We bet you've been in a situation where you've come across a word that seemed very familiar. You were sure you had taught him before, but you still couldn't remember. This means that the word has gone into the passive vocabulary.
Such words are stored somewhere in the depths of memory, we vaguely remember them, but since we do not use them regularly, they begin to fade into the background, giving way to words that we use daily. Another example of a passive vocabulary is words that we understand when reading or speaking, but do not use ourselves. It turns out a small paradox: we understand these words when they are spoken by someone, but when we ourselves need to use them, they suddenly “fly out of our heads”. Those words that we use regularly are included in the so-called active vocabulary.
Why activate passive vocabulary?
The active vocabulary of any person, both the language being studied and the native language, is always less than the passive one. Some believe that it is enough to know (remember) about 1,000 words to communicate. This point of view is debatable. Yes, knowledge of 1,000 words can be enough to communicate at a primitive level (such a vocabulary is usually found in children of 3-4 years old). However, during a full-fledged live communication, it is unlikely that the interlocutor will try to adjust to this level. Yes, and you may want to more accurately formulate your judgments, reveal your point of view by 100%, be able to express yourself beautifully, according to your age.
How to activate passive vocabulary
- Learn the words correctly
In order for the word to be fixed in long-term memory, it is not enough to run through the list of words with your eyes, making sure that you remember everything. While learning new vocabulary, try to write it down by hand (this way you will include motor memory in the work), say each word aloud. Make up a few sentences with each of them to understand how you can use them in communication. Learn words in several visits - do not memorize them in one sitting, otherwise you will immediately forget what you learned. Break the memorization process into several steps. For example, for the first time write down the words with the translation, after a while close the column with the meaning of the words. Then, looking at each word, try to remember what it means. Then do the same, but this time, look only at the value. Periodically review the learned vocabulary. - Read aloud
Reading often helps to enrich the passive vocabulary, however good book can enrich and active. By reading aloud, you learn to pronounce unfamiliar words, which increases your chances of remembering them. After reading, try to retell the text using the vocabulary you have learned from it. - Learn from others
When communicating with someone in English, try to use "passive" words as often as possible. Practice incorporating them into your everyday speech, so you will bring them to the asset. You can write down new words on a piece of paper and take it to a lesson with a tutor or to a speaking club, trying to use each word from the list during the lesson. - Write posts
This option is great for those who study in courses, and for those who study the language on their own. Writing texts - The best way memorization, because our memory perfectly assimilates what we have come up with on our own. If you doubt your knowledge, you can lead personal diary by making it private. By the way, a great way to track your progress is to re-read what you have written after a while and try to correct your own mistakes if they were made. If you are confident in your knowledge and like to speak online, you can try blogging in English, posting on Twitter or Facebook, making beautiful captions in English for photos on Instagram, or sharing your thoughts on thematic forums. - Learn by heart
Learning by heart can seem too boring and tedious, but not when you are learning something interesting. Try to learn poems or songs that you like - this is great for developing memory and enriching vocabulary. - play games
To replenish the vocabulary and refresh the words from the passive, and therefore activate them, help different games. Especially useful will be games to search for synonyms, scrabble, various crossword puzzles. You can search for them in English for a computer or in applications, then you will always have the game with you, and you can use your time when you are waiting for someone or when you are traveling in transport. If you are a fan computer games- try to play English versions, then learning English will become a pleasant entertainment for you, and not a routine duty.
Now you know how to use your passive vocabulary so that words from it become part of everyday speech.
Active and passive vocabulary
obsolete words
2.1. historicisms
2.2. Archaisms
Neologisms
3.1. Linguistic neologisms and occasionalisms
3.2. Sources of neologisms
Literature
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Active and passive vocabulary
The vocabulary of the language is almost continuously updated new words, the emergence of which is associated with changes in the life of society, the development of production, science and culture.
At the same time, the opposite process takes place in the vocabulary - the disappearance from its composition obsolete words and values.
Since the consolidation of new words and meanings in the language, and especially the departure from the outdated language - gradual process and long, in the language there are always two layers of vocabulary at the same time:
active vocabulary,
passive vocabulary.
to active vocabulary language refers to all vocabulary that is used daily in a particular area of communication.
