The whole world has been talking about saving electricity for a long time and under this hubbub it imposes the purchase of expensive energy-saving lamps. However, for 50 years an alternative lighting method has been known to incandescent lamps. This is fluorescent lighting. True, the issue of their disposal and environmental safety leaves a lot of questions.
Fluorescent lamps: description and device
Fluorescent lamps, appearance, are a glass flask, of various shapes, white with connection contacts sticking out at the edges.
Reference: The first fluorescent lamps were created in Russia in 1936-40 by a group led by Vavilov S.I.
The shape of fluorescent lamps can be in the form of a rod (tube), torus, or spirals. During production, air is pumped out of the lamp bulb and an inert gas is pumped in. It is the behavior of an inert gas under the action of electricity that causes the lamp to glow, creating streams of cold or warm light, which is commonly called "daylight". Hence the second name of these lamps, fluorescent lamps.
It is worth noting that the lamp could not shine if with inside no phosphor was applied to the flask, and mercury would not be in the lamp itself.
It was mercury that became the factor that displaces this type of lamp from the market. The danger of mercury pollution when breaking lamps raises many questions and environmentalists around the world.
How does a fluorescent lamp work
The inert gas in the lamp is needed to create a glow discharge (a stream of ionized particles of an inert gas). Mercury is needed to enhance this discharge. A phosphor is needed to convert ultraviolet light into visible light. Electrodes are needed to connect the lamp to wiring diagram and creating an electron discharge.
After applying voltage to the contacts of the lamp, the electrodes inside the bulb begin to emit electrons, which move through the bulb, trying to create a discharge. However, in the normal parameters of the circuit, the current strength is not enough to create a discharge. Therefore, a device that creates a one-time electrical discharge to start the glow.
This device is called a photo starter. Its task, when electricity is supplied, is to briefly increase the strength of the currents 3-4 times.
To ensure the start and operation (glow) of a fluorescent lamp (group of lamps), you need another device, simply called a choke. This name is actually outdated, but actively used.
The correct name of the throttle is ballast (ballast). To date, the name choke (ballast) has been transformed into empra and electronic ballast.
- EMPRA: electromagnetic start-control device;
- Electronic ballast: electronic start-regulating apparatus (electronic ballast).
The electronic ballast ignites the lamp more quickly, does not hum during operation and regulates the start at low voltages. If the old choke, in fact, was a weighty electromagnetic coil, then modern electronic ballasts are compact, even elegant devices.
Types of fluorescent lamps
Modern fluorescent lamps differ in:
- Standard (phosphor in one layer);
- With improved light transmission (phosphor in three or five layers);
- Special (phosphor with special additives: bactericidal, UV tanning, show business).
According to the spectrum of illumination, LL are divided into:
- Soft light lamps: t=2.7×1000 gr.;
- Daylight: (2.7 - 4.2) × 1000 gr.;
- Cold light: (4.2 - 6.4) × 100 gr.
Hence the designations:
- D - daytime;
- HB - cold white;
- B - white;
- TB - warm white;
- E - natural white;
- K, F, 3, D, C - colors;
- UV - ultraviolet;
- C-improved light transmission;
- CC - super improved light transmission.
The last in the marking of the lamps are the letters indicating the design feature:
- R - reflector,
- U - in the shape of the letter U,
- K - ring,
- A - amalgama (mercury alloy),
- B - quick start.
- TL - glow discharge.
Marking of imported lamps
We look at the photo for the marking of imported lamps from Fhilips, Osram, General Electric.
Connecting fluorescent lamps
To complete, I will show three schemes for simply connecting fluorescent lamps in a fluorescent lamp to one and two lamps.
For many people, the discovery will be that fluorescent lamps have many varieties. They can be selected for any kind of lighting: both for outdoor and for lighting inside the house. The characteristics of the bulbs also vary.
What is it and what are they called?
Fluorescent lamps are often referred to as fluorescent lamps due to their ability to produce pure white light that is close to natural. They differ from all other varieties due to a different mechanism for creating lighting. Once upon a time, fluorescent lamps were not popular, because the range of lighting shades was very poor: there were only white-green or white-pink tones. However, a significant advantage was that it was possible to create lamps various forms. Soon, designers appreciated the novelty, highlighting all sorts of interesting details with the help of fluorescent lamps of unusual configurations. So the lamps firmly entered into use.
