Features examples. Personality traits, good and bad

Each person possesses certain features, which are expressed in emotional manifestations, the selection of specific actions and reactions. All this happens automatically and is defined by people as character traits. There are many personality types for quickly identifying which person is happening to.

Everyone knows what character is. This is a set of qualities that are inherent in a particular person. Character is developed throughout life. As a child, he is flexible and rapidly changing. Over the years, it gains greater stability and at the end is fixed .. What is it and what features do this phenomenon, the article will tell.

What is personality traits?

Each person faces the character of another person. What it is? This is a characteristic of the psyche, which combines constant and stable qualities that determine the behavior and attitude of an individual. Translated from Greek character means "devil", "omen". It is a stable characteristic that affects behavior, ways of responding, activities and individual manifestations of a person.

We can say that the character of a person determines the whole life of a person, his destiny. They say that fate is predetermined. In fact, a person who does not obey specific rules and strategies creates his own destiny, which he then lives through.

By changing the character, you can change fate, since the character determines the reaction, behavior, decisions of a person that he makes in a particular situation. If you look closely, you can see that people of similar nature live the same life... Only the details differ, but their methods and behavior are the same.

The character is formed throughout a person's life. At any time, it can be changed, which in adulthood is possible only under the influence of one's own desire and willpower. If a person cannot change his character, then his life does not change and its development is predictable.

Personality traits

The character changes depending on the type of activity, society, social circle, attitude towards oneself and the world as a whole. If any of these aspects change, then this can affect the change in character quality. If everything in a person's life remains unchanged, then character traits remain unchanged.

Personality traits

The character of a person is also formed under the influence of the values ​​and moral convictions that a person uses. The more stable they are, the more a person is fixed in his behavior and manifestations. Main feature personal character is its certainty, where it is possible to note the leading features, which are always distinguished by several. Certainty of character disappears if there are no stable qualities.

Character is also based on the interests that a person has. The more stable and constant they are, the more a person becomes purposeful, persistent and whole in his manifestations.

It is possible to determine the character traits of another person by his actions and their direction. Both the actions and the results that he achieves at the end of their commission are important. It is they who manifest the character of a person.

Temperament and personality traits

The relationship and character of the personality is seen. Although these characteristics are determined by the human psyche, they are different values. Temperament is determined by structure nervous system, which makes it an innate quality, the manifestations of which cannot be changed, but you can just do something.

Character is a flexible aspect that develops throughout life. A person can change it, which is determined by his life.

The character is formed on the basis of the temperament with which the person was born. Temperament can be called the basis on which the entire branch of his character traits is built. At the same time, the temperament does not change from external circumstances and the type of activity.

Temperament is characterized by three directions, each of which has its own complex structure:

1. Mobility (activity). It manifests itself in vigorous activity, self-expression, self-expression, which can be both sluggish and overly active.
2. Emotionality. A variety of moods and senses are noted here. Determined by:

• Lability - the rate at which one mood changes to another.
• Impressiveness - the depth of perception of external emotional stimuli.
• Impulsiveness - the speed of transition of emotion into a motivating force for performing actions without thinking it over and deciding to carry it out.

1. Motor skills.

Personality types

Psychologists of different times have tried to identify the types of personality characters to determine specific groups of people. E. Kretschmer identified 3 groups of people according to their body type:

1. Picnic people prone to recruiting excess weight, short in stature, with a large face, neck, plump. They are easily adaptable to the conditions of the world, sociable and emotional.
2. Athletic people, characterized by well-developed muscles, are tall and broad-shouldered, hardy and with large chest... They are not impressionable, domineering, calm and practical, restrained in gestures and facial expressions, and do not adapt well.
3. Asthenic people, characterized by thinness and undeveloped muscles, a narrow face, long arms and legs, flat chest. They are stubborn and serious, withdrawn and difficult to adapt to change.

K. Jung proposed another typology that divides people by the type of thinking:

• Extroverts. Very sociable and active people who tend to make a lot of acquaintances. They are straight and open. They love to travel, have parties, be the soul of the company. They are guided by objective circumstances, and not by the subjective opinions of people.
• Introverts. People who are very withdrawn and isolated from the world. They have few friends, as it is difficult for them to establish contacts. They constantly analyze everything that happens. They are very anxious and prefer solitude.

Another classification divides people into 4 psychotypes, depending on their combination of character and temperament:

1. Choleric people are unbalanced, fast, impetuous, passionate people. They are quickly depleted due to the pointless expenditure of strength. They are prone to emotional outbursts and mood swings.
2. Phlegmatic people are stable in their manifestations, emotions and views, unhurried, unperturbed people. They tend to be calm and poised, perseverance in work. Outwardly, they do not show emotion.
3. Melancholic people are vulnerable people, prone to constant experience of emotions. They are very impressionable, react sharply to external manifestations.
4. Sanguine people are lively, mobile and active people. They react quickly to external circumstances and tend to get many impressions. They are productive at work. They easily endure failures and troubles.

The psychological nature of the personality

Changes that take place in psychological nature personalities are divided into regular (typical) and individual (atypical).

Natural changes occur as a person matures and goes through certain changes in his body. Childhood traits disappear, being replaced by adults. Childhood traits include moodiness, irresponsibility, fears, tearfulness. For adults - wisdom, life experience, tolerance, rationality, prudence, etc.

Much here is determined by the situations that a person often encounters. Communication with people, various circumstances, successes and failures, tragedies determine the change in views and values ​​in a person. This is why people of the same age group differ from each other, since they all had their own life experiences. Here, individual traits are formed, which depend on the life circumstances through which each person passes.

