict.
3) It is extremely difficult to extinguish the outbreak of the conflict, it can last months, years; fade out, then flare up with renewed vigor.
4) The negative consequences of interethnic conflicts are not limited to direct losses. Since there are massive movements of migrants, which significantly changes the quantitative composition of the population.
Also, the consequences of conflicts include youth unemployment, land shortages, lumpenization (a socially regressive phenomenon, typical, as a rule, of a catastrophic type of society and consisting in the complete loss of people from social life and the simultaneous formation of an extensive "social bottom" consisting of the disadvantaged, impoverished strata of the population.) a significant part of the population.
5) It is extremely difficult to avoid interethnic conflict, since each nation always has groups interested in establishing its own nation and at the same time grossly violating the principles of justice, equality of rights, and the sovereignty of others. True, in some countries such groups often determine the main direction of interethnic relations; in others, they always receive a decisive rebuff. Now thinkers and progressive politicians are searching for ways out of numerous contemporary ethnic crises. The advanced part of the world community has realized and recognized the value of a humanistic approach to ethnic problems. Its essence lies in the voluntary search for consent, in the rejection of national violence in all its forms and forms, and secondly, in the consistent development of democracy. Legal principles in the life of society. Ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual, regardless of nationality, is a condition for the freedom of any people.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Babakov V.G. Interethnic contradictions and conflicts in Russia "// Socio-political magazine. 1994, No. 8, pp. 16-30
2. Zdravomyslov A.G. Sociology of conflict. M., 1997, p. 90-92.
3. Tutinas E.V. Individual rights and ethnic conflicts. Monograph. Rostov-on-Don, RUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2000, p. 20
4. Zdravomyslov A.G. Interethnic conflicts in Russia // Social Sciences and modernity. 1996, No. 2, pp. 153-164
5.http: //www.conflictolog2.isras.ru/docs/journal/1_04/koksharov.htm
6.D. East. Sci., prof, K.U. Taysaev: a course of lectures on social anthropology.
Almost all modern states are multinational. All the capitals of the world, large cities, and even villages are multinational. And that is precisely why, today more than ever, you need to be correct and attentive both in words and in actions. Otherwise, you can find yourself involved in completely unexpected and unreasonable vicissitudes, and sometimes even in a clearly formed interethnic conflict.
Interethnic conflict- This is the complication of relations between nations and peoples up to direct military action. As a rule, interethnic conflicts can occur at two levels of interethnic relations. So one of them is associated with interpersonal and family-household relations, while the other is implemented through the interaction of federal constitutional and legal bodies and subjects of the Federation, political parties and movements.
CAUSES AND FACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Interethnic conflicts as a social phenomenon is a clash of interests of different levels and content, and is a manifestation of complex deep processes in relations between individual ethnic communities, groups of people, proceeding under the influence of a multitude of socio-economic, political, historical, psychological, territorial, separatist, linguistic cultural, religious and other factors.
Factors influencing interethnic conflicts:
1. National composition the region of the conflict (its likelihood is higher in mixed regions);
2. Type of settlement (the probability is higher in a large city);
3. Age (extreme poles: "senior-young" give a higher probability of conflict);
4. Social status (the likelihood of conflict is higher in the presence of marginals);
5. The level of education (the roots of the conflict are nesting in the mass of a low level of education, however, it should be remembered that individual representatives of the intelligentsia are always its ideologists);
6. Political views(conflicts are much higher among radicals).
Whatever the reasons for interethnic conflicts, they lead to massive violations of laws and citizens' rights.
Objective reasons for the exacerbation of interethnic tension can be:
Firstly, the consequences of serious deformations of national policy, dissatisfaction that has accumulated over many decades, spilled out in the conditions of openness and democratization;
Secondly, the result of a serious deterioration in the economic situation in the country, which also generates discontent and enmity among various segments of the population, and these negative sentiments are channeled, first of all, in the sphere of interethnic relations;
Thirdly, a consequence of the ossified structure of the state structure, the weakening of the foundations on which a free federation of Soviet peoples was created.
Subjective factors are also important.
