Emotionally labile. Emotionally labile personality type

A number of their varieties are often classified separately. Common is the predominance of choleric temperament, extroversion, often a tendency to alcoholism, sometimes to drug use, sometimes to criminality. Conflict is not ruled out.

excitable type

Main features: irritability, anger, incontinence, aggressiveness; tendency to act impulsively, without considering the consequences; weakness of self-control, up to its complete impossibility. They are often intolerant of the contradiction and independence of others, they are despots in the family, they are able to “raise a hand” against loved ones. Prone to rudeness, foul language. They may later express regret about their actions, but this is far from always the case; rather, condemnation by others provokes violence. Planning your own actions is difficult.

At the same time, excitable personality types are often characterized by efficiency, energy, enterprise, but they need to work in relative solitude.

They are unrestrained in hobbies, but easily break down in situations of accusation and contradiction. Then they actively start conflicts and move away from vigorous activity. The level of claims they have is often high and self-esteem is overstated. In a state of anger, they become alcoholized, and often on long term drug use also occurs. They are prone to delinquency. Personalities of this kind are prone to psychosomatic diseases and neurotic disorders.

Emotionally labile (labile, affectively exalted) type

Main features: extreme volatility of mood, rapid transition from "world sorrow" to cloudless happiness"; rapid onset of anger (without aggression) or tears followed by joyful ecstasy. Everything depends on the prevailing mood at the moment: physical well-being, working capacity, sleep, appetite, assessment of the surrounding political and economic situation, which appears for them either in iridescent or in gray tones. The mood can change everything: a casually thrown unflattering word, a sideways glance, the negligence they allowed in their clothes. They are extremely sensitive to both reproaches and praise.

They do not claim leadership, self-esteem is usually objective, and the level of claims is low, although they are able to work “for wear and tear” and do not like restrictions by instructions and monotony. Capable of deep feelings and devoted friendship. Psychic traumas endure hard, easily give neurotic breakdowns, are prone to the emergence of psychosomatic states. Alcoholization, narcotization, criminality are not typical for them.

Cycloid type

Main features: the appearance of mood swings polar in sign, lasting from several days, up to several months. During periods of upsurge of this kind, people can be cheerful, enterprising, hyperactive, allow risky jokes, lose their sense of distance; often at this time they become alcoholic or take drugs. They can commit frivolous acts on the verge of legality. Self-esteem is high at this time.

During periods of recession, they are uncommunicative, complain of a breakdown, and are sensitive to minor troubles and changes in the environment. At this time, any comments, accusations, failures can lead to thoughts about their own low value, worthlessness, uselessness, and even suicidal thoughts.

The study of individual differences, in particular character accentuations, belongs to a separate discipline - the field of this industry, the works of many scientists - Western and domestic - are devoted.

Rationale for research on character traits

Why it is necessary to study the types of accentuation of differences between individuals pursues two tasks. Firstly, this is a research goal - to identify as many groups as possible, to develop specific advice for representatives of each of them. The more classes will be allocated, the more effective will be psychological recommendations for their representatives.

Secondly, it is necessary to know the types so that the person himself understands the features and causes of his behavior, and can, in accordance with this, correct it.

In this respect, everyday psychology is often not enough. For example, there is a common belief about the kindness of fat people. Conversely, a thin person is sometimes perceived as anxious, wary. Of course, such a division into categories may be partly true. Even Hippocrates did not avoid such an error in classification, although already in the medical field: once an ancient doctor directly linked the disposition to apoplexy with fullness.

The Soviet psychologist A.E. Lichko, like the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, used the concept of "accentuation" in their studies. When applied to a certain property, this term means that it is highlighted brighter than others, as if underlined. In other words, accentuation is the expression of a certain character trait. For a person with this or that quality, certain social situations will be very painful, while others will be easily tolerated. This article will consider the types of accentuation according to Lichko and Leonhard.

The psychology of difference is not a strict discipline. Types of accentuation are always descriptive in nature, and are practically never found in their pure form. Each person can find himself in two or more types.

It should also be noted that the assignment of oneself to a certain category should not be aimless. having fun psychological tests, you need to ask yourself the question: "Why am I doing this?" If a person understands that he belongs to one or another group, he needs to develop for himself an appropriate strategy of compensation, self-help. To do this, you need to study the advice that is given by psychologists for representatives different classes and apply them to life.

Classification by A. E. Lichko

The Soviet psychologist studied the types of accentuation of adolescents. In total, he identified eleven groups. Features of the types of character accentuation in his theory have much in common with the classification of Karl Leonhard. Let's consider them in order.

Hyperthymic type

A high level of energy, the ability to quickly find contact with people, the desire for leadership - all this distinguishes the hyperthymic type of accentuation. Lichko considered hyperthymia common characteristic characteristic of adolescence. High emotional tone makes representatives of this category leaders in any company. They are not aggressive. They can come into conflict, but only if they encounter a sharp opposition to their activity. Therefore, it is better not to stand in their way, but, on the contrary, to encourage them to work.

The superficiality of interests is a negative feature that the hyperthymic type of accentuation has. Its representatives may have many abilities, but their interests are unstable.

Cycloid type

The main characteristic of this category is mood volatility. The elevated state is replaced by despondency, irritability. And this happens at intervals of two to three weeks.

labile type

The emotional tone of these adolescents, Lichko noted, cannot be defined as consistently low or high. Their mood is unstable, its change can occur very quickly. Within this category, two subtypes can also be distinguished: reactive-labile and emotionally labile. The former are prone to mood swings due to external factors. The state of others is more due to inner experiences.

Representatives of the labile type sometimes seem indifferent to others. But this is far from the case - the real problem for some of them can be the ability to correctly express their feelings. Having deep attachments to loved ones, they do not know how to communicate them.

Astheno-neurotic type

Those who belong to this category are the main visitors to medical institutions. Their main difference is the concentration of attention on the state of their body. As soon as they feel unwell, they may suspect a fatal illness in themselves - their suspiciousness reaches such proportions.

sensitive type

The main characteristic of adolescents in this category, Lichko noted, is hypersensitivity, which is reflected in their behavior. People of the sensitive type are also distinguished by painful irritability. Their weak point is big companies. They always feel uncomfortable in them, try to carefully observe what is happening, and sometimes copy the behavior of others. Representatives of the sensitive type can attract the attention of the whole company, for example, go on some kind of trick. But they succeed poorly, and they again return to the previous state only with even more aggravated timidity.

The advantage of representatives of the sensitive type is diligence, responsibility, the ability to make and maintain deep friendships.

Psychasthenic type

Differs in indecision. Any everyday situation can become a source of painful uncertainty for a psychasthenic. They are distinguished by high intelligence and confidence in their conclusions. But the latter is rarely confirmed by deeds. Psychasthenics are prone to impulsive actions just at those moments when it is worth weighing the pros and cons.

Schizoid type

Despite the fact that they are very vulnerable internally, schizoids have practically no ability to empathize - they are not sensitive to someone else's pain. The schizoid type of accentuation has a positive side - good inventors come out of them. Most of those people who moved forward the progress of mankind were schizoids. Their main feature, which immediately catches the eye, is eccentricity. “Not of this world” - this can be safely said about schizoids.

epileptoid type

The most pedantic and meticulous type. It would seem that what is good in these qualities of character? But representatives of other types are difficult to imagine in some professions. For example, the best teachers of mathematics or physics are epileptoids. Their accuracy and attention to detail are undeniable advantages in teaching the exact sciences.

hysteroid type

For this category, all life is one huge stage. Some people may initially find it unpleasant to be in a society with a hysteroid. After all, their main quality is the constant desire to be in the spotlight. But for certain professions, belonging to this class (its counterpart in Leonhard's is a demonstrative type of accentuation) is an advantage. For example, great sellers, actors, singers come out of hysteroids.

Unstable type

Lichko's representatives of this category turned out to be the most irresponsible teenagers. These were those who did not have stable interests, practically did not think about their future. The unstable cannot concentrate on work for a long time, they are distinguished by a constant craving for idleness and entertainment.

Conformal type

A distinctive feature of conformists is the desire not to differ from the environment. Their credo is "to be like everyone else." A negative feature of this category is the tendency to betray in a difficult situation. A conforming person will not suffer from remorse - he will always find an excuse for his actions.

Types of character accentuation according to Leonhard

Karl Leonhard identified twelve. In many ways, his classification intersects with Lichko's theory, and some types are identical in them. Leonhard created three categories: the first was associated with character accentuations, the second - with temperament accentuations. The criterion for the selection of the third group - personality traits(focus on oneself or on the outside world).

To begin with, it is necessary to clarify the difference between temperament and character. People who are not familiar with psychology often confuse these concepts. But even some psychologists tend to believe that temperament and character are one and the same.

Temperament is the speed of a person's reaction to ongoing events. This quality is rather a physiological property of the nervous system. Temperament includes emotionality, degree of response, balance. The character is public education. Starting from birth, the people around leave their mark on the child. Such social interactions mold his personality.

So, he carried out a classification in accordance with the character, temperament and personality traits, and styles served as criteria for distinguishing categories. social interaction person.

Accentuations associated with temperament

• Hyperthymic type. The main characteristics are mobility, sociability. In childhood, hyperthyms have a good memory and are easily trained. In adolescence, conflicts are possible, since the group does not always allow hyperthym to take a leading position. As adults, representatives of this category remain sociable and energetic. They are easy to find mutual language if you don't resist.
• Dysthymic type. Gloominess, phlegm, inhibition of reactions are the main features of dysthymics. They are silent and seem to be incorrigible pessimists. positive side dysthymic type is responsibility, a developed sense of justice.
• Labile type. It, as in Lichko's classification, is distinguished by the ability to quickly change mood. Even a roughly spoken word can affect a representative of a labile type. A good mood can be ruined even by the rain.
• exalted type. Representatives of this type are non-conflict, love society, attentive to others. The exalted type of accentuation is distinguished by amorousness, a tendency to elevated feelings, and sociability. These people are quickly affected by events. outside world- from the positive they are easily delighted, from the negative - they give in to panic. Many designers, musicians and artists have an exalted type of accentuation.

• Anxious type. The main feature is a feeling of anxiety for no apparent reason. Anxious children are quickly recognized by their peers, and because of their indecision, they can become the object of ridicule. As adults, they remain no less suspicious than they were children. It is difficult for such people to insist on their own. However, the disturbing type of accentuation has its advantages - its representatives have a rich inner world, and are also always able to adequately assess their capabilities. Among other types, they perceive reality most clearly.
• Emotive type. It is believed that representatives of this category “think” with feelings. Their main characteristics are kindness, responsibility, empathy, low conflict. People can feel relaxed only in the company of close people. They are soft-hearted, compassionate, and also appreciate the beauty of nature more than others. In communication with them, their feelings are always recognized. The main value for them is good relationships in the family and in the workplace. Representatives of the emotive type are very vulnerable to callousness and rude behavior.

