Agricultural land. natural agriculture

Natural economy

Natural economy- a primitive type of management, in which production is aimed only at satisfying one's own needs (not for sale). Everything you need is made in-house economic unit, while there is no need for a market.

The main features of a subsistence economy are the underdevelopment of the social division of labor, isolation from the outside world; self-sufficiency in the means of production and labor, the ability to satisfy all or almost all needs at the expense of their own resources.

The development of the productive forces of society and the social division of labor objectively prepare the conditions for the replacement of a subsistence economy by a commodity economy, where producers specialize in the manufacture of one particular commodity.

In slave-owning society and under feudalism, natural economy remained dominant, despite the development of exchange and commodity-money relations.

Subsistence farming has survived to this day in economically backward areas. the globe(Asia, Africa, Latin America), where tribal or feudal relations dominated before colonization by Europeans. In countries liberated from colonial dependence in the middle of the 20th century, 50-60% of the population was employed in subsistence or semi-subsistence farming.

In modern Russia, subsistence farming is represented by private farms of peasants and garden plots urban residents.

see also

• Feudal economy
• Subsistence farming (agrotechnics)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Natural farming" is in other dictionaries:

The type of economic relations in which the products of labor are produced to meet the needs of the producers themselves. With the development of the social division of labor, subsistence farming is supplanted by commodity farming. See also: Economic ... ... Financial vocabulary

natural economy- an economy that produces products only to satisfy the needs of its members, and not for exchange. In Russia, not only natural economy in her material life, but also natural economy in her spiritual life still dominates too much ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

See the natural economy Glossary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

In a narrow sense, such a warehouse public life among uncultured peoples, in which each individual family or genus provides for itself all the articles of consumption, with the complete exclusion of exchange and division of labor; in a broader sense, the predominant ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

An economy that satisfies its needs through its own production. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M .: INFRA M. 479 s .. 1999 ... Economic dictionary

natural economy- A type of economy in which the products of labor are produced to meet the needs of the producers themselves, and not for sale on the market. Syn.: consumer agriculture… Geography Dictionary

Subsistence economy, a type of economy in which the products of labor are produced to satisfy the needs of the producers themselves, and not for sale. With the emergence and deepening of the social division of labor, it is being replaced by commodity production ... Modern Encyclopedia

A type of economy in which the products of labor are produced for the satisfaction of the producers themselves, and not for sale. With the emergence and deepening of the social division of labor, it is being replaced by commodity production ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

NATURAL, oh, oh; flax, flax. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

A type of economy in which production is aimed at satisfying the producer's own needs. Political Science: Dictionary Reference. comp. Prof. floor of sciences Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.

Books

• Darkness falls on the old steps. Roman-idyll, Alexander Chudakov. Laureate of the RUSSIAN BOOKER OF THE DECADE 639 pp. Novel Darkness falls on the old steps by the decision of the jury of the competition Russian Booker was recognized as the best Russian novel of the first decade of the new century.…

The entire territory that makes up our country is divided into. Such a division is enshrined at the legislative level and is regulated by the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

This is done to establish control over the targeted use of land. Allocate . The most common category of land- Agricultural land.

Agricultural lands are in second place in terms of area among all categories, second only to the lands of the forest fund.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, they occupy approximately 386 million hectares. For comparison, the area is approximately 20 million hectares.

Agricultural lands are under special control of the state.

They are valuable resource and source of food.

Therefore, it is important to use the land for its intended purpose, to prevent its littering and pollution, deterioration of the soil condition, and the impact of harmful factors on it.

Composition of agricultural land

farmland

These include areas for sowing and cultivation various agro-industrial crops, as well as for grazing animals.

farmland- these are the most fertile territories that provide the country with crops, therefore they have a priority status and are under state protection. Agricultural lands are under special control:

• with artificial irrigation
• in use by research institutes of any level,
• with a high cadastral value (10% above average).

Depending on the functions performed land is divided into:

• arable land,
• haymaking,
• pastures, etc.

To the most fertile lands endowed mineral resources, include arable land.

arable land- This is a type of land that is annually processed and grown on it with various crops.

hayfields used only for making hay for the winter. Sowing and harvesting on such lands is not carried out. Although there are artificial hayfields.

pastures also usually not sown or processed. Used only for grazing livestock.

There are different types of farmland:

• Low quality,
• average quality,
• High Quality.

It is permissible to build on agricultural land only those buildings and structures that are necessary for the implementation of agricultural activities. Construction of residential or industrial facilities in such areas is prohibited.

Under on-farm roads and communications

These include roads for access and maintenance agricultural land. They must comply with certain standards specified in SNiP 2.05.11-83.

On-farm roads, depending on their purpose, can be the following types:

• connecting agricultural facilities to each other (I category of roads),
• connecting agricultural facilities with main roads (II category of roads),
• field auxiliary roads for servicing individual lands and their parts (III category of roads).

On-farm roads should occupy the minimum possible area.

They include:

• directly the lane for placing the roadway,
• drainage ditches,
• a safety strip of 1 meter on each side of the road.

Planted with trees and shrubs

These are lands planted with trees and shrubs to protect the environment from the influence of negative factors.

Protective forest belts are created:

• in horticultural and summer cottages,
• around the fields
• along roads and railways.

Cutting and renewal of plants takes place only in agreement with local authorities.

With water objects

Territories with closed water bodies are included in the category of agricultural land only if if they are within the borders of these lands. At the same time, lakes or ponds can be used both for breeding fish and for watering nearby areas. Such objects are divided into two types:

• reservoirs of artificial origin,
• reservoirs of natural origin.

Occupied by agricultural buildings

Auxiliary buildings are necessary for the effective implementation of agricultural activities.

They are not residential and are intended for storage and primary processing grown products. For these purposes, the least fertile areas are allocated.

