Founded in 1088, it is the oldest university in the world that has never ceased to operate. Copernicus, Petrarch and Dante studied here; according to the latter’s apt expression, Bologna is still called la grassa, la rossa and la dotta, which means fat, red, learned.
Thanks to the University, the city was unusually developed in the Middle Ages and had, as we now say, excellent infrastructure. Bologna owes almost all its advantages to students, and now I’m not even talking about the atmosphere of youth and joy that reigns in the city, but about such banal and well-known attractions as covered galleries and excellent cuisine.
Galleries appeared due to the desire of home owners to make more profit from renting out their homes. By expanding the upper floors, they increased the area of the house, supporting the excess with columns. The construction of galleries was initially illegal, but then the mood of the authorities changed and a rule was even introduced on the minimum span height - 2 m 66 cm, which is enough for a rider on a horse. The first galleries were, of course, wooden, some of which have survived to this day. From the same historical period The law that still exists today states that the owner of the house is responsible for the space under the galleries, namely, he must keep it clean and leave it free for the movement of people. However, I already wrote about this.
Cooking also developed under the influence of students. It should be noted that among the students there were people not so much young as experienced, not so much poor as wealthy, so their tastes and demands were appropriate. It is interesting that at first the university was governed not by teachers, but by students - they themselves chose what, how and when to study, and teachers were in a subordinate position. Henry Morton writes about this in his “Walks in the North of Italy. From Milan to Rome,” aptly characterizing the relationship between students and teachers as a “master-servant” relationship. The cooks also tried to meet the needs of the students, inventing new dishes for everyday meals and various feasts.
All this fun student life for a long time took place outside the walls of the University simply because it did not have any walls. Classes were held in squares, cafes, churches, teachers’ homes, and in the end it was decided to allocate Alma Mater Studiorum separate building. This is the palazzo dell "Archiginnasio, located next to piazza Maggiore. I was told that the university premises were supposed to be adjacent to the Cathedral of San Petronio on piazza Maggiore, but Pope Pius IV stopped construction so that the cathedral would not outgrow St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, and students and allocated a separate building for teachers. The university was located there from 1563 to 1805. The courtyard of the palazzo is an example of typical Bolognese architecture with its recognizable columns and vaulted ceilings of galleries, decorated with the coats of arms of students and teachers, there are about 700 of them. If you go up to the second floor. (entrance here, by the way, is free), you can see not only coats of arms, but also lovely signs of ancient times - benches, carved doors, sculptural groups. The building now houses a library for university students who study in such not just wonderful, but outstanding. conditions.
In the same building there is an amazingly beautiful auditorium, just like what one imagines when thinking about a medieval university - the Teatro Anatomico, a wooden amphitheater with a marble table for dissecting corpses in the middle. The theater was open only during the cold months; anyone could watch the process. After Bologna came under the rule of the pope, the dissection of corpses was prohibited and operations began to be demonstrated on models made of wax and wood. The audience is decorated with the same (or similar) figures. What especially surprised me was that reference Information, attached to the auditorium doors, was also available in Russian. Let me remind you that admission to Teatro Anatomico, as well as to most municipal museums in the city, is free.
Now the University is located in a dozen different buildings, concentrated mainly on via Zamboni, starting near the Two Towers (Due Torri). The street begins with an excellent gelateria (gelateria, from gelato - ice cream) “Gianni”, which always has a crowd of people. However, I prefer the Funivia gelateria on Piazza Cavour, and especially the combination of yoghurt and strawberry ice cream. Girls, even those on a diet, definitely need to go to gelaterias, this is a source of wonderful plastic ice cream scoops, which are so convenient for getting all sorts of cosmetic things out of jars. Personally, I brought a dozen of these multi-colored spatulas from Italy.
If you walk a little along Via Zamboni, on the left side there will be a cafe of the same name, where we often went for an aperitif with school. Unlike many other cafes in the city, they don’t serve tasteless sausages here, offering rather passable variations on the theme of Italian cuisine for appetizers. In general, the entire Via Zamboni is full of different restaurants, bars and clubs, so life here is in full swing around the clock. If you walk along the street to Piazza Verdi and turn left again, then literally after 15 meters there will be a Punto Gusto establishment, opened by the boyfriend of my teacher Lucia. Nicola is Sicilian, so his arancini are authentic. If you're in Bologna, say hello to him!
To see the buildings in which the faculties are located, you need to carefully look at the nameplates attached to them. It’s a bit of a pity that the University does not have a single architectural symbol, like, for example, Moscow State University, for reproduction on T-shirts and mugs. They are usually printed with the round emblem of the University, and you can buy these souvenirs in a shop in Piazza Maggiore.
Courtyard of the palazzo dell"Archiginnasio...
and its ceiling painted with coats of arms.
Right there.
Inside.
Teatro Anatomico.
Creepy figures...
Marble table.
One of the oldest buildings in the city. This is what the expanded upper floors looked like.
Another old building.
Another example of wooden columns.
Via Rizzoli.
Intermediate option.
This is what it looks like now.
In the student quarter.
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Italy is one of the countries with the richest culture and ancient traditions that go back to. To receive an education at universities that are filled with the spirit of such geniuses as Giordano Bruno and Dante Alighieri is a true honor. And today Italy remains a country in which obtaining higher education has its undeniable and attractive sides for students from all over the world.
Of course, in terms of popularity among foreign students Italy is inferior to others European countries, and the Italian language is far from the status of a “means of international communication”. But this one amazing country strong in many ways:
- higher education in Italy is, first of all, good educational traditions, cultural and spiritual growth;
- it is Italian design and fashion that has gained international dominance and, as a result, Italy is the No. 1 country in the world for obtaining a diploma in this field;
- Access to education from an economic point of view varies depending on the choice of university and your income; tuition fees at a public university range from 600 to 3,000 euros per year, private universities set prices from 6,000 to 20,000 euros per year;
- training is possible in both Italian and English;
- the principle of the education system is “academic freedom”: students do not take compulsory sessions every semester with mandatory attendance, but listen to a course of lectures and take the exam when it is convenient;
- Another important point is that you are not only for the period of study, but also for at least another year after graduation to find a good job.
The higher education system in Italy consists mainly of universities, but there are also other types of educational institutions - these are academies of fine arts, conservatories and two Pisan institutes. The vast majority of students study at Italian universities. In total, there are 47 public universities in Italy and 9 independent ones that have a state license. The higher education system can be divided into 3 levels:
- Step. Corsi di Laurea - identical to the bachelor's degree, lasting 3 years.