Accentuations according to character traits

• Stuck type. A person belonging to this category can carry certain feelings in himself for years. If these are negative emotions that have not been properly expressed, then they torment the stuck person for a long period of time. Striving for the goal - main characteristic this accentuation. The stuck type will get his way no matter what. Often, for this, he seeks to pick up good fellow travelers. Those who get stuck make good leaders in any activity. However, if their fate is not so rosy, they can become leaders of gangs. In addition, like the demonstrative, stuck type of accentuation, it needs to be recognized by society. However, this should be really well-deserved respect, glory, which has a basis.

• Pedantic type. As with epileptoids in the Lichko classification, the main features of the representatives of this group are scrupulousness and attention to detail. Pedantic people are highly valued in the office environment for their responsibility and efficiency. Also, this accentuation is manifested in taking care of one's own health, the absence of bad habits. The reverse side of the coin for such people is the constant fear of making a mistake, perfectionism.

• Excitable type. Impulsivity, irritability, the desire to satisfy the surging impulses immediately - this is what characterizes the excitable type of accentuation. People belonging to this group are usually endowed with a high level of conflict, which often prevents them from building full relationship. The advantage is that they live entirely in the present.
• Demonstrative type. It is easy to determine, already starting at the age of two. Such kids, once having been in the spotlight, then try to win it at all costs. If this trend is supported by parents, then they almost always have an overestimated self-esteem that is not really supported by anything. Students of this type can be set as an example to others. Therefore, it is not always easy to recognize that their abilities in a certain area are hardly above average. On the other hand, a demonstrative type of accentuation is distinguished by artistry, good taste in clothes.

Types of accentuations in accordance with personality traits

• introverted type. It is characterized by focusing on their experiences, avoiding social contacts. Reality for them is secondary in relation to the inner world. Introverts are responsible, unobtrusive, love solitude.
• Extrovert type. Its representatives are self-confident people who love to be among people and receive energy from communication. They do not tend to get hung up on aspects of their inner life, they always act in accordance with what reality presents them.

Currently, Lichko's theory is more widely used among psychologists, since the scientist conducted his research on healthy people (teenagers). Leonhard's classification is more commonly used by psychiatrists. Despite the names presented in both classifications, these groups have nothing to do with mental disorders. The schizoid type of accentuation, for example, in no way means the presence of schizophrenia - all terms are conditional. Different types of accentuation mean the severity of the trait is within the normal range.

B. Gannushkin, 1933) or "emotively labile" (Leongard, 1964, 1968), etc. In the classification of N.I. Kozlov, this is a Mood Man.

Brief description of the psychotype

The main feature of the labile type is extreme mood variability, fast and little predictable switching of the emotional state.

Rich sensory sphere, high sensitivity to signs of attention. Severe mental pain with emotional rejection from loved ones, loss of loved ones and separation from those to whom they are attached. Sociability, good nature, sincere affection, social responsiveness. They are interested in communication, reach out to their peers, are content with the role of a ward.

Labile type and external assessment

Labile adolescents are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all induce arrogance or conceit. Reproaches, condemnations, reprimands, lectures are deeply experienced and are capable of invading into hopeless despondency.

More about the labile type

Portrait of a labile type according to N.N. Kozlov

We all come from childhood. The man of mood, however, differs from the rest in that he remained in his childhood. His soul is the soul of a child, it is bright, sincere, spontaneous and naive. See Mood Man

Development directions

If you observe traits of a labile type in yourself and want to correct your features, then look at the articles:

If you are rather the opposite of this type and want to develop your ability to respond easily and directly, see the Schizoid or Paranoid exercises.

Never scold yourself: if guilt is added to your variety of feelings, this company is a ray.

Psychotype (psychological type) - a set of character traits that describes a recognizable type of person with.

Very often, when a person is dissatisfied with himself and his life, he begins to scold himself for the mistakes he made.

Different researchers distinguish different accentuations. The most widely used classifications.

Training for a trainer, psychologist-consultant and coach. Professional Retraining Diploma

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LECTURE No. 3. The concept of psychogenies and personality disorders

In modern psychiatry there are many definitions of the concept of "personality". In our country, the term "personality" is considered from the standpoint of the psychology of relations and is defined as a set of attitudes towards the surrounding world, primarily the social world, and towards oneself. A significant role in this process is played by conditioned reflex mechanisms.

The core of the personality is the character, which is largely determined by hereditary inclinations, is finally formed under the influence of education, but can be distorted by the adverse effects of various factors, such as chronic mental trauma, organic brain damage.

1. Premorbid personality types

For the diagnosis, prognosis and choice of methods of psychotherapy and rehabilitation, it is important to assess the premorbid personality type, which implies its main features, the type of character before the onset of a mental disorder. As a rule, this type is described from the words of both the patient himself and his relatives, when presenting an anamnesis of life. One of the most convenient for assessing and systematic personality types, as well as premorbid traits, is the classification of the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard - the classification of "accentuated personalities". It is based on the concept of character accentuation as an excessive strengthening of its individual features, as a result of which selective vulnerability is revealed in relation to a certain kind of psychogenic influences with good and even increased resistance to others. Accentuated personalities are extreme variants of the norm. In modern society, more than half of the population can be attributed to them.

There are the following main types of accentuated personalities.

The hyperthymic personality type is distinguished, as a rule, by an elevated mood, high vitality, and activity. Patients are burdened by loneliness and forced idleness, but strive for self-reliance and independence. This type of personality is usually characterized by resourcefulness, the ability to dodge and dodge.

At the same time, patients do not tolerate strict discipline and a regulated regime; being interested in something new, they often do not complete the work they have begun, they do not cope well with work that requires perseverance and accuracy. Also, these individuals have a tendency to overestimate their capabilities and abilities, excessive optimism about the future.

The cycloid, or affectively labile, personality type is characterized by a change in periods of rise to periods of decline in mood and tone, during which patients experience: lethargy, loss of strength, decreased performance, they become uncommunicative and inactive. Even the most minor troubles at these moments are experienced by patients very hard. Quite often, there can be long periods of equanimity between periods of ups and downs. The duration of the periods ranges from several days to several months.

The emotionally labile type is characterized by extreme variability of mood, the change of which occurs even for any reason.

In the life plan of such patients, almost everything depends on the mood: well-being, performance, sociability and attitude towards others. Persons with an emotionally labile personality type have a hard time experiencing troubles, prone to neurotic reactions, sincerely becoming attached to those from whom they see care and attention, need emotional contacts and empathy.

Sensitive (anxious, timid) personality type is characterized by great impressionability, a sense of inferiority. As a rule, such people among strangers or in an unfamiliar environment are timid and shy, sociable with those they are used to.

Patients have an extremely developed sense of duty and responsibility. Noticing many shortcomings in themselves, they try to overcome them, asserting themselves not where their real abilities can be revealed, but in the area where they are weak, they try to overcome timidity and shyness by holding public posts.

As a rule, anxiety and agitation are caused by the fear of making an unfavorable impression on other people; an unfriendly attitude towards oneself is hard to experience.

The psychasthenic (pedantic) personality type combines a penchant for reasoning, indecision with anxious suspiciousness in the form of fears for one's future and the future of loved ones. Such persons live with the idea that if they do not deviate from the routine or the planned plan, then nothing bad will happen. When a decision has already been made, indecision is combined with impatience. Patients are prone to introspection, responsibility is a heavy burden for them, especially when they have to answer not only for themselves, but also for others.

The schizoid (introverted) personality type is characterized by isolation, formal contacts, as a rule, are not difficult, but emotional contacts often turn out to be an impossible task. Closure, combined with external restraint and coldness, manifests itself in the inability to respond to the joy, sadness or fears of another person, in a lack of empathy. Also, in this type of person, intuition is greatly reduced, which manifests itself in the inability to guess about the unspoken desires of other people, to feel sympathy or hostility towards oneself.

As a rule, such patients live in an inner world filled with hobbies and fantasies, which are distinguished by unusualness, strength and constancy, patients fantasize to themselves, do not share their fantasies with others.

The epileptoid (excitable) type of personality is usually characterized by a tendency to short periods of angry-dreary mood with boiling irritation and the search for an object on which to vent evil. During such periods, affective explosiveness is often manifested, in a state in which patients can reach unbridled rage.

Patients have very strongly developed instincts, especially sexual desire, which is combined with intense jealousy, and sometimes with sadistic and masochistic inclinations. In relation to the people around them, patients show authority. All behavior is characterized by heaviness, stiffness, inertia. Petty accuracy, obligatory observance of rules, pedantry are often combined with thrift, prudence and rancor.

The hysterical (demonstrative) personality type attracts attention with an insatiable thirst for power, the desire to be in the spotlight. To achieve such goals, patients show deceit and fantasizing, feigned exaggerated expression of emotions, a tendency to show off and posturing, and excessive dramatization of events. Often, excellent acting skills allow you to get used to a fictional role, misleading gullible people. Suggestibility in such persons is selective and extends only to what can attract the attention of others.

An unstable personality type is characterized by a constant increased craving for pleasure, idleness, idleness, the desire to evade any work, duty and duty. Such people live for today, they don’t set any long-term goals for themselves, they don’t feel real attachments to anyone (even to relatives), they try not to fall in love with anyone, since sexual life is only one of the ways to get pleasure. As a rule, patients are attracted to any asocial companies, non-standard entertainment, but cowardice and reduced initiative doom them to a subordinate role. Trying to escape from difficulties, troubles and trials, they often begin to abuse alcohol and other intoxicating substances.

Very common are mixed types, which are intermediate, in which features of two types are traced.

2. Personality disorders

Personality disorders (psychopathy) - pathological characters, can be constitutional, hereditary or developed as a result of prolonged, especially adverse environmental influences, usually in childhood.

A special group is the pathological development of the personality, due to severe physical defects, such as blindness, deafness, congenital paralysis. Often, personality defects appear after severe mental illness, organic brain damage.

Clinical variants of psychopathy. There are various classifications of psychopathy. This book presents a classification that includes the most recognized variants of psychopathy in clinical practice.

Clinical variants of psychopathy:

2) psychopathy of an anxious and suspicious type;

10) mosaic (undifferentiated).

People with asthenic psychopathy are characterized by a tendency to shift responsibility from themselves to others. The mood of such people is unstable, characterized by a predominance of pessimistic reactions and tearfulness. In addition, they do not tolerate mental and physical stress, as well as various stimuli, such as bright light and noise, and avoid any additional stress. Quite often, for no apparent reason, people with asthenic psychopathy feel tired and powerless. Patients are characterized by vulnerability and increased sensitivity to resentment. When difficult situations arise, they take a passive-defensive position. As a rule, individuals with an asthenic type of bodily constitution and autonomic lability are characterized by the occurrence of asthenic psychopathy, which occurs in combination with arterial hypotension, autonomic dysfunctions and respiratory infections.