Interethnic conflicts due to the reason and nature of origin can be:
Socio-economic (unemployment, delays and non-payment of wages, social benefits that do not allow the majority of citizens to meet the necessary needs, the monopoly of representatives of one of the ethnic groups in any service sector or sectors of the national economy, etc.);
Cultural and linguistic (related to the protection, revival and development of the native language, national culture and guaranteed rights of national minorities);
Ethno-demographic (a relatively rapid change in the ratio of the population size, i.e. an increase in the share of immigrants, non-ethnic population in connection with the migration of forced migrants, refugees);
Ethno-territorial-status (non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples, the requirement of small peoples to expand or acquire a new status);
Historical (relationships in the past - wars, former relations of the "domination - submission" policy, deportations and the negative aspects of historical memory associated with them, etc.);
Interreligious and interfaith (including differences in the level of the modern religious population);
Separatist (the requirement to create their own independent statehood or to reunite with a neighboring "mother" or culturally related state).
The reason any rash or deliberately provocative statements by politicians, national leaders, representatives of the clergy, the media, domestic incidents, and incidents can also emerge as interethnic conflicts.
Conflicts over national values, the most important attitudes in the sphere of interethnic relations are among the most difficult to resolve, it is here that the problem of ensuring and protecting the civil, socio-cultural rights of individuals, representatives of certain ethnic groups can be most acute.
According to A.G. Zdravomyslova, source of conflict is the measure and form of distribution of powers and positions available in the hierarchy of power and management structures.
FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
There are civilized and uncivilized forms of interethnic conflicts:
a) local wars (civil, separatist);
b) mass riots accompanied by violence, gross and numerous violations of the rights and freedoms of the individual;
c) religious fundamentalism.
Depending on the motives (reasons), the characteristics of the subjective composition, interethnic conflicts can be presented as follows:
1) national-territorial conflicts. In many cases, these conflicts contain attempts to solve the problems of the "historical homeland" (the original territories of residence or reunification of different ethnic communities);
2) conflicts related to the desire of national minorities to realize the right to self-determination;
3) conflicts, the source of which is the desire of the deported peoples to restore their rights;
4) conflicts based on the clash of the ruling national elites in the economic and political spheres;
5) conflicts related to discrimination of any nation, ethnic group, violation of its rights or the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of its representatives;
6) conflicts due to belonging (on a national basis) to different religious communities, trends, that is, on confessional grounds;
7) conflicts based on discrepancies and collisions of national values (legal, linguistic, cultural, etc.).
The importance of research and prevention of conflicts on an ethnic, interethnic basis is also evidenced by the following figures: according to some unofficial sources, in the period from 1991 to 1999, the death toll in interethnic conflicts in the post-Soviet space amounted to more than one million people.
WAYS OF RESOLUTION TO INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
Interethnic conflicts are one of those types of conflicts for which it is impossible to find a standard approach or solution, since each of them has its own peculiarity, basis. World experience shows that it is better to settle such situations only by peaceful means.
So the most famous of them are:
1. Deconsolidation (separation) of the forces involved in a conflict, which is usually achieved using a system of measures that cut off (for example, by discrediting in the eyes of the public) the most radical elements or groups and support forces inclined to compromise and negotiations.
2. Interruption of the conflict is a method that allows expanding the action of pragmatic approaches to its regulation, and as a result of which the emotional background of the conflict changes, the intensity of passions decreases.
3. The negotiation process is a method for which there are special rules. In order to succeed in it, it is necessary to pragmatize the negotiations, which consists in dividing the global goal into a series of sequential tasks. Usually the parties are ready to conclude agreements on vital needs, about which a truce is established: for the burial of the dead, the exchange of prisoners. Then they move on to the most pressing economic and social issues. Political issues, especially those with symbolic significance, are postponed and dealt with last. Negotiations should be conducted in such a way that each side strives to find satisfactory moves not only for itself, but also for the partner. As conflictologists say, it is necessary to change the “win-loss” model to the “win-win” model. Each step in the negotiation process should be documented.
4. Participation in negotiations of mediators or mediators. In especially difficult situations, the participation of representatives of international organizations provides confirmation of the legality of the agreements.
Settlement of conflicts is always a complex process bordering on art. It is much more important to prevent the development of events leading to conflicts. The sum of efforts in this direction is defined as conflict prevention. In the process of their regulation, ethnosociologists and political scientists act as experts to identify and test hypotheses about the causes of the conflict, to assess the "driving forces", the massive participation of groups in one scenario or another, to assess the consequences of decisions
Relations between nations and peoples were often strained and even dramatic. Russian lands, for example, were of interest to many invaders. They were attacked by Mongol nomads, German knights, and Polish conquerors. On Central Asia and Transcaucasia was attempted by the troops of Tamerlane. When Columbus discovered America, many Indian tribes were destroyed. The colonialists conquered the peoples of Africa. And these are not all examples from the history of Europe. Interethnic conflicts flared up during the world wars of the twentieth century.