To the passive vocabulary language includes words that are rarely used, have not yet become or have ceased to be necessary, familiar in a particular area of communication, i.e.
words that leave the language obsolete words),
words that have not yet finally entered general literary use or have just appeared in it ( neologisms).
The border between active and passive dictionaries a) fuzzy (in synchrony) and b) mobile (in diachrony).
a) words active in one area of life or in one style of speech, less active or passive in other areas of life and styles of speech. For example, active in Everyday life words can be passive scientific or business speech and vice versa.
b) Units active dictionary under certain conditions, they can easily go into a passive reserve:
drummer(socialist labor),
pager.
BUT liability units can easily become an asset [Girutsky, p. 147–148]:
neologisms: make-up artist, flash drive...
former historicisms: mayor, think...
Distinguish between active and passive vocabulary language and individual native speakers.
Active dictionary of a native speaker- a set of lexical units that the speaker freely uses in spontaneous speech.
Passive vocabulary of a native speaker- a set of LEs that are understandable to a native speaker, but are not used by him in spontaneous speech.
It's obvious that
specific carrier language differ significantly(quantitatively and qualitatively) from active and passive dictionaries language;
active and passive dictionaries different carriers language differ significantly volume and composition depending on
age,
level of education,
spheres of activity [ERYA, p. 21].
obsolete words
The loss of a word or one or another of its meanings is the result of a long process archaic. The word or meaning begins to be used less frequently and moves from an active vocabulary to a passive one, and then it can gradually be forgotten and disappear from the language.
Obsolete words form complex system. They are inconsistent in terms of
degree of obsolescence
reasons for archaization
possibilities and nature of their use.
Degree of obsolete some scholars highlight necroticisms and obsolete words.
Necroticisms(< греч.necros‘dead’) are words that are currently completely unknown to ordinary native speakers:
stern‘paternal uncle’,
circle‘mockery’ (cf. circle at),
zga‘road’ (cf.: path,neitherzgi can not see).
These words are not even included in the passive stock of the language [SRYA-1, p. 56].
Obsolete the words - actual language units having
limited scope
and specific stylistic properties:
verst(old Russian measure of length ≈ 1.06 km),
policeman(the lowest rank of the city police in pre-revolutionary Russia),
speak(talk).
Many words that have disappeared from the active dictionary literary language, are actively used in dialects:
vered (a), vologa, put, right'wash', cod‘bed, bed’…
Outdated and even gone from given language words can be stored in the active vocabulary other languages, primarily related. Wed:
velmy'very' (velmi - in white, velmy in Ukrainian),
knock'fat' – in white (cf. Russian. fat),
the whole‘village, village’ – in Bel. weighty, in Polish. wieś .
Words can be stored in unrelated languages, if they were borrowed [SRYASH, p. 294]
Depending on the reasons for archaization There are two types of obsolete words:
historicisms,
archaisms.
2.1. historicisms- these are words that have gone out of active use, because. became irrelevant or the objects or phenomena they denoted disappeared.
Those. appearance historicism caused extralinguistic reasons: the development of society, science, culture, changing the customs and way of life of the people.
historicisms Dont Havesynonyms in modern language and are used when necessary to name the disappeared realities:
boyar, coachman, altyn(coin of 3 kopecks) , chain mail[ERYA, p. 159].
Depending on whether it's outdated whole word or only its meaning, distinguish 2 types of historicisms:
lexical (full),
semantic (partial).
Lexical(full) historicisms- words (single- and multi-valued) that have gone out of active use as sound complexes along with meanings:
caftan;mayor(in Russia until the middle of the 19th century, the head of a county town): the names of old positions are considered historicisms.
Semantic(partial) historicisms– obsolete values polysemantic words of the active dictionary:
mace: 1) a short rod with a spherical heavy head, a symbol of the power of a military leader, in the old days - a shock weapon;
2) a gymnastic hand-held apparatus in the form of a bottle with a thickening at the narrow end.
1 LSV - semantic historicism, in the 2nd sense it is a word of the active dictionary.
Special category make up historicisms that name realities that have disappeared from the life of native speakers of a given language, but are relevant in the lives of other modern peoples, therefore exoticisms(on exoticisms, see the lecture "Vocabulary from the point of view of origin"):
chancellor, burgomaster...
Historicisms are used
how neutral words- if necessary, name the realities indicated by them (for example, in historical works);
how stylistic device:
to create a solemn style (for example, in journalism and poetry) [ERYa, p. 160].