In addition to this criterion, there is a second, very important - logistics. The location of the buildings must be accessible to a specific pool of surrounding cultivated land.

Use of agricultural land

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, agricultural land can be used for the following purposes:

1. implementation of agricultural activities by enterprises,
2. creation of private or farm enterprises,
3. cultivation of vegetables, fruit crops,
4. creation ,
5. raising and breeding animals and fish,
6. research activity.

Important! Since 2015, a classifier of types of permitted land use (VRI) has been used in our country. The document clearly and in detail indicates the types of permitted targeted use of each category, including agricultural land.

Prior to its entry into force, these issues were dealt with by local governments of each individual subject. You can find out more about the VRI classifier.

Farmland Features

Farmland has a number of features compared to other types of agricultural land. They are enshrined in law (Article 79 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

1. The most fertile lands are under the protection of the state, as they are its national treasure and the most important resource.
2. Such lands can be used only for their intended purpose, that is, for the implementation of agricultural activities. Misuse is punishable by law.
3. Agricultural land with a high level is not subject to transfer to other categories of land
4. The construction of any kind of buildings in the territories protected by the state is prohibited.

In exceptional cases, in agreement with regional authorities, agricultural land with poorer soil quality and low cadastral value may be assigned to another category of land.

Among other things, the law requirements for persons using agricultural land:

• sites must be developed within 2 years,
• in carrying out its activities to maintain soil fertility,
• if necessary, provide the authorities with information about the chemicals used.

redistribution fund

The Land Redistribution Fund is a single database of agricultural plots that have temporarily fallen out of circulation, that is, not used for their intended purpose.

Its main function is formation of a fund of lands and their further transfer to the use of physical or legal entities under certain conditions.

This is done so that strategically important farmlands do not stand idle, because it is economically unprofitable.

The agricultural plot falls into the distribution fund when following conditions:

• in case of voluntary refusal of the owner from the site,
• in the absence of heirs after the death of the owner,
• forced land acquisition by the state.

Ownership of agricultural land

Get into ownership land with the category of agricultural purpose can be the following subjects:

• individuals (for farming),
• legal entities (farmers, agricultural enterprises, country associations, etc.).

At the time of buying farmland owner gets the right:

• transfer land by inheritance
• rent,
• sell,
• present,
• pledge.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, agricultural land owners cannot be Foreign citizens and companies as well as stateless persons. Legal basis the transfer of ownership of agricultural land is enshrined in the Federal Law "On the turnover of agricultural land" No. 101.

If the owner sells the agricultural land belonging to him, representatives of the municipal authorities of the subject have priority rights to purchase such plots.

Providing

The provision of agricultural land for use, in fact, means the transfer of such land for rent, for use for its intended purpose. At the same time, the allotments remain the property of the state.

To get a plot necessary:

1. Submit an application to the relevant authority.
2. Collect a package of documents.
3. Wait for a decision.
4. Sign a lease agreement.

The law provides for a number of perks and benefits when transferring agricultural land to certain categories of persons (for example, to small peoples to maintain and preserve their way of life).

Withdrawal

The legislation stipulates that the state has the right in certain cases forcibly withdraw agricultural land by the owner.

This decision is made in judicial order and may be challenged within the appropriate time limit. Main reasons for the withdrawal of agricultural land:

• the agricultural plot has not been used for its intended purpose for three or more years,
• the site is used irrationally, which leads to a decrease in soil fertility and a deterioration in the quality of the agricultural plot.

Useful video

Detailed information on the use of agricultural land can be obtained in this video:

Conclusion

Agricultural land is one of the strategically important categories of land protected by the state. They must be used exclusively for its intended purpose. The state has the right to distribute them among users in order to increase their rational use.

Farmland can be transferred to individuals and legal entities for ownership. However, in case of improper care of the sites, the state has the right seize them legally.

In contact with

The category of land affects the possibilities of its use. For example, not every land allows the construction of houses. A large number of questions are connected with the lands intended for agriculture. What are these lands?

In accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation, all lands are divided into categories according to their intended purpose. The first category is the category of land intended to meet the needs of agriculture. It is the category that determines the type of permitted use of land and the features of transactions with it.

More than half of all lands of the Russian Federation belong to the forest fund. The next largest category is the category of land intended for agriculture. The Russian Federation occupies a leading position in the world in terms of arable land, but approximately 8% of the entire territory has been plowed up. It should be noted that agricultural land can be located not only in the category of agricultural land.

These lands may be in the category of forest fund lands or among industrial lands. At the same time, agricultural land can be used not only for agricultural production. Therefore, the question arises: what is meant by agricultural lands and how to use them?

According to the legislation, the following lands belong to this category:

• lying outside the settlements;
• which are provided for agricultural activities (to produce food or vegetable raw materials).

Among the lands that are intended for the needs of agriculture, the following areas can be distinguished:

• land, which directly refers to pastures and fields;
• communications used for agricultural activities;
• objects that are used for the development of aquaculture;
• forest belts, which are located on the borders of ravines and fields.

Also, the composition of land intended for agricultural needs includes plots on which buildings are located used for storage or primary processing of products (for example, elevators), maintenance of agricultural machinery and other activities closely related to the implementation of the economy. Therefore, the concept of land intended for agriculture is quite broad.

Who can use agricultural land

The circle of persons who have the right to use these lands is legally established:

• Citizens with the status of farmers or engaged in farming;
• Any commercial organization;
• Non-profit organizations (for example, religious associations);
• Educational and scientific organizations specializing in the training of personnel for agriculture. These organizations have the right to scientific activity to improve the efficiency of agricultural work;
• Cossack societies. At present, active work is being carried out to preserve the traditions and culture of the Russian Cossacks;
• Indigenous communities small peoples RF. These peoples live in the North, Far East and in other regions. These communities are entitled to a number of benefits established by law. The fact is that such peoples are on the verge of extinction. Together with them, their traditions, customs, culture will disappear. Consequently, the general cultural fund of the Russian Federation will become poorer. Therefore, active measures of state support are in place for these peoples. Among such measures, the provision of lands intended for agriculture (for example, reindeer pastures) to communities is singled out.