- Step. Corsi di Laurea Specialistica - specialist training programs, lasting from 2 to 3 years, Corsi di Specializziazione di 1° livello - specialization programs and Corsi di Master Universitario di 1° livello - first-level master's programs.
- Step. Dottorto di ricerca - doctoral, specialization and second-level master's programs.
Universities in Italy operate a “credit system” (CFU). A university “credit” usually corresponds to 25 hours of study. Typically, a student “earns” 60 credits each year. Over the entire academic period, a student needs to study about 20 disciplines, including compulsory and elective ones.
The academic year at the university begins in October-November and ends in May-June. There are 4 sessions throughout the year (January-February, April, June-July, September), during this period classes are suspended.
Each student decides for himself when and what exams to take, since students have the right to their own individual curriculum.
Exams are written and oral, but important difference from our system in the absence of exam papers. Thus, each exam requires a huge amount of independent preparation, since lectures only teach a small portion of what you need to know. Not everyone copes with the exams: only three out of ten applicants reach the diploma.
Requirements and procedure for admission to universities in Italy
Anyone can enter a university in Italy if they meet all admission conditions. It is definitely worth applying to universities in Italy in advance.
Unhurried Italians take a long time to look at documents, but they still have time to prepare documents and get a visa.
Applications for admission are submitted through the Italian Embassy in your country, and you must send your documents and application forms there by the end of February.
Step-by-step instructions for admission to a citizen of Belarus
- For admission to a university in Italy for Belarusians there are general rules(12 years of education). School system in the Republic of Belarus implies 11 years of schooling, accordingly it is necessary to complete at least 1 year of college, technical school, university or other educational institution.
- We take a certificate and academic certificate from the university (or other educational institution). There’s just a catch: an academic certificate is given only in case of expulsion. But some Universities provide a so-called “extract from the grade book,” which is equal to the same academic certificate. THE DOCUMENT MUST BE ON THE OFFICIAL UNIVERSITY Letterhead WITH THE STATE STAMP (or a copy of this official letterhead) AND WITH THE SIGNATURE OF THE RECTOR or any of the Vice-Rectors. Otherwise, an apostille will not be placed on the document!
- We take these 2 documents to the Ministry of Education in Minsk for an apostille. The cost of one apostille: 35,000 Belarusian rubles (2010). We serve from 9 to 11 am on Sovetskaya St., 9. Apostille production time: 24 hours. When submitting, you will be given a piece of paper; be sure to keep it to receive your documents.
- We take all these documents to accredited translators (Alekseeva Nina Kirillovna Tel. 204-72-46, mob. 8-029-708-06-77 Minsk, Skryganova str., 7/2 - 24 metro station Molodezhnaya; Gavrilovich Larisa Nikolaevna Tel. 233-63-55, mobile 8-029-773-63-55
- Minsk, st. Kakhovskaya, 27-16 metro station Yakub Kolas Square; Golovko Svetlana Grigorievna Tel. 284-85-06, mob.8-029-684-85-06 Minsk, Nezavisimosti Ave., 53-102 metro station. Yakub Kolas Square; Kizenkov Sergey Pavlovich Tel./fax 247-68-86, mob.8-029-337-07-07 Minsk, Rokossovsky Ave., 76-178 Office: Komsomolskaya st., 34-1 metro station Oktyabrskaya) ATTENTION! We have the right to submit translations only to them and no other translation agencies!!! Translation cost: 30,000 rubles for 2000 characters. Production time is 1-3 days. On average, a certificate costs 30 thousand rubles. Certificate for 1 year - 30 thousand rubles.
- We submit documents for legalization to the embassy. Legalization takes 1 day. Reception Mon, Wed, Fri from 9 to 11.30 (through the main entrance, in a special window). I remind you that the embassy is located at the address: Minsk, Rakovskaya street 16b. You can find out more detailed information about the embassy from the article “VISA TO ITALY FOR BELARUSIANS. HOW TO OPEN YOURSELF IN MINSK?” or on the embassy website: www.ambminsk.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Minsk
- We are waiting for the MIUR calendar. We arrive at the embassy on time and fill out the modello (the consul helps and dictates).
- We are waiting for an invitation from the university, which usually arrives in July - early August. An invitation to register for a visa will be sent to your e-mail.
- We apply for a visa in August (until August 15).
- Upon arrival in Italy, you must appear at the police station to register and obtain a residence permit (you must have a document with you about your financial capabilities).
Documents required to obtain a student visa
- A passport valid for at least three months after the expiration date of the requested visa;
- Invitation from the University;
- Visa application form;
- Photograph of the appropriate format;
- Documentation regarding one’s own economic situation, or parents, if they are dependent on them:
a) documents from school or university, or from the place of work;
b) documents confirming the employment of parents, if they are dependent on them;
c) documents confirming ownership of real estate or ownership of rent, lifelong payments or other sources of income;
d) extracts from bank accounts or credit cards;
e) income statements or documents on payment of taxes, balance sheets of the enterprise - Financial resources necessary for living for the entire duration of your stay in Italy. At least 417.30 euros for each month of the academic year;
- A one-way ticket or reservation, you can read about travel methods “ ”;
- Documents confirming the availability of housing in Italy;
- Medical insurance policy valid in all countries of the European Union.
How to choose a university in Italy
On my personal example the choice of university was not so relevant, since information on this issue it was not enough. But thanks to the advice of the consul, having entered State University Milana - Bicocca, I was very pleased with both the university and the cost of education.
Università degli studi di Milano - Bicocca
- Bicocca founded in 1998. In total, there are 17 buildings on the territory of the university, which offer students 195 classrooms, 46 linguistic and computer centers, 3 large libraries, 2 dormitories. The university also offers 226 laboratories, all of which are included in a cultural network closely linked to the economic and social life of the city. Research centers cooperate with a system of exhibitions and seminars, with a social and government program aimed at the development and protection of various branches of knowledge, but especially at the developed business community, which generally ensures the competitiveness and constant development of the University of Milan - Bicocca.
The university has more than 32,000 students, and education is conducted in eight faculties. Main areas of study: tourism economics, business organization and management, economics and law, statistics, healthcare, media and journalism, social and humanitarian sciences, natural sciences, psychology and pedagogy.