2.2. Archaisms(gr. archaios‘ancient’) – words displaced by synonymous lexical units [ERY, p. 37].
Archaisms in the modern language necessarily there are synonyms:
fishing'hunting', voyage'travel', koi'which', piit'poet', Baltic 'Baltic', complacency'complacency'.
If a the reasons turning words into historicisms quite clear, then the clarification of the causes of the appearance archaisms is a rather difficult problem. For example, it is not so easy to answer the question why the words:
finger, this, hitherto, will pushed out of active use by words finger, this one, so far, if.
Depending on whether it's out of date phonographic shell words or one of values, distinguish:
lexical archaisms (outdated phonographic shell) and
semantic archaisms (obsolete one of the values the words).
Lexicalarchaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in different ways. Depending on this, several groups are distinguished.
Proper lexical archaisms - words that are displaced from the active stock by words with another root:
Victoria'victory', sispeech'that is', shuytsa'left hand', actor'actor', ever'constantly', velmy'very', dennitsa‘morning dawn’.
Lexical and derivational archaisms differ from modern equivalents in a derivational element:
fishar 'fisherman', murdererec 'murderer', answerstems be'reply';
from veta'slander', is in a hurry‘hurried up’.
Lexico-phonetic archaisms are somewhat different from the modern synonym in sound appearance:
piit'poet', mirror'mirror', smooth'hunger', voxal'railway station', iroism 'heroism', Guishpanese 'Spanish'.
In addition to lexical ones, there are grammaticalarchaisms are obsolete forms of words:
a) not existing in modern language, for example,
forms vocative nouns: devo! father! king!
wherewent to eat Russian land (old perfect).
b) grammatical forms, which in the modern language formed differently.:
to the balle , give me('give!') , performand , diee (‘died’ – old aorist), Russianago , equalsYu .
Semantic archaism- it's outdated meaning polysemantic word of the active dictionary, expressed in the modern language by another word.
By the fact that the meaning, obsolete for one sound complex, is expressed by another sound complex, semantic archaism differs from semantic historicism.
Otherwise, semantic archaisms are defined as the words, used earlier in a different meaning than now:
stomach‘life’ (cf.: not to life, but to death),thief‘any state criminal’, language'people', a shame,disgrace'spectacle'.
Archaisms can only be used with certain stylistic goal:
to recreate the historical situation and speech coloring of the era;
to create a solemn style (for example, in journalism and poetry).
The process of archaization of vocabulary not always straight forward: it often happens that under the influence of extralinguistic factors, obsolete words are returning in active stock. In this case, their meaning, as a rule, changes:
historicisms: decree, ministry, duma, governor, mayor...
archaisms: tavern(in tsarist Russia - a drinking establishment of the lowest category) - in modern youth jargon‘restaurant, cafe where you can drink’.
Often words that are obsolete in direct meaning, in metaphorical meanings of the word are not perceived by speakers as obsolete:
master‘a person who does not like to work himself’,
footman‘fawn’
serf‘servant, henchman’ [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 154].
Neologisms
Neologisms(gr. neos'new', logos‘word’) – words, meanings of words or combinations of words that appeared in the language in certain period and are perceived by native speakers as new.
These are words that have not yet entered the active vocabulary.
Neologisms are also defined as words that arose in the memory of the generation using them.
The belonging of words to neologisms is a relative and historical property. They remain neologisms only as long as they retain a shade of freshness, unusualness [LES, p. 331]. For example, the word astronaut appeared in 1957 and has not felt like new for a long time.
In 1996, the words were perceived as neologisms:
lawlessness,broker,GKChP, gekachepist, digestest'print overview', OMON, riot police, teenager,thriller, phytodesign,voucher,video cassette,clip,sponsor,supermarket,shaping, shop-tour,charter(flight).
It happens that neologisms, without becoming facts of an active dictionary, quickly pass into the category of obsolete words. Wed:
virgin lands (originated in 1954), gekachepist,Dudaevites,pager.
In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year is tens of thousands. First of all, these are words created from native language material. However, they are less noticeable than borrowings, so it often seems that there are more borrowings among neologisms.
The appearance of neologisms is explained
extralinguistic reasons: social need in naming everything new,
intralingual reasons: trends towards savings, unification, consistency language tools, varying nominations with different internal form; tasks of expressive-emotional, stylistic expressiveness [LES, p. 331].
