The chronicle was a matter of state, a matter of princes. Therefore, the task of compiling a chronicle was given not only to the most literate and intelligent person, but also to someone who would be able to carry out ideas close to one or another princely branch, one or another princely house. Thus, the objectivity and honesty of the chronicler came into conflict with what we call "social order". If the chronicler did not satisfy the tastes of his customer, they parted with him and transferred the compilation of the chronicle to another, more reliable, more obedient author. Alas, work for the needs of the authorities was born already at the dawn of writing, and not only in Russia, but also in other countries.
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Chronicles are ancient Russian writings, they described events over the years, described life ordinary people and the princely court, legal documents and church texts were rewritten. They covered different periods for description. In some, the description came from biblical events, and in some, starting from the settlement of the lands by the Slavs. The emergence of the state, the adoption of Christianity are described. They described all the historical events that took place in Ancient Russia. Each period described in them, of course, carries elements of the ideology and propaganda of the unification, descriptions of the merits of the princes. In addition to historical events, there is a description of the policy of the state, the way of life of the Slavs.
Unlike European chronicles, which are written in Latin, old Russian chronicles are written in Old Russian. What made them accessible, since in Ancient Russia there were many men and women who were literate, and there were also many very educated people.
Chronicle centers in Ancient Russia
used in the chronicle various methods conducting and writing. Here, for example, lists were used. These are rewritten copies of ancient chronicles. Changes were made for various reasons. If the prince changed, then it was necessary to glorify the deeds, to describe the events of past years in a new way, making changes, taking into account new events. It was also done to introduce religious moments into writing.
The concept of "codes" or "consolidated annals" is also used. Chronicle of Ancient Russia is a description of what is happening in chronology. The description is in terms of ruling class, the entire process of keeping annals was under the control of the authorities. Ideology played important role.
Kiev-Pechersky Monastery - the center of chronicle writing
This place has always been the main shrine and pride. It was here that many of the brightest and most worthy people lived, dressed as monks, after a haircut, moving away from worldly fuss and life's blessings, completely devoting themselves to the affairs of God. This is not only a shrine, but also the concentration of enlightenment. And later - the main focus of the annals. It is within these walls long time the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" was compiled and recorded. And the monk Nestor, who created this and a number of other significant works, lived here, having done many holy deeds, for 41 years. Together with other monks, he compiled a scripture about the Old Russian Church, described all the important church events and gave a description of its features in Russia. After his death, the incorruptible body was transferred and still rests in the cave of the Lavra.
The Vydubetsky Monastery also plays a special role. Within the walls of the Vydubetskaya shrine, hegumen Matthew was engaged in maintaining the Kyiv code, in which he chronolized the events in the period 1118-1198. Gave them a very accurate description and disclosure, without distorting the facts. This work is also one of the written monuments, which plays an important role in the study of the history of our ancestors. It became a logical continuation of the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years".
The Kyiv model of reference formed the basis for the creation and application of principles in writing annals. This is where the rules and methods are based.
What were the centers of chronicle writing in Ancient Russia called:
- Novgorod
- Vladimir-Suzdal
- Galicia-Volyn
Novgorod Chronicle Center
Novgorod was largest city with a developed structure, therefore it became the center of chronicles. A description of the city can be seen in the Tale of Ancient Years for 859. In the XI century, Yaroslav the Wise, having ascended the throne, did not stay in Kyiv, his court spent 10 years in Novgorod. All this time, the city was considered the actual capital of Russia.
Compilation began in the 11th century with the writing of the first Novgorod Chronicle. In total, four of them were created, but the rest were written later. It included:
- Brief description of "Russian Truth"
- Brief description of the legal collection
- Description of ongoing events and processes
Vaults were also kept here, led by their posadnik Ostromir. But history has not left us any information about him.
Vladimir-Suzdal Chronicle Center
The Vladimir temple is the place where the chronicles were kept, the monks did the work. The chronicles, the earliest of those that have come down to us, there are two of them, compiled from 1177-1193, describe the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl Russian. They covered politics church life, described the life and main events at the princely court. Everything was presented and interpreted from the point of view of the church. Only at the beginning of XII, the chronicle began to be conducted at the princely court.
Galicia-Volynian Chronicle Center
For these lands, there is always a confrontation between princely and boyar power It was big problem. Chronicles were created at the court, so the main idea when writing was a strong and fair princely power, and the complete opposite - the boyars. Perhaps the chronicle was written by warriors. They described events as separate fragments and descriptions. They stood on the side of the princely power, therefore, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe fight against the boyars, a negative description of their desire for power, passes through the annals.
The Galicia-Volyn Chronicle belongs to more late period, around 1201-1291. She entered the Ipatiev vault. Already later it was issued in the form of a chronology, before the design it consisted of parts:
- Galician chronicle, compiled in Galicia in 1201-1261.
- Volhynian chronicle, compiled in Volhynia in 1262-1291.
The main feature: church events and way of life were not described.