Types of permitted use of agricultural land

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 78 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, lands intended for agricultural production have the following types usage:

• Gardening and gardening;
• Country construction;
• Livestock grazing, haymaking;
• Maintaining personal subsidiary plots, the type of which is field;
• For the needs of the peasant (farm) economy;
• Animal husbandry and fishing;
• For hunting.

A peasant (farm) economy is created in order to carry out the production of agricultural products by persons who own it in accordance with their shares in the capital, or by one person who is a farmer ( individual entrepreneur) and his employees.

In accordance with Article 19 of June 11, 2003 No. 74-FZ, this farm can produce, transport, store and sell the created products.

KFH is allowed only on agricultural field lands. Allowed to grow different cultures and carry out grazing, but it is forbidden to erect buildings that have a foundation. Consequently, the construction of residential buildings in such areas is prohibited. Only the construction of portable and non-permanent buildings is allowed.

Most often, the lands that are allocated for gardening and gardening are located in common range, on the territory of which the owners of the plots can create public association to achieve some common goal.

There are 3 types of union data:

• Partnership;
• consumer cooperative;
• Non-commercial partnership.

Farming that is not covered by the types of acceptable use of land entails sanctions up to the withdrawal of such a plot.

Cadastral maps contain information about the status of lands and categories of their permissible use. Information can be obtained from the Registry.

Is it possible to build on agricultural land

Most of the land designated for agriculture can be used for the construction of buildings and structures, if they are not agricultural land. The question of what can be built on the site remains relevant if its intended purpose is agriculture.

It is permissible to carry out construction on such a site.

But at the same time, the construction must meet the following rules and requirements:

• urban planning norms and rules;
• fire regulations;
• environmental standards;
• sanitary and epidemiological requirements;
• other building requirements and rules.

On land intended for running a peasant (farm) economy, it is possible to build not only the facilities necessary for the production and processing of products, but also buildings in which the farmer's family and workers can temporarily or permanently reside.

For example, it can be residential buildings or baths. At the same time, it should be remembered that, in accordance with the law total area of these objects should not exceed 30% of the size of the entire plot allocated for the conduct of a peasant (farm) economy. Is it permissible to build an individual house on land that is allocated for personal subsidiary farming?

In accordance with Federal Law No. 112-FZ of July 7, 2003, the following buildings can be erected on lands intended for agriculture and allocated for summer cottage construction:

• domestic buildings;
• buildings intended for both permanent and temporary residence;
• facilities for industrial purposes.

Is it permissible to build greenhouses and farms in these areas? The law does not establish a ban on the construction of structures corresponding to the purpose of the site. An example illustrating this situation would be a legislative prohibition for a person who owns a plot for a personal subsidiary plot to build an industrial object on it.

Therefore, it is permissible to build a country house on lands intended for personal subsidiary plots. Moreover, coordination with state authorities in this case is not mandatory. Thus, after the transfer of land intended for agricultural needs to summer cottage construction, you will be able to freely build certain objects on it.

How to change the category of agricultural land

The expansion of the size of urban settlements is feasible by transferring land intended for agriculture into the category of settlement land.

Article 7 federal law dated December 21, 2004 No. 172-FZ can be carried out this translation if the following circumstances occur:

• Land conservation;
• Creation of reserves;
• Moving the borders of settlements;
• Mining;
• Location of industrial facilities;
• Location of objects of special social importance;
• Defense goals;
• Transfer of land that is no longer suitable for agricultural needs to other categories;
• Road construction.

In practice, the most common condition for translation is precisely the change of boundaries settlements. You can expand the boundaries of the city by transferring border field plots to city lands (in order to build multi-story houses) or by including already built-up holiday villages in the city limits.

To change the category of land, submit an application to the committee of the administration of the municipality that specializes in land issues. Attach a document confirming the ownership of the site. Indicate in the application the basis on which the transfer will be made.

When transferring the land of holiday villages, on which residential buildings are located, to the urban private sector, it is worth remembering that the villages must comply with all urban planning standards (including the requirements for the presence of passable communications).

There are also certain requirements for the width of streets and sidewalks, without which the transfer will not be possible.

It will not be possible to transfer land from the category of agricultural land to any other category when the value of the cadastral value of a plot exceeds the average value of plots in the region by more than half.

Before you apply for a change of category, determine the purpose of such a transfer. This is necessary because it is sometimes possible to simply change the type of allowable use of a given land without making a transfer and the objectives will be met.

Purchase and sale of agricultural land

The transaction of sale and purchase of a plot intended for agriculture refers to the turnover of these lands.

This transaction is determined by factors such as:

• type of permitted use;
• type of ownership;
• entities that are parties to the transaction.

A distinctive feature of the purchase and sale of these plots is the legally enshrined pre-emptive right to purchase. It arises from state bodies or local governments.

How can I sell agricultural land? If you are going to sell such a plot, in without fail notify about it executive agency state power.

Indicate in the notice all the essential terms of the contract to be agreed upon. The sale of a plot to legal entities or individuals is possible only after the refusal of the state body to purchase.

Rent of agricultural land

If you want to engage in farming, but you do not have your own plot of land, the best option for you will be rent.

It is permissible to lease agricultural land in any amount. The maximum lease term is 49 years.

You will be able to buy the land if this right is enshrined in your lease agreement. This agreement should contain the cost, methods and terms of payment, the possibility of further redemption of land. Just sign an agreement with the person who owns the land.