The university area is an entire district of the city called Bicocca, located in the north. In Bicocca you can find everything: shops, bars, restaurants, entertainment centers, cinemas, gyms, swimming pools, canteens, theatre, libraries and much more. Bicocca is sort of a small town within a city.
The university described above turned out to be my choice without a choice, but I would like to offer you the most popular universities among Italian students for your consideration.
www.unimib.it
Università di Roma "La Sapienza"- is one of the oldest universities in the world and the second largest university in Europe. It was founded in 1303. The University of Rome offers students over 300 undergraduate programs, over 250 professional master's programs, 119 postgraduate and over 150 doctoral programs, 6 of which award the international doctorate degree.
Today, 170 thousand people study there, including foreign students. There are 4,200 people teaching at 14 faculties of the Temple of Knowledge, among them the best professors in Italy.
The university has 69 specialized schools and 1,604 advanced training courses. Status - state, language of instruction - Italian, English. At this university you can study Ludovico Quaroni architecture, Valle Giulia architecture, economics, humanities and philosophy, law, mechanical engineering, mathematical, physical and natural sciences, medicine and surgery, psychology, statistics, political science, humanities, sociology, pharmacology and more. The University of Rome is the first in Italy to teach technical sciences.
Official website of the University of Rome: www.uniroma1.it
Università di Bologna(University of Bologna) is the oldest university in the world, whose history has not been interrupted since its founding and, in fact, the cradle of the word “university” itself. Founded in 1088. Historically, the university was founded to study Roman law, but today it includes 23 faculties, as well as additional campuses scattered throughout northern Italy, as well as a campus in Buenos Aires, but, as before, the Faculty of Law of the University of Bologna is one of the best in the world. For international students, the University of Bologna offers programs in both Italian and English language. The cost of studying at the University of Bologna is 600 Euros for a bachelor's degree and 910 Euros for a master's degree.
Faculties: law, mathematics, architecture, art, Agriculture, culture, pedagogy, economics, foreign languages and literature, technology, chemistry, philosophy, physics, natural science, medicine, pharmacology, political science, psychology, statistics, veterinary science.
Official website of the University of Bologna: www.unibo.it
L'Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi
L'Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi- a private higher education institution in Milan, graduating specialists in the fields of economics, law and management sciences.
The university is recognized as one of the world's leading schools of business administration, and teaching itself is conducted in English, along with traditional academic programs in Italian.
- Official website of the university: www.unibocconi.it
Università degli studi di Milano
Università degli studio di Milano- founded in 1924, and initially consisted of 4 faculties: law, literature and philosophy, medicine and surgery, natural, mathematical and physical sciences.
Today it offers 9 Faculties, 137 courses (bachelor's and master's degrees), 20 Doctoral Schools and 74 Schools of Specialization. The 2,500 faculty represent the highest concentration of scientific expertise in the region, and research ranks highest among universities in Italy and Europe.
The university's departments are housed in important historical buildings in the center of Milan and in modern buildings in an area known as the Campus. Research works, the publications of the University of Milan are of scientific value, as are the numerous research centers (77 in total).
- Official website of the university: www.unimi.it
Universita degli Studi di Siena, UNISI- Located in Tuscany, it is one of the oldest and first publicly funded universities in Italy. Originally called Studium Senese, the University of Siena was founded in 1240. Siena is a city of students. The University of Siena welcomes students from all over the world!
The University has approximately 20,000 students, almost half of Siena's total population. Today, the University of Siena is famous for its School of Law and Medicine.
The University consists of eight Schools:
- Economics
- Engineering
- Humanities and Philosophy
- Jurisprudence
- Mathematical Physical and Natural Sciences
- Medicine and Surgery
- Pharmaceuticals
- Political Sciences.
The university has an excellent organization of services for students: dormitory, dining room.
- Official website of the university: www.unisi.it
Politecnico di Milano
Politecnico di Milano is the largest technical university in the country and is the oldest in Milan. It was founded on November 29, 1863. In 2009, Italian researchers recognized it as the best in Italy in terms of scientific production and attractiveness to foreign students.
Today, the Polytechnic University of Milan educates more than 42,000 students in the fields of technical sciences, architecture and industrial design, consists of 17 faculties and 9 schools.
On the campus of the university with total area in 350,000 sq.m there are 355 modern laboratories and 42 libraries. The university itself is located on 7 main campuses in the regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. The university pays special attention to international projects for foreign students. So, 2 bachelor's courses, 10 master's courses and 12 master's programs are taught exclusively in English.
The teaching staff consists of 1,200 full-time professors and researchers and about 1,300 contract professors. Interestingly, many scientists working in Polytechnic University, are award winners and recognized by the scientific community.
- Official website of the Technical University: www.polimi.it
Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti in Milan - both provides art education in Italy and is the cultural center of the northern part of the country. As a private educational institution, the Milan Academy of Fine Arts provides bachelor's training in English in the following specialties: design, fashion design, graphic design and art direction.
In addition, the private university conducts summer educational programs in in-demand specialties such as fashion marketing, fashion design, fashion photography and interior design.
- Official website of the academy: www.naba.it
When choosing a university, also take into account your level of language knowledge, since in one institution you will have to take a test, in which case your knowledge should be at an advanced level, and in another university they will only conduct an interview with you to make sure that you understand the language. In this case it will be enough basic knowledge language.
If you have any doubts about admission, I will be happy to answer in the comments or in my group on
The University of Bologna began to emerge at the end of the 21st century, when teachers of logic, rhetoric, and grammar turned to law. The year 1088 is considered the beginning of independent and church-free teaching in Bologna. During this period, Irnerius became a significant figure. His work in systematizing Roman legal materials spread beyond the city's borders.
At first, university tuition in Italy was paid for by students. They collected money to compensate teachers for their work. The collection was carried out on a voluntary basis, because science given by God could not be sold. Gradually, the university in Bologna turned into a center of science, and teachers began to receive real salaries.
Features of occurrence
The emergence of a university in the Italian city of Bologna was facilitated by the intense and serious “struggle for investiture” that was waged between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. At that time, the sovereigns of Christian countries appointed priests and bishops at their request, and Pope Gregory VII decided to proclaim the supremacy of the church over secular power, and he looked for evidence to justify his decision in the history of Christianity. In Bologna by that time there was already a school of “liberal arts”, which was popular in the 10th and 11th centuries. Students studied Roman law and rhetoric as additional classes. In the writings of the 13th century Bolognese jurist Godefroy there is historical information about opening a legal special school at the personal request of Countess Matilda, who was the ruler of Tuscany and Lombardy and a supporter of the Pope.