It is worth dwelling a little more on the operation of the lamps. They glow due to the fact that an electric discharge in mercury vapor in the flask creates ultraviolet light, with which the phosphor reacts later - a special coating on the walls of the flask. It converts UV radiation to the light spectrum visible to the eye. In terms of light output, fluorescent lamps are not much inferior to LEDs. Lumens per LED lamps does not always closely correlate with output, and the same can be said for fluorescent daylight. Do not confuse lumens with lux: the first show the light output of the light bulb, and the second - the degree of illumination of the room.
Various bases are produced for fluorescent lamps: compact fluorescent light bulbs can even be bought to replace ordinary incandescent lamps. Not only are phosphor models brighter, they consume much less electricity and are also less harmful to eye health. The main disadvantage of luminescent light sources is their harmfulness (if the bulb cracks, prolonged inhalation of mercury vapor can greatly harm the human body). Another disadvantage is the inability to use the lamp at low temperatures, as it simply will not turn on.
Species and types
Fluorescent lamps subdivided according to many factors. One of them is size. There are compact models or large ones. Compact designs are often chosen as an alternative to ordinary incandescent lamps in ceiling chandeliers. They are equipped with a screw base. Large models are most often inserted into fixtures designed specifically for them. Lamps come in different shapes: long linear, tubular, figured. There are also more common configurations, for example, a round lamp or in the shape of a candle.
The finished model has the appropriate marking - the designation of light temperature.
According to the temperature of the light the following types:
- LD - fluorescent lamp;
- LHB - cold white light lamp;
- LB - lamp of neutral white light;
- LTB - warm white light lamp;
- LE - natural light lamp;
- LC, LV, LZ, LG, LS - red, yellow, green, blue, blue, respectively;
- LUF - ultraviolet lamps used for room disinfection.
The color lamp is widely accepted. It is she who is often chosen in a street lamp, which allows the use of fluorescent light bulbs. In the case of outdoor lighting, ceiling lamps must be used to create a suitable microclimate for the operation of luminescent models. For public institutions like hospitals, administrative centers and so on is customary to buy fluorescent lights. There are single-lamp, two-lamp, four-lamp models depending on the size of the illuminated area. It is worth noting that due to certain features lamps cannot be used with a dimmer to adjust the intensity of the brightness of the light.
Another popular model is fluorescent energy-saving. It is made of several curved spirals and usually has a compact appearance and a screw base. On any energy-saving light bulb, they usually write about the principle of its operation. Please note that in the case of luminescent options, only high-quality options should be preferred, since in the event of a depressurization of the bulb, significant harm will be done to health.
In general, there are options for high and low pressure. The first type is used to create street lighting, and the second - to illuminate the living rooms of the house.
Characteristics
You can fully recognize the device of a particular model by looking at its marking. It reflects all the characteristics of the lamp. An important characteristic is the glow temperature. This aspect was discussed in more detail in the previous section. To measure the diameter of the bulb, 1/8 inch is used in accordance with International standards. When marking, the letter T and the corresponding part of an inch are put, for example, T8 (25.4 mm). Please note that the thickness of the lamp directly affects how long it will last: models with a wider diameter are much more durable than thin samples.
You can also find out about the socles and their number by marking the lamp.
The following types of connectors and socles are used:
- G24Q1;
- G24Q2;
- G24Q3;
In order to determine the mains voltage, it is also enough just to look at the lamp. The fluorescent fixture may be directly connected to a 220 volt supply, or it may be necessary to step down the voltage to 127 volts.
The shape configuration is reflected in the lamp designation. In addition to the standard notation, there are additional ones.
The standard ones include:
- The linear form has no designation;
- U - horseshoe shape;
- S - spiral shape, usually used with compact lamps;
- C - candle lamp;
- G is the shape of a sphere;
- R - in the form of an ordinary incandescent lamp with a reflector that sets the direction of the light flux;
- T - tablet lamp.
TO additional values can include the following:
- M - small. The letter comes after the one that denotes the shape, for example, TM - a small-sized light bulb of a round flat shape.
- P - housing that scatters light.
Far from all the characteristics are listed, since each manufacturer considers it necessary to bring something of their own to the design of fluorescent light bulbs. There are, however, such important indicators as power, lamp sizes and the principle of their operation, and I would like to dwell on these points in more detail.
Power
Power marking is done using the letter W followed by a number indicating the number of watts in the light bulb. However, you should not focus only on power: in the case of fluorescent lamps, their light output means much more. Below is a table of correspondence between the power of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps with equal light output.