More complicated is the procedure for renting land from the state.

The order is as follows:

• Send an appeal to the administration of your municipality;
• Based on the media appeal, they publish an announcement about the planned transfer of the site for rent;
• If at the end of the month no applicants for the lease appear, then a lease agreement will be concluded. If there are several candidates, a competition will be held accordingly.

Thus, there are 3 options for acquiring a lease: through bidding, free of charge and without bidding. Free rental is available only to persons with certain benefits. Among them are mainly specialists who are sent to work in the countryside. They have the right to purchase land on lease for 5-6 years. However, they will not be charged rent.

When you build a home, apply for a land title before you end your lease. Bidding is most often used for further non-targeted use of land. For example, if a person plans to purchase land intended for agriculture, and then register them under individual housing construction. The winner of the auction is the person who has offered the highest bid. A lease agreement will be concluded with him within 20 days.

The person who initiated the auction is obliged to carry out land surveying and put the site on cadastral registration at his own expense.

If another bidder wins, he is responsible for reimbursement of expenses to this person. In accordance with Article 22 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the tenant has the right to sublease the land.

If you lease land from the state for a period exceeding 5 years, then you can issue a sublease, the term of which does not exceed the lease period, by notifying the owner about this. In this case, the consent of the owner is not mandatory, unless otherwise provided by federal law.

It is difficult to name the exact amount that must be paid for the lease of 1 hectare of land. The fact is that in different subjects of the Russian Federation, the cost of land can vary significantly. Contact your municipality for the exact cost. The state sets criteria for determining rent.

The criteria are as follows:

• market price;
• the amount of land tax;
• the amount of rent for a similar plot established at the auction;
• cadastral valuation.

If the lease is purchased through tenders, the initial cost will be approximately 1.5% of the cadastral valuation. Purpose plays a role in determining the rental value. It will be cheaper to get a plot for farming than to get a plot to build a house.

Permissible lease of land from local administration with various benefits. This procedure is determined by local governments.

World agriculture is a system consisting of agricultural industries of all countries, characterized by a huge variety of agricultural relations, different volumes of agricultural products, different composition commodity and gross output, ways and methods of agriculture and animal husbandry. The value of a country's agricultural output is determined by its contribution to GDP or GNP, as well as by the amount of value added (commodity output minus material and production costs). Over the past three decades, the agricultural GDP of the world has grown 5 times, exceeding $ 1.5 trillion. In the early 90s. China became the leader (11% of world agricultural production), Russia took the second place

(10%), third - USA (7.5%), fourth - India (7%), fifth - Japan (6%). Thus, a small group of five leading countries produced 2/5 of the world's output.

The total value of a country's agricultural products does not yet determine the real level of food and raw material supply for its population; more precisely, this is evidenced by data on value added per capita. According to this indicator, small Western European states (Iceland, Ireland, Finland) and New Zealand are among the most wealthy countries. They are followed by a group of agriculturally prosperous countries, consisting of Western European (Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands) and overseas developed powers (Japan, Canada, Australia, USA). Of the developing countries, Algeria has the highest rates and, to a much lesser extent, Brazil. The level of agricultural provision of the most densely populated countries of the world - China and India - is 5-6 times lower than that of Canada and the USA.

There is an interrelationship between world agriculture and the global food system, which is influenced by factors such as physical and geographical conditions and population distribution, transport and trade, world economy and politics. The level of food security is also reflected in the position of countries in world trade. In contrast to the first half of the 20th century, when the main food exporters were countries of different levels, including middle and low economic development For the past half century, food exports have been mainly carried out by developed countries.

There are several types of countries according to the food situation:

• major food exporters (USA, Canada, Australia, individual EU states);
• small exporting countries (Finland, Hungary);
• rich food-deficit countries that import it (Japan, OPEC states);
• food insecure countries (China, India, South American states);
• food-deficit but wealthy countries natural resources to achieve self-sufficiency (Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines);
• countries with growing food shortages (sub-Saharan Africa, Bangladesh, Nepal, Haiti).

In general, at present, almost 3/4 of world agricultural exports come from developed countries. Developing countries, which were the main exporters 50 years ago, are now the leading importers of grains and agricultural raw materials, retaining leadership only in the export of tropical products (coffee, cocoa, tea, bananas, sugar). In fact, the bulk of agricultural trade, both exports and imports, is between developed countries. Developing countries send 2/3 of their exports to developed countries, and countries with economies in transition - more than half. Imports of third world countries consist of 2/3 of the products of developed countries, and in the imports of Eastern Europe and the CIS, more than 2/5 are goods of developing countries and 2/5 are agricultural products of the OECD, i.e. developed countries.

The largest consumer of food and agricultural raw materials - Western Europe takes half of the world's food imports and more than 2/5 of raw materials. North America (USA and Canada) accounts for 1/10, Japan - slightly more. The entire third world receives 1/5 of agricultural goods, even Asia receives only a little more than 1/10 of world food imports and 1/6 of agricultural raw materials. Eastern Europe and the CIS, China and some other Asian countries receive only 1/10 of food and 1/20 of raw materials. The trend of the last three decades is a slight increase in the share of developing countries while reducing the share of countries with economies in transition in world agricultural trade. However, in the 90s. the situation in Eastern Europe and the CIS has become more complicated due to the collapse of agriculture; per capita food production fell. This caused an increase in imports, in Russia, for example, now half of the food consumed is imported.

The huge variety of agricultural enterprises united in agricultural areas requires a typological approach. The type of agriculture represents a stable combination of social and production characteristics of this industry, including agrarian relations, specialization, production intensity, level of material and technical equipment, methods and systems of agriculture and animal husbandry. At the global level, a typology of agricultural areas is considered higher order, while the regions of individual countries form subsystems of the second order. Has a special character typological classification agricultural enterprises. The dominant type or "a set of several types of agricultural enterprises (farms) determines the type of districts.