Traits quickly change to others if they are similar to the previous ones or include them.

Social character of personality

The social character of a person is understood as those qualities that should be inherent in absolutely all people of a particular society. Going out into society, a person should show not only individual traits, but also those qualities that are considered acceptable, approved, and normal. Such a set is formed by society, the media, culture, education, educational institutions, religion, etc. It should be noted that parents raise their children also depending on the framework and norms that are accepted in society.

According to E. Fromm, the social character of a person is a way of adapting a person to the society in which he is. This is an unpunished and free way of being in a particular society. He believed that no society allows a person to self-actualize in full force, since it always dictates its own rules and norms, which should be above individual characteristics and desires. That is why a person is always in conflict with society, when he must obey in order to be accepted, or tries to protest, which can be punishable.

Society will never allow a person to express himself in full force, which prevents him from realizing his inclinations and harms the individual himself. A distortion of character should occur when everyone adjusts himself to certain frameworks and norms adopted in society. Only through development in a person social nature society makes it safe for itself. It is not the personality that is important here, but its safe manifestations, which will be acceptable in society. Otherwise, there will be punishment for any individual self-expression that does not fit into the framework.

Accentuation of personality character

The accentuation of a personality's character is understood as a set of qualities that are clearly manifested by an individual within the normal range. It is divided into:

• Latent - traits that appear infrequently or never at all. However, with certain conditions they can manifest.
• Explicit - traits that manifest themselves in an extreme degree of the norm and are characterized by constancy.

K. Leongrad identified the types of accentuation:

1. Hysteroid - thirst for attention, egocentrism, the need for respect and approval, recognition of individual characteristics.
2. Hypertimate - sociability, mobility, a tendency to mischief, excessive independence.
3. Asthenoneurotic - anxiety, high fatigue.
4. Psychosthenic - indecision, a tendency to demagoguery, analysis and self-reflection, suspiciousness.
5. Schizoid - detachment, isolation, lack of communication.
6. Excitable - periodic melancholy moods, accumulation of irritation.
7. Sensitive - increased touchiness, sensitivity, shyness.
8. Infantile-dependent - a delay in childhood, when a person does not take responsibility.
9. Emotionally labile - mood variability.
10. Unstable - a tendency to idleness, pleasure, entertainment, idleness.

Outcome

The character of the personality often helps in understanding the personality itself, since everything revolves around its inner world, which has manifestations in the form of reactions, emotions, behavior, actions and even achievements that are currently available. Consideration of different types of character can lead to the following result - quick and easy understanding of people.

The character is flexible characteristic, which can be changed at any time. It can change both unconsciously and under the influence of the willpower of a person who controls the manifestation of a particular quality. How longer person shows a specific quality, the more it is fixed and becomes one of its characteristics that affect the future development of life.

Character is the manifestation of an emotional reaction in a person's behavior in various relationships and specific situations. The character of a certain person and all his features of the manifestation of qualities is a consequence of the upbringing and living conditions in a social society.

Of course, individual adjustment and various life circumstances affect a person's psychology, but the formation and development of higher mental functions and genetic characteristics is laid down and formed in the womb, therefore, when a person is born, practically from the first days, he shows his individual characteristics. Any person can be characterized and assigned to him a certain type of personality.

Also, you can pay attention to the manifestation of characteristic typical signs different nations, i.e. there are general definitions of specific nationalities. For example, the character of the Russian is clearly different from other national mentalities.

The temperament of a Russian person:

• "The breadth and generosity of the soul", which is absent in most nations.
• Patience, resilience and endurance.
• Craving for justice and compassion.
• From the negative: laziness, pessimism, hypocrisy and foul language.

It is easy to define a Russian person by temperament, foreign nations associate a Russian person as one who loves to walk "on a grand scale", they were always surprised by the generosity, steadfastness and dedication of the Russian people. Only a Russian person has an original sense of humor, which perplexes fellow foreigners. Many foreign men believe that a Russian woman is the best companion for life, as she possesses responsiveness, humanity, loyalty and compassion.

Also, a decent barrier for foreigners is learning Russian, it is considered the most difficult because of excessive emotionality and double meaning identical words... The qualities in people of the Russian warehouse, their attitude to other people of the social environment in to a greater extent tend to honor religious traditions. Attitude towards Christianity, observance of religious rites begins with the origins of the formation of the Slavic race.

8 SIGNS THAT LIE TO YOU! How to recognize a lie?

Individual characteristics in people, identifying their signs, an indicator of the true face of a Russian person, what qualities and abilities can manifest themselves in non-standard situations social society... The psychology of the Russian person, the flexibility of the mind, extraordinary endurance, dedication, love for the motherland, the manifestation of compassion has repeatedly convinced opponents of their strength and steadfastness.

Classification of character traits

Traits
Emotional	Strong-willed	Moral	Intellectual
Emotionality	Persistence	Honesty	Curiosity
Cheerfulness	Independence	Responsiveness	Quick wits
Impressionability	Uncertainty	Kindness	Resourcefulness
	Determination	Cruelty	Lightheadedness
	Courage		Thoughtfulness

Psychology of varying degrees of manifestation of the character of each person is individual and is formed throughout life, changes depending on social environment... There is a certain classification to the group of which one or another person can be attributed.

List of manifestations in human behavior and assessment of qualities in social situations.

