Representatives of the exalted type of personality are characterized by a high rate of growth of mental reactions, the intensity of their course. A person quickly becomes enamored with happy events and discouraged by failure. His actions are motivated by altruism and the highest moral values; he can be extremely impressed by even an insignificant sad fact. Exalt to the depths of the soul can be captured by a passion for art, nature, religion.
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- sociability, friendliness;
- amorousness;
- altruism, willingness to help;
- romanticism, sentimentality;
- strong attachment to loved ones;
- the ability to be compassionate.
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General characteristics of accentuation
Exaltation is understood as an extremely excited state of the psyche, accompanied by an enthusiastic mood. There may not be a special reason for entering into a state of delight in a person of an exalted type. The German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard, who first identified different types character accentuation, called this type "the temperament of anxiety and happiness."
In the literature, you can also find another name for this accentuation - affective-exalted (the term "affect" denotes a strong, but short-term emotional experience). An exalted person inevitably attracts the attention of society, because he is constantly in a state of strong emotions.
The influence of emotions on life
The mood of such a person changes instantly. Now he is seized by unbridled joy, in a few minutes - deep melancholy. The reason may be an insignificant everyday event, which, in the perception of an exalted personality, acquires grotesque features.
Change emotional background characterized not only by frequency and sharpness, but also by a significant depth of experience. From the mood of an exalted personality depends on her physical well-being, sleep, appetite, level of ability to work. Along with the disposition of the spirit, her attitude to her future also changes: it is either seen as rosy, or gloomy and sad. The past is perceived in the same way: sometimes it is presented as a series of failures, sometimes as a chain of pleasant memories. The same people seem nice and nice, but at the same time boring and unattractive.
This accentuation occurs in approximately 15% of the total population. Often the behavior of such people is mistaken for signs mental disorders. But their emotional swings have nothing to do with mental illness. This type is one of the variants of the norm.
Basic character traits
An exalted personality has the following traits:
Of the negative traits, they usually distinguish a tendency to panic and dramatize events, high level anxiety, and mood swings. Therefore, full-fledged communication with exalted personalities is often possible only when they calm their emotions. The main advice of exaltate psychologists is to internally try to reduce the significance of what is happening.
A penchant for empathy
One of strengths such people - the ability to sympathize. A cat with a broken paw or a description of a sad event in a newspaper can bring an exalted person into a state of despair. She experiences the problem of a friend more acutely than the victim himself. Being in a fit of emotions, the exalt is ready for true feats of self-sacrifice.
This is often used for selfish purposes by others. Therefore, people with this accentuation need to be legible, learn to correctly assess the motives of others.
Exalted type and society
Such a person likes to be in the center of large-scale events, to take part in social events. But he will not specifically strive to be the center of attention. This happens to him involuntarily - having such emotions, it is difficult to remain in the shadows. Gradually, an exalted person can be in the forefront and begin to happily accept compliments. She will not be shy about the manifestations of her sensual nature. An exalted personality is extremely sensitive to the emotional experiences of others - both positive and negative.
A person with this accentuation enjoys communication. His energy splashes over the edge, and often the process of activity becomes more important for him than the final result. If it turns out that interest in the case has disappeared, such a person will not hesitate to leave what he started and will not return to this project.
Implementation in the profession
Often exalted individuals seek to realize themselves in such areas as art, theater, religion. This choice is not without reason: exaltatas are distinguished by excellent taste and high sensitivity.
Often they reach heights in creativity - largely for the reason that the final value of a work of art is determined by the degree of emotional impact that it can have on a person. For exalted personalities, who themselves are capable of deep feelings, creative works come out very touching.
- To an exalted admirer who only needs what is under the window
idol to stand all night long, he, excuse me, does not look like. - Why "sorry"?
- Well, you never know. Suddenly, for once, you decided to get a fan. And
definitely exalted. And I take away your last hope.
Max Fry. Yellow metal key
Exaltation (Exalted) as a personality trait - a tendency to show an elevated mood with excessive enthusiasm, immoderate and unbridled enthusiasm for the simplest things and events, excessively violent emotional reaction, overestimation of one's qualities, appearance, abilities and capabilities.
Once, on a hot summer day, a neighbor called Hodge to visit. Sweet syrup was served in a large jug. The owner gave Hodja a teaspoon, and took a whole ladle for himself and began to scoop syrup from a jug. No matter how much Khoja tried, he could not keep up with him. And the owner, every time he scoops up, falls into a state of exaltation, exclaiming with delight: - Oh, I'm dying! I won't take it! Food of the gods! To die and not to live!
In the end, Nasreddin threw a teaspoon and grabbed a ladle from the owner: - Neighbor! Let me die for once!
Exaltation - excited enthusiasm, inspired liveliness. Exaltation is constantly in an excited state and incessant enthusiasm. When a neighbor accidentally runs into her to borrow salt, she shouts: - God, what a blessing that you looked at my light. I adore you, and have long dreamed of meeting such a wonderful and wonderful person.
That is, an insignificant fact causes a violent emotional outburst and boundless experiences in exaltation. If the neighbor had a kitten in her hands, the exaltation would surely experience a feeling of complete happiness and a feeling of emotional overflow. But if the neighbor, referring to being busy, refused to enter, her mood would turn one hundred and eighty degrees, giving way to despair and complete despondency.