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The greater the power of the lamp, the wider or longer it is. For example, a linear design with a power of 18W with a diameter of 26 mm will be 590 mm, with 30W - 895 mm, with 36 W - 1200 mm, and with 58W - 1500 mm. The table clearly demonstrates the huge efficiency of daylight fixtures compared to traditional incandescent lamps. The classification of capacities was made on the basis of the most frequent choice. This includes models of both street lighting and indoor lighting.
There are a few more nuances that relate to the power of energy-saving lamps. Regardless of the selected luminescent model, over time it will lose some of the brightness of the light. This is due to the gradual burning out of the element inside. You also need to know that 30% of the total power consumed during operation falls on the fact that the lamp lights up. Some lamps are equipped with a special start-up system, which does not make them more economical at all. In such cases, electricity consumption is simply stretched over time.
Regardless of the power of the lamp, it does not get very hot. Unlike incandescent lamps, the heating limit of the luminescent version is 50-60 degrees Celsius. Even touching the lamp without gloves, it is almost impossible to get burned. Very few modern light bulb models can boast the same distinctive properties.
Dimensions
As mentioned above, there are compact models or standard linear big size. Currently, compact fluorescent lamps are more often used, so it would be logical to dwell on them in more detail. Compact samples are light bulbs with a curved tube. There are both U-shaped and spiral patterns. Compact versions are made under different types socles, which opens up a wide scope for replacing ordinary lamps with fluorescent energy-saving ones.
There are models with screw bases, and there are those designed only for special fluorescent lamps. It is worth noting that models with a screw base are more expensive, since all fluorescent lamps require a ballast, and in such models it is built directly into the base housing.
Compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps differ from incandescent lamps in the following characteristics:
- Energy-saving models absorb 80% less electrical energy at the same light output as incandescent lamps;
- It is possible to choose the model of the desired light temperature;
- As a rule, the life of a compact fluorescent model is much longer than that offered by incandescent lamp manufacturers. Traditional tungsten bulbs last about 1000 hours, while a quality fluorescent replacement can last 6000-15000 hours without replacement;
- Thanks to the durability of daylight models, it takes much less time, effort and money to maintain and maintain them in working order.
Linear large models are most often used for lighting in non-residential premises, for example, in warehouses. Due to the high ripple factor, equal to twice that of the mains ripple, they cannot be installed to illuminate moving conveyors without additional, more stable incandescent lamps.
Principle of operation
Due to the special structure of the lamp for long-term operation, it must be supplied with a ballast that allows leveling Negative consequences what passes through the lamp a large number of current. Ballasts are electromagnetic and electronic. Electromagnetic ballast is cheaper and simpler in design. but this model has a number of serious shortcomings. The most significant of these is that lamps with such a ballast flicker strongly and frequently. This leads to rapid fatigue, loss of strength, and also increases eye strain during long-term work in a room with such lighting.
On top of that, the electromagnetically ballasted versions produce an unpleasant buzzing noise that quickly sets in. headache. There are also disadvantages that are not related to the well-being of a person. For example, lamps equipped with an electromagnetic ballast take time to start up. Usually it fluctuates within 1-3 seconds, but as the model wears out, it will increase. Also, fixtures consume more electricity than models on electronic ballast.
The electronic ballast converts the standard mains voltage into high-frequency alternating current, which is then used to power the lamp. Such models are a little more expensive, but they do not produce noise, do not flicker, the ballast itself takes up less space and also weighs less. There are models that instantly light up, but such a start-up system has a bad effect on the life of fluorescent lamps. Much better if there is a preheating system. In this case, the start takes about one second, which usually does not play a special role.
Thus, it is best to choose a model with electronic ballast, since its cost is not much higher, and the advantages are obvious. Moreover, today this option is more common than with electromagnetic ballast, so there should be no problems with searches.
What brands are produced?
To date, many manufacturers produce all kinds of light bulbs. There are models of both Russian and foreign production. Below are a number of firms that enjoy great confidence among consumers.
- G.E. is a company founded by Thomas Edison. If initially General Electric specialized only in the production of incandescent lamps, now it is one of the oldest and most respected brands in the world.
- Orsam is another world-famous brand that produces various types of lighting equipment, ranging from options for cars to grandiose lighting structures for public events.
- Phillips offers luminescent models High Quality and accessories for them. Lamps are produced different: both tubular and compact. There are different types of socles, suitable for both special lamps and ordinary ones.