1. Strong-willed qualities are features of the properties of a particular person, which are manifested in non-standard situations (endurance, patience, stubbornness, courage, cowardice, courage, discipline, etc.)
2. Emotional manifestations are duration mental processes in a certain person in specific situations (negative, positive, dynamic, neutral, statistical, non-traditional).
3. Intellectual features of an individual person, the quality of a person's thinking (breadth, depth, flexibility, criticality, stupidity, etc.)

List of manifestations of the qualities of people

Attitude to the outside world is divided into four types:

• I'm good - everyone is good.
• I'm good - everyone is bad.
• I'm bad - everyone is good.
• I'm bad - everyone is bad.
• Attitude towards one's personality (self-esteem, self-criticism, arrogance, self-esteem, etc.).
• Attitude towards work (laziness, hard work, accuracy, tolerance, negligence, punctuality, responsibility, etc.).
• Attitude in groups of social environment (sociability, isolation, truthfulness, deceit, politeness, rudeness, etc.).

Types of human temperament

Temperament is the constant features of the individual behavior of a particular person, which are equally manifested in various activities. There are four types of definitions of which are:

1. A sanguine person, is distinguished by increased mobility, working capacity has pronounced mimic emotional manifestations in facial expression, responsiveness, sociability, poise, optimism, cheerful disposition, fast fatiguability from hard work, carelessness.
2. Choleric - sudden mood swings, hot temper, hysteria, quick disposition, impetuosity, outbursts of anger.
3. Melancholic - anxiety, pessimism, vulnerability, excessive worries for any reason, restraint, self-control, not trusting others.
4. Phlegmatic - composure, low activity, prudence, gives the impression wise man, always gets the job done.

Human temperaments. 4 types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic

Manifestations of character traits in men and women

Manifestation of character traits in men

The same character trait in men and women, their attitude to actions is manifested in different emotional reactions while evoking completely different feelings.

For example, a woman's resentment manifests itself in a man in the form of angry outbursts.

• Women are characterized by manifestations of excessive emotionality, sensitivity, understanding and compassion, practicality, they are more susceptible to sudden mood swings. The psychology of men, the attitude towards values, is based on restraint and the desire for power and leadership. Each period of the era is characterized by the presence of certain qualities in men and women.

The manifestation of character traits in women

• So, for example, the qualities in modern people have minor differences, more and more associations of male and female professions are being formed. Today, it is not uncommon to meet the beautiful half of humanity behind the wheel, and a man is a stylist, a hairdresser or a conductor, which would have surprised them a few decades ago.

The main traits of a person's character are the predominant stable, innate or acquired qualities that are constantly manifested in the behavior of an individual. Finding out which signs correspond to a certain person can be made psychological picture, attitude and opinion about him, as well as assign the type of temperament (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic).

To classify which characteristic individual qualities, in order to determine the positive and negative character traits and draw general conclusions. This will help, for example, when applying for a job in choosing a position, and sometimes in choosing a life partner, defining the criteria which you value.

Negative and positive traits of a person's character

The psychology of any person is a continuous formation of character quality, depending on what conditions, therefore, it tends to show negative traits, they can change depending on what conditions, for the worse or for the better.

There are also permanent negative qualities, manifested in an individual person, which do not change throughout life.

Negative character traits can not always be regarded as their negative features and qualities can emphasize the merits:

1. Self-confidence - self-satisfaction, can provoke a craving for efficiency and improved performance, for the realization of self-satisfaction.
2. Stubbornness, provokes the achievement of goals set for oneself.
3. Selfishness - Ignoring others is bad, but trying to please others is not always beneficial. Sometimes you need to think about yourself in order to be able to help others.
4. Envy, some people can provoke them to want to achieve better result than others.

There are such character traits in people as cruelty, deceit, hypocrisy, laziness, stinginess, rudeness, gloom, etc., which will never provoke them to good deeds.

Positive and negative character traits, their qualities, to a greater or lesser extent, are present in every person. Positive ones can cover up negative personality traits of an individual. For example, people can be lazy but good-natured or selfish, but neat and hardworking, rude but sympathetic and generous, etc.

List positive qualities their signs:

1. Endurance and patience.
2. Gratitude and morality.
3. Initiative and originality.
4. Cheerfulness and giftedness.
5. Sensitivity and optimism, etc.

The main character traits in women

List of predominant qualities and their distinctive properties:

The main character traits in men

List of predominant qualities and their properties:

4 basic psychotypes of personality. How to identify and recognize a person's character?

Throughout his life, each person manifests his individual characteristics, which are reflected not only in his behavior or the specifics of communication, but also determine the attitude towards activities, himself and other people. All these features, manifested in life, both in scientific use and in everyday life, are called character.

Definition of "character"

In psychology, character is understood as a certain set of human traits that are pronounced and relatively stable. Character traits always leave an imprint on a person's behavior, and also affect his actions.

In psychological dictionaries, you can find a fairly large number of definitions of character, but they all boil down to the fact that character is a collection of the most persistent individual psychological characteristics personality, which is always manifested in her activities and social behavior, as well as in the system of relations:

• to the team;
• to other people;
• to work;
• to the surrounding reality (to the world);
• to herself.

The term " character» ( in the lane. from Greek. character - chasing or printing) was introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist, student Plato and Aristotle's closest friend Theophrastus... And here stands Special attention devote to the translation of the word - chasing or printing. Indeed, the character seems to emerge in the form of a peculiar pattern on the person's personality, thus creating a unique seal that distinguishes its owner from other individuals. A similar pattern, as well as the coat of arms or emblem on the personal seal of the medieval nobility, is drawn on a certain basis with the help of specific signs and letters. The basis for engraving an individual personality is temperament, and a unique pattern - bright and individual character traits .