National issues
Interethnic conflict is a historical enmity that has left a mark on the national consciousness. And today, prejudice is the cause of hostility, the roots of which are rooted in the past. The previous options for solving the problems of the nation today have exhausted themselves, since enmity and mistrust are the result political mistakes and misses that have accumulated over the years.
Growth of international conflicts
The heightened self-awareness of nations and intolerance of even minor violations of equality - all this provokes interethnic conflicts in Europe. It is no coincidence that since the second half of the twentieth century national question re-emerged where it had previously been exhausted: Wales and Scotland, Canada and Quebec, France and Corsica, and so on. The world was struck by the rapid growth of conflicts in the early 1990s. Appeared new threat for which the community of nations that have been holding back nuclear challenges for 45 years turned out to be unprepared.
National security
Interethnic conflicts pose a threat to people and peoples, therefore the activities of states should be aimed at ensuring national security... In big Soviet encyclopedia the security of the nation was seen as protection from external enemies, but in fact it is necessary to protect both the external and internal spheres of the state, including both material and spiritual aspects. For example, the main factors of the defeat fascist Germany became firmness and cohesion Soviet people, his belief in ideas.
Interethnic conflicts: the cause
The main reason for the emergence of disagreements between peoples is the clash of interests of the subjects of nationalities, national groups and others. If the contradictions that have arisen are not resolved consistently or in a timely manner, a conflict arises. And nationalization and politicization of peoples' interests are becoming strong catalysts for its development. Interethnic conflicts mixed with political interests, reach the highest stage of exacerbation, which, in turn, provokes national antagonism.
Consequences of aggravated relations between nations and peoples
Each ethnic conflict leads to the tragedies of the destinies of entire nations. In addition, there is a danger of transferring past grievances and misunderstandings to the memory of new generations. This can be avoided by giving a proper legal assessment of the situation that has arisen, since public censure can further lead to unrighteous actions in solving even simple cases.
The concept of interethnic conflicts, the causes and forms of their occurrence, possible consequences and ways out of them are the main keys to solving serious problem relationships between people of different nationalities.
In the world in which we live, interethnic conflicts arise more and more often. People use various means, most often the use of force and weapons, to establish a dominant position in relation to other inhabitants of the planet.
On the basis of local conflicts, armed uprisings and wars arise, leading to the death of ordinary citizens.
What it is
Researchers of the problem of interethnic relations in defining conflicts between peoples converge on one common concept.
Interethnic conflicts are confrontation, rivalry, intense competition between people of different nationalities in the struggle for their interests, which are expressed in various demands.
In such situations, two parties collide, who defend their point of view and try to achieve their own goals. If both sides are equal, as a rule, they seek to agree and resolve the problem peacefully.
But in most cases in the conflict of peoples there is a dominant, superior in some parameters side and the opposite side, weaker and vulnerable.
Often, a third force intervenes in a dispute between two peoples, which supports one or another people. If the mediating party pursues the goal of achieving a result in any way, then the conflict often develops into an armed conflict, war. If her goal is peaceful settlement dispute, diplomatic assistance, then bloodshed does not happen, and the problem is resolved without infringing on anyone's rights.
Causes of interethnic conflicts
Interethnic conflicts arise for various reasons. The most common are:
- social dissatisfaction peoples within one or different countries;
- economic superiority and expanding business interests; spreading beyond the boundaries of one state;
- geographic disagreement on the establishment of the boundaries of the settlement of different peoples;
- political behavior authorities;
- cultural and linguistic claims peoples;
- historical past, in which there were contradictions in relations between peoples;
- ethnodemographic(numerical superiority of one nation over another);
- struggle for Natural resources and the possibility of using them for consumption by one people to the detriment of another;
- religious and confessional.
Relations between peoples are built in the same way as between common people... There are always the right and the guilty, the satisfied and the dissatisfied, the strong and the weak. Therefore, the causes of interethnic conflicts are similar to those that are prerequisites for confrontation between the inhabitants.
Stages
Any conflict of peoples goes through the following stages:
- Inception, the occurrence of a situation. She can be hidden and invisible to the layman.
- Pre-conflict, preparatory stage, during which the parties assess their strengths and capabilities, material and informational resources, look for allies, outline ways to solve the problem in their favor, develop a scenario of real and possible actions.
- Initialization, an event-reason for the beginning of a conflict of interest.
- Development conflict.
- Peak, a critical, culminating stage, at which the most acute moment in the development of relations between peoples comes. This point of conflict can contribute to further development events.