Three main categories of types of world agriculture can be distinguished, differing in marketability and level of material and technical equipment:

• consumer and semi-commodity economy based on manual labor and in some places using human draft power;
• semi-commodity economy, using manual labor and live draft power;
• commodity economy with modern technical means of production.

Each category includes several socio-economic groups characterized by a certain social structure, different specializations, composition of crops or livestock types, and different intensity of production:

Consumer and semi-commodity traditional agriculture with communal and tribal relations:

• Consumer agriculture in combination with appropriating forms of economy (gathering, hunting, fishing). Distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America. The main crops are root and tubers, cereals, legumes, woody plants (oil palm). Slash-and-burn agriculture.
• Nomadic pasture and livestock farming with different types of livestock (camels, sheep, horses, deer). It is represented in arid subtropical, tropical and temperate zones of Asia and Africa, as well as in the cold and cool zone of Asia and Northern Europe.

Commodity and semi-commodity traditional peasant and landlord-latifundist economy:

• Agricultural and agricultural-livestock economy of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The main crops are food grains (rice, corn, millet), the main cash crops are bananas, coffee, tea, cocoa beans, sisal, and rubber plants. Extensive animal husbandry (productive and draft animals) is not associated with crop production.
• Labor-intensive grain farming (rice farming) in Asia.
• Diversified agricultural and livestock economy. Distributed in Asia and Latin America, partly in the South and Western Europe. Variety of commercial and consumer crops grown, as well as types of livestock. Animal husbandry is closely related to agriculture.

Commodity and semi-commodity, mainly specialized capitalist agriculture (farming and corporate):

· Extensive grain farming (North America, Australia).

· Extensive grazing (North America, Australia, South Africa).

· Intensive agriculture (Western Europe, North America, Japan).

· Intensive animal husbandry (Western Europe, North America, New Zealand).

· Intensive agricultural and livestock farming (North America, Western Europe).

· Plantation crop farming in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America.

Commodity and semi-commodity, mainly specialized and diversified state-cooperative, farm and peasant economy with different material and technical equipment. Distributed in countries with economies in transition in Eastern Europe and the CIS, in some countries of East Asia, in Cuba.

• Extensive farming (grain farming) (Russia, Kazakhstan).
• Intensive farming (grain and industrial crops, fruit growing) (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, China, Cuba).
• Extensive grazing (Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia).
• Intensive animal husbandry (Russia, Ukraine).
• Agricultural and livestock intensive farming (Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine, Russia).

Asia. In this largest agricultural region of the world, where more than a quarter of agricultural land is concentrated and the task is to provide food for 3/5 of the inhabitants of the planet, almost all the main groups of social production types of agriculture are represented (A, B, I C, II C). Diversity natural landscapes cold, cool, temperate and hot zones and the dominance of a mixed economy, while maintaining the agrarian forms of many past eras and features of eastern civilizations, contributed to the formation of a complex system of agricultural regions. Here there are diversified and specialized areas with varying degrees of marketability and different levels of material and technical equipment, with intensive and extensive forms of production. However, here a smaller place than in Africa is occupied by consumer and semi-commodity communal slash-and-burn agriculture (Southeast Asia). In the vast arid areas of semi-deserts and deserts, traditional semi-commodity nomadic and semi-nomadic pasture animal husbandry is widespread, combined with oasis agriculture.

The specificity of the continent is the large role of labor-intensive agriculture and "bed" architecture, the predominance of semi-commodity agriculture based on manual labor and living draft power. An example of this is rice growing (partly on irrigation) - a characteristic type of agriculture in monsoonal East and Southeast Asia. Significant areas in South, East and West Asia are occupied by rainfed semi-commodity and commercial grain farming, which includes various grain crops (wheat, corn and rice).

Relatively smaller areas are covered by commercial agriculture with modern means of production. This includes rice growing with small-scale mechanization (Japan), fruit growing (Israel), suburban intensive animal husbandry and agriculture. In a number of areas of Western Asia, the Mediterranean type of agriculture is represented: fruit growing (olives, citrus fruits), viticulture, cereals and industrial crops. Of great international importance is intensive commercial agriculture with an export orientation, which includes capitalist plantation farming (technical and special crops) in the tropical and subtropical zones. Their analogue is the specialized production of technical and special crops (cotton, sugarcane, tea) is typical for states with economies in transition (the Asian republics of the CIS, China, the DRV).

Over the past decades, Asia has been the fastest growing region in world agriculture, both in terms of total gross and marketable output, and in terms of production per capita. The rise of the agrarian sector in the PRC, as well as in India, played a crucial role. Number of countries with low (less than established norm) food security per capita has decreased and Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Cambodia remained among them. On the world market, Asia acts as a supplier of tropical and subtropical crop products (tea, cane sugar, natural rubber, sugar cane, copra).

North and Central America. This region, stretching from the cold Arctic regions to the equatorial hot zone, uses only a small part (less than a third) of its land resources in agriculture. In fact, agricultural production is concentrated in the temperate and hot zone with a high agro-climatic potential. Here the dichotomy is clearly manifested - the division into the Anglo-American and Latin American parts, i.e. to developed and developing countries.

The former (USA, Canada) are characterized by a commodity entrepreneurial economy with modern means of production. prevails farming and large entrepreneurial (corporate), both extensive and intensive, mostly specialized. FROM late XIX in. vast specialized agricultural regions have been formed, partly changed over the past half century. Among them are areas of extensive, non-irrigated agriculture - grain farming (wheat) in the steppe zone, extensive pastoral animal husbandry (Cordillera and foothills of the Great Plains). In the area of ​​tall grass prairie, a corn and soybean belt of intensive agricultural and livestock farming has long been established. In the humid subtropical Southeast of the United States, a change of specialization took place, and instead of a cotton belt, an area of ​​​​intensive animal husbandry (poultry) and special crops (peanuts, cotton), as well as fruit growing, appeared. On irrigated lands in the western and southwestern parts of the tropical zone areas of fruit growing, vegetable growing, cotton growing and intensive dairy and meat cattle breeding were formed. Dairy farming areas remain in the humid forest zone near the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Only in remote mountainous and northern areas there are areas of semi-commodity agriculture in combination with forestry, hunting and fishing.

