In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.
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Morphological features
Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.
Participle
Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:
- checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
- checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).
Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).
It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).
From all of the above the following conclusion follows: this part speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.
Participle
The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that means additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:
- view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
- repayment(pretending sya).
Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.
What is the difference
First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.
The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:
- Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
- Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).
Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:
- definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
- part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).
Suffixes
The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.
Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.
| View | Suffixes | Examples |
| Perfect | -v, -lice, -shi | Throwing, bending, saving |
| Imperfect | -and I); -uchi (obsolete forms) | Counting, sneaking |
It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.
Important! When forming forms perfect form The suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: having looked, correct: having looked.
Participles are not formed from the following verbs imperfect form:
- ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
- having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
- run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.
Condition the right choice vowel in the suffixes of present participles - knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.
note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.
Table 3
Table 4
The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:
Spelling with NOT
Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.
In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be”, “poorly”, for example - having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.
The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of the participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .
Use of one and two letters "n"
Double letter -nn- in the suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:
- prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
- dependent words: steamed in the oven;
- suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
- the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.
At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.
Isolation of syntactic constructions
This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, determine the boundaries of these structures, and find the word to which they refer.
Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial . Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.
Participial
Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:
- personal: Lulled with gentle words mother, he was fast asleep. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
- stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
- has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.
The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.
Participial turnover
It denotes the additional action of the predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.
Important! The exception is the revolutions that have passed into the category set expressions, somehow: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.
Compare two sentences:
- Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
- The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).
In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.
Common grammatical errors
The most common mistake is incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:
Tikhon was a weak-willed man, completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.
The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man.” Correct option sounds like this:
Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.
Passive and active participles are often confused:
Among lottery tickets was won.
From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.
When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.
The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”
Correct option: Understanding the depth of the spiritual values of the people, the hero changed his worldview.
For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences, conveying a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.
Communion and gerund: what's the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation
Participial
Conclusion
It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, replace a series of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.
Some linguists consider gerunds to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech.
A gerund is a special unchangeable form of a verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb within itself and indicates how, why, when an action called a predicate verb is performed: The waves are rushing rattling And sparkling . Participles rattling And sparkling indicate additional actions associated with the action rushing(predicate).
The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also likely How? Why? how? When? and etc.: leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with words dependent on it is called participial phrase: Standing on a stool , he took out books from the top shelf.
The main signs of the participle
A) General grammatical meaning
A gerund denotes an additional action that indicates how the action of the predicate verb is performed: standing at the window, he intently read the note handed to him.
B) Morphological characteristics
1. Participles are formed from verbs and retain subsequent ones signs of verbs:
Wed: think about mom (imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable verb) - thinking(imperfect form, intransitive, irrevocable gerund); think (perfective, intransitive, reflexive verb) - lost in thought(perfect form, intransitive, reflexive gerund).
2. Participles have subsequent signs of adverbs:
B) Syntactic features (role in a sentence)
In a sentence, the gerund and participial phrase in most cases play a role incidents, however, with all this, they can be adjacent to various members of the sentence.
Note. A gerund, adjacent to a predicate, can also denote an additional action accompanying the action, expressed by the predicate: The clouds are swirling mleya in red glitter . IN in this case The participle is a minor predicate. The gerund in the first meaning (adverbial) does not allow substitution by the conjugated form of the verb: They went slowly and submissively, like geese; in the 2nd meaning (of the secondary predicate) such an alternative is probable: The trees tremble joyfully, swimming in the blue sky (cf.: The trees tremble joyfully, bathe in the blue sky).
Note. In all of the above sentences, the actions indicated by the gerund and the predicate verb belong to the same person (or thing) - the subject of the action. Only if this condition is present, the use of gerunds is permissible in modern literary language. In this case, the gerund and predicate denote actions various persons, the use of gerunds is especially inconsistent modern standards. See carefully: What are syntactic norms consumption of gerunds and participial phrases?
Morphological analysis participles:
1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
2. Original form.
3.
4.
5. Syntactic role(which part of the sentence is the participle in this sentence).
Standard for parsing gerunds
He hurt himself falling from his horse.
Having fallen
1. Participle because it denotes an additional action; answers questions when? what did you do?
2. N. f. — having fallen.
3. Unchangeable morphological characteristics:
4. Inconstant morphological features (unchangeable word).
5. Forms an adverbial phrase with a noun form from a horse; in a sentence, the participial phrase is an event of time.
Additionally:
Source of material Internet site
Chapter “Communication as a form of verbal-adverbial formation” in the manual by N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomina. "Modern Russian language"
Additionally on the site:
What does a gerund mean as a part of speech?