Psychopathy of the anxious and suspicious type is characterized by a constant feeling of internal tension and anxiety, shyness and a sense of inferiority, self-doubt, constant desire to please and be good for other people, want to be other people, as well as painful sensitivity to criticism from the outside. The two main features of such patients are great impressionability and a sense of their own inferiority. Seeing many shortcomings in themselves, they are often afraid of being ridiculed and condemned by others.

Patients are prone to depressive reactions, during which they can make a suicidal attempt or commit unexpected desperate acts that lead to serious consequences, up to maiming or killing their offenders.

Psychasthenic psychopathy is characterized by indecision, tormenting doubts, excessive forethought in relation to possibly dangerous or unpleasant events for oneself, the desire to always achieve the highest results, to make everything better, extreme concern for trifling things, extreme conscientiousness, scrupulousness that interferes with enjoyment, pedantry and compliance with conventions with limited ability to express warm feelings. As a rule, this type of psychopathy manifests itself from childhood, intensifying with independent living.

Schizoid psychopathy is distinguished by such personality traits: inability to experience pleasure, emotional coldness, weak response to praise and censure, reduced interest in sexual intercourse with the opposite sex, a tendency to fantasize about oneself, immersion in the inner world, lack of trusting contacts, difficulty in understanding and assimilating generally accepted norms of behavior.

A characteristic feature is isolation. As a rule, such persons live by their own interests and hobbies (hobbies), in which they can achieve unique success.

Unstable psychopathy is characterized by the following signs: neglect of the feelings of others, irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules and duties, inability to maintain stable relationships with others, inability to achieve what you want, outbursts of aggression and cruelty, lack of guilt, a tendency to blame others for everything and complain about failures , increased irritability.

The most pronounced feature is the constant thirst for light entertainment and pleasure, the avoidance of any work, study, and the fulfillment of any duties (both public and family). Patients with childhood drawn to asocial companies, alcohol, drugs. In adulthood, sexual life is a source of pleasure. They are able to fall in love and become attached to relatives and friends, they live only in the present, they are weak-willed and cowardly, they do not tolerate loneliness, they are not able to occupy themselves with something.

Hysterical psychopathy is diagnosed in the presence of a tendency to self-dramatization, theatrical behavior, exaggeration in the expression of emotions, as well as suggestibility, easy compliance, self-centeredness with the desire to disregard the interests of others, a constant desire to be appreciated and is in the center of attention of people around him. The last character trait is the most striking.

Explosive (excitable) psychopathy is characterized by excessive excitability, impulsivity, explosiveness, conflict, up to spitefulness and aggressiveness.

Patients come into conflict with the people around them for the most insignificant reasons, regardless of the situation, they control their behavior poorly, in quarrels they often turn to shouting, scolding, not commensurate with their own strengths and the physical capabilities of the opponent, they can start a fight. They slowly advance in the service, as they enter into open conflicts with both subordinates and superiors, and make many enemies for themselves. They behave extremely cruelly with close relatives, resort to assault, and subject children to corporal punishment. Mood changes for no apparent reason, sometimes becoming dysphoric.

Epileptoid psychopathy is characterized by the periodic occurrence of a state of dysphoria, i.e., a gloomy-evil mood, during which patients are looking for someone to rip off the accumulated evil, and which lasts from several hours to several days. This state is preceded by a gradual boiling of suppressed irritation.

In a state of passion, they are capable of causing serious damage to others. Often sadistic-masochistic inclinations are manifested in the fact that patients take pleasure in torturing, subtly mocking or severely beating the weak, defenseless, unable to fight back. They can take pleasure in hurting themselves with cuts or burns from burning cigarettes, like to drink themselves unconscious.

Suicide attempts can be demonstrative in order to blackmail someone with them or with real intention commit suicide during dysphoria. In relation to the authorities, they are often flattering and obsequious, they know how to force subordinates to carry out the orders of the leadership at any cost, they keep all affairs in perfect order, sometimes successfully moving up the career ladder.

Paranoid psychopathy is characterized by excessive sensitivity of patients to dissatisfaction with their claims, vindictiveness, which does not allow forgiving insults, insults and damage, suspicion and the desire to distort the actions of others, presenting them as malicious, a tendency to pathological jealousy, increased self-confidence, feeling own importance, thoughts that everyone is in a conspiracy against them.

A characteristic feature of this type is the belief in one's superiority over others, confidence in the importance of what they are doing. Patients always want things to be done the way they see fit. Striving for power and leadership, they usually gather around them people who are dissatisfied with their position. Not receiving recognition of their deeds and satisfaction of demands, they become embittered, they see enemies and envious people everywhere. Sophisticated and even cruelly persecute their imaginary opponents and real enemies.

Emotionally labile personality type

Different scientists define the emotive-labile personality type in different ways. So, K. Leonhard calls them emotive personalities, A.E. Lichko is a labile type, and P.B. Ganushkin - emotively labile, or reactively labile. The main characteristic of this type is the extreme volatility and instability of mood. These are the so-called mood people.

Their perception of the world depends on what mood they are in at the moment. These people are very sensitive, impressionable and soft-hearted. Such qualities often give them the appearance of a fragile, gentle, sometimes naive creature. For the most part, in their youth they are open, cheerful, somewhat even simple-hearted and naive people, however, others can be impressed by touchy and capricious people.

Any, even a small, trouble makes them discouraged and overshadows their state of mind, although not for long. Any joyful message can bring them out of this state and make them cheerful and cheerful. In adulthood and old age, the general background of mood is increasingly becoming more sad. From the outside it may seem that the mood of such people is changing for no reason, but this is not so.

Just to events that are insignificant for other people, emotive personalities react with a change of mood. It can be bad weather, and an inadvertently spoken word, sad memories that come to mind, seen dirt or a stray dog ​​or cat. This may be an inconspicuous event, so that sometimes the person himself cannot give an account why her mood deteriorated and she became sad.

Emotive people can be distinguished by external manifestations. You can usually see that they are deeply involved in events. When they watch a movie with a dramatic plot or read a book with a sad ending, they can easily burst into tears. Tears can also be accompanied by sad stories, any sad events or stories.

The external ease of the appearance of emotions and their manifestations can create an erroneous opinion about these people as superficial and frivolous. But it's not. They are capable of deep feelings, their friendship is true, they are very devoted. In relation to relatives and friends, these are wonderful parents, husbands, wives, they show true love and care for everyone. Although such relationships can be broken by quarrels and grievances, But these people are so arranged, without this they cannot Live.

Emotional people are very sensitive to the opinions of others. Any censure, remark, reprimand, or just a harshly spoken word makes them discouraged, makes them worry, and, conversely, a word of praise, gratitude, signs of attention, encouragement lead to a joyful, high spirits and increase self-esteem.

Strong mental shocks can have a profound effect on such people and lead to reactive depression, and then they lose the ability to resist, which can lead to a suicide attempt.

These people usually choose professions that involve a subtle understanding of human emotions: a poet, a writer, an artist, an artist, etc.

So, emotive personality inherent features that are directed at others and attract them - emotionality, kindness, altruism, compassion, pity, empathy, good-heartedness, a sense of duty and commitment, goodwill, emotional understanding of the inner world of the interlocutor.

But at the same time, there are traits in their characters that create discomfort in relationships and cause conflicts. This is extreme impressionability, tearfulness, the need for a "greenhouse" attitude towards them, the inability to defend one's interests.

Psychology

Esoterics

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Characteristics of the labile type of human character

Each person has a unique set of emotions and feelings that determine his behavior (see Personality Accentuation). It is impossible to find two people who react identically at a certain moment. After all, the way a person responds to various types of stimuli and creates an overall picture of an individual character.

There are cases when it is impossible to accurately determine the nature due to the constant variability of the reaction. Such a manifestation of behavior is called a labile personality type. More often, character instability is observed in adolescents, which in most cases is only a temporary deviation and disappears as they grow older. However, too frequent unpredictable mood swings are symptoms of significant psychological disorders.

In this article, we will describe in detail the features of the manifestation of a labile personality type, and also give some useful psychological recommendations.

Important to remember! In the case of frequent manifestation of unstable behavior in a teenager, be sure to consult an experienced psychotherapist. Don't try to solve the problem yourself.

Psychological features of the manifestation of the labile type of accentuation

A manifestation of the labile type of character is the unpredictability of the reaction and frequent mood swings that defy the standard logical explanation. In this case, there is a psychological component of the problem, when a person cannot consciously control emotions.

Such manifestations are observed in adolescence, which is explained by the characteristics of growing up. But in the case of extremely frequent and sharp changeability of behavior, there may be an initial stage of formation of a labile type. At the same time, insignificant factors become the reasons for the change in mood. For example, heavy rain or a broken nail can plunge a person into a state of extreme despondency or cause a fit of aggression, which is abruptly replaced by laughter due to some pleasant memory or joke heard.

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When talking frankly during a psychological session, people with this type of personality may exhibit several inconsistent mood swings within a few minutes.

Accentuation features

The negative aspects of character include the following aspects:

• irascibility;
• high level of conflict;
• undeveloped self-control;
• hysterical attacks of crying or laughing;
• pugnacity;
• sharp bouts of apathy.

The relationship with the outside world, personal preferences of a person: sleep, appetite, concentration (see How to improve concentration), working capacity depend on what mood a person experiences.

In spite of wide range negative manifestations, a person with a labile personality type is often distinguished by good nature and sincerity. When choosing a friend, a person with such a character pays attention to his ability to create comfortable conditions during mood swings. Friendship for him is determined by a deep psychological attachment to those who are dear to him. A person responds positively to flattery, gratitude, praise without expressed complacency.

Health status

As a rule, the formation of a labile type of character begins in early adolescence. Due to certain characteristics of the body during the period of growing up, almost all children are characterized by emotional instability.

A distinctive feature of the labile personality type in adolescents is a high incidence of infectious pathologies. Such children often suffer from pneumonia, tonsillitis, SARS, inflammation of the bladder and gallbladder. These diseases have a chronic course with constant relapses.

Adults are no different a high degree soreness, but in some cases, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases persists.

Important! Variable emotionality and frequent illnesses in a child are not a direct indicator of character lability. To establish a diagnosis, be sure to consult an experienced doctor.

Cognitive abilities

This type of character is distinguished not only by the unpredictability of the reaction, but also low level self-control. IN early age learning abilities are poorly developed (see Cognitive functions), which has an extremely negative impact on a person's further knowledge and skills. Adolescents react painfully to comments from adults (parents, teachers). The response to criticism may be crying or insults. Also, depending on the situation, the reaction of the child can be quite positive.

In the future, it is difficult for a person with a labile type of character to take root in a team and conduct normal work activities. However, if the work is really interesting, he will be fully involved in the process without the slightest manifestation of instability.

In order to establish positive contact, you must adhere to the following recommendations:

• avoid conflict situations;
• do not resort to aggressive methods of influence;
• find out the reason for the change in mood and feelings;
• in every possible way encourage, praise;
• console and empathize as much as possible;
• find an interesting activity that will completely captivate a person;
• don't take mood swings personally (see How to calm down the right way).