Mexico and Central America have a wide range of different types agriculture - from primitive communal to semi-commodity latifundists, from commodity capitalist to socialist cooperative-state (Cuba). Most of of these forms has analogues in South America. Especially important role in Central America, commercial plantation farming (bananas, coffee, sugarcane) plays a rich history dating back to the colonial period. The entire region is experiencing chronic overproduction of agricultural products of various types. As a result of appropriate state regulation, the growth of production in Lately moderate. North America is a major exporter of food (wheat, meat, fruits, sugar) and agricultural raw materials (fodder grains, cotton fiber). At the same time, it is a major importer of tropical products, as well as some products of the temperate zone.

South America. This territory, which stretches from the equator to the cool zone in the southern hemisphere, has the richest land and soil-climatic resources, which are still little used (agricultural land occupies only a third of the total land area). As in other regions of recent European colonization, the process of formation of agricultural areas continues here. The existing districts have varying degrees marketability and the unequal level of technical equipment, they also differ in quite diverse forms of agrarian relations. The vast area of ​​the forest Amazon is classified as consumer hoe slash-and-burn agriculture, combined with gathering and hunting. Another area inhabited by native Indians belongs to the consumer and semi-commodity economy - the zone of mountain and pasture animal husbandry of the Andes.

Dominated by specialized areas of commercial agriculture, landlord-latifundist and entrepreneurial capitalist type. This includes areas of extensive grazing (meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, wool and meat and wool sheep breeding) in the north, east and south of the continent in the steppes and savannas. In the southeast, mechanized grain farming (wheat, corn) is developed in Pampa. Plantations of industrial and food crops (coffee, cocoa, bananas, sugar cane) and orchards are characteristic of many coastal areas of the tropical and subtropical belt. In addition to these areas of commodity production, in various regions there are small areas of semi-commodity economy based on manual labor and live draft power. Here the peasants grow food crops and commodity crops (sugar cane, cotton, kenaf, etc.). Currently, South America is the second largest region after Asia in terms of growth in agricultural production. The calorie content of food only in some countries (Bolivia, Peru) is below the norm. The region is an important exporter of grains (wheat, corn), soybeans, tropical crops (coffee, cocoa), livestock products, and drugs.

Western Europe. The main feature of Western Europe - the mosaic nature of agricultural areas is determined by the specifics of physical geography and historical conditions. With a variety of local production forms in the region, there are relatively fewer differences in social types.

The distribution of farms in the subtropical, temperate and partly (Northern Europe) in the cold zone determined the composition of crops grown and livestock species. The intensity of agriculture intensifies in the direction from the humid Atlantic to the dry Mediterranean climate: hence the transition from field crops to fruit growing and viticulture, to perennial tree and shrub crops. On the contrary, the intensity of animal husbandry increases with distance from the mountainous Mediterranean to the North German Plain. Areas of intensive suburban economy are confined to the zone of concentration of the urban population in Central Europe. In contrast to North America and Australia, in this entire region, the main importance is the specialization of farms, and not areas, among which multi-industry complexes, mainly high-intensity ones, dominate.

This region, located predominantly in the temperate zone and where densely populated economically developed states are concentrated, is characterized by commercial agriculture of the entrepreneurial capitalist type with modern means of production.

Intensive agriculture dominates here (for example, field crops - cereals, legumes, root crops, or a combination of field crops, fruit and vegetable growing), agricultural and livestock farming, as well as intensive dairy and meat and milk cattle breeding. They are characterized by a close relationship between agriculture and animal husbandry, and a strong development of fodder production. These types of farms occupy Central Europe and the southern parts of Northern Europe. A significant role is played by greenhouse-hothouse farming (fruits, vegetables, flowers). In the Mediterranean regions, subtropical fruit growing, viticulture, vegetable growing and floriculture are of great importance. Suburban farming with intensive animal husbandry (pig breeding, poultry farming, dairy cattle breeding, fattening of beef cattle) and vegetable growing is distinguished by a large variety of products.

Small areas in Southern Europe belong to the traditional low-intensity economy with communal and semi-feudal relations, here the semi-commodity latifundist economy has been preserved.

Semi-commodity agriculture is represented by two types: grain farming (combined with industrial crops) and subtropical fruit growing (combined with vegetable growing). These types in the form of small areas are found in Southern Europe. There are three types in the group of semi-commodity and commercial agriculture. The first is extensive grain farming (wheat) and animal husbandry (sheep, meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding) in central Spain. The second - mountain pasture sheep breeding and beef cattle breeding - is common in the mountainous regions of the Mediterranean. The third - commercial and agricultural type is found in the mountainous forest regions of Northern Europe.

Reaching in the 70s. self-sufficiency and in subsequent years, having experienced a crisis of overproduction, primarily of livestock products, the countries of Europe strengthened state regulation of agriculture, mainly within the framework of the common agricultural policy of the EU. Recently, the growth of agricultural production has stabilized. Western Europe acts as the largest exporter of meat and dairy products and a number of crop products from the temperate zone. Imports feed, tropical products, some types of food.