Character traits as a tool for psychological assessment and understanding of a person

In psychology, character traits are understood as individual, rather complex features that are most indicative for a person and make it possible with a high degree of probability to predict his behavior in a particular situation. That is, knowing that a particular person has some traits, one can predict his subsequent actions and possible actions in this or that case. For example, if a person has a pronounced trait of responsiveness, then there is a high probability that at a difficult moment in life he will come to the rescue.

A trait is one of the most important and essential parts of a person, his stable quality and a well-established way of interacting with the surrounding reality. In a character trait, personality is crystallized and its integrity is reflected. A person's character trait is real way decisions of many life situations (both activity and communicative) and therefore they need to be considered from the point of view of the future. So, character traits are a prediction of the actions and actions of a person, since they are distinguished by persistence and make a person's behavior predictable and more obvious. Due to the fact that each personality is unique, there is a huge variety of unique character traits.

Each person acquires special traits of his character throughout his life in society, and all individual signs (traits) cannot be considered characterological. Such will be only those that, regardless of life situation and circumstances will always manifest themselves in an identical way of behavior and the same attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, in order to assess personality psychologists (to characterize it) as an individual, it is necessary to determine not the entire sum of the individual qualities of a person, but to highlight those traits and qualities of character that are distinctive from other people. While these traits are individual and different, they must constitute structural integrity.

Traits of a person's character are priority in the study of his personality, as well as for understanding and predicting his actions, actions and behavior. Indeed, we perceive and understand any kind of human activity as a manifestation of certain traits of his character. But, characterizing a person as a social being, it is not so much the manifestation of traits in activity that becomes important, as what exactly this activity is directed to (and also what the human will serves). In this case, attention should be paid to the content side of the character, and more specifically, to those personality traits that make up general structure as her mental warehouse. They are expressed in: integrity-contradiction, unity-fragmentation, static-dynamism, breadth-narrowness, strength-weakness.

List of human traits

Human character- it is not only a certain set of some features (or a random set of them), but a very complex mental formation, which is a certain system. This system consists of many of the most stable personality traits, as well as its properties, manifested in various systems human relations(to work, to your work, to the world around you, to things, to yourself and to other people). In these relations, the structure of character, its content and individuality of originality find expression. Below, in the table, the main character traits (their groups) are described, which are manifested in various systems of human relations.

Persistent traits (symptom complexes) of character, manifested in personality relationships

In addition to the traits that are manifested in the system of relationships, psychologists have identified traits of a person's character that can be attributed to the cognitive and emotional-volitional sphere. So character traits are divided into:

• cognitive (or intellectual) - curiosity, theorizing, critical, resourceful, analytical, thoughtful, practical, flexible, frivolous;
• emotional (impressionability, passion, emotionality, cheerfulness, sentimentality, etc.);
• strong-willed traits (persistence, determination, independence, etc.);
• moral traits (kindness, honesty, justice, humanity, cruelty, responsiveness, patriotism, etc.).

Some psychologists suggest highlighting motivational (or productive) and instrumental traits. Motivational traits are understood as those that move a person, that is, they induce him to certain actions and deeds. (they can also be called goal traits). Instrumental features give a unique style and personality to human activity. They refer to the very manner and way of performing an activity (they can also be called traits-ways).

Representative of the humanistic direction in psychology Gordon Allport I combined character traits into three main categories:

• dominant (those that most of all determine all forms of human behavior, his actions and deeds, such as selfishness or kindness);
• ordinary (which manifest themselves equally in all spheres of life, for example, parity and humanity);
• secondary (they do not have the same influences as dominant or ordinary ones, for example, it can be diligence or love for music).

So, the main character traits are manifested in different areas mental activity and personality relationship systems. All these relationships are consolidated in different modes of action and forms of human behavior that are most familiar to him. Certain regular relationships are always established between the existing traits, which make it possible to create a structured character. She, in turn, helps to predict, according to the traits of a person's character already known to us, others that are hidden from us, which makes it possible to predict his subsequent actions and actions.

Any structure, including character, has its own hierarchy. Thus, character traits also have a certain hierarchy, therefore there are main (leading) and secondary traits that are subordinate to the leading. It is possible to predict the actions of a person and his behavior, relying not only on the main features, but also on secondary ones (despite the fact that they are less significant and are not manifested so clearly).

Typical and individual in character

The bearer of character is always a person, and his features are manifested in activities, relationships, actions, behavior, ways of acting in a family, in a team, at work, among friends, etc. This manifestation always reflects the typical and individual in the character, because they exist in an organic unity (for example, the typical is always the basis for individual manifestation character).

What is meant by typical character? A character is called typical when there is a set of essential traits that are common to a certain group of people. This set of features reflects general terms and Conditions the life of a particular group. In addition, these traits should be manifested (to a greater or lesser extent) in each representative of this group. The set of distinctive typical features is a condition for the emergence of a certain.

The typical and individual in character is most clearly expressed in a person's relationship to other people, because interpersonal contacts are always conditioned by certain social conditions of life, the corresponding level of cultural and historical development of society and from the formed spiritual world of the person himself. Attitude towards other people is always evaluative and manifests itself in different ways (approval-condemnation, support-misunderstanding) depending on the existing circumstances. This manifestation is expressed depending on the person's assessment of the actions and behavior of others, or rather their positive and negative character traits.

Typical traits of a person's character in terms of their intensity are manifested in each individually. So, for example, individual traits can reveal themselves so strongly and vividly that they become unique in their own way. It is in this case that what is typical in character is transformed into the individual.

