Khokhloma is only a small part of the rich cultural heritage Russian people

The importance of artistic creativity in the culture of any nation is difficult to overestimate. This is exactly what, over the centuries, has been absorbing traditions, ethnic features, making the nation unique, recognizable and spiritually rich. In Russia, the secrets and secrets of technical and technological mastery were passed down from generation to generation. Over time, art improved, so folk crafts were born, which in modern world, without exaggeration, elevated to the rank of art. Khokhloma is considered one of the most perfect artistic folk crafts, the bizarre weaves of which are known and loved far beyond the borders of Russia.

The origins of the fishery

The famous Khokhloma painting not only looks fabulous, but the birth of such art is surrounded by legends and entwined with magic.

Khokhloma is a colorful and highly detailed painting

It is known that Khokhloma is Russian folk craft, the origins of which originate in the district of the glorious and majestic Veliky Novgorod. In connection with the appearance of the famous painting, there is a legend. For a long time, on the banks of a picturesque river, in the Nizhny Novgorod district, a craftsman with "golden hands" lived. He skillfully carved spoons-bowls from wood, and then magically painted them, so much so that it seemed to everyone that they were made of pure gold! The fame of the folk craftsman quickly spread around the district, and then reached the king himself. The ruler was angry why such a talented master, and suddenly not in his service at court. Then the king sent servants into the dense forests to deliver the master to the court. The servants of the master were looking for, and he seemed to have fallen through the ground. And the following happened: the craftsman magically found out that the servants of the king were following him, and disappeared from sight, so much so that he was never seen again. But before leaving, he taught his skills good people so that in each hut the bowls and spoons sparkled with gold.

The Russian people decorated crockery, cutlery and much more with Khokhloma.

Actually there is scientific fact that painting on wood and special technology were brought to the Trans-Volga region by schismatics who fled to escape the cruel tsarist oppression. Among the fugitive schismatics there were many skilled craftsmen, icon painters, and artists. They taught local population such an extraordinary painting. Beautifully painted dishes were sold in a large trading village called Khokhloma. When the merchant was asked where he brought such a marvel from, he readily answered: “From Khokhloma!”. Since then, it has become customary to call the unusually beautiful, in the Russian folk style, Khokhloma painting.

Wood carving and Khokhloma painting are still quite popular Russian crafts in some areas.

Fishing features

Any folk craft is an integral part of arts and crafts. main feature Khokhloma painting is a unique golden tint. Interesting fact that in fact there is not a drop of real gold in the painting.

Khokhloma gold looks very rich

A scattering of colors, wonderful ornaments, deep meaning each drawing and symbolism - all this highlights the art of painting in folk style. Each craft has its own characteristics, which make the art of drawing recognizable all over the world, Khokhloma is no exception.

Khokhloma painting is quite diverse

The characteristic features are as follows:

• a certain color scheme of the picture using just a few rich shades;
  Popular combination of red and gold
• high artistry of drawing;
  Khokhloma is characterized by the presence of many small details
• exclusively handmade;
  The work is delicate and painstaking
• lack of strict geometry, smoothness of shapes and lines;
  Exquisite Khokhloma patterns
• great figurative expressiveness of the painting;
  Khokhloma painting is clear accents and bright patterns
• special drawing technologies;
• classical painting is usually done on wood.
  Most often it is wooden utensils.

Such unique effect achieved with the help of special technologies, the foundations of which have not changed for several centuries.

Khokhloma hand-painted

Creation technology

It so happened historically that Russia at all times was famous for craftsmen, the fame of which went far beyond its borders. The thing is that our ancestors were able not only to create, but also to preserve all the traditions, passing them on to their descendants. That is why each craft is not only an incredible aesthetics, but also a strict manufacturability of the process of creating a folk masterpiece. It's all about the special secrets and rules that the masters follow today:

Khokhloma consists of many traditional artistic techniques and techniques, knowing the secrets and features of which you can perform it yourself. Wooden utensils decorated with paintings in the Khokhloma style are not only beautiful, but also practical and environmentally friendly.

Khokhloma painting allows you to create such masterpieces

Such a painting is a classic of folk craft. Those who know a lot about art call the craft “golden autumn”. And indeed, the palette, the brilliance, the incredibly sincere and understandable drawing for everyone - all this is permeated with the warmth and freshness of a clear autumn day.