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Conclusion

Unstable behavior and frequent mood swings are a manifestation of character lability. More often, minor factors are the causes of emotional changes. In order to establish relations with such a person, it is necessary to protect him as much as possible from external irritants, providing support and understanding.

labile type

The childhood of a person of a labile personality type is often marked by a tendency to neurotic reactions. In adolescence, the main feature of this type attracts attention - extreme variability, lability of mood, which changes too often and excessively sharply for insignificant or even imperceptible reasons for others.

Everything depends on the mood at any moment of time: well-being, appetite, working capacity, and sociability. According to the mood, the future seems either rosy, or dull and hopeless, and the past appears as a chain of pleasant, sunny memories, or continuous failures and injustices. Everyday environment also seems to be sometimes cute and interesting, sometimes boring and ugly. Such unmotivated mood swings can give others the impression of superficiality and frivolity. However, in reality, people of the labile type are distinguished by deep feelings, sincere affection for those from whom they see love, care and attention. They have a devoted friendship.

The most "weak link" of the labile is emotional rejection by significant persons, the loss of loved ones, separation from them. The loss of loved ones is especially hard to bear. A peculiar selectivity of intuition allows them to quickly feel the attitude of those around them - immediately, at the first contact, determine who is disposed towards them, and in whom there is even the slightest drop of hostility and hostility. Self-esteem is distinguished by sincerity and the ability to correctly note the traits of one's character.

Labile people love companies, a change of scenery, but, unlike hyperthymic people, they are attracted not by a new field of activity, but only by the possibility of new experiences.

Sexual activity for quite a long time is kept at the level of flirting and courtship, luring, coquetry, sexual play. The drive remains undifferentiated; therefore, a temporary deviation to the path of transient homosexuality is possible. Among the possible pathopsychological disorders that arise on the basis of a labile personality accentuation, one should note a tendency to acute affective reactions, reactive depressions, as well as to neuroses, in particular, to neurasthenia. The labile personality type is combined with psychophysical infantilism, with vegetative lability and a predisposition to allergic diseases.

In emergency situations and extreme circumstances, a labile person in most cases gives neurotic reactions, mainly of a depressive type. Mental activity is paralyzed, mechanisms of adaptation and compensation are not included, active and constructive mechanisms of coping with stress are not used. In the inner psychologically the crisis is experienced as a state of panic that blocks the possibility of a constructive resolution of critical circumstances.

Emotionally labile personality type

This type is most fully described under various names "emotionally labile", "reactively labile" or "emotionally labile". In the systematics of psychopathy, G. E. Sukhareva does not have this type. However, the picture of “general” or “harmonious” infantilism described by her contains almost all the features characteristic of the labile type. At the same time, it is added that with age, children's infantilism can be smoothed out, but reactive lability remains. As you know, the problem of the relationship between infantilism and psychopathy has long attracted attention. The most rational point of view seems to us to be infantilism, including general, harmonious, as the basis on which different types of psychopathy can form.

In childhood, labile adolescents, as a rule, do not particularly stand out among their peers. Only a few show a tendency to neurotic reactions. However, almost everyone's childhood is filled with infectious diseases caused by conditionally pathogenic flora. Frequent sore throats, continuous "colds", chronic pneumonia, rheumatism, pyelocystitis, cholecystitis and other diseases, although they do not occur in severe forms, they tend to take a protracted and recurrent course. Perhaps the factor of "somatic infantilization" plays an important role in many cases of the formation of a labile type.

The main feature of the labile type is extreme mood variability. This is its essential difference from the type of "unstable" similar in name, in which the main defect falls on the volitional sphere. As you know, mood volatility is generally characteristic of a teenager. To some extent, they are all endowed with emotional lability. Therefore, the diagnosis of this type in adolescence is a difficult, but still feasible task. We can talk about the emerging formation of a labile type in cases where the mood changes too often and too abruptly, and the reasons for these radical changes are insignificant. An unflattering word spoken by someone, a rain that has fallen, a button torn off a suit can plunge you into a dull and gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles and failures. At the same time, some pleasant conversation, interesting news, a fleeting compliment, a well-dressed suit, heard from someone, although unrealistic, but tempting prospects can cheer up, even distract from real troubles, until they again remind anything about yourself. During a psychiatric examination during frank and exciting conversations, when you have to touch the most different sides life, for half an hour you can see more than once ready to well up tears and soon a joyful smile.

The mood is characterized not only by frequent and abrupt changes, but also by their significant depth. The state of health, and appetite, and sleep, and ability to work, and the desire to be alone or only with a loved one, or to rush into a noisy society, into a company, into people depend on the mood of a given moment. According to the mood, the future is either colored with iridescent colors, or it seems gray and dull, and the past appears either as a chain of pleasant memories, or it seems entirely consisting of failures, mistakes and injustices. Alone and i.e. the same people, the same environment, sometimes seem nice, interesting and attractive, then boring, boring and ugly, endowed with all sorts of shortcomings.

An unmotivated change of mood sometimes gives the impression of being superficial and frivolous. But this judgment is not true. Representatives of the labile type are capable of deep feelings, of great and sincere affection. This primarily affects their attitude towards relatives and friends, but only to those from whom they themselves feel love, care and participation. Attachment to them persists despite the ease and frequency of fleeting quarrels.

Loyal friendship is no less characteristic of labile teenagers. In a friend, they spontaneously look for a psychotherapist. They prefer to be friends with those who, in moments of sadness and discontent, are able to distract, console, tell something interesting, cheer up, convince that “everything is not so scary”, but at the same time, in moments of emotional upsurge, it is easy to respond to joy and fun. to satisfy the need for empathy.

Labile adolescents are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all induce arrogance or conceit. Reproaches, condemnations, reprimands, lectures are deeply experienced and are capable of invading into hopeless despondency. Labile adolescents endure real troubles, losses, misfortunes extremely hard, revealing a tendency to reactive depressions, severe neurotic breakdowns.

The reaction of emancipation in labile adolescents is expressed very moderately. They feel good in the family if they feel love, warmth and comfort there. Emancipatory activity manifests itself in the form of short bursts, due to the vagaries of the mood and usually interpreted by adults as simple stubbornness. However, the reaction of emancipation becomes more constant and directed if it is fueled by an unfavorable family situation. The craving for grouping with peers is also subject to mood changes: in good times, labile teenagers seek company, while bad ones avoid communication. In a group of peers, they do not pretend to be the leader, but are more looking for emotional contacts; willingly content with the position of a favorite and a minion, who is guarded and protected by more stencil friends.

The hobby reaction of labile adolescents is usually limited to the types of hobbies that we have designated as informative-communicative and egocentric. They are alien to the intoxicating excitement of games, and the scrupulous meticulousness of collecting, and the persistent improvement of strength, dexterity, skills, and the height of refined intellectual and aesthetic pleasures. Moreover, they do not claim leadership. Communication with comrades, amateur art, and even some pets (mostly their own dog) belong to the kind of hobbies that give a slight outflow of emotional energy that fills them at the time of mood swings. But none of the hobbies last too long and are soon replaced by another.

Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting and courtship, and attraction remains poorly differentiated, as a result of which a deviation into the path of transient teenage homosexuality is possible. But labile teenagers always try to avoid excessive sexual excesses.

Self-esteem is sincere. Labile teenagers are well aware of the peculiarities of their character, they know that they are “mood people” and that everything depends on their mood. Giving a report to weaknesses of their nature, they do not try to hide or obscure anything, but, as it were, offer others to accept them as they are. In the way others relate to them, they discover surprisingly good intuition - immediately, at the first contact, feeling who is disposed towards them, who is indifferent, and in whom there is at least a drop of hostility or hostility. The reciprocal attitude arises immediately and without attempts to conceal it.

The severity of emotional lability in adolescence usually does not exceed the level of explicit accentuation. Under the supervision of a psychiatrist, cases of labile accentuation fall when mental trauma or a difficult situation cause acute affective reactions (sometimes with suicidal behavior), reactive depressions, and severe neurotic states. The focus of attention is usually on these reactions themselves and the traumas that caused them, while the personality, character traits that make such breakdowns easy, often remain in the shadows. That is why the emotionally labile Schneider-Gannushkin type has not become widespread as a working term in psychiatric practice, despite the vividness of the descriptions and the frequency with which this type occurs.

Labile-hysterical variant. In the description of the labile type, one can see similarities with other types. Rich emotionality, good intuition, some egocentrism, more precisely - the love of attention to oneself, favorite "hobbies" combine labile teenagers with hysterical ones. But sincerity in relation to themselves and to others, the absence of deliberate demonstrativeness in behavior, the ability to warm affection distinguishes them from hysteroids. Labile adolescents also have a much better self-esteem of character. Both labile and hysterical adolescents also have a tendency to fantasize. But the fantasies of labile adolescents are devoid of an intoxicatingly adventurous vein, the intention to turn all the eyes of others on themselves with their inventions, to expose the exclusivity of their person. These are more romantic fantasies, rather idyllic dreams of the fulfillment of hopes, of serene happiness and joy always and everywhere for yourself and your loved ones.

Nevertheless, in some cases, hysteroid traits are pronounced and, most importantly, under the influence of mental trauma and difficult situations, affective reactions and reactive states acquire a distinct hysterical tinge. Such cases were regarded by us as a mixed labile-hysteroid type.

Labile-affective option. As indicated, the severity of the labile type in adolescence is usually limited to accentuation and only occasionally reaches psychopathy. Only sometimes psychopathization follows the path of strengthening emotional lability to affective explosiveness. Usually such cases fall into the combined group of excitable psychopaths. Indeed, affective outbursts here often arise for an insignificant reason, but they are quickly exhausted. In affect there is no tendency to aggression. A constant change of mood dramatically affects all behavior, manifesting itself as restlessness, lack of concentration, distractibility, and a quick change of interests. Studying suffers from all this, there are constant conflicts both with elders and with peers. In addition, there is usually no ability for proper self-esteem, inherent in labile accentuation, criticality in relation to one's character. In behavior, some features of an unstable type are also often found.

Other variants of the labile type. Some representatives of the emotionally labile type occupy a position close to the cycloid type. They have phases in mood swings: “good” and “bad” days alternate. We considered such cases as a variant of the cycloid type - "labile cycloids". We also noted that emotional lability is often combined with sensitivity. Perhaps lability can serve as one of the backgrounds for the subsequent formation of a sensitive type (see the sensitive-labile variant when describing the sensitive type).

The labile-cycloid variant is limited to the framework of accentuation, the labile-hysteroid and sensitive-labile variant can reach the degree of psychopathy, while hysteroid or sensitive features are especially enhanced. Thus, on the basis of lability, we are faced with three types of psychopathization: labile-affective, labile-hysteroid, and sensitive-labile.