Positive character traits and their manifestation

Both the typical and the individual in character, finds its manifestation in the systems of personality relations. This is due to the presence of certain traits in a person's character (both positive and negative). So, for example, in relation to work or their business, such positive character traits as hard work, discipline and organization are manifested.

As for interpersonal communication and attitude towards other people, here are the following good character traits: honesty, openness, fairness, adherence to principles, humanity, etc. All these features allow you to build constructive communication and quickly establish contacts with people around you.

It should be noted that there are a huge variety of individual character traits. But among them it is necessary to single out, first of all, those that have the greatest influence on the formation of the spirituality of a person and his (it is in this context that the best trait of a person's character - humanity) finds its manifestation. These traits are even more important in the process of upbringing and development of the younger generation, because the same traits are formed in different ways depending on situations, the presence of other character traits and the orientation of the personality itself.

Highlighting good qualities character, do not forget about their possible curvature, or about the presence of obvious negative traits with which a person needs to fight. Only in this case will there be a harmonious and holistic development of the personality.

Negative character traits and their manifestation

In relation to the behavior, actions and activities of other people, a person always forms traits of a certain character - positive and negative. This happens according to the principle of analogy (that is, there is identification with what is acceptable) and opposition (with what is included in the list of inadmissible and incorrect). The attitude towards oneself can be positive or negative character, which primarily depends on the level of development and the ability to adequately assess oneself ( that is, from the formed level). A high level of self-awareness is evidenced by the presence of the following positive traits: high demands on oneself, and self-esteem, as well as responsibility. And, conversely, such negative character traits as self-confidence, selfishness, immodesty, etc., speak of an insufficient level of development of self-awareness.

Negative character traits (in principle, as well as positive ones are manifested) in the four main systems of human relations. For example, in the system of "attitude to work" among the negative features are called, irresponsibility, carelessness and formality. And among the negative traits manifested in interpersonal communication, it is worth highlighting isolation, stinginess, boastfulness and disrespect.

It should be noted that negative character traits that are manifested in the system of a person's relationship to other people almost always contribute to the emergence of conflicts, misunderstanding and aggression, which subsequently leads to the emergence of destructive forms of communication. That is why, every person who wants to live in harmony with others and with himself should think about bringing up positive traits in his character and getting rid of destructive, negative traits.

For those who do not like their own "psychological portrait", there is consolation: the shortcomings of temperament can be filled positive features character.

It is the understanding that one can change oneself for the better that is the most attractive feature as a science.

So, if temperament is innate personality traits, then a person brings up character himself. Every time we commit an act, we strengthen or weaken some of its features.

Thus, even the most nasty disposition can be corrected.

Regarding temperament, it can only be recalled that Hippocrates divided it into four types that are still used today:

1. Phlegmatic people are unhurried and unperturbed;
2. Choleric people are hot-tempered and unbalanced;
3. Melancholic - impressionable and vulnerable;
4. Sanguine people are lively, agile and cheerful.

1. We fix the results

It is better to write down the results of your struggle. You can draw up a table and record successes and failures there every day. Or do this: check on geographic map two cities. One will conditionally designate your current state, the second - your goal.

Every time you do something to improve your character, put a new point on the way between these cities. And if you miss something - go back to the point.

In terms of it seems very interesting. Be sure to read about this great man, whose experience can be of invaluable help to you.

Surely the reader may have a question: do they influence the formation of the personality and its individual traits?

It is rather difficult to give an unequivocal answer to this question. A definite connection in the inclinations and characteristics of behavior between children and parents, of course, can be traced.

However, to argue that "I am like this and I cannot be different, because this is my mom or dad", for an adult, at least not serious.

It is believed that temperament cannot be changed, but character traits are within the power of anyone who wishes. You just need to have the determination to do this business.

Accentuation of character

Character accentuation is a character trait that is within the clinical norm, in which some of its features are excessively enhanced, as a result of which selective vulnerability to some psychogenic influences is revealed while maintaining good resistance to others.

You might find the definition of accentuation a bit daunting, but it's actually pretty simple.

The very word "accentuation" (from Latin accentus - stress) denotes a pronounced emphasis on something.

In other words, this feature lies in the fact that some character traits are unusually developed, which causes the inferiority of other, less developed traits.

Probably everyone saw how small children, at the sight strangers, to some they settle down and begin to smile, and at the sight of others they frown and run away.

This is due to the fact that facial features are very closely related to our character traits. Children, on the other hand, sense this intuitively by "scanning" the face of a stranger.

And adults, on a deeply subconscious level, can “feel” a person who is good or bad in front of them. This also happens because our brain is able to "read" information from the characteristic features of a person's face.

It is important to understand that the character of a person largely determines how his life will turn out, whether he will achieve success.

The 19th century English writer William Thackeray wrote:

"Sow an act and you reap a habit, sow a habit and you reap character, sow character and you reap destiny."

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Character(Greek - omen, distinctive property, distinctive feature, trait, sign or seal) - the structure of persistent, relatively constant mental properties that determine the characteristics of the relationship and behavior of the individual.

When they talk about character, they usually mean by this precisely such a set of properties and qualities of a person that impose a certain stamp on all of its manifestations and actions. Character traits are those essential properties of a person that determine this or that way of behavior, way of life. Character statics are determined by the type nervous activity, and its dynamics is the environment.

Character is also understood as:

• a system of stable motives and methods of behavior that form a behavioral type of personality;
• a measure of the balance of the internal and outer worlds, features of adaptation of the individual to the surrounding reality;
• clearly expressed certainty of the typical behavior of each person.