Mood swings from passionate jubilation to deadly depression and melancholy are the signature of exaltation. The slightest setback, slight disappointment for ordinary person can become sincere and deep grief for exaltation. She always has the "Tears of Happiness" and "Ready for Despair" buttons enabled.
There was once a wealthy collector of ancient statues, of which he had a great many. They stood along the alleys of his beautiful park. Friends referred a young student to a rich man with a recommendation from a local Historical Society so that he can get acquainted with the amazing collection.
The manager reported to the owner about the arrival of the guest, met him and led him along the paths of the park to the house. Overwhelmed by curiosity, the student stopped at each statue, sighed enthusiastically, fell into despondency and despair that there were no such statues in his society, then again, as if in a fever, trembled with joy and delight near the next statue and swallowed tears of sorrow from the understanding that their he will never have. In the end, the manager could not stand it: - Sir, you, in fact, to whom to introduce: the statues or their owner?
Exaltation sees either an embellished, elegant world, or a pronounced black color of reality. Having a craving for beauty, exaltation has a good taste: it makes good artistic natures, artists, designers, decorators. Love for high art, nature, religious experiences, passion for sports, worldview searches can completely, to the depths of the soul, absorb the attention of an exalted person. Uncontrollably dreamy and fantasy exaltation uses in its speech communication raised tones, colorful turns, ornate descriptions. Exalted people are close to compassion, sincerity and altruism. At the same time, they are prone to alarmism, amorousness and talkativeness.
Roughly expressing their feelings, exaltation can mortally annoy any most patient partner in a week. Who will like every minute screams: - No! You have no idea how much I love you! I adore you!? And it is pronounced everywhere - at dinner, on the street, in the car. Even the toilet and bathroom do not save from encroachments of exaltation. It is not surprising that partners with enviable constancy run away from her, having set their teeth on edge from such unbridled manifestations of love.
Exaltation is a variable state: either in incredible happiness or in hopeless grief. Ready now to embrace the whole world, in a minute, all in tears, she announces in a tragic voice: - Everything is lost!
As it turns out, the girlfriend's phone on the mobile phone was erased by mistake. She later remembers that he is in notebook and other acquaintances know him. Exaltation is one hundred percent sure of the sophistication of their tastes, manners, and the uniqueness of their worldview. She is always right, everyone else is stupid.
F.M. Dostoevsky created unforgettable images of exalted women in the novels The Idiot for Nastasya Filippovna and The Brothers Karamazov for Katerina Ivanovna. Katya never loved her fiancé, the thought dominated her - to save him. That is why she became his bride. Imagining herself as a savior, she says: “- And if so, then he has not died yet! He is only in despair, but I can still save him ... I want to save him forever! Let him forget me as his bride! And now he is afraid of me for his honor!? After all, Alexey Fyodorovich, he was not afraid to open up to you? Why didn't I deserve the same? - She said the last words in tears; tears gushed out of her eyes."
Exaltation makes her call Grushenka, her rival in relations with Mitya, to her home in order to make her her ally in saving Mitya. She is delighted with Grushenka: “Grushenka, angel, give me your hand, look at that plump, small, lovely hand, Alexey Fyodorovich; do you see her, she brought me happiness and resurrected me, and now I'm going to kiss her, and from above, and on the palm, here, here and there! .. - And she kissed the really lovely, too maybe Grushenka's plump hand." However, Katerina Ivanovna had to experience the mental anguish of disappointment. Grushenka does not agree to save Mitya and declares: “So stay with the memory that you kissed my hand, but I didn’t kiss you at all. So I and Mitya will now retell how you kissed my hand, but I don’t have it at all. And how he will laugh! Katerina Ivanovna's mood makes a sharp turn. Now Grushenka becomes a "dissolute woman" and "a creature always ready to serve." Further, “Katerina Ivanovna had a seizure. She sobbed, spasms choking her. Everyone fussed around her."
A separate conversation about her behavior during the trial. At first she defends Mitya, going to the point of self-humiliation. In her testimony, she tells how one day, saving her father, she came to ask Mitya for money: “There was something unprecedented, so even from such an autocratic and contemptuously proud girl like her, it was almost impossible to expect such a highly frank testimony , such sacrifice, such self-sacrifice. And for what, for whom? To save his traitor and offender, to serve at least something, even small, to save him, making a good impression in his favor.
But a few minutes later she listens to the testimony of Mitya's brother, Ivan, whom she loves more than her fiancé. Ivan accuses himself of inciting patricide. And here the raging feelings force Katerina Ivanovna to take an absolutely opposite position. Shocked by pity for Ivan, and perhaps filled with fear that his confessions would be taken seriously, she felt a fierce hatred for Mitya, considering him responsible for her brother's mental illness. She screams: “I tried to defeat him (Mitya) with my love, love without end, I even wanted to endure his betrayal, but he didn’t understand anything. How can he understand anything! It's a fiend!"
Dostoevsky continues: “Oh, of course, you can speak and confess like this only some time in your life - at the moment of death, for example, ascending the scaffold. But Katya was exactly in her character and in her moment. It was the same impetuous Katya, who then rushed to the young libertine in order to save her father; the same Katya, who just now, in front of all this public, proud and chaste, sacrificed herself and her girlish shame, telling about Mitya's "noble deed" in order to only somehow soften the fate that awaited him. And now, in exactly the same way, she also sacrificed herself, but for another, and maybe only now, only at this moment, having for the first time felt and fully comprehended how dear this other person is to her.