The first ancient Russian chronicle
The oldest Russian chronicle was called The Tale of Bygone Years. Created in the 12th century. This is a consistent chronological description of events on the territory of Russia, the place of creation is the city of Kyiv. It was redone an unspecified number of times, but no fundamental changes were made. In any case, this version is officially considered correct.
Contains descriptions up to 1137, but originates from 852. Consists of a large number articles of different nature. And in each there is a description of a particular year. The number of articles coincides with the number of years described. As a rule, each section begins with a phrase in the form: "In the summer such and such" and then the description, excerpts from important documents or in the form of legends goes the description. The name was given because of the phrase that appears at the beginning - "The Tale of Bygone Years."
The most ancient chronicle of the indicated ancient Russian chronicle, The Tale of Bygone Years, which managed to reach our days, was rewritten by the monk Lavrenty and dates back to the 14th century. The original chronicle, unfortunately, has been lost forever. Late versions with various modifications by other authors have now been found.
On the this moment many versions of the history of the chronicle. If you believe them, then it was completed in 1037, and the monk Nestor is also the author. Even under Nestor, it was rewritten, because he made changes to add Christian ideology, political additions were also made. Ideology, even in those days, was an important tool for strengthening princely power. Other versions say that the date of creation is 1100. It is generally accepted that the oldest Russian chronicle of the beginning of the XII century. is The Tale of Bygone Years.
A distinctive feature is that it carries a structured description of events, does not try to interpret them in its own way. In the first place was the Will of God, its existence explained many events. The causal relationship was not interesting and was not reflected in the work. The genre of the Tale of Bygone Years was open, it could include anything, from various legends to weather reports. The chronicle had legal force on a par with the set of officially adopted documents.
The purpose of writing the first ancient Russian chronicle, called "The Tale of Bygone Years" - clarifying the roots of the Russian people, the philosophy of Christianity and a description of the valiant princely power. It begins with a story and reasoning about the origin and settlement. The Russian people are shown as a descendant of Noah's son, Japheth. The basis to which most of, consists of legends about the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, about wars and brave heroes. The ending consists of battle stories from the princes' obituaries.
The Tale of Bygone Years is the first important document that described the history of Russia from its very beginning. She played very big role in future historical research and is a very important source of knowledge about our ancestors.
Old Russian chroniclers
In our time, information about the chroniclers is collected bit by bit. The centers of their writing were, as a rule, temples. Chroniclers of Ancient Russia, names: Nestor and hegumen Matthew. These are one of the first chroniclers, others later appeared. Initially, chronicles were written almost everywhere only in temples, and later, at princely courts. Unfortunately, nothing is known about the life of Father Superior Matthew, except that he was engaged in writing chronicles in the Vydubetsky monastery.
Little more is known about Nestor the chronicler. As a seventeen-year-old teenager, he received the monastic dignity from Theodosius of the Caves. He came to the monastery already a literate and educated person, in Kyiv there were many teachers who could teach him. Nestor, in addition to The Tale of Bygone Years, left us a lot of works, one of them: The Biography of Theodosius of the Caves, whom he often saw as a novice. In 1196, he witnessed the ruin Kiev Pechersk Lavra. In his last writings, he raised topics about the unity of Russia by Christianity. Death overtook the chronicler at the age of 65.
Conclusion
The annals, summary annals and chronicle lists, which help in studying the history of the ancient Slavs, have only partially survived to this day, political events, way of life, both of the common people and the princely court.
Great philosophers have often said that people who do not know their past have no future. The history of your family, your people, your country should be known at least so that you do not have to make the same discoveries, make the same mistakes.
Sources of information about past events are official documents state level, records of religious, social, educational institutions, preserved eyewitness accounts and much more. Chronicles are considered the oldest documentary source.
The chronicle is one of the genres of Old Russian literature that existed from the 11th to the 17th centuries. At its core, this is a consistent presentation of events significant for history. The records were kept by year, and they could vary greatly in terms of volume and details of presentation of the material.
What events deserved to be mentioned in chronicles?
Firstly, these are turning points in the biography of Russian princes: marriage, the birth of heirs, the beginning of reigning, military exploits, death. Sometimes the Russian chronicles described miracles coming from the relics of the deceased princes, for example, Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints.
Secondly, the chroniclers paid attention to the description of celestial eclipses, solar and lunar, epidemics of serious diseases, earthquakes, etc. Chroniclers often tried to establish a relationship between natural phenomena and historical events. For example, a defeat in a battle could be explained by the special position of the stars in the sky.
Thirdly, ancient chronicles told about events of national importance: military campaigns, attacks by enemies, construction of religious or administrative buildings, church affairs, etc.
Common features of famous chronicles
1) If you remember what a chronicle is, you can guess why this genre of literature got such a name. The fact is that instead of the word "year" the authors used the word "summer". Each entry began with the words "In summer", followed by an indication of the year and a description of the event. If, from the point of view of the chronicler, nothing significant happened, then a note was put - "In the summer of XXXX, there was silence." The chronicler had no right to completely skip the description of this or that year.