- Permission conflict can be different:
- elimination of causes and extinction of contradictions;
- compromise decision making, agreement;
- deadlock situation;
- armed conflict, terror.
Views
Exists different types interethnic conflicts, which are determined by the nature mutual claims ethnic groups:
- State legal: the nation's striving for independence, self-determination, its own statehood. Examples - Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Ireland.
- Ethno-territorial: definition geographic location, territorial boundaries (Nagorno-Karabakh).
- Ethno-demographic: the people's desire to preserve national identity... Occurs in multinational states. In Russia, such a conflict happened in the Caucasus.
- Socio-psychological: violation of the traditional way of life. Occurs at the household level between internally displaced persons, refugees and local residents... At present, in Europe, relations between indigenous people and representatives of Muslim peoples are aggravated.
What is the danger: the consequences
Any interethnic conflict arising on the territory of one state or covering different countries, is dangerous. It threatens the peace, democracy of society, violates the principles of universal freedom of citizens and their rights. Where weapons are used, such a conflict entails mass death civilians, destruction of houses, villages and cities.
The consequences of interethnic strife can be observed throughout the globe... Thousands of people lost their lives. Many were injured and disabled. The saddest thing is that in the war of interests of adults, children who are orphans, grow up physically and mentally crippled, suffer.
Ways to overcome
Most interethnic conflicts can be prevented if you begin to negotiate and try to use humane methods of diplomacy.
The resulting contradictions between individual peoples it is important to eliminate at the initial stage. For this statesmen and people in power must regulate interethnic relations and to suppress the attempts of some nationalities to discriminate against others, which are characterized by a smaller number.
The most effective way to prevent different kinds conflict lies in unity and understanding. When one nation respects the interests of another, when the strong will support and help the weak, then people will live in peace and harmony.
Video: Interethnic conflicts
Interethnic conflict
Interethnic conflict- conflict between representatives of ethnic communities, usually living in close proximity in any state.
Causes and stages of development
Although the majority of interethnic conflicts are based on completely rational reasons, the very concepts of ethnos, ethnic culture and ethnic identity, the division into “friends and foes” along ethnic lines are the basis for their emergence. This does not require direct contact between representatives of certain nationalities - opinions about certain ethnic groups can be formed in absentia (through the means mass media and etc.).
The conflict turns into an “explicit phase” after the beginning of the establishment of ethno-social relations, when a comparison of “us” and “foes” begins in terms of social status, income level, education, etc. Corruption occurs (patronage of representatives of one's nationality, “community” and nepotism) ... The conflict begins to take on an economic and political connotation - access to certain resources begins to be determined by nationality. With a combination of certain factors, it becomes possible to change this order only by violent means, which is what happens.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what "Interethnic conflict" is in other dictionaries:
INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT- clash of various ethnopolitical interests of nationalities in multinational states. V individual cases takes place in the form of an armed conflict ... Legal encyclopedia
Conflict in Kondopoga Riots in the Karelian town of Kondopoga in September 2006, caused by the murder of three local residents by immigrants from Chechnya. The Petrozavodsk OMON was used to suppress the unrest. More than 100 people were detained, ... ... Wikipedia
CONFLICT INTERNATIONAL- INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT ... Legal encyclopedia
Conflict Caused by Disagreements social groups or personalities with disagreements in opinions and views, striving to take a leading position; manifestation of social connections of people. In the area of scientific knowledge there is a separate ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Conflict (disambiguation). Conflict (from Lat. Conflictus) is defined in psychology as the lack of agreement between two or more parties, individuals or groups. Contents 1 History of the concept ... Wikipedia
Conflict in Sagra A mass shootout between local residents of the village of Sagra, located 40 km from Yekaterinburg, and a gang that arrived from Yekaterinburg on July 1, 2011. As a result of the conflict, one of the ... ... Wikipedia was killed
Riots in the village of Yandyki, Astrakhan Region, took place on August 18, 2005. During the riots, in which about 300 people participated, 6 houses were set on fire and several Chechens living there were beaten. The reason for the riots was ... ... Wikipedia
Interethnic conflict- any form of civil, polit. or an armed confrontation, in which the parties, or one of the parties, are mobilized, act or suffer on the basis of nationalities. differences. To. M. Is accompanied by tension in international relations. relationship. This… … Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary
Aya, oh. Existing happening between nations. My connections. M. conflict. My enmity, strife ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Trouble (ed. 2014), Gary Schmidt. Henry Smith's father always told him: if you build your house away from Trouble, she will never find you. Henry's older brother, Franklin, was hit by a pickup truck driven by a refugee from ...