The fight for influence
In the 11th-12th centuries European politics there was a turning point. It was then that the relationship between church and state was established. The struggle was based on legal issues, so the study of Justinian’s law became the basis for the self-awareness of the Empire.
In 1158, Martino, Bulgaro, Ugo, Jacopo invited Federico I Barbarossa to his meeting. The experts had to demonstrate compliance with political freedoms in the empire. Three of them (besides Martino) supported the Empire and expressed their recognition of Roman law. Federico I Barbarossa passed a law according to which the school became a society of students, headed by a teacher. The Empire promised such institutions and teachers protection from political claims.
The University of Bologna has become a place that is absolutely free from the influence of authorities. This educational institution has outlived its defender. There were attempts on the part of the Commune to control this educational institution, but the students, in order to resist such pressure, united into one team.
The thirteenth century was a time of contrasts. The University of Bologna managed to overcome thousands of difficulties, it always fought for autonomy, resisted political power, which viewed it as a symbol of prestige. At that time there were about two thousand students in Bologna.
In the 14th century, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, astronomy, logic, grammar, rhetoric, and theology began to be studied within its walls.
Talented students and teachers
The first university in Bologna is proud that such famous personalities as Francesco Petrarca, Cino Pistoia, Dante Alighieri, Cecco d'Ascoli, Enzo, Guido Guinidzelli, Coluccio Salutati, Salimbene Parma and others came from its walls.
Since the fifteenth century, teaching has been conducted in Hebrew and Greek, and a century later in Bologna students are engaged in experimental sciences. The laws of nature were taught by the philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi.
The philosopher taught the laws of nature, despite his beliefs in theology and philosophy. A significant contribution to the pharmacopoeia was made by Ulisse Aldrovandi, who studied fossils. It was he who created their detailed classification.
In the 16th century, Gaspare Tagliacozzi was the first to study plastic surgery. He carried out serious research in this area, which became the basis for the development of medicine.
The University of Bologna gradually developed. Even in the Middle Ages, Italy was proud of such eminent personalities as Paracelsus, Thomas Beckett, Albrecht Durer, Raymund de Penyafort, Carlo Borromeo, Carlo Goldoni, Torquato Tasso. It was here that Leon Baptiste Alberti and Pico Mirandola studied canon law. Papal right was learned in Bologna by Nicolaus Copernicus even before he began his basic research in the field of astronomy. During the Industrial Revolution, the university had a beneficial effect on the development of technology and science. During this period, the works of Luigi Galvani appeared, who, along with Alexander Volt, Henry Cavendish, and Benjamin Franklin, became the founder of modern electrochemistry.
The era of rise
During the creation of the Italian state, the University of Bologna was actively developing. Italy acquires such important figures as Giovanni Pascoli, Giacomo Ciamichan, Giovanni Capellini, Augusto Murri, Augusto Righi, Federigo Henriques, Giosue Carducci. At the end of the nineteenth century, the university maintained its importance on the world cultural stage. It maintained this position until the interval between the two wars, and is rightfully included in the oldest universities in Italy. Time has no power over this Italian “forge of talents”.
Modernity
In 1988, the University of Bologna celebrated its 900th anniversary. On this occasion, the faculties received 430 rectors from different corners of our planet. The alma mater of all universities and is currently considered the main scientific center of international scale, maintains primacy in the implementation of research projects.
According to classification compiled by QS World University Rankings, the university in Bologna is ranked 182nd in the world. This position of the educational institution in the ranking indicates a high level of teaching. Bologna is a city in Italy that is rightfully proud of this temple of science.
University structure
On this moment The University of Bologna has about 85,000 students. This educational institution has an unusual structure - a “multi-campus”, which includes five institutions in the cities:
- Bologna;
- Forli;
- Cesene;
- Ravenna;
- Rimini.
What else is Bologna proud of? The Italian region became the first in the country to have a university branch opened outside the country - postgraduate courses began to be taught in Buenos Aires to deepen different aspects relations between the European Union and Latin America.
The educational programs of this higher educational institution are related to research in different areas knowledge. The courses are structured in such a way that they fully meet all the demands of the labor market. Particular attention at the University of Bologna is paid to international relations.
Activities of laboratories and research centers, high level the results obtained allow this educational institution to annually take an active part in prestigious scientific competitions and conferences.
Applicants who enroll at the University of Bologna can count on scholarships and contracts that involve living and studying abroad.
University faculties
Currently, this prestigious educational institution in Italy includes several faculties:
- architectural;
- agrarian;
- economic (in Bologna, Forli, Rimini);
- industrial chemical;
- Faculty of Conservation cultural heritage;
- legal;
- pharmaceutical;
- engineering (Bologna, Cesena);
- veterinary;
- foreign languages and literature;
- psychological;
- veterinary;
- medical-surgical;
- communications;
- physical culture;
- natural science and mathematics;
- political sciences;
- graduate School modern languages;
- statistical sciences.
Contacts and addresses
This educational institution is located in Bologna on Giamboni Street, along which thousands of students pass every day. In this area there are many places that are associated with the university: stands, cafes, auditoriums. A visit to this street allows you to understand the historical value of the city.
Number 13 has a central building in which the rector's office is located. It is located opposite the Poggi Palace. There is an auditorium in this building that is dedicated to Carducci, who once listened to lectures on Italian literature here.
The building of the First University rises on Piazza Galvani. Since 1838, the palace has housed the library of the Commune, but the main treasure is located in Today, it is the main proof of the university tradition in Bologna.
University specifics
Due to the fact that this higher education institution was founded in the twelfth century, it is rightly called one of the oldest in Europe. The University of Bologna is characterized by two distinctive features:
- he was not the association of the professor to whom the students who came to lectures had to obey;
- the students' association had the right to choose leaders to whom the professors were subordinate.
Bologna students were divided into two groups:
- “ultramontanes” who arrived in Italy from other countries;
- "Citramontani", who were residents of Italy.
Each group annually elected a rector and a council of representatives of different nationalities, which was in charge of the university jurisdiction.
Professors were elected by students for a certain period of time, they received a certain fee, and taught only in Bologna.