Eastern Europe. In agriculture in this region in the 90s. there were radical social and production shifts caused by the transition to a market economy. Instead of the large state-cooperative enterprises that dominated in most countries (except Poland and Yugoslavia), a multistructural system was created that included, in addition to the remainder of the old farms, new forms large enterprises(cooperative, joint-stock, corporate), individual farms and a sharply increased number of personal subsidiary plots (II B). During the transition to market relations, the circle of sellers of agricultural products greatly expanded, but at the same time the concentration of commodity production decreased and the share of consumer and semi-commodity farms increased.

In Russia, for example, until the 90s. Collective farms and state farms provided 90% of the products (the average area of ​​a collective farm is 5.4 thousand hectares, and that of a state farm is 3.9 thousand hectares). Today, the remaining 10,000 collective farms and state farms, together with the new 17,000 large enterprises, provide 54% of the output, while the 285,000 individual farms that have emerged (average area 43 hectares) supply only 2% of the output. At the same time, personal subsidiary plots provide 44% of the country's total agricultural output. The destruction of production, technological and economic ties between agriculture and industry and between agricultural sectors (mainly between agriculture and animal husbandry, the decline in forage production) led to the collapse of the agricultural economy, a reduction in livestock and livestock products. The competition of imported goods dealt a blow to livestock and crop farms. The decline in the standard of living of the population, the fall in purchasing power led to a reduction in the domestic food market.

All countries of Eastern Europe, except Russia, are located in the temperate and subtropical zones, in natural conditions predominantly favorable for agriculture. However, extensive Northern part Russia is located in a cool and cold zone, which sharply limits the development of agriculture (the biological productivity of land in Russia is 2.7 times lower than in the United States). Hence, if in Western Europe agricultural land occupies almost 3/5 of the land area, then in Eastern Europe - only 1/5. In the second half of the XX century. agriculture in Eastern Europe has become a commercial mechanized production, dominated by large collective and state enterprises, both specialized and diversified.

The existing agricultural areas in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are closer in type to Western European ones, while in Russia they are more similar to North American ones. This is manifested in specialization, level of intensity, scale of production and size of the territory. In Central-Eastern Europe and the adjacent parts of the Baltic and CIS countries, predominantly intensive forms of agriculture and animal husbandry have developed.

The Baltic regions are characterized by agricultural and livestock farming (meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, grain and potato growing) with a developed fodder production. The same group with this type includes the economy of the areas of dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, potato growing and flax growing in Belarus and Ukraine, as well as the areas of dairy and meat cattle breeding in the north-west and partly in the north of the European part of Russia. To the south, during the transition from the forest-steppe to the forest zone, agricultural and livestock farming is widespread, already with a predominance of such cereals as wheat and corn, industrial (sugar beet), dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding. In the southernmost regions, the importance of fruit growing and viticulture is growing. In the Mediterranean and Black Sea zones, a combination of subtropical agriculture is characteristic, i.e. fruit growing (in the Mediterranean - citrus fruits, olives), viticulture, vegetable growing with pasture unproductive animal husbandry (sheep breeding).

The steppe zone of Ukraine and Russia is dominated by areas of predominantly grain farming and meat and dairy cattle breeding (grain - wheat, corn, technical - sugar beet, sunflower), supplemented in different areas by pig or sheep breeding. In Western Siberia, for example, an area of ​​​​grain farming (wheat), meat and dairy cattle breeding and sheep breeding has developed in the steppe zone, and a little to the north (southern edge of mixed forests) big role meat and dairy cattle breeding and grain farming. In the arid landscapes of dry steppes and semi-deserts, pastoral animal husbandry (beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding) dominates. The specificity of the North of Russia is the reindeer-breeding and commercial type of economy, which is distinguished by an extremely extensive form of production. Here, in the zone of tundra and forest-tundra, herds of deer are kept on pastures year-round, making seasonal hauls. The most intensive type of agriculture remains suburban, concentrated around large urban agglomerations.

Eastern Europe is a traditional exporter of crop products (grain, flax, vegetables, fruits) and a number of livestock products in the past. However, over the past two decades, the role of imports, both food and agricultural raw materials, has grown. In the transitional economy, the decline in agricultural production and food self-sufficiency has exacerbated the food problem. The region has approached the position of developing countries.

Africa. In this region, as well as in Asia and South America, the majority are developing countries with a diversified economy, which is directly related to agriculture. Here, the share of types of consumer and semi-commodity agriculture based on manual labor and live draft power has been increased. Primitive agriculture, combined with gathering and hunting, has been preserved. Large territories rainforest remain a zone of slash-and-burn hoe farming of a semi-commodity type. Root and tuber crops and cereals, perennial tree crops (oil and coconut palm, cocoa, coffee) are grown here. In the arid parts of the hot zone, semi-nomadic and nomadic pastoral animal husbandry is characteristic; camels, sheep, goats - in deserts, semi-deserts, cattle - in savannahs. In the oases of these regions - plow irrigated agriculture ( date palm, cereals, vegetables).

Commodity farming is represented in the arid regions of the temperate zone by specialized pastoral animal husbandry (wool and meat sheep breeding, astrakhan breeding, beef cattle breeding), and in other areas - by agricultural and livestock farming. Of great economic importance is the commodity plantation economy, located in the hot and subtropical zone and focused on the cultivation of tropical and subtropical industrial and special crops (bananas, pineapples, peanuts, oil and coconut palms, sugar cane, tea, coffee, cocoa beans, tobacco, etc.). rubber, cotton, sisal, vanilla, etc.

In conditions of accelerated population growth, the currently achieved moderate rates of increase in agricultural production (by 9% in the 1990s) have led in Africa to a continuing decline in per capita agricultural and food production. The vast majority of countries do not provide residents with food with the appropriate calorie content. The situation is especially difficult in Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Angola and Somalia, where the calorie content of food is 20-27% below the norm. African exports include mainly tropical technical and fruit crops, as well as some animal products (wool, leather, skins). In many countries there is a dangerous competition in the production of food and export crops, there is a dependence on food imports. Rich land and agro-climatic resources are underutilized.