Having reached the limit of emotional excitement after her testimony against Mitya, Katerina Ivanovna falls into a hysterical fit: “The minute of revenge flew off unexpectedly, and everything that had been accumulating in the chest of the offended woman for so long and painfully at once, and again unexpectedly, burst out. She betrayed Mitya, but she betrayed herself! And of course, having just had time to speak out, the tension broke, and shame suppressed her. The hysteria began again, she fell down, sobbing and screaming. She was taken away."
Another example of exaltation. Nikolai Rostov, the hero of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, accepted the news of the war with enthusiasm and enthusiasm. Dreams of glory, courage, female enthusiasm literally put him in the saddle and drove him to war. Seeing the war with his own eyes, his exaltation went to the other extreme: “And the heated, alien physiognomy of this man, who, holding his breath, easily ran up to him with a bayonet, frightened Rostov. He grabbed a pistol and, instead of firing it, threw it at the Frenchman and ran to the bushes with all his strength. Not with that feeling of doubt and struggle with which he went to the Ensky Bridge, he fled, but with the feeling of a hare running away from dogs. One inseparable feeling of fear for his young, happy life dominated his entire being.
With the tail of years, Rostov’s youthful exaltation subsided, he considers his duty to defend the Motherland pragmatically: “Nikolai Rostov, without any goal of self-sacrifice, but by chance, since the war found him in the service, took a close and long part in the defense of the fatherland and therefore without despair and gloomy conclusions looked at what was happening only in Russia. If he were asked what he thinks about the current situation in Russia, he would say that he has nothing to think about, that is, Kutuzov and others. In a word, with age, the exaltation of Nikolai Rostov passed like “smoke from white apple trees”.
Petr Kovalev 2013
When some very joyful event occurs that makes the heart tremble with happiness, and the cheeks burn with a lively blush, it seems that a person directly sows goodness around him.
Most people are in this mood for some special reason, because it’s not in vain that they say: “Laughter for no reason is a sign of a fool.” Causeless joy, of course, is not a negative phenomenon if it has boundaries. If not, then the person is said to be in a state of exaltation.
Both good and bad
Exaltation is nothing overly motivated. In this state, a person can loudly admire a high-quality painted border for Easter or the original design of a candy wrapper. Those around such people, as a rule, are wary: who knows what exaltation can lead to. After all, this is not only unbridled fun, but also a distortion of the perception of reality, which can lead to disastrous consequences.
scary funny people
Someone may say that it is better to let a person run and laugh than lie down and cry, but there is also the other side of the coin. In general, exaltation is an abnormal state in terms of psychology. Recall all the famous films about psychiatric hospitals. The classic image of a crazy person is such an enlightened "God's dandelion" with a strange laugh and an inadequate reaction to what is happening. This is the same impression produced by the person on whom exaltation “found”. This may seem to someone too radical an opinion, but in this state, especially not to contact with others. There is a high probability that they will not only not understand such a mood, but also urgently call an ambulance and try to force-feed a happy comrade with sedatives. Unreasonable joy frightens everyone in the same way as unmotivated aggression, because it is destructive to the same extent.
What to do if exaltation has reached you
Oddly enough, not psychologists, but linguists can very intelligibly explain what exaltation is. The meaning of the word comes from the Latin noun exaltatio, which means "spiritual uplift", "inspiration". The same semantics is observed in the concept that is used today. This state can manifest itself not only in the form of active enthusiasm for any reason, but also in the form of an ordinary dreamy mood. For example, if a person suddenly decided to skip one day at work and instead had a lonely picnic in a local park, lay down on the grass and began to count the clouds, most likely, exaltation “found” him. it can relax, but only on condition that a person notices something is wrong in time and can calm himself down. But if the exaltation of the end-edge is not visible, it means that it is better to just leave a person alone for some time and, if possible, once again Don't laugh at his jokes out of place.
and inflated passion
Excessive spring happiness in mid-January - that's what exaltation means. This condition is sometimes observed in lovers who have not yet left the period of rose-colored glasses and stubbornly call their new love a lifelong companion. It doesn't matter that they met this life partner about two weeks ago at a glass day party. Their permanent exaltation will smooth out all the roughness of this acquaintance and convince the lovers that they found their destiny at the party. In this state, people usually do not notice even the most obvious disadvantages of their soulmate.
The most attentive and honest people with themselves are aware that this person may not be the best option for living together, but they continue to love him without memory and pretend that everything is going according to plan. It's a pity that in the end this relationship has no future, but it's good that people at least for a while feel so happy.
Exaltation among the planets
However, this term is used not only in psychology. There is also such a thing as "exaltation of planets". It is quite common in astrology, and lovers of detailed horoscopes probably know firsthand about its meaning. Astrologers believe that the fate of a person directly depends on the location celestial bodies, and it is they who speak of their exaltation. It is said that certain planets in certain constellations "feel" best, and astrologers start from this when compiling horoscopes.
During this period, the planets, as it were, show all their best qualities with special force, and at the same time nothing prevents them. A certain "degree" of exaltation may indicate that the planet is at the peak of its powers. At such moments, astrologers advise people to do what they have long dreamed of. Perhaps it's time to confess your love to that pretty girl over there, and then exaltation may well come to you. However, you need to remember common sense and know the measure in everything.
In psychology, exaltation is considered as a special property of temperament, close to psychopathy. The feelings and experiences of an exalted personality are always somewhat exaggerated. He sees the world in black and white, not noticing halftones. Exalted vividly shows emotions where other people do not even notice a reason for joy or sadness. Exaltation is characteristic of sanguine and choleric people. Women are more likely to have this trait than men.