2) Some Russian chronicles do not begin with the appearance Russian state, which would be logical, but from the creation of the world. Thus, the chronicler sought to inscribe the history of his country into the universal history, to show the place and role of his homeland in the modern world for him. Dating was also conducted from the creation of the world, and not from the Nativity of Christ, as we do now. The interval between these dates is 5508 years. Therefore, the entry "In the summer of 6496" contains a description of the events of 988 - the Baptism of Russia.
3) For work, the chronicler could use the works of his predecessors. But he not only included the materials they left in his narrative, but also gave them his political and ideological assessment.
4) The chronicle differs from other genres of literature in its special style. The authors did not use any artistic devices to decorate their speech. The main thing for them was documentary and informative.
The connection of the chronicle with literary and folklore genres
The special style mentioned above, however, did not prevent chroniclers from periodically resorting to oral folk art or other literary genres. Ancient chronicles contain elements of legends, traditions, heroic epos, as well as hagiographic and secular literature.
Turning to the toponymic legend, the author sought to explain where the names of the Slavic tribes, ancient cities and the whole country came from. Echoes of ritual poetry are present in the description of weddings and funerals. Epic techniques could be used to depict the glorious Russian princes and their heroic deeds. And to illustrate the life of the rulers, for example, the feasts they arrange, there are elements of folk tales.
Hagiographic literature, with its clear structure and symbolism, provided the chroniclers with both material and a method of description. miraculous phenomena. They believed in the intervention of divine forces in human history and reflected this in their writings. Elements of secular literature (teachings, stories, etc.) were used by the authors to reflect and illustrate their views.
Texts of legislative acts, princely and church archives, and other official documents were also woven into the fabric of the narrative. This helped the chronicler to give the most complete picture of important events. And what is a chronicle if not a comprehensive historical description?
The most famous chronicles
It should be noted that the annals are divided into local, received widespread in times of feudal fragmentation, and all-Russian, describing the history of the entire state. The list of the most famous is presented in the table:
Until the 19th century, it was believed that The Tale of Bygone Years was the first chronicle in Russia, and its creator, monk Nestor, was the first Russian historiographer. This assumption was refuted by A.A. Shkhmatov, D.S. Likhachev and other scientists. The Tale of Bygone Years has not been preserved, but its individual editions are known from lists in later works - the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles.
Chronicle in the modern world
To late XVII centuries of chronicle have lost their historical meaning. More accurate and objective ways of fixing events have appeared. History began to be studied from the positions of official science. And the word "chronicle" appeared additional values. We no longer remember what a chronicle is when we read the headings “Chronicle of the life and work of N”, “Chronicle of a museum” (of a theater or any other institution).
There is a magazine, a film studio, a radio program called "Chronicle", and amateurs computer games I'm sure you're familiar with Arkham Origins.
1339 In the summer of 6847, the Great Prince Ivan Danilovich went to the Horde. That same summer, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy went to the Horde, and sent his son Theodore ahead of the ambassador. toe In the winter, the Totar army Tuvlub went to Smolenesk, with Prince Ivan Korotopolii with him. And the great prince Ivan Danilovich sent many, according to the tsar's word, to Smolensk. And they stood a lot under the city. And, without taking the city, they moved away and the volosts fought.
1340 toe In the spring, Prince Semyon Ivanovich and his brother went to the Horde. toe In the fall, Prince Semyon Ivanovich came out and sat on the Grand Duchy in Volodimer and Moscow.
1341 In the summer of 6849. Tsar Azhbyak died and Tsar Zhenibek sat on the Horde, and beat his brethren.
1342 In the summer of 6850, Metropolitan Theognast went to the Horde to the new king Zhenibek for theforged.
1353 In the summer of 6861. The same summer, Ivan Ivanovich and Prince Konstyatin Suzdaskoi went to the Horde, about the great reign.
1358 In the summer of 6866, Prince Ivan Ivanovich left the Horde for great reign.
1359 In the summer of 6867. Tsar Zhenibek died, and his son Berdebek sat on the kingdom with his servant Tuvlubiy and killed his brethren. That same year, there was a metropolitan in the Horde with Murat Tsar Alexei and a lot of languor from the filthy Totars; and by the grace of God, the most pure Mother of God came in good health to Russia. toe the same winter, the princes of Rust came to the Horde to Tsar Berdebuk: Prince Andrey Kostyantinovich and all the princes of Rust with him.
1361 In the summer of 6869, the princes of Rusti went to the Horde to King Kidar. And kill King Kidar, his son Temir Khozya, and sweep away the whole Horde. And Prince Andrei Kostyantinovich fled from the Horde. And the princes of the Orda hit him. And God help Prince Andrei. And Tsar Temir Khozya ran across the Volga, and with Mamai the whole Horde. Then the robbery of the princes of Rostov in the Horde and let go of the naked to Russia.