Australia and Oceania. The agricultural production of this region is dominated by developed countries - Australia and New Zealand. Other small island states have retained subsistence and semi-commercial agriculture combined with gathering, hunting and fishing (A); only small areas of plantation economy arose. Australia and New Zealand have an almost socially homogeneous agricultural area. It is characterized by commercial farming, using modern technical means. The abundance of land resources at a low population density stimulated extensive use them. Large specialized agricultural regions have been formed, corresponding to the natural conditions of the hot, temperate and subtropical zones and the economic and geographical position. Uneven distribution of the population concentrated in coastal zones with favorable climatic conditions, affected the structure and intensity of production.

A natural feature of Australia is the predominance of vast areas of deserts and semi-deserts with a hot, arid tropical and subtropical climate. Associated with it is the widespread commercial extensive animal husbandry on natural pastures (beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding). The agrolandscapes of the humid parts of the subtropical and temperate zones are used for intensive animal husbandry (on cultivated pastures). Meat, meat and dairy and dairy intensive cattle breeding and intensive agriculture (vegetable and fruit growing) are located closer to the cities, and irrigation plays an important role here. In the south of Australia, in the semi-humid zone of the subtropical belt, an agricultural and livestock economy has developed with a specialization in grain farming (wheat) in combination with beef cattle breeding and sheep breeding (on irrigated cultivated pastures). On the east coast, in the humid part of the subequatorial and tropical zone, there are areas for the production of industrial crops (sugar cane) and tropical fruit crops (bananas, pineapples), cotton is grown in the subtropical zone.

On the world market, Australia and New Zealand are suppliers of livestock products (dairy products, meat, wool), grains and fruits. Changes in world prices for these commodities often lead to sharp fluctuations in the area under crops, the number of livestock and the volume of agricultural products.

Similar information.

1. On the map of agriculture, find the main areas of intensive agricultural production and try to explain in relation to each case why they have developed here.

The areas of intensive agricultural production include the South of Sweden and Finland, as well as Great Britain. The key agricultural branch that characterizes agriculture in Finland is animal husbandry. Finland is a country of meadows and large agricultural lands, which determines its status as a country of intensive agriculture. In the south of Sweden, where the growing season lasts more than 250 days, peasant farms differ little from those in Denmark and Northern Germany. In Skåne, almost 80% of the land is arable. The share of arable land is reduced to 30% in the lakeside basins of Central Sweden, where the duration of the growing season does not exceed 200 days. Nevertheless, in this area, located near the largest city markets, commercial agriculture has been widely developed.

2. Choose the correct statements:

1) India, Brazil, USA, Russia, France are distinguished by the number of cattle. (+)

2) agriculture includes agriculture and forestry.

3) the largest rice producer - China (+)

4) cereal crops occupy half of the cultivated area of ​​the world (+)

3. Match.

1) the largest producer of wheat

2) the largest areas under sugar cane

3) the largest areas under cocoa

4) the most developed sheep breeding is characterized.

A) India B) USA C) Australia D) Ivory Coast.

1-USA 2-India 3-Ivory Coast 4-Australia

4. The following categories of agriculture are distinguished:

a) natural b) semi-commercial c) commodity d) high-commodity

Subsistence farming is a primitive type of farming, in which production is aimed only at satisfying one's own needs (not for sale). Everything needed is produced within the economic unit, and there is no need for a market. Semi-commodity farming is a transitional type of farming between subsistence farming and commodity farming. A commodity economy is a form of economic organization when goods are produced by separate isolated producers, and exchange (trade) is required to meet needs. Highly marketable economy - a deeply specialized agriculture, represented by large and well-organized organizations, with a developed agro-industrial complex, leading role in which the food industry plays.

5. In Asia and Africa, 3/5 of the population is employed in agriculture, in South America - 1/5, in Europe and North America - only 1/10. How can you explain these differences in employment rates?

In Asia and Africa fertile soils(not counting the Sahara, of course) and the inhabitants of these continents have nothing more to earn, and they are engaged in villages. households, in South America the majority is employed in mining, and Europe and North America are knowledge-intensive production, hence the low share of employment in agriculture.

6. Along with agro-climatic conditions and the level of technical equipment of agriculture, agrarian relations largely determine the efficiency of the world's agricultural sector. Why?

Because agrarian relations are an integral part of economic relations that comprehensively cover the entire network of the agricultural sector, relations regarding the ownership and use of land as the main resource, as well as the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of agricultural products.

7. What are the natural conditions for the cultivation of sorghum, barley, flax?

Sorghum is the most heat-resistant crop among field crops; it grows well on saline soils, while taking salt out of the soil and converting hard-to-reach forms of phosphorus into more accessible ones. Main producers: USA, Nigeria, India, Mexico, Sudan. Well adapting to many growing conditions, barley is very picky about soil fertility. The plant does not grow well on acidic soils, young plants are especially affected. Growing barley is not recommended on soils with excessive moisture. Low yields were also noted on solonetzic and light sandy soils. More than 60% of the world area under fiber flax crops is concentrated in the CIS countries. Significant areas of flax are in Poland, Romania, France, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and the Netherlands. The world area under oil flax crops is approximately 1 million hectares. Its large arrays are concentrated in Argentina, USA, Canada, India.

8. It is known that the amount of mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of arable land indicates the level of intensity of agriculture. However, the negative effects began to appear in the countries that were most active in increasing fertilizer rates. Find out what they are and how to avoid them.

1. Excess fertilizer enters water bodies with rainwater, causing them to eutrophicate and bloom.

2. Nitrates can accumulate in the actual parts of plants that a person uses for food - poisoning is possible.

3. Everything is good in moderation, so fertilizers should be used without exceeding the required amount.