Depending on whether the old word differs from new plan of expression or content plan, distinguish
lexical neologisms (new words): shadow worker, security officer, horror story, mobile phone, cabal, taxing, nanotechnologies…
semantic neologisms (new values existing words):
walrus‘winter swimmer’ (this meaning was a semantic neologism for some time after its origin),
truck‘cargo spaceship’,
disk‘gramophone record’ (cf. figurative meanings of words: throw, put on, run over, arrow, roof, negative),
nanotechnology -(transl.) ‘projects that require large expenses, but give an insignificant result’, a way of obtaining money by fraudulent means’;
in addition, allocate phraseological neologisms:
White House- about Russian realities, credit of trust,unpopular measures, constitutional state ,living wage,Funny price…
Has it happened to you during English classes next situation: are you trying to remember a word, you understand that you know it, but you still can’t say it? After a hint from a teacher or checking with a dictionary, you realize with annoyance that you have repeatedly met this word while reading, learned it and generally know it very well. What's the catch? This word is in your passive English vocabulary. What is it and how to activate your dictionary, read below.
What is active and passive English vocabulary
Everything is in your hands: activate your passive vocabulary. The active vocabulary of English is all the words that we actively use in writing and speaking.
Passive vocabulary of English language includes words that you recognize and understand when reading or in someone else's speech, but do not use them yourself when speaking or writing.
Want to know the approximate amount of your "passive" vocabulary? You can check it with the English word proficiency test. The result is very approximate and, as a rule, pleasantly surprises - rather high figures are obtained.
The passive reserve of any person is greater than the active one in both Russian and English. This is quite normal, but you need to strive to "activate" your vocabulary, because your goal is to learn to speak fluently and competently in English. Some people believe that it is enough for a person to have up to 1000 words in his “asset” and actively use them. We cannot agree with this point of view. A thousand words corresponds to the vocabulary of a child of 4-5 years. Therefore, let's "grow up" and learn to speak correctly, according to our age. And for this you need to turn a liability into an asset. Shall we try?
How to Activate Passive English Vocabulary
1. Learn the words correctly
It's a shame to get into the situation described at the beginning of the article. After all, you know the right word very well, but you feel dumb: you understand everything, but you can’t say it. Perhaps the reason is that you approached the process of learning vocabulary incorrectly. Remember how you study and repeat words. Quickly skim through the list with your eyes, happy to make sure that you remember everything? Let's use a more cunning and useful tactic. Now, when studying words, be sure to say them out loud, try to immediately find a use for them: make up a few sentences or short story using new words. It is best to do this in writing and voice it out loud.
2. Reading aloud
Reading, as a rule, forms a passive vocabulary, but a good book or informative article will help to activate it. How to do it? In the article "" we described in detail how to improve speaking while reading. We recommend using the suggested exercises: you will use new words from the read text in practice and thus form an active vocabulary.
3. Learn from others
If you are studying with an English teacher, or you have a friend with good level language skills, try next move. Prepare a list of words or phrases that you would like to be "active", to use constantly in speech. Keep this piece of paper close at hand during the conversation and try to use the phrases. This technique is very effective: after a couple of lessons, you will no longer need a leaflet, you will independently remember everything you need and expand your active vocabulary.
4. Write posts
This technique is suitable for those who study with a teacher, and those who study independently. Try to write short story, using the words or phrases you want to "activate". If your level of knowledge is quite high, you are bored of writing student exercises in a notebook, and you have been craving your moment of fame for a long time, go to the Internet. Write on Twitter, on Facebook, on the Vkontakte wall, start a blog. Write short notes, articles in English using new words.
5. We communicate with foreigners
Publicity is not for you? Then we advise you to find a pen pal on one of these sites: penpalworld.com , interpals.net , mylanguageexchange.com . Write long letters to him, and before sending also read aloud - useful for both pronunciation and vocabulary activation.
6. Learn by heart poems and songs
Cramming is a boring activity, it’s another matter if you learn poems and songs that interest you by heart. It is interesting and useful for general development and vocabulary enrichment. Rhymed lines are easier to remember than ordinary texts, so new vocabulary will quickly be deposited in the active part of your dictionary.