According to their status, they were free only in classes with students. During lectures and seminars, professors could demonstrate their teaching talent and personal qualities.
Another feature of the University of Bologna was that it became a law school. In addition to Roman and canon law, medicine and liberal arts were taught within the walls of this Italian educational institution.
Conclusion
During the period of its existence, the Bolognese school managed to exert a significant influence not only on Italy, but also on the whole of Western Europe.
The positive reputation of Bologna professors made it possible to consider this educational institution as a center of Roman law.
Currently, the University of Bologna is considered the oldest educational institution in the world, whose history has not been interrupted from the period of its founding to the present. Every year thousands of students from different points globe flock to Bologna in the hope of becoming students of this elite educational institution.
Prerequisites for university education in Italy
In 476, the Western Roman Empire, the center of not only the political but also the intellectual life of the world in antiquity, fell under the blows of the barbarian tribes of the Germans. Actually, the history of antiquity ends with this event - it begins new era, which received the name “Middle Ages” in historical literature. The British call the Middle Ages nothing more than the dark ages, that is, “dark ages.” Indeed, as the great Soviet historian Evgeniy Tarle wrote, “the 700-800 years separating the Western Roman Empire from the Renaissance are very scarce in luminous points, lighthouses and centers of Enlightenment.” These words fully apply to the whole of Europe and Italy.
It is wrong to think that Italy has completely lost the traditions of Cicero and Virgil. Among the figures of the 6th-10th centuries, one can recall Cassidor, Boethius, Pope Sylvester, who, before taking such a high rank, was the brilliant mathematician Herbert. The so-called “Carolingian Renaissance” caused a certain rise in cultural life. However, practically nothing remains of the former glory of science and fine literature.
The beginning of the 11th century radically changed this state of affairs. This is explained by the fact that at this time Italy became the arena of an irreconcilable struggle between the Guelph and Ghibelline parties - the parties of the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. To confirm their positions, both sides actively used works of journalistic genres. This controversy led to a revival intellectual activity countries. This, as well as the position of the church (the clerics discovered a shortage of powerful intellectuals in their ranks and also contributed to the university boom) led to the emergence of a number of higher educational institutions in Italy.
University of Bologna
The University of Bologna is officially considered the first university not only in Italy, but also in Europe. Bologna is located in the Lombardy region. For a long time, Lombard trading cities were distinguished by the desire of noble and wealthy citizens, not quite typical for the Middle Ages, to give their children a good (for those times) education. According to ancient legend, already in 433, Emperor Theodosius founded a higher law school in Bologna. True, this legend is not trusted by scientists: most likely it was invented in the 13th century by those jurists who wanted part of the university founded by that time to belong to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.
Therefore, the truly first person to take up teaching in Bologna is considered to be the doctor of law Pepo, known in the chronicles as legis doctor. His lectures, however, were not particularly popular. But his follower Irnerius achieved great heights, opening a special Bologna law school in 1088.
Irnerius's lectures were not slow in bringing instant popularity to the school. He had many students, among whom four doctors of law stand out: Bulgar Martin, Gosia, Gugue and Jacques de la Porte Revenante. Very soon the Bolognese professors became widely known and gained an advantage over other learned cities. There are several reasons for this success. First, the scientific advantages of the teaching method. Bolognese jurists made a revolution in the study of Roman law: they studied and taught it not as an appendage to rhetoric, but as an independent subject, and not in fragments, but in full. And secondly, the patronage of the German Emperor Frederick I, who was at the same time the King of Lombardy. The emperor was very interested in encouraging the study of Roman law, whose authority could always be relied upon in the event of various harassment of the crown.
In 1158, Frederick I solemnly agreed to grant from now on the following benefits to everyone who came to Bologna:
1. To travel freely through all countries under the auspices of his authority, without therefore having to be exposed to all sorts of troubles experienced by foreigners;
2. To be subject in the city exclusively to the court of professors or the bishop.
The location of Bologna, its healthy climate, the wealth of the city, its very status thanks to its recently acquired autonomy - all this explains the reasons for the extreme popularity of the law school. Along with youth, people are already mature age, often leaving their family, occupation, or honorable position in their homeland, they rush to Bologna to become a scolarii. Children of crowned heads were also sent to this city to study law and fine arts. The popularity of the school is also explained by the fact that women were also allowed into the bowels of the “Felsinian temple of wisdom,” as the University of Bologna was called during the times of Irnerius and Accursius, and, most importantly, not only to listen to lectures, but also as teachers (lectresses).
There was also a main feature that distinguished the entire medieval university history: the corporate, guild principle was so strong in those days that the university, in essence, was two united guilds. Both of these workshops, “students” and “teachers,” were divided into smaller categories, depending on the nation and specialty of the persons included in them. Bologna in particular had four nations: Campanian, Tuscan, Lombard and Roman. A meeting of all student corporations under a common statute formed the University of Bologna by the end of the 12th century. This university, which (along with Paris, founded in the same era - 1200), is the oldest in Europe, already from the day of its formation had two special features arising from the very conditions of its formation:
1. It was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students were exclusively subject. On the contrary, it was an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself elected leaders, to whom, in turn, the professors were subordinate. The Bologna students were divided into two parts: the Ultramontans and the Citramontans, each of which annually elected a rector; both parts participated in the management of the university. Professors were elected by students certain time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except in Bologna. Being, according to the statute, thus dependent on the university and being free only to supervise the studies of students, they could gain authority and influence on students solely through their personal qualities and teaching talents.
2. In contrast to Paris, which was initially devoted solely to theology, Bologna was legal. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university, as well as canon law, introduced into the curriculum since the 12th century, remained the main, if not exclusive, subjects of university teaching.
Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there, indeed, during the 13th century. famous professors, but their listeners, nevertheless, were considered to belong to the Faculty of Law, and only in the 14th century. Along with them, two other faculties were formed: medicine and philosophy, as well as theology.
The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the period between the beginning of the 12th century. and the second half of the 12th century, covering the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of glossatorship by Akcursius. During this period, a new teaching method found its widest and most fruitful application, both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors previously mentioned, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the Justinian Code and founded a school at Montpellier; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo (whose works were so popular that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”); and, finally, Accursius, the most famous of the glossators.
Accursius passed on his love for the practice of law to his children, and his daughter Dota d'Accorso, awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first of the women mentioned in the annals of the university.