- Lisma is the leading manufacturer of lamps in Russia. The company offers high quality samples, as well as all the details for them. The advantage is a large selection of models.
- Sylvania specializes not in simple lamps, but in environmentally friendly ones. As you know, birds are very sensitive to ultraviolet light, so for the rooms in which they are kept, it is necessary to choose special models. Similar options are just produced under this brand.
- RUPP "Vityaz" produces average quality products that have a democratic price. Many people prefer the lamps of this company just because of the cost.
- Tomsk Electric Lamp Plant engaged in the production of lamps since 2009 and has already won a good reputation among users. Products have an attractive price and good quality.
In a word, there are plenty to choose from. You can choose a quality model for every taste and budget.
How to choose?
When choosing luminescent models, you need to focus on many factors. Some of them have already been given in this article. The lamp must be from a reputable manufacturer. Poorly made options in case of depressurization are hazardous to health. You should not buy a Chinese fake, because it will not last long, and no one needs mercury vapor in the air.
Be guided by the purpose for which you need a fluorescent lamp. There are specialized options for premises, streets, medical institutions. Luminescent options are used everywhere, including for maintaining a constant illumination of flowers or for keeping animals. In the latter case, it is worth paying special attention to the selection of an option, it must be suitable for these purposes, otherwise you will only harm the animals. Do not forget about the optimal light temperature. The most comfortable for the eyes is natural White color. When combining multi-colored models, try to select high-quality samples.
Pay attention to the type of ballast. It is best to prefer electronic, since such lamps have proven themselves better.
Take a closer look at how the lamp works. It may imply a built-in starter or its presence in the lamp.
There are models of the following types:
- RS - rapid start - do not require a starter and ignite without preheating the elements.
- InS - instant start - models with gradual start"lag" when turned on for 1-3 seconds, but they serve better.
- US - universal start - universal options.
- PHs - pre-heat start - fluorescent lamps requiring a starter.
Models that do not have such markings require the mandatory presence of a starter. So, the lamp itself is so arranged.
How to check the correctness?
To check if the failed fluorescent light bulb in good condition, a small test should be carried out:
- First, remove the lamp itself directly from the lamp and see if the tube has turned black. As a rule, the presence of large black spots indicates that the lamp has worked out the allotted time and will no longer light up.
- Next, with a multimeter, you need to check if the filaments are intact. To check, set it to the resistance test mode and test each of the threads one by one with a tester. If any of them are burned out, the value on the multimeter will be equal to one. in plain language, it means that electrical circuit torn.
- If both of these factors are in perfect order, then it is necessary to work with ballast.
The simplest thing you can do to check the operation of the ballast is to remove the fluorescent tube, connect ordinary cables to the body wires and install a standard light bulb between them. Please note that it is impossible to turn on an electrical appliance without a light bulb, otherwise the ballast may burn out. If the bulb lights up, then the ballast is working, and the point is in the luminescent tube itself: maybe the bulb burst or one of the filaments burned out. If the bulb does not light up, then the ballast is faulty, and you will have to change the entire lamp.
These methods are only suitable for checking light bulbs already in operation. Before buying a fluorescent lamp, you should check it directly in the store. In the presence of bad smell, strong flickering or other things that cause alertness, feel free to ask for a replacement of the model provided to you, otherwise it may burn out after a couple of weeks after purchase.
How to connect?
It is possible to connect one or two fluorescent lamps at the same time. Each of these methods has its own connection scheme. Take a look at the diagram. It clearly shows how and what mechanisms are connected to each other for proper operation. To begin with, the current from the network enters the inductor, where it is converted to further power the lamp. After the current has entered the lamp itself, it goes to the starter. Further, the current passes to another spiral of the light bulb, closing the circuit, and thus an electric discharge is formed inside the lamp, which ignites the mercury vapor.
For two lamps, the principle of operation is almost the same, except that the current from the choke gradually flows into the two starters.
To connect the lamp, follow the instructions below:
- First you need to choose the right lamp. Pay attention not only to the aesthetic component, but also to whether the mains voltage in your house corresponds to that indicated on the lamp. Otherwise, it will quickly fail.
- Depending on what type of lamp you have chosen, either screw it into the socket, or fix it in the lamp by snapping it on both sides. In the second case, make sure to fix your option as indicated on the lamp body. Sometimes the performance of the lamp depends precisely on how correctly all the contacts were connected when connected.
- Check if the lamp is working by turning it on. At correct work it will not flicker or make noise.