7. Play useful games
Fun games can also help activate passive English vocabulary. The most useful are entertainment related to the search for synonyms, as well as a variety of crossword puzzles. You can find games with words on these sites: wordgames.com and merriam-webster.com, How to repeat so as not to forget anything.
We hope we have shed some light on the question of how to make a passive vocabulary active. Summing up, we can say that the "passive" is most quickly activated with the help of productive skills: writing and speaking. Therefore, do exercises to develop these skills as often as possible, then your vocabulary will become active.
How to activate passive vocabulary
THEORY
Passive vocabulary
Passive vocabulary are the words that you can find in
any form (text, audio), but do not use in your speech. Usually,
passive vocabulary is many times larger than active vocabulary
stock. Therefore, many have this kind of problem: with ease
read, hear and understand what is said, but in colloquial speech they get
in a not-so-pleasant situation. They start looking for the right one.
the word panting, panicking, tension builds up and the person just doesn't
able to get his message across.
Passive vocabulary is gained through two skills -
listening and reading. But don't think that passive vocabulary is completely
not needed. Quite the opposite. Every word in our active
vocabulary was in the passive vocabulary.
Let's take a child as an example. At first he begins to understand some
the words. Further, his passive vocabulary increases and only
then the words begin to activate and go into the active dictionary
stock.
You can imagine that the child does not know the word "table" and starts
understand him only from the moment he started it actively
use? Of course no. As previously described, first
will begin to understand the word "table" in everyday dialogues adult people.
And only then the word "table" will go into the active vocabulary. Second
An example of the use of passive vocabulary is words that
used in fiction and archaisms (obsolete
the words). I think not everyone will like what his interlocutor uses in
speech such abstruse words as "madrigal". Do you know what is
"madrigal"? This is a small poem of laudatory content. AT
in today's world no one will use literary words and
archaisms, but when reading, knowledge of these words is necessary. So don't
forget to build up your passive vocabulary just like your active one
vocabulary.
Active vocabulary
Active vocabulary are the words you use
everyday life actively and without difficulty, that is, words that
are in the active vocabulary fly out of your mouth automatically without
any ideas. If the passive vocabulary is listening and reading,
then the active vocabulary is speaking and writing. Agree it's hard
because immediately start using words from the passive vocabulary in
automatic speech? Imagine how fast you could speak
foreign language if they could translate the right words from passive
vocabulary to active vocabulary. But how is it anyway
implement?
How to translate words from passive vocabulary to active vocabulary
stock?
There are many ways to activate passive vocabulary, but most
of which are ineffective and too laborious for their insignificant
effect. It was written above that the active vocabulary is used in
speaking and writing. But it will be difficult for us to introduce these words immediately into
speaking than in writing. In writing we control our thoughts
we think over, select words and only then transfer them to paper. AT
Speaking is different. We do not have time to think, but we already say no
very suitable words or completely forgetting the words, we stand choking and without
ability to speak a single word. An awkward situation, isn't it?
Incorporating passive vocabulary into active vocabulary through
letters, soon you will be able to use these words not only in a letter, but
and in speaking. They will automatically pop out of your mouth like this.
simple words like "home" or "parents". Does it really sound great? Even too
good to be true. Yes, there is a catch here! You'll have to
overcome your laziness and start exercising steadily. Not once a week, but every
day. No, there is no way without it. The result depends only on you!
In the practical part, there are specific instructions and steps by which you
you will be able to consistently translate passive vocabulary into active. Good luck
in replenishing your active vocabulary!
PRACTICE
Three golden rules
These are the main rules, in case of non-observance of which you will not
get the desired result:
1. Stability. Practice every day, don't miss a beat
one day. Even if you don't have free time all day long. Take
at least 5 minutes. But don't skip class. Do it
mandatory action. More important than your personal hygiene, 5 minutes
extra minutes of sleep. Is it hard to work out for 5 minutes and lie down on
5 minutes late, or vice versa, wake up 5 minutes earlier and
practice replenishing your active vocabulary for 5 minutes?
I think a person who really needs it will do even more
than needed. I believe in you, do not lose stability. strength in
stability!
2. Temp. Find a pace that is comfortable and convenient for you. He can
be anything (at least 5 minutes), the main thing is that you do not overwork from
classes. This will knock down the other two main rules - stability and
motivation. The right pace won't tire you, it won't
pull you into a routine. Each person chooses his own
pace. The right pace is the key to success.