During the period of greatest prosperity at the University of Bologna, along with jurisprudence, other sciences began to flourish. So, to the trivium, the complex of sciences early Middle Ages, which consisted of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics, was added in this era of the late Middle Ages by a quadrium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music plus (a little later) logic and mathematics. Other sciences also flourish here: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature and medicine.
However, after the rise, there soon comes a fall. Much contributed to this: the struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines and, as a consequence, the participation of the university professors themselves in party feuds; the gradual fall of professors under the influence of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate professorial teaching, regardless of the personal abilities of the teacher and the interests of science. Thus, the University of Bologna gradually lost its primacy in the teaching of law. To top it all off, the most famous legalists little by little began to teach law in Pisa, Perusa, Padua and Pavia.
During its existence, the Bologna School had a huge influence not only on Italy, but also on Western Europe. Thanks to its methods and doctrine, it significantly renewed the science of law and had an enormous influence on legislation, institutions and the very ideas of European society that was felt throughout the Middle Ages.
The University of Bologna became the prototype of many other similar institutions in Europe. Moreover, he became the “initiator” of the formation of many law faculties (universities), both in Italy and abroad. The professors and students of Bologna scattered throughout Europe, disseminating the science they themselves had acquired there. Thus, in Italy universities were founded in: Vicenza (1203), Arezzo (1215), Padua (1222). In France, the university was founded in Montpellier (1137).
Education University of Bologna 1158
Limarev V.N.
Medieval quarter of Bologna. University of Bologna.
In the center of Italian Bologna, the spirit of the Middle Ages has been preserved, against the background of early and late architectural accumulations.
The ancient Roman aqueduct and modern new buildings are not the face of the city, they are an inclusion in the architectural ensemble ancient center cities.
History of Bologna:
From the end of the 6th century BC, Bologna, then called Felsina, was the capital of the Etruscan state. Numerous Etruscan necropolises (VI-IV centuries BC) have been preserved from this era in the city and its surroundings. From 189 BC Bologna was under Roman rule. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the city was visited by Ostrogoths, Lombards, Byzantines, and Franks. The Frankish Emperor Charlemagne granted Bologna the rights of a free city. Since the 11th century, Bologna has been a self-governing urban commune. In the 13th-14th centuries, in Bologna, as in many other cities of Northern Italy, a bloody struggle unfolded between the Guelphs (supporters of the Pope) and the Ghibellines (supporters of the emperor). As a result, in 1511 Bologna was included in the Papal States - a theocratic state headed by the Pope.
The city was under the rule of the popes until 1797, when Bologna was occupied by Napoleonic troops. In the same year, it became part of the Cisalpine Republic, dependent on France, and in 1805 - part of the Italian Kingdom. By decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, Bologna was returned to the papal throne.
In 1860, the city became the capital of the Romagna region within a united Italy.
If you come to Bologna with the aim of exploring the city by train, then you do not need to waste time looking for transport to get to the city center, since ancient Bologna is located next to the station, you only need to focus on the medieval Galliera gate, which was the entrance into the medieval city. After passing through the gate, you will come across Montagnola Park.
Go to the park, there are sculptural compositions with mermaids, these sculptures became the source of a novelistic mood for me, before I plunged into the atmosphere of medieval Bologna. And then, moving along the famous galleries and porticos (antique wooden porticos in houses of the Roman era, Gothic arcades, arcades of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, almost all central streets are covered with porticoes, the total length of the porticoes is 38 km), you will reach the city center.
For me personally, the city center consists of two medieval towers reaching to the sky, one of them almost 100 meters high. In the 12th century, wealthy families of Bologna had competitions to see who could build the tallest tower. The Asinelli family built a tower of 97.2 meters, the tower deviated from the vertical by 2.2 meters.
This is the second unforgettable impression from Bologna, after the sculptures of the Montagnola Park.
Third, huge Catholic cathedral The Church of St. Petronius is the largest Christian basilica, built at the end of the 14th century.
But these sights of Bologna are mentioned less often in reference books, focusing the attention of visitors to Bologna on the Fountain of Neptune; Fun fountain, but didn't impress me. They also write a lot about the University of Bologna, the oldest still operating university in the world.
The University of Bologna became the center of my attention.
The university in Bologna arose at the turn of the 10th-11th century. In Bologna in the 11th century there was a “school of liberal arts”. (Seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric (the ability to compose letters, legal documents), dialectics, arithmetic, astronomy (astrology), music, geometry (actually geography)
Later, under the patronage of the “Emperor of the Sacred Empire of the German Nation” Frederick 1 Barbarossa (1152-1190), the university became an educational institution that emphasized the study of law, including rhetoric and Roman law, i.e. The University of Bologna became a legal university.
Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there during the 13th century, but their students, nevertheless, were considered to belong to the law university, and only in the 14th century. Along with them, two other universities were formed: 1) medicine and philosophy and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the purely legal character of the University of Bologna was that it was not, like the University of Paris, subject to the supreme administration of the popes, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology.
Many students from Germany, the Czech Republic came to study at the University of Bologna...
Students flocking from all over Europe created corporations modeled on the various craft and artistic guilds of that time. The student corporations elected their leaders, to whom the professors reported. Every year, at a meeting of the corporations, a rector and council were elected from various nationalities.
University teachers occupied a high position in the city of Bologna. They were exempt from taxes and military service and, even if they were not born in Bologna, received all the rights of citizens of this city.
There is a painting hanging in the university: Irnerius (1055-1130), professor of law, founder of the Bologna school of lawyers. (see photo)
University of Bologna appearance and preserved medieval architecture in the interiors. Inside the museum there are museum halls that contain masterpieces of the Italian Renaissance.
The special design of the library of the University of Bologna, the entrance to which and the galleries are decorated with the knightly coats of arms of the students of the university, the rarities of the university are kept with special respect.
The University of Bologna is a museum - a museum of the history of the university and a museum of memory outstanding personalities who once studied here.
University of Bologna- the oldest continuously existing university in Europe. Located in the Italian city of Bologna. In the Arab world, Bologna's rival is Al-Qaraween University, the oldest continuously existing university in the world, but unlike European ones, Arab religious schools did not issue diplomas on behalf of the educational institution itself. Member of the European university associations Utrecht Network, Coimbra Group and Europaeum. The University of Bologna laid the foundation for European education.