As you can see, connecting a fluorescent lamp on your own is not particularly difficult even for a beginner. The most important thing is to remember elementary rules safety: do not work with bare wires when the mechanism is in current supply mode.
How to change?
Many people have difficulty changing a fluorescent lamp for a new one on their own due to the fact that they have no idea how to get a burned-out model out of the case. Fortunately, there is nothing complicated about this:
- Turn off the power. It is advisable not just to turn off the light itself, but to completely de-energize the apartment.
- Grasp the lamp firmly and begin to rotate it. You will have to rotate all the way, the total angle is approximately 90 degrees. This will rotate the lamp pins to a vertical position.
- Next, gently pull the lamp towards you and down until it completely disengages. Put the dismantled light source in a safe place so that it does not break: remember, mercury vapor is dangerous to health and life!
- Install carefully a new light bulb. Repeat the path along which you pulled out the lamp, only in the opposite direction. Having reached the grooves, begin to gently twist the tube until it is completely fixed. The reliability of the bulb can be checked by pulling it a little.
- Check if the device is working. To do this, turn on the current in the apartment and flip the switch.
It is safe to say that replacing the lamp is very simple, and if desired, it will be performed by anyone. Don't forget to arm yourself with a stepladder if you are mounting the lamp on the ceiling. So you make your job easier, at the same time reducing the likelihood of accidentally dropping a faulty fluorescent lamp and breaking it. When replacing lamps in an office where panels of several lamps are usually protected with frosted glass, be sure to wipe the lamp inside. It is not known when you will still have the opportunity to clean it of dust, moreover, it is unlikely that you will want to do all the above manipulations specifically for this.
Service life and disposal
Fluorescent luminaires have one of the longest lifespans available today. Some manufacturers claim that their models are suitable for 20,000 hours of continuous operation. Such figures cannot but amaze, however, the average value of the operation of such options is 13,000 hours. Models with a long service life are good for office space, in which it is not possible to constantly replace one lamp with another. It is worth noting that tubular models usually work longer than curly ones. The same rule applies to the diameter of the lamps: thicker models can be operated longer than thin ones.
As you know, inside the flask there are mercury vapors, which is why the disposal of lamps must be carried out according to special technology. Abroad, fines have long been established for the thoughtless handling of such equipment due to great harm for ecology caused by recycling. Absolutely all fluorescent lamps have a warning that they cannot simply be thrown into the trash can. Mercury is poisonous substance, and in case of accidental splitting of the lamp, its vapors will remain in the air for a long time, not moving anywhere and poisoning the space. Unfortunately, few people in Russia are concerned about this problem.
Fluorescent lamps are called electric gas-discharge type lamps, which have a long service life. Products provide artificial lighting in residential complexes, office and shopping centers, industrial facilities. Variants of devices with different shades of radiation, type of base, tube shape, functionality, etc. have been developed.
The device and principle of operation of lamps
According to the history of the fluorescent lamp, the first gas-discharge type lighting device was designed in 1856 by G. Geisler. The instrument design has been improved. Fluorescent lamps entered mass commercial use at the end of the 30s of the 20th century.
The design refers to gas-discharge lighting sources, designed using a glass tube, which is sealed on both sides. From the inside, a layer of a special substance (phosphor) is applied to the surface of the lamp. The device emits diffuse light when connected to a power source. The inside of the flask is filled with argon.
The luminescent device includes:
- cathodes protected by an emitter layer;
- output pins;
- end panel;
- tubes for removal of inert gas;
- Mercury;
- stamped glass leg, supplemented with electrical inputs, etc.
The principle of operation is based on the occurrence of an electric discharge between the electrodes after connecting to the mains. After the interaction of the discharge with inert gases and mercury vapor, ultraviolet radiation occurs, which acts on the phosphor, which converts energy into light radiation. To correct the shades of mercury-containing devices, phosphors with different chemical components are used.
The arc discharge in the flask is created by an oxide self-heating cathode, which is affected by electricity. To turn on the DRL and LD lamps, the cathodes are heated by passing a current discharge. Cold cathode devices are triggered by ion action in a high voltage glow discharge.
For the functioning of luminescent devices, an additional unit (ballast) is required, which provides operation with a choke and a starter. The ballast regulates the strength of the discharge and is available in 2 types (electromagnetic and electronic).
The electromagnetic ballast is mechanical. The device belongs to budget options, the appliance may make noise during operation.