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Signs of exaltation
Exaltation is a tendency to emotional exaggeration. A person abruptly moves from a state of happiness to exorbitant grief. Such people exaggerate the most ordinary things, attaching much importance to trifles. Another sign of exaltation is that people overestimate their capabilities and abilities, which is why they often look ridiculous in the eyes of others. An exalted personality changes mood in a matter of minutes. Failure in even the most insignificant occupation leads to sadness and longing, and the most modest success leads to jubilation.
Exalted people are amorous and talkative, compassionate, sincere and capable of altruism. Their fear quickly turns into panic. Because of the vulnerable nervous system such individuals try to avoid open conflicts, although they may enter into disputes and small skirmishes. Surrounding exalted people are rewarded with haughty looks and contemptuous grins. Their unwavering sense of superiority borders on megalomania.
Since an exalted person constantly experiences strong feelings, he can find himself in the field of art, especially theater. These people are born artists. They express themselves pathetically, are able to convey any emotion to those around them, use ornate descriptions, colorful turns, raised tones in communication. The rest seem to them insensitive, impenetrable. They consider themselves to be unrecognized geniuses and subtle natures.
Exalted person:
- able to bow before something or someone;
- from admiration passes into deep despair;
- loves to madness and hates with every fiber of the soul;
- has favorite animals, at the sight of which he experiences a feeling of awe, tenderness, tenderness, excitement;
- does not tolerate certain types of people at all - fat, thin, men, women, taxi drivers, etc .;
- noticing any peculiarity in people, he can sharply change his opinion about them to the opposite;
- admires the work of any artist, poet, musician, artist;
- crying over a tragic movie, literary work with a sad end
- has people around whom he deeply despises or hates;
- in most cases, his opinions, positions, tastes, principles are different from the position of the majority.
Those who have 9-10 of these statements are clearly exalted. A match with 5-8 statements means moderate exaltation, with 4 or less - this quality is absent.
At what age does exaltation appear?
A two or three year old child expresses emotions very vividly. He goes from hysterical to laughter in a matter of seconds. Exaltation is also characteristic of adolescence, but as they grow older, it usually disappears.
This feature is characteristic of everyone at a certain stage of growth and development. Most people, as their nervous system matures, begin to control their emotions and behavior. Individuals remain "eternal children" and are spoken of as exalted adults.
The attitude of others
Excessive manifestation of emotions and the inability to control them greatly complicates the life of an exalted person. He often has conflicts with others, he is not trusted with important assignments at work, they do not establish deep personal relationships with him, since it is not known what he will throw out in the next minute.
Relatives of an exalted person are always on the alert, as their existence is full of surprises, and not always pleasant ones. Exalted people are poorly adapted to the conduct of everyday life. They can abuse alcohol, lose their home, become a victim of scammers. As long as there are parents and relatives nearby, something irreparable is unlikely to happen. But in the second half of life, these people often remain alone and make problems for themselves.
They have very strong attachments, they are characterized by enthusiastic impulses, strong hobbies, love for everything beautiful: music, art, nature, etc.
Characterized by extreme impressionability about sad events. Pity, compassion for others can drive them to despair. High ability to sympathy, empathy. Sometimes the failure of another person is experienced more painfully than the victim himself.
Exalted people experience a feeling of fear, and fear grows very sharply. Outwardly, experiences of fear are manifested in trembling, some have cold sweat, and the rhythm of breathing may be disturbed.
Exaltation is closely connected with high emotional excitability, with affective manifestation of emotions, and these manifestations are very artistic and expressive.
Practical common sense is not characteristic of such natures. They have conflicts with life precisely because of too painful sensitivity and inability to master the prose of life. Such conflicts can sometimes lead to mental illness. Readiness for despair, in exalted "lyricists" is associated with thoughts of suicide.
A typical example of accentuation:
Karl Moor (Schiller "Robbers")
The most striking literary example is Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva ("The Brothers Karamazov"):
“... She kept me with her for continuous revenge. She took revenge on me and on me for all the insults that she constantly and every minute endured during this entire period from Dmitry, insults from their first meeting. Because even their very first meeting remained in her heart as an insult. That's what her heart is like! All the time I did nothing but listen about her love for him. I am going now, but know, Katerina Ivanovna, that you really love only him. And as the insults him more and more. This is where your breakdown is. You just love him the way he is, love you insulting him. If he corrected himself, you would immediately abandon him and stop loving him altogether. But you need it to contemplate continuously your feat of fidelity and reproach him for infidelity. And all this from your pride. Oh, there is a lot of humiliation and humiliation, but it's all from pride. »
IN adolescence there is an extreme lability of mood, which changes often, abruptly and from insignificant reasons. An unflattering word, an unfriendly look can plunge into a gloomy state, and a compliment, a pleasant meeting can inspire cheerfulness and gaiety. Everything depends on the mood - well-being, appetite, performance, etc.
They have deep feelings, sincere affection, devotion. In communication, they prefer those who are able to console, understand, share joy, pleasure. They love companies and new surroundings, but unlike hyperthymic ones, they are not looking for a field of activity here, but only new experiences. Very sensitive to various signs of attention. Emotive personalities are very sensitive, they care about everything related to the soul, responsiveness, humanity.