1362 In the summer of 6870, Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich and Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich of Suzdal, quarreling about the great princedom of Moscow, sending their boyars to the Horde. And Tsar Murat received a letter to the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich of the great reign. And Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich was in Pereslavl at that time. The great prince went to war against him. He will flow away to Suzzhdal, to his fiefdom in Suzzhdal.toe Well, in the winter at Epiphany, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich came to Volodimer and sat down on the great reign. The next summer, an ambassador from the Horde came to him. That same summer, Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich came to Volodimer for the great reign, having bought with him the tsar's ambassador named Ilyak and with him thirty Totarins. The great prince Dmitri Ivanovich gathered a lot of howling and sent Prince Dmitri to Suzhdal, and from there to Nizhny Novgorod. The same summer, the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich and the reign of Prince Dmitry Galitsky and Prince Ivan Starodubsky, and those princes came to Nizhny Novgorod to Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich.
1363 In the summer of 6871, the Great Prince Dmitry Ivanovich went with his brothers to Suzhdal.
1368 In the summer of 6876. The same summer, the great prince Dimitri Ivanovich went to Tver and otida. And Prince Mikhailo Alexandrovich of Tverskoy fled to Lithuania. toe In the winter, Prince Olgird of Lithuania went to Moscow with an army, and Prince Semyon Kropiva and Prince Ivan Starodubsky and all the voivods fought with force, and stood at the city for three days, did not take the city, burned the settlements and fought the volosts. toe the same winter, Prince Volodimer Andreevich took the city of Rzhev.
1371 In the summer of 6879, Prince Mikhailo Alexandrovich of Tverskoy left the Horde for the great reign of Moscow and wanted to sit in Volodimer. And his spring is not priyash. Prince Mikhailo of Tverskoy went to Kostroma and fought Mologa and Uglich. That same summer, the Lyapuns from Naugorod plundered Yaroslavl and Kostroma. That same summer, the great prince Dimitri Ivanovich sent his voivode, Prince Dimitri of Volyn, and with him howled a lot against Prince Olga of Ryazan. The Ryazanians, in their pride, do not want to take sabers and mines with them, they want to have belts and bribes. And rattling the wallpaper of the regiments on Skornishchev, and be slashing fiercely with them. And God help Prince Dimitry Volynsky, governor of the Grand Duke of Moscow. Oleg flow past Ryazan into the field. Grand Prince, plant Prince Volodimer Pronsky in Ryazan.
1372 In the summer of 6880, Prince Olga of Ryazan gathered many and drove Prince Volodimer Pronsky from Ryazan, and he himself sat down in Ryazan. The same summer, Prince Mikhailo Aleksandrovich of Tver brought the princes of Lithuania with many forces: Prince Kestuty, Prince Andrei Polotsky, Prince Dmitry Vruchsky, Prince Vitoft Kestutyevich and many other princes, and with them the Poles, and the bagasse, and the Zholnyryans, and went to Pereslavl, settlements pozhgosha, and boyar, many people were led in full. And the Lithuanians of Pereslavl were beaten, and the multitude drowned in the river in Trubezh.
1373 In the summer of 6881, Prince Olgird of Lithuania gathered a lot of howls, and with him in the Duma Prince Mikhailo Tverskoi, and went to Moscow. Hearing the same, the great prince Dimitrei Ivanovich, having gathered a lot of howls and went from Moscow against Olgird, having driven off Olgird's guard regiments before, and met at Lubutsk. At the wallpaper there are regiments and between them the enemy is deep, cool Velma, it’s impossible to fight with a regiment, step up. And they stood for a long time, and taking Olgird peace with the Grand Duke, and dispersed.
1375 In the summer of 6883. The same summer, Prince Mikhailo Alexandrovich of Tverskoy sent an envoy to Moscow to the Grand Duke Dimitri Ivanovich, and his own lieutenants sent to Torzhek, and an ambassador's army to Uglich. Hearing this, the great prince Dimitrei Ivanovich gathered a lot and went to Tver, and with him Prince Dimitrei Kostentinovich, his father-in-law, Suzdalsky, Prince Volodimer Andreevich, Prince Boris Konstantinovich Gorodetsky, Prince Semyon Dimitrievich, brother-in-law of the Grand Duke, Prince Andrei Fedorovich of Moscow, Prince Vasilei Konstantinovich of Rostov, Prince Ivan Vasilyevich and his brother Prince Alexander of Smolensky, Prince Vasilei Vasilyevich and his son Prince Roman Yaroslavsky, Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Belozerskoy, Prince Vasilei Romanovich Kashinskoi, Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Mozhaiskaya, Prince Andrei Fedorovich Starodubskoy, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Belozerskaya , Prince Vasilei Mikhailovich Kashinskaya, Prince Roman Semenovich Novoselskoi, Prince Semyon Konstantinovich Obolenskoi and his brother Prince Ivan Turavskoi. And all those princes with their regiments serve the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. And the prince went to Tver in the month of Maya on the 29th day, fighting from all sides. On foot, they took up arms against robbery and took the city of Mikulin, and led the Mikulinites in full. And all the power came to Tver and set fire to the settlements. At the same time, the inhabitants of Naugorod came with great strength to Tver, according to the word of the Grand Duke, and on the Volga they dressed up two bridges, creating for their old resentment tormenting. And Prince Mikhail shut himself up in the city. Prikatisha to the city of tours, and a sign, and igniting the archer. And the tverichi quenched and the tours razsekosha, but they themselves bish enough. Here Prince Semyon of Bryansk was killed. And the great prince stood for a month, bishing every day. And ripened the whole empty land. And Prince Mikhailo, while waiting for the Totar and the Litva, did a lot of harm to himself. And, seeing his inexhaustibility, he sent Vladyka Euphemia and his boyars to beat the brow of the Grand Duke. And the great prince, not even though the bloodshed and ruin of the city, and taking peace with Prince Michael with all his will, as he wanted, and depart fromTver September on the 8th day. That same summer, the boyar of Naugorodsk Prokopeya went 70 planted by the river, was peace in Ustyug, and plundered Kostroma and Lower Novgrad.