Some linguists consider gerunds to be a special form of the verb, while others consider them to be an independent part of speech. A gerund is a special unchangeable form of a verb (or an independent part of speech), which denotes an additional action, combines within itself the signs of a verb and an adverb and indicates how, why, when an action called a predicate verb is performed: The waves rush, thundering and sparkling . The participles rattling and sparkling mean...
Russian language, in addition to independent and service units speech, is also rich in so-called special forms. These include the reflexive participle and all types of participles in general. Many linguists still cannot come to a consensus about this part of speech. Some argue that this is an independent part of speech, while others argue that the role of the verb in the formation and use of the gerund is too great to talk about its independence.
Definition
First, let's remember that this is an independent part of speech or it is also called a special form of the verb, which means an action during the main action. Answers the questions “Doing what?”, “Having done what?”
Similar verb forms exist in many languages, except Russian: in Latin, French and others and are called gerunds.
By origin, the gerund belongs to the inarticulate form, in other words, to short form participles in nominative case. And it arose due to the loss of the declension form of the inarticulate participle.
Dual nature
A gerund of any kind is often confused with a verb or an adverb. And all because this part of speech has a dual nature.
Let's look at what features the verb and adverb have given to the gerund:
Verb marker | Adverb mark |
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Availability of the species |
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Perfect | Imperfect |
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Example: overcoming, building, smiling. |
Example: overcoming, building, smiling. |
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Transitional | Intransitive |
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Has a dependent word in it accusative case without pretext. Example: exploring the area | Does not have a dependent word in the accusative case. Example: walking, enjoying |
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Repayment |
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Returnable | Non-refundable | |
Example: bathing (from bathing), bathing (from having bathed) |
Example: opening (from open), having built (from build) |
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Syntactic role |
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In a sentence it is a circumstance of the manner of action. Example (irreflexive participle): I listened without interrupting. Without thinking about anything bad, the travelers moved towards the rocks. Example (reflexive participle): Returning, I found only my father at home. |
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Spelling with "not"
In frequent cases, the participle with the particle “not” is written separately (because everyone remembers well-known rule: “not” with verbs is written separately).
Example: without reading, without deciding.
But, as you know, there are exceptions to the rules. The reflexive participle and other types of this part of speech with the particle “not” will be written together if:
- The participle is formed from verbs that are not used without “not” (indignant, underestimating, having not seen enough);
- The participle is formed from verbs with the prefix “nedo-” (not enough salt, not enough sleep).
In addition, any word and its spelling must be looked at in context. The insidious Russian language can bring surprises; even guidelines for the suffixes of reflexive and non-reflexive participles cannot help.
Example: “not eating enough” and “not eating enough.”
My sister leaves for university without finishing her breakfast. - Here the word is used in the context of “does not eat the whole thing.”
During the war, people could live without food for months. - Here the word is used in the context of “they didn’t eat enough, they were almost hungry.”
Syntactic role
The reflexive participle, as well as other types of participles, have the following features:
- They adjoin the predicate verb, being a circumstance.
- They don't conjugate.
- Rarely adjacent to a nominal predicate, which is a noun or short adjective.
- Adjacent to the predicate, denoting an additional action that accompanies the main action expressed by the predicate;
- Replacement with the conjugated form of the verb is possible.
In written speech there are those that are separated by commas.
1. As already noted (see paragraph 3.1. Parts of speech. The word and its forms), the gerund is characterized in linguistics in different ways.
Some linguists consider adverbs to be a special form of the verb, others - an independent part of speech. In this manual we adhere to last point vision.
Participle- an independent part of speech, which denotes an additional action, combines the properties of a verb and an adverb and shows how, why, when an action caused by a predicate verb is performed.
The participle answers questions doing what? what did you do? Questions are also possible How? Why? how? When? and etc.
Leaving, waiting, seeing.
A gerund with dependent words is called participial phrase.
Having gone to the village, waiting to go on stage, seeing my brother.