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In Bologna, as in other large centers of Italy, Roman law has been studied and put into practice since ancient times. Exact date The foundation of the university is unknown, but there is no doubt that in Bologna there was a school of “liberal arts”, which was especially famous in the 11th century, where students studied Roman law as additional classes to the course of rhetoric.
Irnerius began the deep study of law at the end of the 11th century. This Irnerius (sometimes called Vernerius, Varnerius, Garnerius) was a teacher at the school of liberal arts; Having studied Justinian's law himself, without the help of a teacher, he acquired a reputation as a legalist. According to the testimony of Audfroi, a Bolognese lawyer of the 13th century, whose writings contain historical information regarding the professors who preceded him, Irnerius opened a special law school at the request of Countess Matilda, the former ruler of Tuscany and part of Lombardy. It is quite plausible that the Countess, being a supporter of the Pope, was against inviting legalists from Ravenna, who were distinguished by their traditional hostility to the papal throne, to her courts.
Irnerius opened his public lectures in 1088, which is considered the year of the foundation of his institute, and occupied a chair in it until his death (between 1137 and 1137).
Coming to fame
Irnerius had many students, of whom the most famous were four doctors of law: Bulgar Martin, Gosia, Gug and Jacques de la Porte Revennante. At the beginning of the 12th century, the school of law in Bologna was already more popular than that of Ravenna. However, even in the middle of this century, the school of liberal arts enjoyed greater fame outside Italy. But by the end of the 12th century, Bolognese law professors gained a noticeable advantage over other Bologna scientists and gained European fame. This was due, firstly, to the scientific advantages of the teaching method and, secondly, to the patronage of the German Emperor Frederick I, who was also the king of Lombardy and was interested in supporting the authority of Roman law, which could be relied upon in cases of harassment of the crown. After the Diet of Roncaglia in 1158, which was attended by Bolognese professors and where mutual legal relations between the emperor and the Italian cities, Frederick undertook to provide all students studying Roman law in Bologna with the following benefits: firstly, free travel in all countries under the auspices of his authority (which helped to avoid the troubles usually experienced by foreigners), and secondly , to be subject in the city to the court exclusively of professors or the bishop.
The city’s wonderful climate and its development added to its popularity among foreign students, especially northerners. Not only young men, but already fully grown, family people came to study. Among them are such as Copernicus, Ulrich von Hutten, Oloander. Crowned heads even sent their children to Bologna to study law and fine arts. Surprising features of the university for that time were the impossibility of enrolling only due to one’s position (knowledge was required equally from the son of an artisan and from the son of a king), as well as the fact that women were allowed into its bowels, both as students and as teachers.
Students flocking from all over Europe were not slow to form real corporations in their midst, modeled on the various craft and artistic guilds of that time. By the end of the 12th century, a meeting of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the University of Bologna.
Features of the University of Bologna
This university, which, along with the Parisian one, founded in the same era (1200), is the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two features - features arising from the very conditions under which it was formed. Firstly, it was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students attending their lectures had to exclusively submit, but an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself elected the leaders to whom the professors were subject. The Bologna students were divided into two main parts, the Ultramontans and the Citramontans, each of which annually elected a rector and a council of various nationalities, who together with him were in charge of the administration and university jurisdiction. Professors (doctores legentes) were elected by students for a certain period of time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except Bologna. Being, according to the statute, thus dependent on the university and being only free to supervise the students’ studies, they could gain authority and influence on students solely through their personal qualities and teaching talents.
The second feature of the University of Bologna was, in essence, that it was legal (universitas legum) in contrast to the University of Paris, which at first was dedicated solely to theology. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university itself, and canon law, introduced into the university curriculum from the 12th century, remained the main, if not exclusive, subjects of university teaching. Medicine and the liberal arts were indeed taught there during the 13th century by famous professors; but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to the law university, and only in the 14th century. Along with them, two other universities were formed: 1) medicine and philosophy and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the purely legal character of the University of Bologna was that it was not, like the University of Paris, subject to the supreme authority of the popes, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for the study of theology. However, starting from the 13th century. The popes, who supported the university in its disputes with the city administration and approved its statutes in 1253, in turn had a certain moral authority over the university and ensured that the Bolognese archdeacon, on their behalf, acted as a controller at exams and when issuing diplomas, in order to ensure that their correctness.
Heyday
The most brilliant period of the Bolognese school of law was the period of time between the beginning of the 12th century and the second half of the 13th century, covering the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of glossatorship by Accursius. During this period, their new method of teaching found the widest and most fruitful application both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned above, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the Code of Justinian and founded the school of law at Montpellier, where he died in 1192; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek, and a translator of the Greek texts of the pandects; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo - whose works enjoyed such authority that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”; Hugolin, who continued the work of Azot Jacques Balduini; Rofroy and, finally, Accursius (1182-1258), the most famous of the glossators, famous mainly for his huge compilation in which he summarized the work of his predecessors.
Accursius passed on his love for the practice of law to his children, and his daughter, Dota d’Accorso, awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first woman mentioned in the annals of the university. She was followed by other women lawyers: Bitgisia, Gozzazzini, Novella d'Andrea and others. Simultaneously with Roman law, the University of Bologna successfully taught canon law by professors who directly followed the method of Irnerius in their lectures and writings. Since the second half of the 12th century, the names of professors of canon law (doctores decretorum) are found in acts relating to the University of Bologna. Around 1148, Gratian, a monk and author of famous decretals, lived in Bologna. After him, his students Pocapalia, Rufinus, Roland Bandinelli (who later became Pope under the name Alexandra III), Guguccio, and in the 13th century. - Richard of England, Damasus, Tancred, famous for his “Ordo judiciarius”, Bernard of Parma, Raymond of Penyafor - became the main representatives of the university teaching of canon law in Bologna. For some time the professors of Roman law (legum doctores) and the canonists (decretistae) formed two separate classes; but little by little the canonists began to regard Roman law as an integral part of their subject, and conversely, the novelists had to make references in their works to church canons; the same scientists were often professors of both types of law (doctores utriusque juris) and were engaged in teaching both of these branches of law, which are closely related to each other.