1378 In the summer of 6886. From the Horde of Arpash, the saltan went to Novugrad to the Lower in the power of greatness. Hearing that, Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich Suzzhdalsky, father-in-law of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, and sent a message to Moscow, calling for help. And the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich went with many forces. And do not lead to Arpasha Saltana. And Prince Dmitry Kostyantinovich sent his children, Prince Ivan and Prince Semyon, with many forces against the Totars in the field. And go across the river for Pyan, “Arpasha,” they said, “is standing on Volchei Voda.” They made a mistake and started drinking mead, and fishing for work, and playing in the wasteland. And the proverb is still nicknamed - "stand drunk behind the Drunken River." And at that time, the prince of Mordovian Alabuga, without a trace, came from the Mamaev hordes to the Russian princes and killed Prince Mikhail, and Prince Semyon and Ivan Danilovichi drowned on the river. Prince Dmitry, having made a mistake, did not besiege the siege, for a small leak to Suzhdal with the princess. That same summer, the Totarians took Pereslavl Ryazan.
1379 In the summer of 6887, Prince Mamai of the Horde sent an army of his prince Bichig against Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. The great prince gathered many howls and went against them. And sretoshasya by the river at the Vozha. Totarov, on the other hand, crossed the river and rushed to the regiments of the Russians. The prince of the Russians hit them in the face, and from the right country Timothy Vasilyevich okolnichei, and from left country Prince Danilo Pronskoi. And that hour Totar ran away, and the great prince chase them across the river for the Vozha, and the totar stomp in the river countless. And the great prince overtook the carts and the Totar tents in the field, and poimash that a lot of good, they did not see other carts, the darkness was then great. And then they caught a lot of wealth and returned to Moscow.
And so, maybe there was silence for many years, but not very big. Still goes to Russia Civil War. According to custom, the princes wet each other, attracting both Tatars and Lithuanians. Novgorodians, Tver, Vladimir, Ryazan ... All the arcs of a friend are burned, robbed, taken away in full. And the Horde? It's similar there: Tsar Zhenibek, and beat your brethren.Tsar Zhenibek died, and his son Berdebek sat on the kingdom with his servant Tuvlubiy and killed his 12 brethren. And kill King Kidar, his son Temir Khozya, and sweep away the whole Horde. And Tsar Temir Khozya ran across the Volga, and with Mamai the whole Horde. In general, a complete mess, or ZAMYATNYA:
1361 PSRL. T-34. MOSCOW CHRONICLE In the summer of 6869 Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow went to the Horde to Tsar Khydyr, and left the Horde until the fall. The same summer, Grand Duke Dmitry Kostyantinovich and his brother came to the Horde the oldest prince Andrey, and Prince Kostyantin of Rostov, and Prince Mikhailo of Yaroslavl, and there were great jams in the Horde with them. King Khydyr was killed by his son Temir-Khozhin and seized the kingdom on the 4th day, and on the 7th day of the kingdom his temnik Mamai was hushed up by his whole kingdom, and there was a great rebellion in the Horde. And Prince Ondrey Kostyantinovich at that time went from the Horde to Russia, and on the way the prince hit him with a ryatizkoy, God help Prince Andrei, come healthy to Russia. And Temir-Khozha ran across the Volga and was killed there quickly. And Prince Mamai will come beyond the Volga to a mountainous country, and the whole Horde with him, and the king with him be named Avdul, and the 3rd king of the East Kildebek, the son of Tsar Chanibek. That one beat many, see that he himself was killed quickly. And other [e] princes shut themselves up in Sarai, the king who calls himself Amurat. And Bulak-[Te]mir, the prince of the Horde and Bulgarian, took all the cities along the Volza and Ulysy, and took away the entire Volga route. And the prince of Ardyn Tagai, having taken away the country of Naruchyad, that one remained. I am stroking great things in them and there is a lot of confusion, and I will not stop between myself, ratyashasya and being killed by God's allowance for them. Then in the Horde they robbed the princes of Rostov.