In the system of personality relations, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes:

• a person's attitude to other people, a team, society (sociability, sensitivity and responsiveness, respect for others - people, collectivism and opposite traits - isolation, callousness, heartlessness, rudeness, contempt for people, individualism);
• traits showing a person's attitude to work, their work (hard work, a tendency to creativity, conscientiousness in work, a responsible attitude to work, initiative, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsible attitude to business, passivity) ;
• traits showing how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, correctly understood pride and self-criticism associated with it, modesty and its opposite traits - conceit, sometimes turning into arrogance, vanity, arrogance, resentment, shyness, egocentrism as a tendency to be viewed in the center of events
• yourself and your experiences, selfishness - the tendency to care mainly about your personal welfare);
• traits characterizing a person's attitude to things (neatness or slovenliness, careful or careless handling of things).

One of the most famous theories character is the theory proposed by the German psychologist E. Kretschmer. According to this theory, character depends on the physique.

Kretschmer described three body types and the corresponding three character types:

Asthenics(from Greek - weak) - people are thin, with an elongated face. long arms and legs, flat (ore cage and weak muscles. The corresponding type of character is schizotimics- people are reserved, serious, stubborn, difficult to adapt to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to schizophrenia;

Athletics(from Greek - characteristic of wrestlers) - people are tall, broad-shouldered, with a powerful chest, strong skeleton and well-developed muscles. The corresponding character type is ixotimics- people are calm, unimpressive, practical, domineering, restrained in gestures and facial expressions; they do not like changes and do not adapt well to them. With mental disorders, they are prone to epilepsy;

Picnics(from Greek - dense. thick) - people of average height, overweight or prone to obesity, with a short neck, large head and wide face with small features. Matching Tint of Character - cyclothymics - people are sociable, contact, emotional, easily adapting to new conditions. With mental disorders, they are prone to manic-depressive psychosis.

General concept of character and its manifestations

Into the concept character(from the Greek. сharacter - "seal", "chasing"), means a set of stable individual characteristics that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication, causing her typical ways of behavior.

When the character of a person is determined, it is not said that such and such a person has shown courage, truthfulness, frankness, that he is a brave, truthful, frank person, i.e. the named qualities are the properties of a given person, traits of his character, which can manifest themselves under the appropriate circumstances. Knowledge of a person's character allows you to predict with a significant degree of probability and thereby adjust the expected actions and deeds. It is not uncommon to say about a person with character: “He should have done exactly that, he could not have done otherwise - such is his character.”

However, not all human features can be considered characteristic, but only essential and stable ones. If a person, for example, is not polite enough to stressful situation, this does not mean that rudeness and intemperance are a property of his character. Sometimes, even very cheerful people can feel sad, but this will not make them whiners and pessimists.

Acting as a lifetime person, character is determined and formed throughout a person's life... The way of life includes the way of thoughts, feelings, motives, actions in their unity. Therefore, as a certain way of life of a person is formed, the person himself is formed. Big role here social conditions and specific life circumstances play life path a person based on his natural properties and as a result of his actions and deeds. However, the formation of character directly occurs in groups of different levels of development (, friendly company, class, sports team, etc.). Depending on which group is the reference for the individual and what values ​​it supports and cultivates in its environment, the corresponding character traits will develop in its members. Character traits will also depend on the position of the individual in the group, on how he integrates into it. In the team, as a group of a high level of development, the most favorable opportunities are created for the development of the best character traits. This process is mutual, and thanks to the development of the personality, the collective itself develops.

Character content, reflecting social influences, influences, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the personality determines the goals, life plan of a person, the degree of his vital activity... The character of a person presupposes the presence of something meaningful for him in the world, in life, something on which the motives of his actions, the goals of his actions, the tasks that he sets for himself depend.

Decisive for understanding character is the relationship between socially and personally significant for a person. Each society has its own most important and essential tasks. It is on them that the character of people is formed and tested. Therefore, the concept of "character" refers to a greater extent to the relationship of these objectively existing tasks. Therefore, character is not just any manifestation of firmness, perseverance, etc. (formal stubbornness can be just stubbornness), and focus on socially significant activities. It is the orientation of the personality that underlies the unity, integrity, strength of character. The possession of life goals is the main condition for character formation. A spineless person is characterized by the absence or scattering of goals. However, the character and orientation of the personality are not the same thing. A good-natured and cheerful person can be both a decent, highly moral person, and a person with low, unscrupulous thoughts. The orientation of the personality leaves an imprint on all human behavior. And although behavior is determined not by motivation alone, but by an integral system of relations, in this system something always comes to the fore, dominating in it, giving the character of a person a peculiar flavor.

In a mature character, the leading component is the persuasion system. Conviction determines the long-term orientation of a person's behavior, his inflexibility in achieving his goals, confidence in the fairness and importance of the work that he performs. Character traits are closely related to the interests of a person, provided that these interests are stable and deep. Superficiality and instability of interests are often associated with great imitation, with a lack of independence and integrity of a person's personality. And, conversely, the depth and meaningfulness of interests testifies to the purposefulness and perseverance of the individual. Similarity of interests does not imply similar character traits. So, among the rationalizers, you can find people who are cheerful and sad, modest and obsessive, egoists and altruists.

Attachments and interests of a person associated with his leisure time can also be indicative for understanding character. They reveal new features, facets of character: for example, L. N. Tolstoy was fond of playing chess, I. P. Pavlov - small towns, D. I. Mendeleev - reading adventure novels. Whether a person's spiritual and material needs and interests dominate determines not only the thoughts and feelings of a person, but also the direction of his activity. Equally important is the compliance of a person's actions with the goals set, since a person is characterized not only by what she does, but also by how she does it. Character, perhaps, can only be understood as a certain unity of direction and mode of action.