Electronic components are more expensive in cost, operate silently, quickly turn on the system, and are compact.
Classification of fluorescent lamps
In terms of spectral radiation, luminescent type devices are divided into 3 categories:
- standard;
- with improved color reproduction;
- with special functionalities.
Standard devices are supplied with single-layer phosphors, which allow emitting different tones of white. Devices are optimal for lighting residential premises, administrative and industrial blocks.
Fluorescent lamps with improved light transmission are equipped with a phosphor with 3-5 layers. The structure allows you to qualitatively reflect shades due to increased light output (12% more than typical lamps). The models are suitable for shop windows, showrooms, etc.
Specialized fluorescent lamps are being improved with different formulations in the tube, allowing you to maintain a given frequency of the spectrum. Devices are used in hospitals, concert halls, etc.
Instruments are divided into models of high and low pressure.
Designs with high pressure are optimal for installation in street lamps and appliances with high power.
Low pressure lamps are used in apartments, administrative complexes, industrial premises.
In appearance, LLs are presented in linear and compact versions.
The linear design of the flask is elongated, it is used for industrial premises, shopping centers, offices, medical facilities, sports organizations, factory floors, etc. The line model is available in a variety of tube diameters and base configurations. Devices are identified by codes. A device with a diameter of 1.59 cm on the package is marked with the sign T5, with a size of 2.54 cm - T8, etc.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) are a spiral glass tube and are designed for installation in apartments, offices, etc. CFLs are divided into 2 types, the main difference is the types of socles (standard and with a pin-shaped base).
The traditional threaded plinth is marked with an "E" and a code with the diameter size.
The pin type of the base is marked with the symbol "G"; the numerical data indicates the distance between the pins. This lamp pitchfork is optimal for installation in table lamps, pendant sconces in small spaces.
Fluorescent lamps differ in power (weak and strong). The power of a fluorescent lamp in W can exceed 80 units. Devices with low power are represented by products up to 15 watts.
In terms of light distribution, devices can be directional (reflex, slot type) or non-directional.
According to the type of discharge, devices are divided into arc, glow or glow discharge devices.
The scope of lighting devices differs (external, internal, explosion-proof, console).
Outdoor devices are suitable for building exterior decoration, arbor lighting, courtyard decoration, etc. When choosing, it is necessary to take into account the temperature regimes of the region.
Internal are suitable for office and residential buildings. The devices are protected against moisture and dust. The parts of the case are connected in a sealed way. The design of the lamps can be straight, suspended, designed to be attached to the ceiling surface.
Explosion-proof devices are designed for areas with a risk of explosions (warehouses, workshops for the production of dyes, etc.).
Console-type devices are mounted using special fasteners and have an individual case.
Marking
The marking of fluorescent lamps is indicated on the box and contains data on the company, power, base design, operating period, glow shade, etc.
According to the decoding of the index, the first letter of the marking of luminescent type devices is L. Subsequent letters indicate the color of the device's radiation shade (daylight, white, cold white tone, ultraviolet radiation, etc.). The code value will include the characters D, B, UV, etc.
Design features on the markings are indicated by the corresponding letters:
- u-shaped fluorescent lamps (U);
- ring-shaped products (K);
- reflex type devices (P);
- quick start lamps (B).
In devices of a luminescent type, luminescence indicators are also displayed on the marking, the unit of measure is Kelvin (K). The temperature indicator of 2700 K corresponds in hue to the radiation of an incandescent lamp. marking 6500 K denotes a cold snow-white tone.
The power of the devices is marked with a number and a unit of measurement - W. Standard indicators are represented by devices from 18 to 80 watts.
The label also presents the designation of the lamps in accordance with characteristics such as length, diameter and shape of the bulb.
The diameter of the bulb on the lamp is fixed by the letter "T" with a code designation. The device marked with the code T8 has a diameter of 26 mm, T12 - 38 mm, etc.
Markings of devices according to the type of base contain the letters E, G and a digital code. The designation for the miniature form of the screw base is E14. The middle screw base has the code E27. The plug-in base for decorative structures and chandeliers is marked with the symbol G9. U-shaped appliances are denoted by G23, double u-shaped appliances by G24, etc.
Specifications
Technical information on fluorescent fixtures includes data on operating power, base type, service life, etc.
The shelf life of luminescent devices varies from 8 to 12 thousand hours. Characteristics depend on the type of lamp. T8 and T12 devices operate 9-13 thousand hours, T5 lamps - 20 thousand hours.