It will be correct - there will be both stability and motivation. Don't neglect
this rule, and in general do not neglect any rules.
They are the rules for that. Follow them and you'll be fine.
Not everyone manages to find a pace that is comfortable for themselves the first time.
Just consider your condition and you will find a comfortable one for you.
pace.
3. Motivation. You should always have the desire to practice.
Write down for yourself specific and achievable big and small
goals. Read them over before each session. When you miss classes
punish yourself. Don't do yourself any favors. Make one - make
second. Give yourself some sweets during class. But not
eat it in daily life. Only in class or after. And not
overeat, you will overeat and desire will disappear along with motivation.
This rule, like the other two, is very important. Always follow your
level of motivation. Always keep it on the same level. Let in
this will give you stability. She is needed everywhere. Trade with yourself
negotiate with yourself.
Next plan of action
1) Get a notebook for classes. You can use a laptop or
smartphone. The main thing is that you feel comfortable doing it. If a
will use a laptop or smartphone, I can advise
a good app is Evernote. It is quite convenient, practical and able to
sync with other devices. That is, even after losing
device, you will not lose your progress.
2) Take the text from which you will write out the words.
It is desirable to understand the text. Since it will be necessary to write out words from
passive vocabulary. Or you can first learn the words from
text, thereby introducing them into your passive vocabulary. Then
go to the next item.
3) In the text, find and write down any number of words that
lie in your passive vocabulary. We will translate them into
active vocabulary. Write the words in a column. One page
My notebook fits 3-4 columns. Leave room for ticks
next to the posts.
4) When you start translating a word into an active vocabulary,
method, which I will give below - put one checkmark next to the word. it
will symbolize to us that you have begun to activate this word.
5) When you feel that you have started to use it more freely
word - put the second tick.
6) If you have achieved the desired result and use this word -
check the third box. As a result, the worked words will have 3
ticks.
Method
1. We take the floor.
2. Write a simple sentence using this word.
3. Now we start to twist it and apply it in various forms. Write
interrogative, narrative sentences or use
different times.
4. With each sentence, the complexity increases.
5. If the sentences have become difficult enough, we start playing on
quantity or you can write stories with active use
your word.
6. We write as many sentences as you can write. No need
force yourself to write more than you this moment able.
7. We reread aloud everything that was written. This helps a lot with
transferring words from passive to active.
Example in Russian:
Word: "lexicon"
The lexicon is the vocabulary.
I translate the word lexicon into an active vocabulary.
I am able to use my vocabulary at any time in all phrases.
A large lexicon is an important component of every self-respecting
writer.
I think the word "lexicon" was borrowed from some languages,
like Greek or Latin.
The lexicon is a simple word, but not every person uses it in
everyday conversations with those around him.
(Let's start playing on the quantity. Do not forget that this is just an example and
it won't be as long as it should be.)
How often do you use the word "lexicon"?
Sometimes I am amazed at how small my active vocabulary is.
(Writing history)
Today, while reading the text on the Internet, I came across the word "lexicon". Even though I
understood the word "lexicon", but I did not use it instead of two words
"vocabulary". But from now on, I decide to say "lexicon" and not
"vocabulary". So I can replenish my active vocabulary.
An active vocabulary is very important. Without it you will not be able to freely
talk. That is, everyone should replenish their vocabulary. Early or
late the lack of vocabulary will let the person know about this problem. But
It's easy to expand your vocabulary.
(Now re-read everything that was written).
It was an example in Russian. You can do the same
in any language. Personally, I currently replenish this method
active vocabulary of the English language.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Question: What languages can be learned by this method?
Answer: You can learn any language using this method. But need
learn grammar and the rest will catch up. Also, not
be lazy!
Question: Does this technique have additional advantages?
Answer: Yes. When writing sentences and stories, you
pull up the fantasy creative thinking, writing
skill and gain experience in writing sentences and stories
in a foreign language.
Question: Is it possible to learn only words by this method?
Answer: No, you can learn any words (noun,
verb, adjective) phrasal verbs, phrases, idioms.
Q: Will these activities bore me?
Answer: This question is more individual. But if you will
follow the three golden rules, this should not happen.
If you still get bored, write to me, I will try to give you
motivation to engage or give advice. Maybe you need a rest?