Emotive hobbies are informational and communicative in nature.
Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting, courtship. Inclinations remain undifferentiated for a long time, so emotive ones can easily develop deviations towards transient teenage homosexuality. But sexual excesses are always avoided.
Mental upheavals have profound painful effects and can cause reactive depression. Mental discord sometimes leads to suicidal attempts. Oppression leads to a loss of resistance, and protest, as such, becomes impossible.
A typical example of accentuation:
The most striking literary example - Werther (Goethe "The Suffering of Young Werther").
Affectively exalted type, introjective accentuation;
The absence of halftones in emotions and feelings, and a quick transition from “global sorrow” to “cloudless happiness”, moreover, completely sincerely experiencing all polar relationships, regardless of their order and the opinions of people around. Affectively-exalted people react to life more violently than others. The rate of growth of reactions, their external manifestations are very intense. From the outside, such behavior is perceived as a “pose”, but, for example, deep religiosity or a passion for art, music, nature, passion for sports of such people exclude assumptions about their pretense and can capture them to the core.
Exaltation has little to do with gross, selfish stimuli, much more often it is motivated by subtle, altruistic urges. Attachment to loved ones, friends, joy for them, for their success can be extremely strong. There are enthusiastic impulses that are not associated with a purely personal relationship. The other pole of the reaction is extreme impressionability about sad facts. Pity, compassion for unfortunate people, for sick animals, can drive such a person to despair. About an easily remedied failure, a slight disappointment that others would have already forgotten tomorrow, exalted people can experience sincere and deep grief. He feels some ordinary trouble of a friend more vividly and more painfully than the victim himself. Fear in people with such a temperament, apparently, has the property of a sharp increase, since even with a slight fear, embracing an exalted nature, physiological manifestations(trembling, cold sweat), and hence the intensification of mental reactions.
The fact that exaltation is associated with subtle and very human emotions explains why this temperament is especially often possessed by artistic natures - artists and poets.
The negative "pole" of the affectively exalted temperament is manifested in the so-called "readiness for despair." Already in childhood, people of this type are often in the grip of sad and disturbing experiences. Later, they increasingly come to despair, when they cannot achieve something, fear seizes them. When in severity it approaches psychopathy, it can be called the character of anxiety and happiness or psychosis of anxiety and happiness. In pathology, religious ecstasy is possible.
(+): Emotionality, expressiveness of assessments and actions.
(-): Intemperance of feelings, anger or tearfulness, selfishness.
Features of communication and behavior:
Very changeable mood, emotions are pronounced, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, amorousness.
Features attractive to interlocutors:
Altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.
Features that repulse, contribute to conflict:
Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair.
Situations where conflict is possible:
Failures, sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression.
Work that does not require a wide range of communication, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.
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Character accentuations
Personal character accentuations
Accentuations (from Latin accentus - stress, underline) - extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are hypertrophied and manifest themselves in the form of "weak points" in the individual's psyche - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences . Separate accentuated character traits are usually quite compensatory. However, in difficult situations a person with an accentuated character may experience a behavior disorder. Accentuations of character, his "weak points" can be obvious and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more malleable to the influences of the environment, more prone to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes at a “weak spot”, then the entire behavior of such persons changes dramatically - accentuation features begin to dominate (Fig. 95).
The types of accentuated personalities have not yet been definitively determined. They are described by K. Leonhard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly fractional classification of accentuations. We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious (Table 12).
Rice. 95. Structure of character
Unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not cause a general social maladjustment of the personality.
Intensively manifesting in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated over time, and under adverse conditions, they can develop and transform into "marginal" psychopathy.
Types of character accentuations
The main types of character accentuation include:
Sometimes accentuation borders on various types psychopathy, therefore, in its characterization, typology, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the "Pathocharacteristic Diagnostic Questionnaire" (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and personality questionnaire MMPI (the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).
Accentuation of character according to A. Lichko
According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into medium (normal), pronounced (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathy).
The central, or pivotal, relations of the individual are the relation of the individual to those around him (the team) and the relation of the individual to work. The existence of central, core relationships and the properties conditioned by them in the structure of character is of great practical importance in the upbringing of a person.
It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and bring up individual positive properties(for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, core relationships of the individual, namely, the attitude towards people. In other words, it is impossible to form only a certain property, it is possible to educate only a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of the central, pivotal relations of the individual, namely, relations to others and work.
The integrity of character, however, is not absolute. It's related to that. that the central, core relationships do not always completely and completely determine the rest. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individually peculiar. There are people with a more holistic and less holistic or contradictory character. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of a particular character trait reaches limit values and it turns out to be at the border of norms, there is a so-called accentuation of character.
Character accentuation is the extreme version of the norm as a result of strengthening individual features. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social (social factors).
The physiological basis of character is an alloy of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, the systems of temporary connections play more important role, since the type of the nervous system can form all the socially foamy qualities of the individual. But, firstly, communication systems are formed differently among representatives different types nervous system and, secondly, these systems of connections manifest themselves in a peculiar way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be brought up both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of nervous system, and in a representative weak type. But it will be brought up and manifested differently depending on the type.
Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been repeatedly made throughout the history of psychology.
All typologies of human characters have proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.
The main ones are the following:
- the character of a person is formed quite early in ontogenesis and manifests itself as more or less stable throughout the rest of his life;
- those combinations of personality traits that enter into a person's character are not accidental. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.
Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.
One of the curious character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.
Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which there are deviations that do not go beyond the norm in the psychology and behavior of a person, bordering on pathology. Such accentuations as temporary states of the psyche are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “. under the action of psychogenic factors addressing "the place of least resistance, temporary disturbances in adaptation, deviations in behavior may occur." When a child grows up, the features of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced, lose their sharpness, but with age they can again appear clearly (especially if a disease occurs).
In today's psychology, from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character are distinguished.
They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.
Harmonious character types are characterized by a sufficient development of the main character traits without isolation, isolation, without exaggeration in the development of any one trait.
Disharmonious ones are manifested with the identification of different character traits and are called accentuated or accentuated.
In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so pointed that there is a “skew” of character - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts appear.
The severity of accentuation can be rachtic: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is no disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result of which relationships with people around are sharply violated. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations appear inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of originality, and individuality. Then accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.
Rice. 6. Character accentuation scheme according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle
You can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) types of character (according to the typology of K. Leonhard) and describe their positive and negative qualities, which may affect the professional activities of a person - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in terms of the characterological properties of a person.
Hyperthymic type
Almost always different good mood, high vitality, splashing energy, unstoppable activity. Strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Features attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.
For the people around him, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.
The conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are organizational activities, household services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and jobs.
Dysthymic type
The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They greatly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.
People around like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team" repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.
Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activity. For these people, a change in their usual way of life has a negative impact. They are good at jobs that do not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions, they tend to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons of melancholic temperament.
Cycloid type
The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs in mood. During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline - with dysthymic. During the recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes in mental state tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.
excitable type
This type of people have increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, intemperance, gloom, boredom, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, are despotic and cruel in a family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, accurate and show love for children.
People around do not like their irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people work well. physical work, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Because of their quarrelsomeness, they often change jobs.
stuck type
People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget insults and "settle scores" with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In the conflict, they are most often the active side and clearly define the circle of friends and enemies for the day. They show dominance.
The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, the thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have features that repel others: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.
A conflict is possible with hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.
Pedantic type
These people have a pronounced "tediousness" in the form of experiencing the details, in the service they are able to torture them with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.
For others, they are attractive conscientiousness, accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift decision-making to others.
Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsession, psychasthenia.
For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility are preferred, " paper work". They are not inclined to change jobs.
alarm type
People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. Rarely enter into conflicts and play passive role.
Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.
People around like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity, suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.
Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, as they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.
emotive type
A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worried about the slightest trouble. He is sensitive to comments, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.
Rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not splash out, but prefers to keep them in himself. Those around him like his compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.
Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tearfulness repel others from him.
Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness, he perceives tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.
Demonstrative type
This person strives to be the center of attention and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.
This person is attractive to others with courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has features that repel people from him, these features contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict by such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, he is overthrown from the “pedestal”. These situations cause him hysterical reactions.
exalted type
People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.
Such traits as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and attachment to friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically, such people are prone to neurotic depression.
Their environment of existence is the sphere of arts, artistic sports, professions associated with proximity to nature.
introverted type
People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only if necessary, most often immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their loved ones, they are cold and reserved. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.
These people love solitude and prefer to be alone rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.
They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.
They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.
The people around them like them for restraint, degree, deliberateness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But the stubborn upholding of one's unrealistic interests, views and the presence of one's own point of view, which differs sharply from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them.
Such people prefer work that does not require great circle communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.
Conformal type
People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinions and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.
These people are not organized and tend to obey others. In communication with friends and family, they give way to leadership to others. Surrounding in these people like their willingness to listen to another, diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads", subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.
These people have an easy adaptability to a new job and do an excellent job with their official duties when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.
Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations
Today, in a post that continues the cycle of psycho-correction of character, we will talk about cyclothymic and exalted (labile) accentuations of character (temperament).
Greetings, dear visitors of the website of the practical psychologist Oleg Matveev, I wish you all mental health!
Exalted and cyclothymic character accentuations - psychocorrection
But still, K. Leonhard put them into separate blocks, like different character accentuations.
Exalted accentuation, unlike cyclothymic accentuation, is less predictable in its opposite states, which are more arrhythmic, and "peaks" and "chasms" are more unexpected and bright, outwardly noticeable.
Exalted character accentuation
A striking feature of the exalted type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure.
These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much enthusiasm for others, they are easily delighted with joyful events and in complete despair - from sad ones.
They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not bring matters to open conflicts.
In conflict situations, they are both active and passive side. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings.
They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability. (see mental protection)
Psychotraining exercises for exalted personalities
Develop the habit of analyzing all sudden changes in mood: what happened that changed my mood?
Ask yourself questions like this more often.
And when two or three dozen answers are typed, see which of the reasons are more common.
Now the most important thing remains - to exclude the reasons why your mood changes so abruptly and unexpectedly even for you.
Try not to get into those situations that lead to a sharp change in mood in a bad way.
Try to enter the image, for example, of a phlegmatic, calm person who has seen everything, knows everything, and live in this image for several hours in a row.
No matter how difficult it is for you, no matter what reasons and reasons arise, you cannot leave the image.
React to what is happening the way your hero of the image would react - a phlegmatic person.
First, calmly think about what actually happened, collect Additional information to make the necessary decision, postpone it for some more time (suddenly something else happens), and only then act.
No matter how much you want to defuse your bad mood on someone close or familiar, do not do it right away.
Find another way - do a mini exercise, listen to your favorite music, take a walk in the park.