D and this is not the Horde that was under Batu. Everyone there has converted to Islam. Instead of the election of the king, there was a forceful seizure of power by different parties, attempts to establish hereditary power. Separate parts of the Horde begin to show separatism. In addition to the title tsar, soltan, prince, begins to sound in the annals. That is, the soltans and princes themselves begin to create everything that comes to their mind. The Russian component disappears completely, dissolving in the Kipchak environment, except for those who left for Russia.
T Nevertheless, the Horde Chancellery is still working, and the princes regularly visit there according to custom. Naturally with gifts and for military reinforcements, receiving letters and letters. It is no longer clear what the Horde actually is. Already every soltan -prince and his own horde. So the horde of Mamai also loomed on the horizon. So the patronage of the Horde in relation to Russia is replaced by the usual relations of vassalage. And trying to prove it.
T how they attack Russia:
1378 In the summer of 6886. From the Horde of Arpash, the saltan went to Novugrad to the Lower in the power of greatness.There were opportunities to repulse this attack if Russian army didn't get drunk.Nothing is said about the fate of Novgorod. Apparently Arpasha Saltan drank with the princes.
D further: And at that time, the prince of Mordovian Alabuga, without a trace, came from the Mamaev hordes to the Russian princes and killed Prince Mikhail, and Prince Semyon and Ivan Danilovichi drowned on the river. Prince Dmitry, having made a mistake, did not besiege the siege, for a small leak to Suzhdal with the princess. That same summer, the Totarians took Pereslavl Ryazan.And here is the prologue of the Mamaev battle.
1379 In the summer of 6887. Prince Mamai of the Horde sent an army of his prince Bichig against Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. And here is the battle on the Vozha, where Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the army of Mamai, commanded by Bichig. And Dmitry Ivanovich defeated the army of Mamai without any doubt that he did not defeat the army of the king of the Horde. That is, the king of the Horde is a sovereign, in respect of which Dmitry Ivanovich is a vassal. And in relation to Mamai, there is no vassalage. It's just an enemy and nothing more. Mamai is not a king. This is a renegade. He fled from the king of the Horde to the Black Sea steppes and to the Crimea. There, this separatist created his horde.
T Thus, the impending battle on the Kulikovo field is not a battle with the Tatars at all -Mughal yoke for the liberation of Russia. No way! This is a battle against a certain army, which has nothing to do with the Horde. This is just an aggressor from the south and the war is not at all liberating. Now let's see what the battle was like.
1380 In the summer of 6888.The filthy prince of the Horde Mamai went to the Russian land against the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, and with him all the dark princes of the Horde and with all the forces of the Totars, and besides, the hired army Besermeni, Armeni, Fryazi, Cherkasy, Brutas, Mordovians, Cheremis and many other powers. And the Lithuanian prince Yagailo, with all the strength of the Lithuanian and greed, went to his adviser Mamai to help the Grand Duke and with him alone Prince Oleg Ryazansky, Mamai to help.
The accursed Mamai became proud in a lot of strength, imagining himself, like a tsar, and saying: “We are going to Russia, and we will consume the Russian land, and we will destroy the faith, we will burn the churches, we will cut the Christians and we will bring them to the full. And there will be no Christian faith, just as under Batu there was Christianity of the Yster. And combine your strength and gain strength ten hundred thousand.
Hearing that word and praise to Mamaev, the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich sent letters to all the cities of his reign, to all the princes and boyars, and governors, and boyar children, and ordered them to quickly take to Moscow. And he himself went to the cathedral church to the Most Pure Mother of God and to the tomb of the great, St. Peter the Metropolitan and pray with weeping to the all-merciful Savior and his most pure mother and St. Peter, asking for help on the bastard Mamai. And bless him Metropolitan Cyprian.
And go to Saint Sergius hegumen, and he blessed him to go to Mamai and gave him two black brothers to help him: Peresvet and Oslyabya. And the great prince went with all his strength to Kolomna, and bless his lord Euphemia Kolomensky to go against the filthy for the Christian faith, and all the princes, and the governor, and bless him with all his howling, and let him go, and see him off. And Vladyka Euphemia ordered prayers to be sung in all churches for the Grand Duke and for all his howling.
The great prince, howl your own one hundred thousand and the princes who serve him, those 2000 . And the great prince Dmitry Ivanovich went with all his strength to the river to the Don.
Hearing this, Prince Andrei Olgirdovich of Polotsk sent a message to his brother, Prince Dmitry Olgirdovich of Bryansky, saying: “Let's go, brother, to the aid of the Grand Duke Dmitry of Moscow. The filthy Mamai goes to the Russian land, he wants to capture Christianity, like Batu. And, having heard, Prince Dmitry Olgirdovich Bryansky was glad to be. And both brothers Olgirdovichi came to the Grand Duke for help, and the forces were with them 40 000 , and reached the Grand Duke at the Don. The great prince Dmitry Ivanovich with his brother with Prince Volodimer Andreevich, and having completely transported the Oka river and came to the river to the Don. Immediately reached Olgirdovichi. And the great prince was and the princes of Lithuania were whole.