During the period of greatest prosperity at the University of Bologna, the law school, along with jurisprudence, began to flourish and other sciences: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature, and then medicine. Among the professors and philosophers we can name Alberigo, who read in the 12th century, the Florentine Lot, who taught physics at the same time as philosophy, and the monk Moneto. Among the philologists at the University of Bologna were Gaufrido di Vinisauf, an Englishman by birth, who taught and wrote in poetry and prose, Boncompagno, an excellent expert in the Latin language. The study of Greek, which marked the beginning of the era of the humanists, took root here earlier than in other Italian universities, and since the 15th century it has been firmly established in Bologna, which can be proud of the fact that Erasmus of Rotterdam lived among its philosophers. In Bologna, medicine also made a significant step forward thanks to the method of teaching the anatomy of the human body and animals on corpses, first introduced by Lucin di Luzzi. In the field of practicing medicine, and then natural sciences, and especially the female professors at the University of Bologna stood out. Among them are the following names: the names of Dorothea Bucca (XIV-XV centuries), who, after the death of her father Giovanni Bucca, occupied the department of practical medicine and moral philosophy, and the famous Bolognese lecturer of the 18th century, closer to our time - Laura Bassi, who occupied the department of experimental physics and philosophy, the pride of Bolognese women who, by subscription, built a monument in honor of their illustrious compatriot, which adorns the staircase leading to the museum and library of the university, Gaetana Agnesi, who taught analytical geometry, Anna Morandi, husband of Manzolini, famous for her work on anatomy, Maria dalle Donna , which earned the respect of Napoleon I.
Decline in popularity
The spiritual and moral authority enjoyed by the professors of the Bologna school was reflected not only in the success of their lectures and writings, but also in the high position they occupied both in Bologna itself and beyond. They were exempt from taxes and military service and, although not born in Bologna, received all the rights of citizens of that city. They were given the title dominus unlike the name magister, which was worn by professors of the school of liberal arts, and they were considered knights. Many of them took an active part in public affairs as judges, city rulers or envoys, such as Azo, Hugolin and Accursius in Bologna, Burgundio in Pisa, Baldina in Genoa, Rofroy in Benevenge. But Bologna often forgot that it owed its brilliance to the university, and entered into conflict with it during the 12th and 13th centuries. into violent disputes, which often threatened to destroy the rights and privileges of the university and interrupted classes in it. The struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which divided Italy into two warring parts, was waged with particular force in Bologna, and the university could not remain indifferent to it. Despite, however, these disputes and party discords, Bolognese school flourished for a long time in the middle of the 13th century. reached the highest point of prosperity. From this time on, the direction in the previous system of glossators began to change little by little. Instead of taking exclusively texts from the primary sources of Roman law as the subject of their interpretations, present-day professors began to interpret the glosses of their predecessors: in the school, as well as in the courts, the glossa magistralis Accursion took the place of the Corpus juris.
Moreover, various circumstances influenced the change in worse than that the high position enjoyed by the Bolognese professors. Taking part in public affairs, they inevitably interfered in party feuds and, as a result, lost a significant share of their moral charm. Then, by the end of the 13th century. the city founded several chairs for public lectures and assigned to the professors who occupied these chairs a certain fee in return for the fees paid by the students themselves, and little by little the majority of the professors found themselves on the payroll of the city; They thus fell under the authority of the city municipality, which pretended to regulate professorial teaching, regardless of the personal abilities of teachers and the interests of science. And in the next century, another new measure dealt a mortal blow to the Bolognese school: Political Party, which more and more seized power in the city, discovered a desire to grant the right to teach only to the citizens of Bologna and, moreover, only to members famous names, very few. The University of Bologna, therefore, gradually lost its superiority in the study of Roman law, since the most famous legalists of that time went to teach science in Pisa, Perusa, Padua and Pavia, which competed with each other for the palm of primacy.
The fall of the Bolognese school caused during the 14th century. the emergence of a school of commentators - in the person of Bartol, which dominated during the 14th and 15th centuries. But in the 16th century. historical school took the work of glossators into her own hands, expanding and supplementing it with the help of all the means that history and philology, updated by the works of Renaissance humanists, provided her.
University influence
During its existence, the Bolognese school had a huge influence not only on Italy, but also on the whole of Western Europe. Thanks to the reputation of its professors, Bologna was seen as the center of Roman law: it was generally believed that only here could one find a deep knowledge of Roman laws and church rules. That is why young people from all over Europe flocked here to hear the science of law from the lips of the professors themselves; upon returning back to their homeland, former students of the University of Bologna propagated the method and doctrine of glossators. In France, Pierre de Blois, Jacques de Revigny, Guillaume Durand; in England - Vacarius, Richard of England, Francis of Accursius; in Spain, Pont de Larida; in Italy there is a large group of legalists who, through their lectures and writings, disseminate the science that they themselves received in Bologna. Moreover, in the above countries, most law faculties were founded on the model of the Bologna school by its professors: in Italy - Padua (1222), Vicenza (1203), etc.; in Aragon - Perpignan (1343); in France - the university in Montpellier, founded by Placentin at the end of the 12th century.
Since the end of the 12th century, thanks to the works of the Bolognese glossators and their students, the reception of Roman law has been increasingly expanding in the West, which, according to the doctrine of the then scientists, should be called universal law, that is, ratio scripta, which should serve the general legislation of all Christian peoples. At the same time, the study of canon law developed throughout Europe, the foundation of which was laid by the Bologna school. If, strictly speaking, it cannot be said that the Bolognese school brought into existence again in the 12th century the study of Roman law, which, in essence, did not cease in previous centuries, it can nevertheless be argued that, thanks to its method and doctrine, it largely renewed the science of law and had an enormous influence on legislation, institutions and the very ideas of European society, which was felt throughout the Middle Ages until very recently. That is why, in Bologna’s celebration of the 800th anniversary (1088-1888) of its university, the international character of the celebration could be so clearly reflected, to which the entire European scientific world responded. Its present position, the beginning of which can be dated back to 1859, when it again acquired a secular character, freed from the strong influence of the pope, bears very little resemblance to the old university. At the end of the 19th century, it housed 4 faculties and a number of institutes, such as engineering school, a pedagogical seminary, school of political science, independent of the Faculty of Law. The rector is appointed from among the professors, who numbered up to 200 in 1888. Among them were the famous Italian poet Carducci, who occupied the department of Italian literature and taught, in parallel to this course, the comparative history of Romanesque literatures, and female lecturers - Giuseppina Cattani and Malvina Ogonovskaya, professors Slavic dialects.
The university's rich library contains more than 200 thousand volumes.