What is the secret of such unique art? The thing is that when drawing a picture, a certain color scheme is used. This is due to the fact that icon painting became the source of Khokhloma painting, so many colors in such different crafts still have something in common with each other. Traditional colors are represented by gold, shades of red, black. Sometimes the pattern is complemented by yellow, green, brown tint or white. To make the drawing textured, clear and bright, according to tradition, oil-based paints are used for painting. Drawing a picture is a creative process, it requires not only an appropriate state of mind, but also certain knowledge.

Types of painting

The heyday of Russian folk craft reached in the XVIII century. This period was really fertile for creative development people. Khokhloma at that time had already taken shape, a classification of types of Khokhloma craft appeared.

Ancient products with Khokhloma can be found in numerous museums.

The main types of Khokhloma writing are top and background. Each has its own technology and features. The riding type of writing was performed on a tinned surface, the strokes when applying paints are soft, plastic, as a result creative work an openwork Khokhloma is created. The horse type of painting is divided into several types of ornament:

Beautiful Khokhloma under the berry

Ornament "gingerbread". The traditional style of artistic writing is characterized by the interweaving of an ornament into a geometric figure. It can be a circle, a square or a rhombus, in the middle of which a stylized drawing in the form of a sun is made. This type of horse painting is simpler in technical execution than herbal or berry. Its main uniqueness is that it resembles the original sun with its rays, which is always in motion.

In addition to the riding letter, Khokhloma painting can be background. From the name it becomes clear that before drawing a picture, a background must be applied. As a rule, it is red or black, but the pattern on it remains gold. This type of writing is divided into two types: painting by Kudrin or “under the background”.

Background Khokhloma looks great on dishes

The “under the background” technique is difficult to perform and requires a certain level of skill, but such products have highest value. A feature of Kudrin's background painting is a stylized image of flowers, curls or fruits. main role a contour line plays in the ornament.

Luxurious background Khokhloma painting

All types of Khokhloma writing are unusually artistic, the ornament resembles incredible beauty carpet or linen. In fact, you can do such a painting with your own hands, without having artistic superpowers. Experts claim that the main task- this is to “fill your hand”, that is, to train the performance of all kinds of strokes, to catch the pressure of the brush and the nuances of technology.

Master class "Painting under Khokhloma"

Not only dishes

Today Khokhloma is used not only in the production of souvenirs or dishes. Khokhloma patterns are new trend in the modern world of high fashion. They are part of the world-famous a la russe style, which has already conquered many. The first to use Khokhloma ornaments in clothes was Denis Simachev. Blouses, skirts, tops, trousers - all this was generously decorated with Khokhloma, which became a real revolution in the fashion world. In addition to incredibly original evening dresses, a unique collection of sportswear was presented, which was also decorated with Khokhloma folk motifs.

Since then, this ornament has adorned more than one collection, with each season only gaining momentum in popularity. Authentic prints in modern fashion help to create a unique and original look. But there is an important tip from stylists: if you are wearing a bright top, decorated with colorful gold ornaments, you should complement the image with plain trousers or a skirt to achieve harmony and balance.

Today, the Khokhloma ornament is perceived by us as something native, light and incredibly picturesque. Luxurious painting is not only able to decorate our home or fashionable image. Looking at the filigree patterns, pleasant memories come to mind, the eye is pleased with the riot of colors, richness and ornateness of the ornament. Impeccable Khokhloma, like no other craft, is able to convey to us the warmth of the hands of the master and a piece of his soul.

Publications in the Traditions section

Riddles of patterns of Russian paintings

Have Gzhel dishes always been blue and white, what traditional painting was born after the October Revolution, and why do the painted caskets glow? We understand the secrets of folk art crafts.

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

The master began his work by beating the buckets - he prepared wooden blocks (buckles) from linden, aspen or birch. From them they carved wooden spoons and ladles, cups and salt shakers. The dishes not yet decorated with painting were called linen. The linen was primed and dried several times, and then painted in yellow, red and black tones. Floral ornaments, flowers, berries, lace twigs were popular motifs. forest birds on Khokhloma dishes, they reminded the peasants of the Firebird from Russian fairy tales, they said: “The Firebird flew past the house and touched the bowl with its wing, and the bowl became golden”.

After drawing the pattern, the products were covered with drying oil two or three times, tin or aluminum powder was rubbed into the surface and dried in an oven. After hardening with heat, they acquired a honey hue and really shone like gold.

IN early XVIII centuries, dishes began to be brought to the Makariev Fair, where sellers and buyers from all over Russia gathered. Khokhloma products were known throughout the country. Since the 19th century, when guests from all over Europe and Asia began to come to the Nizhny Novgorod fair, painted dishes appeared in many parts of the world. Russian merchants sold products in India and Turkey.