The filthy Mamai sent to the Grand Duke to ask for a way out, and while waiting for her Grand Duke Yagail of Lithuania and Prince Olga of Ryazan, the opponent of the Christians. At the same time, the blessing of the blessed great miracle-worker Sergius, hegumen of the Trinity servant, sent to the Grand Duke an old man with the Mother of God bread, saying: “Great Prince, fight with the filthy Mamai, God help you, the Holy Trinity and the Holy Martyrs of the Russian Princes Boris and Gleb . And don't expect strength."
At the same time, a Volyn voivode named Dmitry Bobrok came with the Lithuanian princes, the husband was sensible and full of reason. And the speech to the Grand Duke: "If you want to fight hard, then we will move beyond the Don to the Totar." And praise the great prince his word. And they crossed the Don of September on the 7th day. The Grand Duke ordered Dmitry Bobrokov to put the regiments in order and put them in order, he also put the regiments in order.
And Mamai filthy go to the Don with all his might. On the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin of September on the 8th day at the second hour of the day, the Russian regiments with filthy soldiers set off on the Nepryadve River near the Don. And the battle was great. The blood flows more and more along the haul, but a horse can jump from a human corpse. Great forces attacked the Russian regiments on ninety versts, and a human corpse at 40 versts. And there was a battle from the second hour of the day until the ninth. And the fall of the great prince of strength two hundred fifty thousand and the Totars have no number. The accursed Mamai ran away, and the Grand Duke's strength chased him to the Sword River. And many Totarovs drowned in the river, and Mamai himself chased the leak through the forest. The strength of the Grand Duke will return.
The great prince fought with the Totars and you will not be found alive. And the princes started crying over him. Prince Volodimer Andreevich said: “Brothers, princes and boyars and boyar children! Let's look for the body of our sovereign, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, and whoever finds the body of the Grand Duke, he will be in our big ones. And squandering through the oak forest, many princes and boyars and children of the boyar skatizh of the sovereign. And two sons of the Kostroma boyars jumped a mile away, and the name of one was Sobur, and the other was Grigory Kholpishchev, and the sovereign ran, sitting under a cut-off birch, wounded, bloody, in a single gray-haired asshole. And knowing him, recosta to him: "Rejoice, sovereign Prince Dmitry Ivanovich." He roared at them: “Oh, dear squad! Whose victory? They rekosha: "Yours, the Grand Duke, a hundred on the bones of the Totar are your princes and boyars and governors." Grigorei Kholpishchev ran with the news to Prince Volodimer Andreevichi and to all the princes and boyars and told them: "The great prince is in good health!"
We are happy, saddshe on horseback, riding the sovereign, sitting on the oak forest, bloody, and Sabur is standing over him. And bowing to him all the princes and boyars and the whole army. And washed him warm water and clothed in ports. And a gray-haired horse, and a hundred on the bones of the Totar under a black sign, and a lot of wealth of the Totar poimash: horses and armor, and returning with victory to Moscow.
Then the Lithuanian prince Yagailo did not hasten to help Mamai and ran back, having not heard God's help to Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich. And he did not reach 30 miles to Mamai. Then the murdered princes, and the governor, and the boyar, and the children of the boyars: Prince Fyodor Romanovich and his son Prince Ivan Belozersky, Prince Fyodor and brother Ivo Mstislav Turovsky, Prince Dmitry Manastyrev, elders Alexander Peresvet, his brother Oslebya and others many princes and boyars Orthodox and all kinds of people. And the great prince stood over the Russian people and bones for eight days and ordered the boyars to be put in logs, and many people to be buried. And the people of Ryazan, acting dirty tricks, swept the bridges on the rivers to the Grand Duke. Then the great prince wanted to send an army against Olgird of Ryazan. He ran away to a distant place with the princess and from the Bolars, leaving his patrimony, and the Ryazan people finished off the brow of the Grand Duke, and the Grand Duke planted his governors in Ryazan.
1381 In the summer of 6889. The cursed Mamai still accumulated many strengths and went to Russia. And out of the eastern country from the Blue Horde, a certain king named Takhtamysh with many powers. And byst him right with Momai. And beat him off the king Tokhtamysh, and Mamai run and run to Kafu. And there you are a certain Fryazin guest, and telling many that you will do a lot of evil to Christianity. And there I killed him. And Tsar Tokhtamysh is sitting on the Horde.
Russian chronicles - a unique historiographic phenomenon, a written source early period our history. Until now, researchers cannot come to a consensus either about their authorship or about their objectivity.
Main riddles
"The Tale of Bygone Years" is a series of intricate riddles to which hundreds of scientific treatises are devoted. Four questions have been on the agenda for at least two centuries: “Who is the author?”, “Where is the Primary Chronicle?”, “Who is to blame for the factual confusion?” and "Is the ancient vault subject to restoration?".