Basic signs of gerunds
| A) General grammatical meaning | Examples |
| This is a designation of an additional action, which shows how the action of the predicate verb is performed. | Standing at the window, he carefully read the note handed to him. |
| B) Morphological characteristics | Examples |
| A combination of the characteristics of a verb and an adverb in one word. | |
| Participles are formed from verbs and retain the following characteristics of verbs: |
Wed: think(imperfect form, irrevocable) - thinking; think(perfect form, irrevocable) - after thinking; think about it(perfect form, reflexive) - lost in thought |
| Participles are distributed like verbs. | Thinking about mother - thinking about mother; think about the future - thinking about the future; quarrel with mother - having quarreled with mother.. |
| The participles have the following signs of adverbs: | |
|
|
Reading, reading, deciding. |
|
|
Having passed the note, he stepped aside. |
| B) Syntactic features | Examples |
| In a sentence, the gerund depends on the predicate verb. | |
| In a sentence, the adverbial participle and participial phrase play the role of adverbial circumstances. | [When?] Passing the note, he stepped aside. |
2. Formation of participles- gerunds are formed from verbs using special suffixes - -a, -ya, -v, -lice, -shi:
- participles imperfect form are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -а, -я:
be silent: silent - at → silently;
decide: deciding - ut → deciding; - participles perfect form are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes -v, -vshi, -shi:
shut up: shut up - t → falling silent;
decide: decide - t → having decided;
to do: busy - t-xia → busy;
bring: brought - you → brought.
3. Single gerunds can lose the characteristics of a verb and become adverbs. In this case, the former gerunds cease to denote a secondary action (they cannot be replaced by verbal forms, they usually cannot be asked questions doing what? what did you do?), but denote only a sign of action, like adverbs, and answer the question how?
Participles that have become adverbs are not separated by commas.
For example: Dasha listened silently, often closing her eyes (Gorbatov). Closing - gerund, as it has dependent words and can be replaced(cf.: verb form).
Dasha listened and often closed her eyes Silently - an adverb, since it no longer denotes an additional action (one question is asked to it How? ; question doing what? cannot be specified); in this context, the following actions cannot be compared as equal actions: And listened was silent cannot be specified); in this context, the following actions cannot be compared as equal actions:).
(silence accompanied the only action -
4. Morphological analysis of gerunds:
| Plan for parsing participles | I | ||
| Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | II | ||
| Initial form. Morphological characteristics: | A | ||
| 1 | Constant morphological characteristics: | ||
| 2 | view; | ||
| repayment. | B Variable morphological characters | ||
| (unchangeable word). | III Role in sentence | ||
(which part of the sentence is the participle in this sentence). He hurt himself falling from a horse
Having fallen
- (Turgenev). Participle, as it denotes an additional action; answers the questions
- When? what did you do? N. f. - having fallen
. Morphological characteristics:
A) Constant morphological characteristics:
1) perfect form;
2) irrevocable. - Forms an adverbial phrase with a noun form B) Variable morphological features (unchangeable word). from a horse
; in a sentence, the participial phrase is an adverbial adverb of time. The Russian language is rich and diverse. This is largely due to the presence in it large quantities
parts of speech. One sentence can indicate not only the main, but also an additional action through the use of a gerund.
This category of words allows you to saturate the text with information, give it additional shades, make it deeper and more voluminous. The participle as a part of speech helps the author to paint a rich, figurative picture in fewer words.
- The participle is a special form of the verb. It differs from other parts of speech in the following ways:
- Does not change by numbers, cases, genders.
- In a sentence, it denotes not the main action (the verb does this), but a secondary one. Answers two questions: doing what? having done what?, performs the function of determination.
It has grammatical features of two categories at once - and the verb.
Examples: While telling the story, she smiled pleasantly. The car turned around and raised a lot of dust. While collecting berries, they quietly went out onto the road.
The meaning of participles in speech is determined by their function to express an additional action. It is usually attached to a predicate verb.
In rare cases, to a nominal predicate, which can be expressed as a noun or a short adjective. It complements and clarifies the main action that is described in the sentence.
According to the rules of the Russian language, the actions of the predicate verb and the one described by the gerund can only concern the same subject.
Example: After dinner, the warriors went to bed, letting their tangled horses run across the grass.
This part of speech as a special form of the verb denotes an action, but a secondary one. It somehow characterizes, clarifies, emotionally colors it, conveys different qualitative shades in a laconic and bright form.
- runs, jumping;
- said, grinning;
- sang, enjoying;
- decided without thinking.
A part of speech, denoting an action, simultaneously names its sign. This additional action never coincides with the main one, which is indicated by the predicate.