The luminous efficiency of the devices is 80 Lm/W. The release of heat during combustion is low, the wind resistance is medium, the combustion position is horizontal. Parameters allowable temperature ambient conditions for lamps are +5…+55°С. Optimum operating characteristics - + 5 ... + 25 ° С. Amalgam-coated devices are used at +60°C.
The color temperature indicators of devices vary depending on the model, ranging from 2000 to 6500 K. The efficiency of the lamp is 45-75%.
Color and composition of lamp radiation
The color rendering characteristics indicate the quality of the display compared to natural lighting. High color fidelity is present in halogen devices and is indicated by code 100.
Shades differ light radiation devices that change the color characteristics of objects.
According to the GOST 6825-91 standards, luminescent devices have the following types of emission shades:
- daytime (D);
- snow-white (B);
- natural shade of white (E);
- white with warm tone (TB);
- white with a cold tone (HB);
- ultraviolet (UV);
- cold natural glow (LHE), etc.
The addition of the C sign in the indication of color indicates the use of a phosphor composition with improved color reproduction.
Separately, colors are indicated in lighting devices with special purpose. Lamps with ultraviolet radiation are fixed by the LUV code, blue light reflector devices - LSR, etc.
Advantages and disadvantages
Luminescent devices have advantages, advantages and disadvantages. Lamps have a high luminous efficiency. Fluorescent devices of 20 W provide lighting in the room, which have incandescent devices and illuminating lamps of 100 W.
Products have a high rate useful action. Energy-saving lamps are used up to 20 thousand hours while ensuring the requirements of operation.
The light of luminescent structures is not directed, but diffused. IN northern regions The use of daylight fluorescent lamps in residential and public buildings is recommended.
The advantage of luminescent devices is in the variety of design solutions. different forms, color shades of devices allow you to realize the original design solutions in the architecture of public and residential complexes.
The disadvantages of fluorescent devices include the content of mercury in the design, depending on the size of the lamp, the volume of the substance varies from 2.3 mg to 1 g. However, manufacturers are developing designs that are not dangerous in use.
It is necessary to take into account the complexity in the installation of switching circuits and the limited power per unit (150 W). The operation of the devices depends on the climatic conditions, as when the temperature drops, the devices go out or do not light up. The luminous flux in the lamps decreases towards the end of the operation of the device.
How to choose a lamp
When choosing a lamp, it is important temperature regime use of the device, indicator electrical voltage in the network, the dimensions of the lamps, the strength of the luminous flux, the shade of the radiation. The parameters of the socles of fluorescent lamps must correspond to the types of lamps, floor lamps, etc.
The selection of lamps differs according to the type of room (hallways, living rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms, etc.). For living spaces, models with a screw base and electronic ballast are suitable, because. do not have a sharp flicker and are silent.
Hallways require powerful fixtures with intense, while diffused lighting. For wall sconces, compact type fixtures with a warm tone (930) and high quality color reproduction are suitable. Above the eaves under the ceiling it is possible to mount strip lights with cold shade lamps (860) and a tubular design.
In the living room, fluorescent devices are used for sconces that are mounted to illuminate areas or decorative elements. The color is selected white, high quality (940). Installation of lighting devices around the perimeter of the ceiling is possible.
Lighting in the kitchen area should be multi-level (general and local). Compact devices with a power of at least 20 W are recommended as ceiling ones, the shade of light should be warm, with an indicator of at least 840. Linear fluorescent lamps that do not create glare on surfaces are optimal for arranging the working area in the kitchen.
Fluorescent lamps, also called fluorescent lamps, are a glass tube sealed at both ends, coated on the inside with a thin layer phosphor. The lamp itself is filled with an inert gas - argon at a very low pressure. Inside the lamp contains a small amount of mercury, which, when heated, turns into mercury vapor.
Fluorescent lamps are the same as incandescent lamps, but with minor improvements. Glow principle they are based on heating, a tungsten element, an electric discharge in a mixture inert gases and mercury vapor, which is contained in a glass bulb, causes radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum, (i.e., invisible to humans). This radiation is absorbed by a special compound with which the bulb is coated on the inside, which causes a glow that the human eye can perceive. The compound that causes the glow is called phosphor, is a mixture of different substances based on phosphorus. It has various colors, not only white.
To calculate the illumination of a room, you can use the calculator for calculating the illumination of a room.