What is a chronicle?
It is curious that the chronicle is an exclusively Russian phenomenon. There are no world analogues in the literature. The word comes from the old Russian "summer", which means "year". In other words, the chronicle is what was created "from year to year". It was formed not by one person and not even by one generation. Ancient tales, legends, legends and frank conjectures were woven into the fabric of events contemporary to the authors. The monks worked on the annals.
Who is author?
The most common name of the "Tale" was formed from the initial phrase: "Behold the tales of bygone years." In the scientific community, two more names are in use: "The Primary Chronicle" or "Nestor's Chronicle".
However, some historians seriously doubt that the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra has anything to do with the chronicle of the lullaby period of the Russian nation. Academician A. A. Shakhmatov assigns him the role of a processor of the Initial Code.
What is known about Nestor? The name is hardly generic. He was a monk, which means he wore something else in the world. Nestor was sheltered by the Pechersk monastery, within the walls of which the industrious hagiographer of the late 11th - early 12th centuries performed his spiritual feat. For this, he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint (that is, he pleased God with a monastic feat). He lived for about 58 years and was considered a deep old man at that time.
Historian Yevgeny Demin notes that exact information about the year and place of birth of the "father of Russian history" has not been preserved, and is not recorded anywhere. exact date his death. Although the dates appear in the Brockhaus-Efron dictionary: 1056-1114. But already in the 3rd edition of the "Big Soviet encyclopedia they disappear.
"The Tale" is considered one of the earliest ancient Russian annals of the beginning of the XII century. Nestor begins the narrative immediately from post-Flood times and follows the historical outline until the second decade of the 12th century (until the end of his own years). However, on the pages of the versions of the Tale that have come down to us, there is no name of Nestor. Perhaps he was not. Or it didn't survive.
Authorship was established indirectly. Based on fragments of its text in the composition of the Ipatiev Chronicle, which begins with an unnamed mention of its author, a Chernorytsian of the Pechersky Monastery. Polycarp, another monk from the Caves, directly points to Nestor in a letter to Archimandrite Akindin dated back to the 13th century.
Modern science notes not quite the usual author's position, and bold and generalized assumptions. The manner of Nestor's exposition is known to historians, since the authorship of his "Readings on the Life and the Destruction of Boris and Gleb" and "The Life of Saint Theodosius, Abbot of Pechersky "for certain.
Comparisons
The latter gives specialists the opportunity to compare the author's approaches. In the "Life" we are talking about the legendary associate and one of the first students of Anthony from Lubech, who founded the ancient Orthodox monastery in Russia - the Pechersk monastery - even under Yaroslavl the Wise in 1051. Nestor himself lived in the monastery of Theodosius. And his “Life” is so overflowing with the smallest nuances of everyday monastic existence that it becomes obvious that it was written by a person who “knew” this world from the inside.
The event first mentioned in the Tale (the calling of the Varangian Rurik, as he came with his brothers Sineus and Truvor and founded the state in which we live) was written 200 years after its implementation.
Where is the original chronicle?
She is not. Nobody. This cornerstone of our Russian statehood is some kind of phantom. Everyone has heard about him, the whole of Russian history is repelled from him, but no one recent years 400 did not hold it in his hands and did not even see it.
Even V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “In libraries, do not ask for the Primary Chronicle - they will probably not understand you and will ask again:“ What list of the chronicle do you need? Until now, not a single manuscript has been found in which the Primary Chronicle would be placed separately in the form in which it came out from the pen of the ancient compiler. In all known lists, it merges with the story of its successors.
Who is to blame for the confusion?
What we call The Tale of Bygone Years exists today exclusively within other sources, and in three editions: the Laurentian Chronicle (from 1377), the Ipatiev Chronicle (XV century) and the Khlebnikov List (XVI century).
But all these lists are, by and large, only copies in which the Primary Chronicle appears in a completely different options. The initial arch in them simply sinks. Scientists attribute this blurring of the primary source to its repeated and somewhat incorrect use and editing.
In other words, each of the future “co-authors” of Nestor (or some other Pechersk monk) considered this work in the context of his era: he tore out from the chronicle only what attracted his attention and inserted it into his text. And what I didn’t like, at best, I didn’t touch (and the historical texture was lost), at worst, I twisted the information so that the compiler himself would not recognize it.
Can the Primary Chronicle be restored?
No. From the long-brewed porridge of falsifications, experts are forced, literally bit by bit, to fish out the initial knowledge about "where the Russian land came from." Therefore, even the indisputable authority in the identification of ancient Russian literary rarities, Shakhmatov, a little less than a century ago, was forced to state that the original textual basis of the chronicle - "in the current state of our knowledge" - cannot be restored.
Scientists assess the reason for such barbaric "editing" as an attempt to hide the truth about events and personalities from posterity, which was done by almost every copyist, whitewashing or denigrating it.