This type was described under different names: "emotionally labile", "reactively labile", or "emotively labile" [Gannushkin P. B., 1933], "emotive", "supermobile"

In the systematics of psychopathy in children, given by G. E. Sukhareva (1959), this type is absent, however, in the described picture of “general” or “harmonious” infantilism, almost all the signs characteristic of the labile type are contained. At the same time, it is added that with age, “childish infantilism” can smooth out, but “reactive lability” remains. As you know, the problem of the relationship between infantilism and psychopathy has long attracted attention [Buyanov M.I., 1971]. The most rational point of view seems to us to be infantilism, including general (harmonious), as the basis on which different types of psychopathy can form [Kovalev VV, 1973].

In childhood, labile adolescents, as a rule, do not particularly stand out among their peers. Only a few show a tendency to neurotic reactions. However, in almost everyone in childhood, a chain of infectious diseases caused by opportunistic flora can be traced. Continuous "colds", frequent tonsillitis, chronic pneumonia, rheumatism, pyelocystitis, cholecystitis and other diseases occur, although not in severe forms, but they tend to take a protracted and recurrent course. It is possible that the factor of "somatic infantilization" plays a significant role in many cases of the formation of a labile type.

The main feature of the labile type is extreme mood variability. This is its essential difference from the type of “unstable” similar in name, where the main defect falls on the volitional sphere, where instability concerns behavior, actions. As you know, mood volatility is generally inherent in adolescents. To some extent, almost all of them are endowed with emotional lability. Therefore, the diagnosis of this type in adolescence is a difficult, but still feasible task. We can talk about the formation of a labile type when the mood changes too often and too abruptly, and the reasons for these radical changes are negligible. An unflattering word spoken by someone, an unfriendly glance of a casual interlocutor, an inopportune rain, a button torn off a suit can plunge you into a dull and gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles and failures. At the same time, a pleasant conversation, interesting news, a fleeting compliment, a well-fitted suit, heard from someone, although unrealistic, but tempting prospects can cheer you up, even distract from real troubles, until they again remind you of something about yourself. When talking with a psychiatrist, during frank and exciting conversations, when you have to touch on various aspects of life, for half an hour you can see tears ready to well up more than once and soon a joyful smile.

The mood is characterized not only by frequent and abrupt changes, but also by their significant depth. The state of health, and sleep, and appetite, and ability to work, and the desire to be alone or only with a loved one, or to rush into a noisy society, into a company, into people depend on the mood of a given moment. According to the mood, the attitude towards one's future also changes - it is either colored with the most iridescent colors, or it seems gray and dull. And the past either appears as a chain of pleasant memories, or it seems entirely consisting of failures, mistakes and injustices. The same environment, the same people are perceived either as cute, interesting and attractive, or as boring, boring and ugly, endowed with all sorts of shortcomings.

An unmotivated change of mood sometimes gives the impression of superficiality and frivolity. In fact, adolescents of this type are capable of deep feelings, of great and sincere affection. This primarily affects their attitude towards relatives and friends, but only to those from whom they themselves feel love, care and participation. Attachment to them persists, despite the ease and frequency of fleeting quarrels.

Loyal friendship is no less characteristic of labile teenagers. In a friend, they unconsciously look for a psychotherapist. They are looking for friendship With those who, in moments of sadness and discontent, are able to distract, console, tell something interesting, cheer up, convince that “everything is not so scary”, but at the same time, in moments of emotional upsurge, be able to respond to joy and fun to satisfy the need for empathy.

Labile adolescents are very sensitive to all kinds of signs of attention, gratitude, praise and encouragement - all this gives them sincere joy, but does not at all induce arrogance or conceit. Reproaches, condemnations, reprimands, lectures are deeply experienced and can plunge into hopeless despondency. Labile adolescents endure real troubles, losses, and misfortunes extremely hard, showing a tendency to acute affective reactions, reactive depressions, and severe neurotic breakdowns.

The reaction of emancipation is expressed very moderately. They feel good in the family if they feel love, warmth and comfort there. Emancipatory activity manifests itself in the form of short bursts due to mood swings, which are usually interpreted by adults as simple stubbornness or whims. However, the reaction of emancipation becomes more pronounced and stable if it is fueled by an unfavorable family situation; labile adolescents often want to break out of such a family.

The craving for grouping with peers is also subject to mood changes: in good times, labile adolescents seek company, in bad times they avoid communication.

In a peer group, they do not pretend to be the leader, but are more looking for emotional contacts. They are willingly content with the position of a pet and a darling, who is guarded and protected by more wall-like friends.

The hobby reaction is usually limited to the types of hobbies that we have designated as informative-communicative and egocentric (see Chapter II). They are alien to the intoxicating excitement of games, and the scrupulous meticulousness of collecting, and the persistent improvement of strength, dexterity, skills, and the height of refined intellectual and aesthetic pleasures. Moreover, they do not claim leadership anywhere. Communication with comrades, amateur art, and even some pets (especially attractive own dog) belong to the kind of hobbies that give a slight outflow of emotional energy that fills in moments of mood swings. None of the hobbies last long and are soon replaced by another.

Sexual activity is usually limited to flirting and courtship, and attraction remains poorly differentiated, as a result of which a deviation into the path of transient adolescent homosexuality is possible (see Chapter III.) But excessive sexual excesses are always avoided.

Self-esteem is sincere. Labile teenagers are well aware of the peculiarities of their character, they know that they are “mood people” and that everything depends on their mood. Being aware of the weaknesses of their nature, they do not try to hide or obscure anything, but, as it were, offer others to accept them as they are. In the way others treat them, they discover good intuition - immediately at the first contact they feel who is disposed towards them, who is indifferent, and in whom there is at least a drop of hostility or hostility. The reciprocal attitude arises immediately and without attempts to conceal it.

The severity of emotional lability in adolescence usually does not exceed the level of explicit accentuation. Psychopathies are relatively rare.

The "weak point" of this type is the rejection by emotionally significant persons, the loss of loved ones, forced separation from them.

This type of accentuation is often combined with vegetative lability and a tendency to allergic reactions.

walkie-talkies. Labile accentuation can serve as a breeding ground for acute affective reactions (often impunity or intrapunitive), neuroses, especially neurasthenia, reactive depression, and for psychopathic developments, more often of a labile-hysteroid type.

It is only in these cases that labile adolescents come under the supervision of a psychiatrist. The focus of attention is on the violations that have arisen and the mental trauma that caused them, and the character traits that make such breakdowns easy often remain in the shadows. That is why, it seems to us, the “emotionally labile type” of Schneider-Gannushkin has not become widespread as a working term in psychiatric practice, despite the vividness of the descriptions and the frequency with which this type occurs.

SergeyG, 14 years old As a child, he suffered from “colds” a lot, since his school years he has been suffering from chronic cholecystitis. He grew up cheerful, sociable, but very touchy. The mother has a severe kidney disease, she often and for a long time lay in hospitals. He was brought up by his father, who played with him, fed and clothed him. He went to school willingly, studied well until the age of 11. When he was 11 years old, his father died. After his death, for several months he was extremely lethargic, did not play, did nothing, after school all the days he sat at home alone and waited for his mother to return from work. complained about headache, bad sleep, "eyelid twitching" In the same year, teachers changed at the school. The new class teacher considered him a lazy person, convinced other teachers of this, and scolded him in front of the whole class. He was very worried about his failures and reprimands from teachers. He began to run away from lessons, wandered around the city alone. At home, he reacted to his mother’s reproaches with tears, left the house, sat alone on the stairs

I spent last summer in a sanatorium. He remembers him very warmly, he was disciplined there, calmly treated the remarks of his elders. At the start of a new school year at school, one high school student, passing by him, suddenly spat in his face. In anger, having contrived, he pushed him down the stairs. In response to the punishment, he categorically refused to go to school, was rude to teachers. At home, in response to his mother's reproaches, he had a violent emotional outburst, ran away from home, spent the night somewhere in the front door. At first, he reacted to the placement in a children's psychiatric hospital with incessant crying. But then, feeling a warm attitude towards himself, he calmed down. He began to study at the school at the hospital, made friends with disciplined boys.

During a conversation, depending on the content of the conversation, it easily switches from sadness to a smile and vice versa. At the mention of his father, who died three years ago, he immediately burst into tears, but quickly succumbed to consolation. He said that in the mornings on some days he gets up cheerful and cheerful, on other days he feels lethargic and bored in the morning. Complains of headaches, especially after conflicts at school. If something unpleasant happens during the day, he cannot sleep for a long time in the evening. He loves to study, he especially likes drawing and English - teachers in these subjects treat him warmly. He agreed that he behaved incorrectly at school and at home. He wants to continue his studies at his former school, despite former conflicts with teachers. He explains this by the fact that he is used to his comrades. He is attached to his mother, treats her very tenderly.

Examination with the help of PDO According to the scale of objective assessment, a labile type was diagnosed. No signs indicating the possibility of psychopathy were found Conformity is moderate Reaction of emancipation, a tendency to delinquency and alcoholism are not expressed Insufficient self-esteem on the scale of subjective assessment* neither recognized nor rejected traits of any type were distinguished.

Diagnosis Protracted reactive depression against the background of a clear accentuation of the labile type.

Follow-up after 3 years Healthy Continues studies Still very emotional

In psychopathy of this type, emotional lability itself can reach such a degree that it turns into affective explosiveness. However, more often the core of emotional lability is overlaid with traits of another type - hysterical, sensitive, unstable.

Labile-affective psychopathy. This type of psychopathy is usually considered in the collective group of excitable psychopathy. Although affective outbursts arise for an insignificant reason, they are quickly exhausted. Anger is easily replaced by tears. In affect, there is no tendency to rude aggression towards others. Usually the affect is limited to violent emotional manifestations, sometimes there are reactions of an auto-aggressive type. A constant change of mood leads to extreme restlessness, lack of concentration, distractibility, and a rapid change of interests. Studying suffers from all this, there are constant conflicts both with elders and with peers. Usually there is no correctness of self-assessment inherent in labile accentuation, there is no criticism of one's behavior.

AlexanderM, 15 years old. He grew up without a father in a friendly family with his mother, aunt and grandmother. As a child, he often suffered from “colds”, and was distinguished by “nervousness”. From the first school years, with quite satisfactory abilities, he studied with difficulty, was restless, absent-minded, quickly got bored of everything. the role of a jester, made faces, made the guys laugh. He easily fell under the influence of his comrades, played naughty, but avoided participating in fights. He was fond of playing the piano, then the guitar, tried to play tennis, hockey - at first he warmly took on everything, but quickly abandoned it. Most of all, he loves to “walk with the guys”, wanders the streets until late at night. For noisy night walks, he was detained by the police more than once.

Has no close friend, loves company. He does not drink wine - he is afraid of vomiting. After several conflicts with teachers, he left school, did nothing, “walked”, exchanged badges with foreigners chewing gum

Once in a psychiatric hospital, at first he was frightened, but quickly calmed down and got used to it, he became mobile, fussy, distracted, and inclined to affective outbursts at the slightest provocation. I was very afraid of infections - at the sight of a syringe I fainted. During the conversation, I discovered a pronounced emotional lability - for half an hour my mood changed abruptly several times. He is attached to his mother, he is not burdened by her guardianship. Criticism of his behavior is extremely superficial - he easily agrees with the accusations, makes promises to improve, and immediately forgets these promises. He does not think about his future. I would like to work as a postman - I like to walk the streets.