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: rusnardom.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: gzhel-spb.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: Sergey Lavrentiev / Photobank Lori

Gzhel clay has been known since the time of Ivan Kalita - from the 14th century. Local craftsmen used it to create "vessels for apothecary's needs", dishes and children's toys. IN early XIX centuries, factories appeared in the Gzhel volost, where porcelain was made. The first enterprise here was founded in 1810 by the merchant Pavel Kulichkov. At first, painting on porcelain dishes was colored, but in mid-nineteenth century, fashion came to Russia for blue and white Dutch tiles and Chinese porcelain of the same shades. Soon the blue patterns on the snowy background became hallmark Gzhel painting.

To check the quality of porcelain, before painting, the product was dipped in fuchsin - red aniline paint. Porcelain was painted in smooth pink color, and any crack was noticeable on it. Masters painted with cobalt paint - before firing it looks black. With the help of special techniques, working only with a brush and paint, the artists created more than 20 shades of blue color.

Gzhel plots are lush roses (they were called "agashki" here), winter landscapes, scenes from folk tales. Children go sledding, Emelya catches pike in the pond, country people celebrating Maslenitsa ... After drawing the picture, the dishes were covered with glaze and fired. Pink products with black patterns acquired their traditional look.

Luminous brooches and jewelry boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

Luminous brooches and jewelry boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

Luminous brooches and jewelry boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

“When we organized the artel, we had only one collection of Pushkin’s works for seven people ... This largely explains the fact that we wrote most of our miniatures on Pushkin’s stories.”

Alexander Kotukhin, miniaturist

In 1932, Palekh artists met with Maxim Gorky, who called the Palekh lacquer miniature "one of the miracles created October Revolution» . At his request, Ivan Golikov painted miniatures for the deluxe edition of The Tale of Igor's Campaign.

Khokhloma - painting wooden utensils and furniture, which has become a folk craft. It originated in the early 18th century Nizhny Novgorod region. The craft got its name thanks to the village of Khokhloma, where craftsmen and craftswomen sold painted dishes, cups and spoons at the fair.

Khokhloma dishes are varnished, which gives them a matte sheen. Due to the abundance of yellow and orange colors in the painting, Khokhloma dishes began to be called wooden gold. It was made by hand in several stages. First, the dishes were cut out of wood, then the craftsmen soaked it with drying oil and applied a thin layer of aluminum chips to the surface of the product. After that, the dishes acquired a brilliant White color and was ready to paint. The painting was done with oil paints. The main colors were black and red, later other shades were used. Painted items were varnished and hardened in a kiln. This is how "wooden gold" was made.

Khokhloma can be distinguished from traditional handicrafts due to the color palette that is used in its creation. Green, yellow and red berries, flowers and leaves are scattered on a black background. Rarely in the painting there are shades of blue. Khokhloma painting looks especially festive and elegant with the presence of animals, fish, and, of course, birds on it. The patterns of painting have never been repeated, they are applied by the artist manually.

For a long time, the production of Khokhloma was hampered by the high cost of tin. Only a wealthy customer could afford such a painting. In the 18th century, monasteries turned out to be such a customer in the Trans-Volga region. Masters of the Nizhny Novgorod region were called by workers to church parishes to get acquainted with the production of unusual beautiful dishes.

The modern production of Khokhloma is concentrated in Russia in two centers: the city of Semenov, where there are two factories for the production of Khokhloma products, and the village of Semino, Koverninsky district. Their products are valued all over the world. Now the pattern of Khokhloma painting has become so in demand and relevant that it can be found on clothes, wrapping paper, and in interior design.

Report Wood Gold

Wooden gold - this term has long been used to call wooden dishes with Khokhloma painting.

Khokhloma or Khokhloma painting first appeared in the 17th century in the Russian village of the same name Khokhloma in what is now the Nizhny Novgorod region. Rightfully deserves the role of an original Russian craft.

A feature of the painting is the color scheme, only a few colors are used, namely red, green, gold, in addition they use orange and a little blue, the last 2 colors are much less common. Wooden utensils, souvenirs and furniture are painted with bright juicy colors. Pre-blanks are coated with black paint. Despite the dark background, the painting looks very rich and majestic.

The traditional elements of the painting include: red berries of mountain ash and wild strawberries, they are elegantly and gently wrapped in golden branches, leaves and flowers, often you can find animal motifs.