You need to form a habit in yourself - do not show your irritation immediately after its manifestation, try to switch to something more pleasant.
Try, for starters, to live the whole day without being annoyed by the words and actions of the people around you. If it works, then increase the duration of this exercise to two days in a row.
Then take a short break and repeat again. Two days without irritation. And again increase the duration of periods without irritation, for example, up to three days in a row.
Cyclothymic character accentuation
It is characterized by a change in hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events.
Joyful events cause them to have pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a jump in ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communicating with people around them also often changes.
In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids.
Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear, something that was previously given easily, now requires exorbitant efforts.
Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a drop in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, deep down, however, falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not ruled out. They study unevenly, make up for the omissions that have happened with difficulty, give rise to an aversion to classes.
In labile cycloids, the phases of mood swings are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. bad days are marked by more saturated bad mood than lethargy. During the recovery period, desires are expressed to have friends, to be in the company. Mood affects self-esteem.
Psychotraining exercises for cyclothymic personalities
Due to the periodicity (cyclicality) of your mood, perceive the “black streak” as an inevitable, and, most importantly, an intermediate period of life, which will definitely change to white.
And vice versa, when euphoria (mood lift) brings you into the sky of life, remember - this is not forever.
Use hypothymic exercises during mood swings.
During the recovery period, with euphoria - use exercises for hyperthymia.
Performing these exercises will help you overcome the negative effects of these changeable character accentuations on your life, which, in turn, will positively affect your personal and career growth, as well as help you achieve success.
You will find a lot of psychological material in the BLOG CONTENT
How to learn to relax
Demonstrative character, hysterical accentuation - correction
Psychological help, online psychologist consultation: psychoanalysis, psychotherapy
Accentuated character traits
The number of character traits that are recorded by human experience and have been designated in the language is extremely large. Their variability is also manifested not only in qualitative diversity and originality, but also in quantitative terms. When the quantitative indicator of one or another character trait reaches the final limit of the norm, the so-called character accentuation occurs.
Accentuation of character is the limiting version of the norm, as a result of the strengthening of individual character traits.
With accentuation, an individual manifests hypersensitivity to certain stress factors with relative stability relative to others. The presence of accentuations in a person, as a rule, does not interfere with the satisfaction of social adaptation, but they are "Achilles' heel", in places of least resistance. The increased psychogenic impact on these unprotected aspects of the personality of unfavorable elements of the environment leads to mental trauma.
K. Leonhard identifies the following types of character accentuations.
Hyperthymic type. People of this type are characterized by excessive contact, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes. They quite often deviate from the original topic of conversation. Such people have episodic conflicts due to insufficiently serious attitude to their official and family responsibilities.
They often themselves initiate conflicts and are offended if they are made comments about this. Representatives of this type are characterized by energy, the need for activity, optimism, and initiative. At the same time, they are gullible, prone to immoral acts, and are characterized by increased excitability. They hardly endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, forced loneliness.
Disty type. The opposite of hyperthymia. He is characterized by weak contact, reticence, dominant pessimism, depressed mood. Such people prefer to stay at home, do not like noisy companies, rarely come into conflict with others, lead a secluded lifestyle.
They highly value those who are friends with them, and are ready to obey them. Of the positive features, they are characterized by seriousness, conscientiousness, a heightened sense of justice. Among the features that interfere with communication are passivity, mental retardation, and individualism.
cycloid type. Quite frequent periodic mood swings inherent in representatives of this type cause changes in the manner of communicating with people around them. During a period of high mood, they are very sociable and behave like people with a hyperthymic accentuation of character, and during a period of depression they are closed, and the manner of communication corresponds to the dysthymic type.
Excited type. It is characterized by low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions.
Excited faces are often gloomy, prone to abuse and conflicts, in which they themselves act as an active, provocative side. They do not get along in a team, their own family, because they do not look for ways to reconciliation, they lack tolerance. In emotionally calm state people of this type are often conscientious, neat, love animals and small children. In a state of emotional arousal, they are irritated, incendiary, and have poor control over their behavior.
Stuck type. Representatives of this type are moderately sociable, boring, prone to moralization, and taciturn. In conflicts, they act as initiators, an active party. They try to achieve high performance in any business they undertake. They make high demands on themselves. People of this type are sensitive to social justice, at the same time they are touchy, suspicious, vulnerable, vindictive.
Sometimes, they are overly self-confident, ambitious, jealous, make exorbitant demands on relatives and subordinates at work.
Pedantic type. Rarely enters into conflicts, acting in them as a passive rather than an active side. At work, he behaves like a bureaucrat, putting forward many formal requirements to others. At the same time, it easily gives way to the leader's place. Sometimes it upsets households with excessive claims to accuracy. Its positive features are conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business, and its unattractive features are formalism.
Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by: low contact, self-doubt, minor mood. They rarely enter into conflicts, playing a mostly passive role in them. In conflict situations, they seek support and support. Through their defenselessness, they can be targets for jokes. Positive features- friendliness, self-criticism, diligence, discipline.
Emotive type. It is characterized by deep reactions in the field of subtle emotions. Emotive persons prefer communication in a narrow circle of the elite, with whom they establish good contacts and understand them perfectly. They themselves enter into conflicts very rarely and play a passive role in them. Images hide in themselves. Attractive features are kindness, empathy, a heightened sense of duty, diligence, discipline. Unattractive features - excessive sensitivity, tearfulness.