Tall, but graceful build, feminine, has a high timbre of voice, a somewhat childish facial expression, but sexual development according to age No deviations on neurological examination and EEG

Examination with the help of PDO According to the scale of objective assessment, the labile type was diagnosed No signs indicating the possibility of psychopathy were found Conformity is moderate, the reaction of emancipation is weak Psychological inclination to delinquency and alcoholism was not revealed According to the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is insufficient* neither traits of any type, nor the most no rejected traits found

Diagnosis Psychopathy of a moderate degree of labile-affective

Labile-hysteroid type. It can be observed in the framework of both psychopathy and character accentuations. Psychopathy of this type can be either constitutional, i.e., an endogenous combination of two types, or a consequence of psychopathic development during the upbringing of a labile teenager in a system of indulgent hyperprojection (see Chapter V). Hysteroid egocentrism here turns into a more selfish demand for boundless love for oneself and cares on the part of emotionally significant persons than a thirst to attract the eyes of the entire environment. Fantasies are usually devoid of an intoxicatingly adventurous vein. They have a more romantic coloring, they are rather idyllic dreams of the fulfillment of hopes, of serene happiness and bliss. There is no intention by their inventions to show the exclusivity of their person.

Nevertheless, under the influence of mental trauma, especially when rejected by emotionally significant persons, and in difficult situations, acute affective reactions and reactive states acquire a distinct hysterical coloration.

Vladimir B, 15 years old Since childhood, mobile, restless, quick-tempered. In the first years - repeated pneumonia. Then he grew up physically healthy. When he was 7 years old, his father left the family. He experienced it hard. At the age of 10, he began to protest violently when his stepfather appeared in the family, quarreled with him over the slightest trifle, his mother was jealous of him. As a protest, he began to skip school, started classes. In response to punishment from his mother, he began to run away from home. He arranged the shoots in such a way that they would look for him and return him. For example, when he was leaving for another city to visit his aunt, he previously “secretly” told about his intention to a peer from a neighboring apartment in the hope that he would tell his mother. When his mother did not come for him for a long time, he himself gave her a telegram on behalf of his aunt. Another time, he pointedly went to look for his own father, who did not show any interest in him. During the escapes, he never spent the night either in the front doors or in the basements - he was afraid of rats. When on his birthday he didn’t receive a gift from his mother as a punishment, he opened a piggy bank without asking and bought carrier pigeons for 25 rubles. He began to spend time in street companies, but he didn’t smoke, he refused to drink wine.

His mother placed him in a boarding school - he was offended by her for this. He also ran away from the boarding school. Then he became friends there with one fellow practitioner, he became very attached to him. He was the leader among the pupils, and he enjoyed his patronage. Jealous of his other comrades. When he defiantly “betrayed” him, he ran away from the boarding school, leaving him, after his return, in front of his comrades, he played an attempt at self-hanging, but easily let himself be restrained.

In the teenage department of a psychiatric hospital, he quickly got used to it. He tried to claim leadership, but failed to gain authority even among the younger and weaker ones.

In the conversation, I found great emotional lability. He blushed easily, depending on the topic of conversation, a dull expression on his face and a cheerful smile quickly replaced each other. Willingly talked, looking for contact. He spoke with restraint about his stepfather, about his mother - without hiding his resentment. When asked about a friend, he became very agitated, tried to get away from this topic, quietly muttered: “I have already told everything.” Then he admitted that they were connected with a friend by a “terrible oath”, the essence of which he refused to tell, but added that the friend had violated this oath and his comrades mocked him. He condemned the attempt to hang himself as a stupid act, but refused to recognize its demonstrative nature. He assured me that he was ready to die.

With a pronounced acceleration of physical and sexual development, he discovers children's interests - he loves fairy tales, games, a childish facial expression is preserved.

Examination with the help of PDO According to the scale of objective assessment, a labile type was diagnosed. There were no signs of possible psychopathy. Conformity and reaction of emancipation are moderate. Tendencies to delinquency and alcoholism were not found. According to the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is insufficient: neither features of any type, nor reliably rejected features have been established.

Diagnosis. Psychopathy of a moderate degree of a labile-hysteroid type.

Follow-up after 2 years. For complicity in theft, he was sent to a special school for difficult teenagers.

Labile-unstable type. As a rule, it occurs against the background of labile accentuation due to upbringing that combines emotional rejection with hypoprotection. Often reaches psychopathic development. Outwardly, there is a "syndrome erratic behavior"- similarity with unstable psychopathy due to delinquency, running away from home, etc. However, such adolescents are distinguished from unstable psychopathy not only by great emotionality, but also by the ability to warm attachments and the desire to avoid all sorts of excesses - both delinquent, and alcoholic, and sexual.

Pavel 3., 16 years old. His father suffers from epilepsy and alcoholism, his mother suffers from severe polyarthritis, he is disabled. He grew up in a large family as the eldest of five children. From childhood to the present he suffers from nocturnal enuresis. Until the age of 11, he did not differ from his peers, he was very attached to his mother. It was difficult for him to experience scandals in the family. Studied mediocre. From the age of 11, due to scandals at home, he reached out into the street, fell under the influence of an asocial company of teenagers, began to smoke, occasionally drink, at the instigation of his friends, he stole money at school from a teacher. He was sent to a special school for the difficult. There he began to be subjected to severe persecution by fellow students. Made an escape Returned to a special school, began to threaten suicide

In the teenage psychiatric clinic, at first he was tense, embittered, suspicious. Later, he gave a violent emotional reaction to a warm and affectionate attitude - he burst into tears, confessed to misconduct that were not previously known: under the influence of his street company, he stole from his pockets, climbed into abandoned cars and unscrewed what they ordered, stole bicycles He kept to this company because was there "his own" and he was protected from other hooligans

During conversations, he found pronounced emotional reactions, depending on the memories, he easily moved from tears to a smile, from anger to tears. Interests - children, loves games, fairy tales. In the clinic, he did not violate the regimen, reached out to the elders, sought empathy. On examination - pronounced physical infantilism, height 154 cm, body weight 40 kg (lower limit of the age norm 167 cm, 53 kg) first pubertal phase, child's facial expression On neurological examination - no abnormalities.

Survey using PDO. According to the scale of objective assessment, the type "labile cycloid" was diagnosed. There are signs that indicate the likelihood of psychopathy. Increased frankness in assessing character traits and personal relationships. Conformity and reaction of emancipation are moderate. A psychological tendency to delinquency was established Attitude towards alcoholization is indefinite According to the subjective assessment scale, self-esteem is incorrect, conformal traits are reliably distinguished, traits of an unstable type are rejected, ambivalence in relation to sensitive traits is noted

Diagnosis. Protracted reactive state (delinquent equivalent) against the background of psychophysical infantilism and psychopathic development of a labile-unstable type.

Catamnesis in six months. He was released from training in a special school and placed in a regular boarding school, where he continues his education

Labile-sensitive type. It can be both an endogenous combination of both types, and a consequence of psychopathic development from a labile accentuation in the conditions of upbringing according to the type of emotional rejection, and especially in the position of "Cinderella" Emotional lability here is mainly manifested by frequent mood swings with rare joyful outbursts, ease of discouragement and tearfulness even at the reminder of past troubles, but quick succumbing to consolation and reassurance. The rest is dominated by sensitive traits.

Pavel P., age 15 Grew up without a father, lives with his mother and older sister. Since childhood, he was sensitive, impressionable, touchy, easily upset, but succumbed to consolation and persuasion. Very attached to mother. He went to school reluctantly - he studied averagely, the guys teased him, called him a "girl." He experienced even minor troubles hard: for example, at the age of 10 he accidentally broke his mother’s favorite vase - he cried for three days. At the age of 12, he fell ill with acute appendicitis and was hospitalized, in the hospital he cried all the time - he could not bear the separation from his mother.

Six months ago, having been ill for a week, he came to school without a certificate from the clinic, but only with a note from his mother. A new teacher appeared in the class, who became their class teacher. In front of all the fellow practitioners, she called him a "truant" and a "simulator", the guys began to mock him. He burst into tears in front of everyone, ran away from school, dropped out of school, refused to go to final exams. His mother took him in for the summer pioneer camp where she worked. He almost did not communicate with his peers there, did not leave his mother, played only with the kids. He hoped that in the fall he would be allowed to take exams - he wanted to answer alone, and not in front of the whole class. But unexpectedly for him he was left for the second year. Then he flatly refused to go to school, considering repeating a shame. Sydnam sat at home, played with a dog, read books, became interested in studying brands of cars and types of ships - he talks about them competently. He did not go out into the street - he was afraid of meeting with the guys he knew and their questions. When the mother returned from work, he joyfully met her, did not leave her. In connection with her refusal to go out into the street, to go to school, the mother turned to a psychiatrist for advice. During a conversation with him, he was closed, gloomy, wept, without revealing the reasons for tears.

He was sent for examination to a teenage psychiatric clinic. Here, having met a warm and caring attitude of the staff, he quickly settled in. He began to enjoy the patronage of a more stenic teenager, almost did not leave him.

During the conversation, he is very worried, when asked about unpleasant events, tears begin to flow in a hail. But it is easy to be comforted. Having entered into contact, he frankly spoke about his school failures. After several psychotherapeutic conversations, he agreed to go to another school.

Marked psychophysical infantilism Children's facial expression. Sexual development corresponds to 12-13 years of age Vegetative lability On neurological examination and on the EEG - no deviations.

Survey using PDO. According to the objective assessment scale, a pronounced sensitive-labile type was diagnosed. There are signs indicating the possibility of the formation of a sensitive type of psychopathy. Medium conformity, moderate emancipation reaction. No tendency to delinquency was found, there is a pronounced negative attitude towards alcoholism, which is characteristic of sensitive adolescents. According to the scale of subjective assessment, self-esteem is good: traits of sensitive and labile types stand out, hyperthymic traits (a sign of a tendency to subdepressive states) are reliably rejected.

Diagnosis. Psychopathy of a pronounced degree of labile-sensitive type against the background of psychophysical infantilism.

Catamnesis in a year. I couldn't study in a regular school. He graduated from the 8th grade of an evening school, which he attended irregularly, but managed to do it while studying at home

It should be emphasized that the labile-affective type occurs only in the form of psychopathy - this is, in fact, an extreme sharpening of the labile type. The last three varieties (labile-hysteroid, labile-unstable, labile-sensitive types) are found not only in psychopathy, but also as character accentuations and are even more often observed as the latter.

In the general population of adolescents, a labile type of character accentuation occurs in 8% of male adolescents (see Table 3) and in 12% of female adolescents [Patocharacterological studies .., 1981].