And how to spend this vacation with the benefit of the language? To these questions
I will only answer personally. Not everyone will be lazy!
Question: How many days do you need to practice?
Answer: From one to infinity. You can use this
technique once for some exam or use
always or periodically and get excellent results.
Question: Will there be any other courses, new methods for
some topic?
Answer: I will be very glad to receive topics from you that you
interested in personal correspondence or in a private topic.
Question: Is it possible to somehow modify this method?
Answer: Yes, you can compose dialogues, songs or with
writing to use speaking.
Good luck building up your active vocabulary!
Anecdote on the subject:
What vocabulary does a person acquire first?
– English-Russian?
– Passive!
So what is a passive dictionary?
Passive vocabulary (lexicon) are words whose meaning a person understands but does not use in everyday speech. For example, most of us know or at least guess what "society" ("society") is. However, only a few use this term in conversation. The passive vocabulary is always larger than the active one. Especially in children!
The difference in the quantitative ratio of the passive vocabulary and the active one is very noticeable at the age of 1-1.5 years. The child already understands the meaning of many words and phrases (from 50 to 100 words), but actively uses only a few. To understand what words the baby understands, it is enough to ask to show them. For example, to the question “where is the cat?”, the baby will point his finger at a pet or a picture in a book. This means that the word "cat" is already in the passive dictionary.
Why develop a child's passive vocabulary?
First, memory and perception a large number new words stimulates the development mental ability baby. In the process of replenishing the passive vocabulary, memory, attention, observation improves, interest in cognition, learning, mastering new skills awakens.
Secondly, an increase in the passive vocabulary contributes to the development of speech. After all, it is not enough for inquisitive children to simply know and understand the words, so I want to try to say them. The more words in the passive vocabulary, the richer the child's speech will be. You can read more about how to develop a child's speech.
Thirdly, not understanding what others are talking about is enough, an unsettling feeling. Imagine yourself in a circle of people talking to each other in a language you do not understand. Uncomfortable, right? The clearer the world is for a child, the more calm and self-confident he is.
The development of a passive vocabulary begins from the first days of a baby's life and continues throughout life. The easiest way to increase the passive vocabulary is in play activities and daily activities and activities with the baby.
Conventionally, all our speech can be divided into: words-objects / objects (what? who?), words-actions (what does it do?), words-definitions (what?). In fact, our task, as parents, is to teach the names of objects, objects and actions that are most often encountered in everyday life.
First, the meaning of words is assimilated according to the scheme: the child sees the object - the adult calls it, the child does something - the adult calls the action. Gradually, perception moves from the objective situation to oral speech. For example, mother asks “where is the bird?”, after which she shows and calls “here is the bird”.
Such workouts are harmoniously woven into regular games, reading books, walking, and just spending time together.
A sample vocabulary that you need to master first might look like this:
- people (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, brother / sister, aunt, uncle, child's name)
- household items (cup, spoon, dishes, broom, key)
– furniture (chair, table, sofa, etc.), telephone, TV
- the name of animals, birds, plants (tree, flower ...)
– objects or objects on the street (yard, street, road, car, swing, slide)
- clothes, shoes (boots, hat, jacket, blouse, tights)
- parts of the face, body (handles, legs, eyes, nose ...)
- toys (ball, doll, cube, book ...)
- designation of the state and danger (dangerous, painful, impossible)
- Speak clearly, distinctly and correctly. Your speech is a standard for a child, so watch your pronunciation and speed.
- Repeat. In order for the word to be firmly entrenched in the passive vocabulary, the child needs to hear it regularly. And for the association to be correct, the word must be supported by an additional external stimulus (object, picture). Therefore, act according to the scheme: they said - they paid attention, they showed.
- Ask the baby, involve in the dialogue as often as possible. When you ask a child to show a bird, you additionally draw his attention to the word "bird", and this enhances memorization. Even if the baby cannot answer you yet, ask, look into the eyes, and answer your own question. It will take quite a bit of time, and the baby will become your most grateful listener and pleasant conversationalist.
- Expand your passive vocabulary in a fun and easy way. Talk to the baby, read, walk, spend as much time as possible in communication with each other. After all, it is emotional contact that better than any activity contributes to the understanding of speech.
Communicate with the baby with joy and pleasure!