People with a similar orientation can go completely different ways to achieve goals and using their own, special, techniques and methods. This dissimilarity determines the specific character of the personality. Character traits, possessing a certain motivating force, are clearly manifested in a situation of choice of actions or methods of behavior. From this point of view, as a character trait, one can consider the degree of expression of an individual's motivation for achievement - his need to achieve success. Depending on this, some people are characterized by a choice of actions that ensure success (manifestation of initiative, competitive activity, the desire for risk, etc.), while others are more characterized by the desire to simply avoid failures (deviation from risk and responsibility, avoidance manifestations of activity, initiative, etc.).

Teaching about character - characterology has a long history of its development. The most important problems characterology for centuries has been the establishment of character types and their definitions by its manifestations in order to predict human behavior in different situations... Since character is the life-time formation of a personality, most of its existing classifications proceed from the grounds that are external, mediated factors of personality development.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is to explain its character by date of birth. Various methods of predicting the fate and character of a person are called horoscopes.

No less popular are attempts to connect a person's character with his name.

A significant influence on the development of characterology had physiognomy(from the Greek. Physis - "nature", gnomon - "knowing") - the doctrine of the relationship between external appearance a person and his belonging to a certain type of personality, due to which outward signs psychological characteristics of this type can be established.

Palmistry has no less famous and rich history than the physiognomic direction in characterology. Palmistry(from the Greek. Cheir - "hand" and manteia - "fortune-telling", "prophecy") - a system of predicting the character traits of a person and his fate by the skin relief of the palms.

Until recently, scientific psychology has invariably rejected palmistry, but the study embryonic development finger patterns due to heredity gave impetus to the emergence new industry knowledge - dermatoglyphs.

More valuable, in diagnostic terms, compared, say, with physiognomy, can be considered graphology - a science that considers handwriting as a kind of expressive movements that reflect the psychological properties of the writer.

At the same time, the unity, versatility of character does not exclude the fact that in different situations the same person manifests different and even opposite properties. A person can be at the same time very gentle and very demanding, soft and compliant and at the same time firm to inflexibility. And the unity of his character can not only be preserved, despite this, but it is precisely in this that it manifests itself.

The relationship of character and temperament

Character they are often compared with, and in some cases, these concepts are substituted for each other.

In science, among the dominant views on the relationship between character and temperament, four main ones can be distinguished:

• identification of character and temperament (E. Kretschmer, A. Ruzhitsky);
• opposition of character and temperament, emphasizing antagonism between them (P. Viktorv, V. Virenius);
• recognition of temperament as an element of character, its core, an invariable part (S. L. Rubinstein, S. Gorodetsky);
• recognition of temperament as the natural basis of character (L. S. Vygotsky, B. G. Ananiev).

Based on the materialistic understanding of human phenomena, it should be noted that the common character and temperament is the dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all on the type of the nervous system. The formation of character significantly depends on the properties of temperament, which is more closely related to the properties of the nervous system. In addition, character traits arise when the temperament is already sufficiently developed. Character develops on the basis, on the basis of temperament. Temperament determines in character such traits as balance or imbalance of behavior, ease or difficulty of entering new situation, mobility or inertness of the reaction, etc. However, temperament does not predetermine character. People with the same temperament properties may have completely different character... Features of temperament can contribute or counteract the formation of certain character traits. So, it is more difficult for a melancholic to form courage and determination in himself than for a choleric person. It is more difficult for a choleric to develop restraint, phlegmatic; a phlegmatic person needs to spend more energy to become sociable than a sanguine person, etc.

However, as BG Ananiev believed, if education consisted only in improving and strengthening natural properties, then this would lead to a monstrous homogeneity of development. The properties of temperament can, to some extent, even come into conflict with the character. PI Tchaikovsky's tendency to melancholic experiences was overcome by one of the main features of his character - his capacity for work. “You always have to work,” he said, “and every honest artist cannot sit idly by, under the pretext that he is not disposed. ... Disagreements rarely happen to me. I attribute this to the fact that I am gifted with patience, and I train myself never to give in to reluctance. I have learned to conquer myself. "

In a person with a developed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation, but becomes its dynamic side, consisting in a certain speed of the course of mental processes and personality manifestations, a certain characteristic of expressive movements and actions of the personality. Here, it should be noted the influence exerted on the formation of character by a dynamic stereotype, i.e. a system of conditioned reflexes that form in response to a stably repeating system of stimuli. The formation of dynamic stereotypes in a person in various repetitive situations is influenced by his attitude to the situation, as a result of which excitation, inhibition, mobility of nervous processes, and, consequently, the general functional state of the nervous system can change. It is also necessary to note the decisive role in the formation of dynamic stereotypes of the second signaling system through which social influences are carried out.

Ultimately, the traits of temperament and character are organically linked and interact with each other in a single, holistic appearance of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his individuality.