Since ancient times, each workpiece for painting was made by hand by a master, this method is traditional. Now there are few masters who go through the entire process of creating a masterpiece by hand. The production was mainly put on the conveyor, but at the same time the main stages of making masterpieces were preserved, such as priming a wooden blank, painting, coating with a special varnish and long-term drying in an oven. As in ancient times, dishes with this painting are very much appreciated, since ancient times they were presented as a gift to the closest and dearest guests.

Khokhloma, although they are called wooden gold, but directly to him, as to precious metal it has no relation to anyone; gold is not used for painting. A yellowish tint is given by a special varnish based on drying oil, which is used to coat wooden utensils. Khokhloma was called wooden gold for the reason that when painting, the golden color of paint is used much more often than others.

Wooden gold is valued for its indescribable beauty, but it is also valued for its durable lacquer coating, thanks to which dishes are used long time in everyday life, and it does not lose its attractive appearance.

Khokhloma painting is popular not only at home, but also abroad. Foreigners in without fail spoons, plates, glasses with this famous painting are taken away, sometimes you can find Khokhloma as a decoration for clothes, at home, and even various cases for smartphones. Painting has become an integral part of Russian culture.

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Khokhloma painting as a traditional art craft originated in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod province and got its name from the large trading village of Khokhloma, where all wooden products were brought for auction.

To date, there are many versions of the origin of Khokhloma painting, here are the two most common:

First version

According to the most common version, unique way the coloring of wooden dishes “under gold” in the forest Trans-Volga region and the very birth of the Khokhloma craft were attributed to the Old Believers.

Even in ancient times, among the inhabitants of local villages, securely sheltered in the wilderness of forests, there were many "Old Believers", that is, people who fled from persecution for the "old faith".

Among the Old Believers who moved to the Nizhny Novgorod land there were many icon painters, masters of book miniatures. They brought with them ancient icons and handwritten books with colorful headpieces, fine painting skills, free brush calligraphy and examples of the richest floral ornament.

In turn, local craftsmen excellently mastered turning skills, passed down from generation to generation the skills of making dishware molds, the art of three-dimensional carving. At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries, the forest Trans-Volga region became a real artistic treasury. The art of Khokhloma inherited from the Trans-Volga masters " classical forms"turning utensils, the plasticity of carved forms of ladles, spoons, and from the icon painters - the pictorial culture, the skill of the "thin brush". And, no less important, the secret of making "golden" dishes without the use of gold.

Second version

But there are documents showing otherwise. A method of imitation of gilding on wood, related to Khokhloma, was used by Nizhny Novgorod artisans in coloring wooden utensils as early as 1640-1650, before the appearance of the Old Believers.
In the large Nizhny Novgorod handicraft villages of Lyskovo and Murashkino, in the Trans-Volga "selishka Semenovskoye" ( future city Semenov - one of the centers of Khokhloma painting) made wooden utensils - brothers, ladles, dishes for the festive table - painted "for pewter", that is, using tin powder. The method of painting wooden utensils “for pewter”, probably preceding Khokhloma, developed from the experience of icon painters and local Volga traditions of utensil craft.

Khokhloma - decorative painting of wooden utensils. This type of artistic folk thought originated in the 17th century in villages near the trading village of Khokhloma in the Nizhny Novgorod region. In the 20th century, the village of Semino and the city of Semenov became the center of the craft, where the Khokhloma Painting and Semenovskaya Painting factories are still located.

A distinctive feature of the painting is a floral ornament made in black and red colors on a golden background. In order for the dishes to get a golden sheen, tin powder is applied to it, which, after firing in the oven, gives a honey-golden hue.
There are two types of Khokhloma painting: “horse”, when the background is first painted over, and the drawing remains on top, and “under the background”, when the outline of the ornament is outlined before coloring, and only then the background is filled with black paint.

Khokhloma painting is easily recognizable by its traditional elements: flowers, strawberries and mountain ash, and sometimes birds. The painting is done with a thin brush and applied only by hand, so the ornament never repeats. She decorates dishes, spoons, ladles and even some pieces of home furniture.

Now in the city of Semenov there is an art school that trains masters of Khokhloma painting.

Khokhloma: crockery worthy of the royal table outside the window is autumn, and it's time to remember the wonderful, very autumn folk craft - Khokhloma painting, isn't it, looking at it, you can warm your soul .. I remember as a child in our house there were such spoons that were a little simpler - they gave it to me, with it the borscht was much tastier)))) the rest were for beauty Khokhloma painting - unique phenomenon in world culture. This style of painting wooden utensils is primordially Russian, nowhere else in the world is more unique!