Demonstrative type. Representatives of this type easily establish contacts, strive for leadership, power and praise. They know how to adapt well to people and at the same time are prone to intrigues (with an external softness of the manner of communication). Such people annoy others with self-confidence and excessive ambition, systematically provoke conflicts themselves, but at the same time actively defend themselves. They have such attractive features as artistry, the ability to capture others, originality of thinking and actions. Unattractive traits - selfishness, hypocrisy, boasting, avoiding work.
exalted type. This type is characterized by: high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Exalted people are often hidden, do not bring things to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they act as both an active and a passive side. At the same time, they are friendly, attentive to friends and relatives. They are altruistic, have good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings. Negative traits - give in to panic and momentary moods.
The extravertive type is characterized by high contact. Such people have many friends, acquaintances, they are talkative, open to any information. Rarely enter into conflicts and usually play a passive role in them. In communication with friends, at work and in the family, they often give up leadership positions in favor of others, it is better for them to obey and be in the shadows. They have such attractive traits as a willingness to listen carefully to another, to do what is asked, good performers. Unpleasant traits - fall under the influence, frivolous, prone to unbalanced actions, like to have fun and spread gossip and rumors.
introvert type. It is characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, a tendency to philosophizing. Introverted individuals love loneliness, come into conflict only in case of unceremonious interference in their private life. Often emotionally cold, relatively weakly attached to people. Attractive features - diligence, the presence of strong convictions, adherence to principles. Unattractive traits - stubbornness, frigidity of thinking. Everyone has their own point of view, which may be erroneous, but they continue to defend it, no matter what. Among introverted persons there are dissidents.
Against the background of accentuation, various disorders can occur - behavioral deviation, acute affective reactions, neuroses, etc.
K. Jung introduced the concept of extraversion and introversion to denote two opposite personality types. Extraversion excludes introversion, and vice versa, but none of these types has advantages over the other. Jung distinguished four main mental functions: thinking, feeling and intuition.
There are typical attitudes of a thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive person. In addition to these purely psychological types there are installations and social types, that is, those that have the imprint of the primary collective representation. These collectively determined parameters are very important, and sometimes greater value according to purely individual traits.
Introverted character type. People of this type are focused on their own subjective experience. Objects and phenomena of the external world are of secondary importance to them. They are difficult to adapt to reality, tend to defend themselves against external actions, refrain from expending energy. They interact with the environment in order to defend themselves, they are constantly ready to turn on the psychological defense mechanism.
Vulnerable and sensitive to environmental influences, they are most worried about their future, distinguished by responsibility, love of solitude, low obsession and at the same time caution, especially in expressing their opinion, suspicion, fear of the strong influence of the object.
Intellectual introverts are distinguished by a disciplined, strictly organized intellect and a focus on own world. They are impractical, prone to abstraction, to independence and unshakable in thought. These people are disinterested, decisive, principled, demanding of themselves and others.
introverts emotional type they are in close contact with reality, but have little interest in it, because they are focused on themselves, on their experiences. They deeply, but calmly experience feelings. These are soft, artistic natures.
Sensory type introverts are characterized by a subjective and shallow perception of the world around them. They do not reveal the causes of events that are perceived, they can create original artistic images.
Introverts of the intuitive type are more subjective in the perception of the world around them. The main meaning of their inner world is ideas that arose spontaneously, and experiences associated mainly with overcoming obstacles in self-expression.
Hidden contradictions determine the moral direction of their spiritual life. Among the representatives of this type there are also unselfish people, and mystical dreamers and fanatical artists, and those individuals who enrich the culture with their original ideas and products of activity.
Extraverted personality type. People of this type easily adapt to the environment, skillfully use all the possibilities for adapting to life, facing the world of external objects, self-confident, influential, not immersed in "personal" problems, their behavior is due to immediate circumstances.
Extroverts of the mental type are distinguished by stamina in communication, developed conceptual thinking, a tendency to abstract moral and aesthetic evaluations. Intelligence plays an active role in their adaptation to the environment.
Extroverts of the emotional type adapt well to the environment according to the logic of feelings, can be classified as impressionable natures, with a predominance of feelings over reason, and are prone to sharp criticism, which borders on tactlessness.
Extroverts of the sensory type are prone to enthusiasm and personal initiative, to opposing their opinions, they are distinguished by the ability to adequately assess the situation and use it for their own purposes. These are neat and strong-willed natures and at the same time fickle and fastidious.
Extraverts of the intuitive type perceive in the outside world what is happening "behind the scenes of events." They do not have enough ability to think, so they rarely bring things to completion on their own.
The classification of types of character accentuations is rather complicated and does not match the nomenclature of different authors (K. Leonhard, A. Lichko). However, the description of accentuations is largely identical.
Thanks to properly organized educational work, it is possible to block manifestations of character accentuation. Teachers and parents, knowing the "places of least resistance" in the character of a child or adolescent, try to prevent stressful situations from painfully affecting the mentioned places of his character.
So, for example, sensitive teenagers react rather sharply to suspicions of bad deeds, to accusations that contradict their self-esteem, which is usually not overestimated and is generally objective. At the same time, educational influences are expedient that would help compensate for the timidity of sensitive adolescents: involving them in social work, electing them to the class asset, where it is easier for them to overcome shyness and resentment in joint activities. Adequate means of educational and corrective influences can also be applied to adolescents with other types of accentuations.