It is the phosphor that provides the glow power of a fluorescent lamp several times higher than that of conventional incandescent lamps (having the same level of electricity consumption - about 5 times), which is why they are called energy saving. The tungsten filament after ignition continues to burn, but only as a support for the glow discharge.
Fluorescent lamps consist of the following main parts:
1 - mercury;
2 - stamped glass leg with electrical inputs;
3 - tube for pumping out (during manufacture);
4 - output pins;
5 - end panel;
6 - cathode with emitter coating.
Depending on the purpose of the intended use, fluorescent lamps are conditionally divided into categories according to the glow temperature ranges:
- up to 2700 degrees - fluorescent lamps so-called. soft light;
- from 2700 to 4200 degrees - daylight;
- from 4200 to 6400 degrees - cold light.
Depending on the conditions of the intended operation, the lamps can have a built-in starting mechanism - with a starter, electronic or electromagnetic ballast.
Also, lamps can differ significantly in the size and shape of the glass bulbs themselves, and can also have different cartridges. Often there are straight and spiral lamps
Marking of fluorescent lamps usually consists of 2-3 letters. The first letter L means luminescent. The following letters indicate the color of the radiation:
- D - daytime;
- HB - cold white;
- B - white;
- TB - warm white;
- E - natural white;
- K, F, 3, G, C - red, yellow, green, blue, blue, respectively; UV - ultraviolet.
For lamps with improved color rendering quality, the letter C is placed after the letters denoting the color, and for color rendering of especially high quality, the letters CZ are used. At the end are letters that characterize design features: R - reflex, U - U-shaped, K - ring, A - amalgam, B - quick start. The numbers indicate the power of the lamp W. The marking of glow discharge lamps begins with the letters TL.
Marking of foreign manufacturers of fluorescent lamps?: OSRAM, PHILIPS, GENERAL ELECTRIC.
Fluorescent lamps have different characteristics, as they are used not only for lighting common areas, but alsoare actively used in medicine, trade, show business, etc.
The size of fluorescent lamps. (tube diameter - 26 mm) .
Advantages and disadvantages of LL:
- good light output and higher efficiency (compared to incandescent lamps);
- variety of shades of light;
- scattered light;
- long service life (2?000 -20?000 hours as opposed to 1?000 for incandescent lamps), subject to certain conditions.
Disadvantages:
- chemical hazard (LL contain mercury in an amount of 10 mg to 1 g);
- uneven, unpleasant for the eyes, sometimes causing color distortions of illuminated objects (there are lamps with a phosphor spectrum close to continuous, but having a lower light output);
- Over time, the phosphor is triggered, which leads to a change in the spectrum, a decrease in light output and, as a result, a decrease in the efficiency of the LL;
- flickering of a lamp with a double frequency of the mains supply;
- the presence of an additional device for starting the lamp - a ballast (a bulky choke with an unreliable starter);
- very low power factor of the lamps - such lamps are an unsuccessful load for the mains (the problem is solved with the use of auxiliary devices).
Wiring diagrams for fluorescent lamps using starters.
Starters for fluorescent lamps.
Single activation.
- LL - fluorescent lamp;
- V - PRA;
- D - throttle;
- Un - mains voltage;
- St - starter.
Sequential circuit for two lamps.
- LL - fluorescent lamp;
- V - PRA;
- D - throttle;
- Un - mains voltage;
- K - compensation capacitor (if required);
- St - starter.
Pairing scheme.
- LL - fluorescent lamp;
- V - PRA;
- D - throttle;
- Un - mains voltage;
- K - compensation capacitor (if required);
- St - starter.
Recycling of fluorescent lamps.
Mercury, which held in fluorescent lamps,during their battle is a potential source of pollution. One luminescent the lamp, which was broken through negligence, is capable of throwing about 50 cubic meters into the air. m. toxic mercury vapor. At the same time, these vapors do not dissolve in the air, but “hang” for a long time.
The risk of chronic mercury poisoning is possible in all rooms where metallic mercury is in contact with air, even if the concentration of its vapors is very low (the maximum permissible vapor concentration in a working room is 0.01 mg/m3, and in atmospheric air- 30 times less). The need for specialized conditions disposal of mercury lamps is explained, first of all, by their high toxicity and stringent requirements on the part of inspection bodies.
Mercury lamps are first class waste danger and must be recycled.
The accumulation and storage of fluorescent lamps on the territory of enterprises is allowed temporarily until they are sent for disposal in the prescribed manner.