Character for a long time identified with the will of man, the expression "man with character" was considered a synonym for the expression "strong-willed man." The will is associated, primarily, with the strength of character, his firmness, decisiveness, perseverance. When they say that a person has a strong character, they want to emphasize his purposefulness, his strong-willed qualities. In this sense, a person's character is best manifested in overcoming difficulties, in struggle, i.e. in those conditions where the will of a person is manifested to the greatest extent. But character is not exhausted by strength, it has content, defining how in different conditions the will will function. On the one hand, in volitional actions, character develops and manifests itself in them: volitional actions in situations that are significant for the personality pass into the character of a person, fixing themselves in him as his relatively stable properties; these properties, in turn, determine the behavior of a person, his volitional actions. The strong-willed character is distinguished by certainty, constancy and independence, firmness in the implementation of the intended goal. On the other hand, it is not uncommon for a weak-willed person to be called “spineless”. From the point of view of psychology, this is not entirely true - and a weak-willed person has certain character traits, such as, for example, fearfulness, indecision, etc. The use of the concept of "characterless" means the unpredictability of a person's behavior, indicates that he has no direction of his own, an inner core that would determine his behavior. His actions are caused external influences and do not depend on him.

The originality of character is also reflected in the peculiarities of the course of human feelings. This was pointed out by KD Ushinsky: “nothing, not our words, our thoughts, not even our actions express ourselves and our attitude to the world as clearly and truly as our feelings: in them one can hear the character of not a separate thought, not a separate decision, but the entire content of our soul and its structure ”. The connection between feelings and character traits of a person is also mutual. On the one hand, the level of development of moral, aesthetic, intellectual feelings depends on the nature of human activity and communication and on the character traits formed on this basis. On the other hand, these feelings themselves become characteristic, stable personality traits, thus constituting the character of a person. The level of development of a sense of duty, sense of humor and other complex feelings is a fairly indicative characteristic of a person.

Of particular importance for characterological manifestations is the relationship of the intellectual traits of the personality. The depth and acuteness of thought, the unusual formulation of the question and its solution, intellectual initiative, confidence and independence of thinking - all this constitutes the originality of the mind as one of the sides of character. However, the way a person uses their mental capacity, will significantly depend on the nature. Often there are people who have high intellectual data, but do not give anything of value precisely because of their characterological characteristics. An example of this is the numerous literary images of superfluous people (Pechorin, Rudin, Beltov, etc.). As I.S.Turgenev said well through the lips of one of the characters in the novel about Rudin: “There is, perhaps, genius in him, but there is no nature.” Thus, the real achievements of a person depend not on some abstract mental capabilities, but on a specific combination of his characteristics and characterological properties.

Character structure

In general form, all character traits can be divided into basic, leading setting a general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and minor, determined by the main... So, if we consider such traits as indecision, fearfulness and altruism, then with the prevalence of the former, a person, first of all, constantly fears “that something might not work out,” and all attempts to help a neighbor usually end up with inner experiences and a search for justification. If the leading trait is the second - altruism, then the person outwardly does not show any hesitation, immediately goes to the rescue, controlling his behavior with the intellect, but at the same time he may sometimes have doubts about the correctness of the actions taken.

Knowledge of leading traits allows you to reflect the main essence of the character, to show its main manifestations. Writers, artists, wanting an idea of ​​the character of the hero, first of all describe his leading, pivotal features. So, AS Pushkin put into the mouth of Vorotynsky (in the tragedy “Boris Godunov”) an exhaustive description of Shuisky - “the crafty courtier”. Some heroes of literary works so deeply and faithfully reflect certain typical character traits that their names become common nouns (Khlestakov, Oblomov, Manilov, etc.).

Although every character trait reflects one of the manifestations of a person's attitude to reality, this does not mean that every attitude will be a character trait. Only a few relationships, depending on the conditions, become traits. From the totality of the personality's relationship to the surrounding reality, character-forming forms of relations should be distinguished. The most important hallmark such a relationship is the decisive, paramount and general vital importance of those objects to which a person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

The character of a person is manifested in the system of relationships:

• In relation to other people (at the same time, one can single out such character traits as sociability - isolation, truthfulness - deceit, tactfulness - rudeness, etc.).
• In relation to the case (responsibility - dishonesty, hard work - laziness, etc.).
• In relation to oneself (modesty - narcissism, self-criticism - self-confidence, pride - humiliation, etc.).
• In relation to property (generosity - greed, thrift - extravagance, accuracy - sloppiness, etc.). It should be noted a certain conventionality of this classification and close interconnection, interpenetration of these aspects of relations. So, for example, if a person is rude, then this concerns his relationship to people; but if at the same time he works as a teacher, then here it is already necessary to talk about his attitude to business (dishonesty), about his attitude to himself (narcissism).

Despite the fact that these relations are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and do not immediately become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relations into character traits, and in this sense it is impossible to put in the same row, for example, the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property, since their very content plays a different role in the real life of a person. The decisive role in the formation of character is played by the attitude of a person to society, to people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team, without taking into account his attachments in the form of camaraderie, friendship, love.

In the structure of character, traits that are common to a certain group of people can be distinguished. Even at the very original person you can find some trait (for example, unusual, unpredictable behavior), the possession of which allows him to be attributed to a group of people with similar behavior. In this case, we should talk about the typical in character traits. ND Levitov believes that the type of character is a specific expression in the individual character of traits common to a certain group of people. Indeed, as noted, character is not innate - it is formed in the life and activity of a person as a representative of a certain group, a certain society. Therefore, the character of a person is always a product of society, which explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups.

The individual character reflects a variety of typical features: national, professional, age. Thus, people of the same nationality are in the conditions of life that have developed over many generations, they experience the specific features of the national way of life; develop under the influence of the existing national structure and language. Therefore, people of one nationality differ in lifestyle, habits, rights, character from people of another. These typical features are often fixed by everyday consciousness in different installations and stereotypes. Most people have a formed image of a representative of a particular country: American, Scottish, Italian, Chinese, etc.