A complex type of knee joint instability. Anterior internal instability

ALYMPHOCYTOSIS (LYMPHOCYTIC DYSGENESIA, LYMPHOCYTIC APPLASIA, FRENCH TYPE OF IMMUNOPARESIS, NEZELOFF SYNDROME)

character accentuation or personality accentuation- excessive strengthening of individual character traits. This feature of a person determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all spheres of her activity: attitude towards herself, towards others, towards the world. Accentuation is an extreme version of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or disease.

Prevalence. Personality accentuations are widespread, especially among adolescents. Among young people, explicit or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of those surveyed. With age, people will be able to smooth out unwanted features, and the number of accentuations is reduced to 50-60%.

The benefits and harms of accentuations. On the one hand, an accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysteroid accentuation are talented actors, and people with hyperthymic accentuation are positive, sociable and can find an approach to any person.

On the other hand, an accentuated character trait becomes a vulnerable spot of a person, complicates life for himself and those around him. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypothymic type of accentuation experience difficulties if it is necessary to get to know each other and make contact.

There is a danger that in difficult situations these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, become the cause of alcoholism, illegal behavior.

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology

• Unfavorable environmental conditions that hit the accented line as if it were weak spot, for example, for conformal accentuation - this is the rejection of a person in a team.
• Long-term impact of this factor.
• The impact of an unfavorable factor during the period when a person is most vulnerable. Most often it is junior classes and adolescence.

If these conditions are met, the accentuation is aggravated and turns into psychopathy, which is already a mental disorder.

How do accentuations differ from psychopathy?

Reasons for the formation of accentuations. It is believed that the formation of accentuations is influenced by the innate properties of temperament. So a person born choleric is prone to developing excitable accentuation, and a sanguine person to hyperthymic. The strengthening of certain character traits occurs in childhood and adolescence under the influence of chronic psycho-traumatic situations (constant humiliation by peers) and the peculiarities of education.
Degrees of personality accentuations

• Explicit- manifests itself in a person's behavior in most situations, but does not violate his ability to adapt to various social situations (acquaintance, conflict, communication with friends).
• Hidden- does not manifest itself in life, can only be detected in critical situations that affect accentuated character traits.

Types of personality accentuations. Each scientist who dealt with character accentuations singled out his own types. To date, several dozen have been described. This article will describe the main ones.
Psychologists began to deal with the problem of personality accentuations in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, in matters of classification, diagnosis and correction, many controversial issues remain.

Types of accentuation

There are many character traits, and each of them can be overly enhanced. It is the accentuated features that determine the type of personality and character traits, make a person different from others. We give short descriptions of the main types of personality.

hysteroid type

In other classifications demonstrative type. Widespread among women. It is especially pronounced in adolescence and young age. Distinctive features:

• Eagerness to get attention surrounding to his person. They seek attention by all means - actions, manner of dressing and speaking, appearance. They demand from others respect, surprise, sympathy, in extreme cases, anger. Appearance bright, attractive. Even in the absence of outstanding external data, they know how to look spectacular.
• Increased emotionality. They are highly sensitive and responsive. At the same time, they easily endure mental pain, grief and resentment, although they demonstrate strong emotions. Some emotions are quickly replaced by others. There is a tendency to envy and jealousy. They do not tolerate if the attention of others switches to another person.
• Artistry manifests itself in all life situations. Easily get used to any role, which facilitates adaptation to new situations. They differ in arrogant facial expressions and mannered postures.
• developed imagination and figurative thinking. They believe in what they have imagined. Suggestible. They are fond of applied magic, they believe in horoscopes. They tend to advertise and exaggerate their victories in their personal lives.
• fearful. They tend to exaggerate the danger.
• Positive features: open to communication, easily establish contact with a new person. They adapt well to new situations. Have an active life position. The desire for fame becomes a powerful motivator, which contributes to success in creative professions (actors, singers, dancers, artists).
• disadvantages: excessive emotionality, excessively acute reaction on all events relating to one's own personality, while indifference to the problems of others. Difficulties that have arisen along the way make you abandon your plan. Do not tolerate routine work. They can easily get sick on a nervous basis - psychosomatic diseases develop. Loss of authority can lead to suicidal thoughts. They provoke conflicts, based on the desire to be in the spotlight.

epileptoid type

In other classifications excitable personality type. People with this accentuation, just like hysteroids, seek to attract attention to themselves. But they do it not so defiantly, but with the help of stuttering, coughing, complaints. Distinctive features:

• Discontent and irritability. prone to negative emotions. Constantly grumbling, complaining. They fixate on the bad and think about the problem for a long time, while dissatisfaction grows until it spills out in the form of a major quarrel. The behavior model of such people is compared to a steam boiler, the temperature of which increases until an explosion occurs. After discharge, they cannot calm down for a long time. This feature distinguishes them from other types. In family life, they show despotism, arrange frequent scandals over trifles.
• Tendency towards the established order in things, deeds and relationships. They do not like changes, permutations. They keep order themselves and force others, especially family members and subordinates. Clutter can lead to a big fight. Special attention focus on rationality, not purity.
• Easy attitude to moral standards. In actions, they are guided only by their own opinion, therefore they can cross the norms of morality, especially in a fit of anger. They can be rude, show disrespect for elders, physical violence towards children and animals. At the same time, they will not even notice the misconduct, and will not be tormented by remorse.
• Structured thinking. When making decisions, they are guided by common sense and logic. However, this does not prevent them from reaching fits of rage if their desires are not fulfilled. They don't consider alternatives. They believe that their point of view is the only correct one.
• incredulity, based on critical thinking. They don't take their word for it, they demand proof. Don't trust strangers. They do not believe in horoscopes and predictions.
• It is difficult to adapt to a new situation.
• Positive features: scrupulousness, increased accuracy, taking care of one's health, the ability to receive benefits, the ability to defend one's interests. In a calm state, they show extreme kindness and care for family members and animals. Energetic and active in matters of maintaining order, which can become part of the profession - managers, managers, housekeepers.
• disadvantages violent fits of anger, after which they cool down for a long time, gloom, intolerance to contradictions, lack of respect for other people's opinions. These aspects of character provoke dissatisfaction with others, frequent conflicts in the family and at work. Possible addiction to alcohol, sexual perversion, sadistic inclinations.

Schizoid type

People with a schizoid accentuation are secretive, uncommunicative and outwardly cold. However, this accentuation rarely leads to adaptation disorders. Distinctive features:

• Closure. They do not know how and do not want to communicate with others. Strive for loneliness. After trying to make an acquaintance, they note that they have nothing to talk about with a person, which causes disappointment and withdrawal into themselves.
• Combination of conflicting properties: shyness and tactlessness, sensitivity and indifference, compliance and stubbornness.
• Lack of intuition about feelings other people. They cannot understand whether the interlocutor treats them well or badly, how he reacted to their words.
• The inability to empathize. Indifferent, do not show emotions in communication.
• Secretive do not show their inner world. Open only to like-minded people.
• Unusual interests and hobbies. Reading literature of a certain genre, drawing churches, calligraphy, sometimes collecting (for example, only flower stamps).
• Positive features: developed fantasy, creativity, creativity, passion for non-team sports to improve your body (cycling, yoga), playing musical instruments (guitar, violin).
• disadvantages. Sometimes there may be a penchant for peeping or exhibitionism, they may take small doses of alcohol or soft drugs to overcome shyness in communication.

1. Cycloid type. Accentuation causes a periodic change in mood (duration of periods from several days to 2 weeks). Distinctive features:

• undulating mood swings. Each phase can last 1-2 weeks. Sometimes there are breaks in "balance" between them. Cycloid accentuation is common in adolescents and smoothes out with age.
• Rise periods The person is full of energy and desire to work. At this time, the cycloids are cheerful and sociable, striving for leadership, achieving success in school and at work. They do not tolerate loneliness, boredom, monotony.
• Recession periods or subdepression- mood and performance are sharply reduced. There is no desire to communicate, do anything, drowsiness develops. They strive for loneliness, entertainment loses its appeal. Become too sensitive to criticism and vulnerable. Self-esteem is sharply reduced, thoughts about their uselessness, inferiority appear.
• Positive features: in the lifting phase, a person is full of strength and desire to work and communicate.
• disadvantages. Low activity in the decline phase. In the event that the subdepressive phase is prolonged, thoughts of suicide may arise. Under adverse circumstances, accentuation can develop into bipolar disorder.

1. paranoid type. Formed late - by the age of 30. Its main characteristics are perseverance and perseverance in achieving goals. People with a paranoid accent feel bad and are afraid of what others will think of them if they find out about their nature. As a result, they often experience fear and shame. Two personalities coexist in them, they consider one worthless and despise it. The second is perceived as ideal and omnipotent. Between these two poles there is an exhausting internal conflict. Distinctive features:

• Projection of one's own character traits onto other people. They attribute their thoughts and intentions to them. This leads to the fact that they see in others anger, envy. Constantly trying to recognize the malevolence in the behavior of others.
• Focus on self. Selfish, constantly thinking about themselves, experiencing their own internal conflict.
• Over-sensitivity to comments criticism, rejection.
• grumpiness and the constant desire to defend their rights, even if they were not infringed.
• Unreasonable jealousy, suspicions of conspiracies.
• Failure to refuse. They do not know how to say "no", but prefer to make promises and not keep them.
• A penchant for exclusivity and uniqueness in clothes and hobbies.
• Positive features: persistent and purposeful. They have non-standard thinking, are smart, well-read. They are able to analyze and foresee the result of their own and others' actions. They have a sense of style. They can deny themselves excesses for the sake of an idea.
• disadvantages: a tendency to hypercontrol over loved ones, suspicion, disgust for people.

1. Unstable (rampant) type. People with an unstable type are distinguished by a desire to have fun. Distinctive features:

• Laziness and weakness. It's hard to force yourself to do something that isn't enjoyable. Under any pretext, they shirk from work or imitate labor activity.
• The instability of emotions. Any event causes a short burst of emotions. Therefore, they need frequent changes of impressions.
• The need for strict control. Only the knowledge that the result of their work will be controlled can force them to complete the task. However, strict control makes them want to run away or quit.
• Tendency to obey an informal leader. They show lack of independence even in the search for entertainment. They follow the lead of others, do what they are offered.
• Positive features. Carelessness, curiosity, an optimistic view of the future.
• disadvantages. The constant search for thrills increases the risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism. They love speed, which increases the risk of accidents when driving a car or motorcycle. prone to gambling.

labile type

People have frequent unpredictable mood swings that occur on any insignificant occasion (did not like the tone or look of the interlocutor). Distinctive features:

• mood swings. Mood swings are sharp and deep. People are not just upset, they fall into despair, and after half an hour they can experience sincere joy. Their well-being and performance, their idea of ​​their own future and the structure of the world largely depend on these differences. So, if a person is in high spirits, then he feels great, is friendly even to unfamiliar people, and looks to the future with optimism. If the mood has fallen, then everything becomes negative.
• High sensitivity to praise and criticism. Praise causes joy and stimulates new achievements, but criticism can cause discouragement and abandonment of activity.
• Sociability. They are drawn to their peers, in dire need of communication. They become attached to people and suffer greatly from the breakdown of relationships.
• Positive features: sincere, direct, positive, devoted. This accentuation rarely passes into the phase of psychopathy.
• disadvantages. It is difficult to endure losses, have extremely low stress resistance. Not ready to deal with difficulties, they may abandon the goal.