Participle as part of speech
For example, in the sentence “The man spoke while grinning,” it is clear that the subject is speaking (the main action) and grinning (the secondary action). How did the person speak? - Grinning. The sign, the emotional characteristic of the main action, is conveyed.
Interesting fact! Until the 18th century, adverbial forms were not used in written speech, but they were an integral feature of folk art.
Varieties
From the verbs of gerunds they borrowed the form - perfect or imperfect. This sign indicates the passage of an action over time.
If a secondary action has already been completed, completed, preceded the main action or was performed immediately after it, then this is a perfect form. Such words raise the question: what did you do?
- be happy when you see a classmate;
- finally waking up, sneezing loudly;
- leave by slamming the door.
The imperfect form indicates that a secondary action occurs at the same time as the main one. This kind of question – what to do?
- look out the window, smiling widely;
- walking down the street talking to a friend;
- write work while listening to music.
Participles are transitive and intransitive. This is also a sign inherited from the verb.
Interesting facts about participles
It is transitive if a noun in the accusative case can be attached to it without a preposition. The action seems to shift to the object. It would be possible to ask the question what? (writing poetry, reading a magazine, going around the cracks).
It will not be possible to find such nouns for intransitive gerunds, or they will be with prepositions (walking in the garden, washing in the morning, walking to the railway).
Participles have another grammatical feature from the verb - reflexivity. Reflexive participles have only one difference - they have a postfix -s, for example, rejoicing, caring, hugging.
From the adverb, this part of speech acquired invariability in gender, number, case, as well as the property of joining the personal forms of verbs, in some cases to indefinite form. For example: speaks while turning; think while rubbing your chin.
Order of education
This part of speech is formed from the base of the verb by adding certain suffixes.
To obtain the imperfect form, you need to take the verb stem of the present tense and the suffixes -a; -I.
Examples: thinking, shouting, receiving, copying.
Words can be formed from indefinite verbs by adding the suffix -va-.
- water + t – watering;
- conscious + t – conscious;
- lagging behind + t – lagging behind.
Imperfect participles are not formed in the following cases:
- from a verb stem in which there are many consonants, for example, pour, crumple, squeeze. The exception is to rush - rushing;
- from a verb stem that ends in r; j. For example, they run, flow;
- from the verb stem of the present tense, which ends in sibilant, or an indefinite form ending in z; With; Art. Examples: plow - plow; they will say - say; whip - whip.
In literary speech, gerunds formed with the help of the suffixes -uchi are no longer used; -yuchi.(They looked at him sternly, condemningly.) Such options are used in special cases to imitate common speech.
Perfective forms are obtained by adding other suffixes. -in is added to the indefinite form; - lice; -shi.
Examples: understand - having understood, write - having written.
The suffix -shi is added to the indefinite form ending the stem with a consonant: expire - expired. The suffix -lice is used to convert reflexive verbs in gerunds (to fall in love - having fallen in love).
If the stem of the verb has the suffix -nu, then there are two possible variants of the gerund, both of which will be correct. Get wet - get wet, get wet. Also, a double option is possible when using the suffixes -a; -I together with -v; - lice.
Examples: become infected - infected, infected; incline - inclining, inclining.
Important! Participial phrases are considered part of written language. In live communication, such constructions look inappropriate, artificial, and therefore are not used.
Spelling Rules
The part of speech from the verb took not only a lot grammatical features, but also the writing rules:
- The particle NOT is written separately with these words, except in cases where it is impossible to use it without NOT. Without hearing, without breaking, without receiving. Hating (exception).
- They keep the same letter before the suffix that was in the verb in an indefinite form or some tense. For example, recovered - recovered, akimbo - akimbo, hesitated - hesitated.
- The stress in the word should be in the same place where it was originally in the verb, for example, raise - raising, prolong - prolong.
- Separated from other words by commas. Huge flakes of snow, whirling, flew from a tall pine tree. Having looked around, the travelers moved further along the narrow path.
Perfect participles
- Green willows stand like ghosts, reflected in the mirror of water.
- A thick fog poured out of the gorges and filled everything around.
Useful video
Let's sum it up
Linguists argue where to classify the gerund - to an independent part of speech or to a special form of the verb. In any case, experts agree that this phenomenon enriches written speech, makes it more complete and diverse. Similar forms exist in Latin and French, are found in other language groups.
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