Khokhloma painting originated in the Trans-Volga region, and got its name from one of the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod district - Khokhloma. In the second half of the 17th century after church reforms a lot of Old Believers sought refuge in these places. Among them were icon painters, thanks to whom Khokhloma painting appeared.


When painting icons, the following technology was used: to paint the background in gold, the masters used not gold, but cheaper silver powder. After painting, the icon was covered linseed oil and baked in an oven, resulting in a golden background. This is such alchemy! Masters began to use a similar technology in Khokhloma painting, only instead of silver they took tin powder (and now - aluminum), but the result is the same - the product became sunny gold. Truly, dishes worthy of the royal table, but accessible to ordinary people!


The main colors used in Khokhloma painting are gold, black and red. Sometimes these colors are complemented by green, brown, orange, yellow. The motifs used in the painting are mostly natural: these are herbs, flowers, berries. Horse painting has several varieties, the so-called “grass painting” is the simplest of Khokhloma:




And this is the painting “under the leaf”, “under the berry”:
Here is such a horse painting called "Gingerbread" or "Ryzhik" and symbolizes the sun:
The background painting is performed as follows: the master draws the contours of the composition in black or red, and then paints over the background and draws the details with strokes. This is very hard work! The background painting includes a type of composition called “kudrina” - fancy patterned leaves, flowers and fruits:
There is also a green Khokhloma. They make such a painting at the Khokhloma Painting enterprise in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod Region.
They say that once Lyudmila Zykina came to this enterprise and asked to do something for herself with her favorite flowers - lilies of the valley. She was not refused her request, and then they launched this version of the painting into mass production. And what a wonderful pattern! Thanks to Lyudmila Georgievna Zykina for inspiring the masters to create a new Khokhloma standard. It is very pleasant and joyful that such an ancient and unique folk craft not only flourishes to this day, but also develops harmoniously. And, here is such a masterpiece of modern Khokhloma






In the 19th century, Khokhloma dishes could be found not only in Russia, but also in Persia, India, Central Asia, USA and Australia. And in our time, Khokhloma dishes have become even more widespread.
From the mid-1960s to the present, the Khokhloma Painting enterprise has been the largest manufacturer of artistic wood products with Khokhloma painting, and the city of Semyonov is rightfully considered the capital of the golden Khokhloma.
The original technology of gilding wooden products worked out for centuries, which came from icon painting, has survived almost unchanged to this day.
First, turning utensils ready for further processing are turned from dried linden wood: bowls and barrels, coasters and vases, spoons and ladles are cut out.
Then they are dried and covered with a special red-brown primer, which makes them all look like clay. Then they are impregnated with boiled linseed oil (linseed oil) and rubbed with aluminum powder. They become dull-shiny, resembling silver ones, and in this form they enter the painting workshops. Painted products are varnished two or three times and hardened in an oven at a temperature of 120–130 degrees. The resulting lacquer film gives the silvery surface a golden sheen. Thus the tree turns into "gold".
Thanks to a special varnishing and high-temperature processing, the products are practical and safe to use. From Khokhloma dishes you can drink and eat, and she does not lose her appearance from cold and hot dishes, as well as salty and acidic foods.
All products of CJSC "Khokhloma painting" are certified and protected by the internationally registered trademark "Semenov. Khokhloma painting.
Products with Khokhloma painting are business card not only the Nizhny Novgorod region, but the whole country as a whole.
The Semyonov matryoshka, produced at the Khokhloma Painting enterprise, for many people in the world embodies the symbol of Russia.
Khokhloma products are delivered to the domestic Russian market from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, as well as to many countries of the world, where high interest in them has not faded for many centuries.
The assortment of the enterprise includes more than 1800 items of utilitarian and decorative items - these are sets for fish soup, dessert, sets (about 100 types, in some up to 180 items), carved ladles, brassware, candlesticks, vases, supplies, bochata, shtofs, panels, music boxes, spoons and painted furniture.
In addition to the main assortment, the company prepared a souvenir produced for the 2014 Olympics in Sochi.
As well as a nesting doll with the symbol of the Winter Olympics in Sochi.
The enterprise includes large workshops: the first and second art workshops, carpentry, drying and procurement, experimental, pressing, transport, packaging, as well as a warehouse for materials and a workshop for completing finished products.
Work at the Khokhloma painting enterprise in the Nizhny Novgorod region.