Conformal type

People with a conformal type accentuation tend to trust and follow their surroundings. Distinctive features:

• Obedience to the opinion of the majority. They tend to agree with the opinion of the majority in the group to which they belong. There is no critical thinking, they do not analyze how the group decision correlates with the norms of morality, law.
• fashion following. adhere to fashion trends in clothing, choosing a hobby or profession.
• The desire to be "like everyone else." The unwillingness to stand out from the group stimulates to be no worse than others in study and work. At the same time, they do not have a desire to take the place of a leader, to become better than the majority.
• Conservatism. Tend to adhere to the established order imposed by the majority.
• It's hard to break up with the group. Expulsion from the group, conflict with its leaders and loss of authority cause serious psychological trauma.
• Positive features. Successful in a positive environment. This accentuation rarely becomes the basis of mental disorders.
• disadvantages. They do not show independence, independence, initiative. Feel hostility to people of other nationalities, to strangers in the group. Once in a bad company, they follow the lead, consume drugs and alcohol, and break the law.

Astheno-neurotic type

People with astheno-neurotic type of accentuation are different fatigue, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Distinctive features:

• Hard to bear mental and physical exercise (exams, dissertation defense, competitions). Severe fatigue causes mental and emotional stress. They also experience fatigue from noisy companies, outdoor activities. Try to avoid stress as much as possible.
• Irritability, appearing on the background of fatigue. Its manifestations are short-term and not too strong outbursts of anger, which are associated with increased fatigue of the nervous system. Against this background, sleep worsens and appetite disappears.
• Tendency to hypochondria is characteristic of this type of accentuation. They like to be treated, they are happy to observe bed rest, listen to bodily sensations. They note the connection - the higher the state of health, the better the state of the nervous system. And against the background of a nervous shock, a real, and not far-fetched, disease can develop.
• Positive features. Attachment to loved ones, kindness, good intellectual development, conscientiousness.
• disadvantages. The risk of developing neurosis and neurasthenia, they react painfully to jokes addressed to them, high fatigue prevents them from studying well and working productively.

Psychasthenic type

People with psychasthenic accentuation are prone to introspection. Distinctive features:

• Reflection- attention is directed inward. They tend to analyze their feelings, actions, emotions.
• indecisiveness. Avoid situations in which you have to make a choice.
• Striving to live up to expectations, which lays on them family, friends, bosses. A developed sense of responsibility, combined with increased fatigue, causes a constant internal conflict between “should” and “can”, which depletes mental strength.
• The development of obsessions. Obsessive thoughts, memories, fears, actions, rituals, superstitions that appear regardless of a person’s desire and cause negative emotions.
• Feelings towards the future. They fear that misfortune may happen to them or their loved ones in the future.
• Pedantry. Strictly follow the rules. These rules can be generally accepted (traffic rules, fire safety) or invented by them. The goal is to keep yourself out of trouble.
• Positive features: kindness, affection for loved ones, adherence to moral principles, high intelligence, developed imagination.
• disadvantages: indecision, tendency to obsessive-compulsive disorder.

1. Hyperthymic type. The main feature of people with a hyperthymic type of accentuation is optimism, and short-term outbursts of anger are very rare. Distinctive features:

• A good mood often for no good reason distinguishing feature hypertims, which makes them the soul of the company.
• Energetic, active, hardy. Everything is done quickly. Sometimes the quality of work can suffer.
• chatty. They like to tell, exaggerate, sometimes embellish the truth.
• Sociable. They love to chat and make new friends. Strive to command. They love jokes and pranks.
• Positive features: high vitality, optimism, endurance to physical and mental stress, stress resistance.
• disadvantages: illegibility when choosing acquaintances, the risk of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. Restless, do not like work that requires accuracy. Wasteful, can borrow and not give back. Among people with hyperthymic accentuation, there is an addiction to petty theft.

sensitive type

Very sensitive, yet reliable, serious and silent. Mostly depressed mood.

• Impressionability. Even in adulthood, they remain extremely susceptible to all external stimuli. They endure stress and conflicts very hard, they endure them for a long time.
• Difficulties in managing yourself in stressful situations. If this situation drags on, they can flare up a lot. Which they later regret. In critical situations, they are capable of courageous deeds.
• Diffidence. In their imagination they draw a strict “I-ideal”, they worry that they do not correspond to it in real life.
• Pessimism. They see the future in gloomy colors.
• Anxiety about the attitude of others around them. They worry about what other people will think of them. They are afraid of criticism and ridicule.
• Positive features: conscientiousness, diligence, fidelity.
• disadvantages: passivity, unpredictability in a stressful situation.

Combinations of types of accentuations

ABOUT mixed accentuations they say when not one, but several traits are enhanced in a person’s character. It is these options that are found in the vast majority of cases of accentuations.
The most common mixed character accentuations:

• Hyperthymic + conformal;
• Labile + cycloid;
• Sensitive + schizoid;
• Sensitive + astheno-neurotic + psychasthenic;
• Hysteroid + epileptoid.

Classification of accentuations according to Leonhard

The German psychologist Karl Leonhard divided all character traits into basic and additional. The main ones are the core of the personality. They are responsible for her mental health. If one of these features is strengthened (accentuated), then it determines the behavior of a person. When exposed to adverse factors, pathology can develop.

Group	Type of accentuation	Characteristic
temperament, how to nature education	emotive	Kind, compassionate, humane, appreciates close friends, peace-loving, executive, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time it is distinguished by timidity, tearfulness and shyness.
	Affectively exalted	Sociable, amorous, distinguished by good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time, he is prone to panic, gets lost under stress, and is prone to mood swings.
	Affectively labile	Soft, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But he is prone to sharp cyclic mood swings that determine his relationship with people. Does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, rudeness.
	alarming	Friendly, loyal, executive, self-critical. The mood is often lowered, timid, does not defend his interests, needs support.
	Dysthymic (hypothymic)	Conscientious, serious, laconic, appreciates friends. But at the same time, an individualist, closed, prone to pessimism, passive.
	Hyperthymic	Sociable, optimistic, active, hardy, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely brings what he started to the end. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control.
Types of accentuations related to character how to social education	Excitable	It is characterized by mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, accurate. During outbursts of anger, he does not control his condition well, is irritable.
	stuck	Responsible, stress-resistant, stubborn, hardy, makes high demands on himself and others. But at the same time suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. He does not tolerate when someone else claims to be in his place.
	Pedantic	Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peaceful. But boredom, grumbling, not work - bureaucracy are often noted.
	Demonstrative	Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time, he is vain and prone to lies, selfish. He does not tolerate when he is not paid attention, suffers if his authority is undermined.
Types of accentuations related to personalities generally	extroverted	Sociable, friendly, attentive, executive, always ready to listen, does not pretend to be a leader. But at the same time, he is talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, prone to rash impulsive acts.
	introverted	Principled, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, distinguished by a rich imagination. But at the same time, closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if it turns out to be wrong. He does not tolerate interference in his personal life.

Classification of accentuations according to Lichko

Soviet psychiatrist Andrey Lichko considered accentuations as temporary enhancements of character traits that can appear and disappear in childhood and adolescence. At the same time, he recognized the possibility of preserving accentuations for life and their transition to psychopathy. Since Lichko considered accentuations to be a borderline option between the norm and psychopathy, his classification is based on the types of psychopathy.

Type of accentuation	Characteristic
Hyperthymic	Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, striving for leadership, resourceful, enterprising. Cons: frivolous, restless, inattentive, not responsible enough for his duties, sometimes irritable.
Labile	Empathy is well developed, feels the emotions of others and their attitude towards themselves. Experiencing severe mood swings on minor occasions. Needs the support of loved ones.
Cycloid	Cyclical ups and downs in mood. The frequency is several weeks. In periods of upswing, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During the recession - apathetic, irritable, sad.
Astheno-neurotic	Disciplined, meticulous. Increased mental fatigue is noted, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health.
Psychasthenic (anxious and suspicious)	Intellectually developed. He is prone to reflection, introspection, evaluation of his actions and the actions of others. Inflated self-esteem is combined with indecision. In times of crisis, he can make rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to the development of obsessive actions.
sensitive (sensitive)	High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, assiduous, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: unsociable, suspicious, whiny, hard to adapt to a new team.
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive)	Strives for leadership, loves to set the rules, enjoys authority with management and among peers. It tolerates harsh discipline well. Cons: can offend the weak, establishes cruel orders, irritable.
Schizoid (introverted)	Closed, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, incapable of showing sympathy and empathy.
Unstable	Sociable, open, courteous, eager to have fun. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to alcohol, drugs, gambling.
Hysteroid (demonstrative)	Artistic, impulsive, enterprising, sociable, loves attention, seeks to take a leading position, but is not able to achieve authority. Cons: self-centered, prone to lies. Behavior is unnatural and pretentious.
Conformal	There is no criticality and initiative, he is inclined to obey the opinion from the outside. Strives to be different from the rest of the group. For the sake of the group, he can commit unseemly acts, while he is inclined to justify himself.
Paranoid	Character traits develop by the age of 30. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with an epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly overestimated, ideas about their exclusivity and genius appear.
Emotionally labile	Suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, feels the attitude of people towards him well. Cons: emotionally unstable.

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

The personality questionnaire, developed by G. Shmishek, is designed to identify character accentuations. It is based on the classification of accentuations developed by Leonhard. The adult character accentuation test according to Shmishek consists of 88 questions. Each of them must be answered yes (+) or no (-). It is not recommended to think about questions for a long time, but to answer as it seems at the moment. The children's version of the test is similar and differs only in the wording of the questions.

Each of the 88 questions characterizes some accentuated feature.

1. Hyperthymia
2. distimity
3. Cyclothymicity
4. Excitability
5. Jam
6. emotivity
7. Exaltation
8. Pedantry
9. demonstrativeness

The results obtained are processed using the key. For each feature, the points are summed up and multiplied by the coefficient corresponding to this feature.

Scale	1 point is awarded for		Coefficient
	Answer "yes"	The answer is "no"
Hyperthymia	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77		3
distimity	9, 21, 43, 74, 87	31, 53, 65	3
Cyclothymicity	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84		3
Excitability	20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86		3
Jam	2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	12, 46, 59	2
emotivity	3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	25	3
Exaltation	10, 32, 54, 76		6
Anxiety	6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	5	3
Pedantry	4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	39	2
demonstrativeness	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	51	2

Each scale is assigned a score, from 0 to 24.

• 0-6 - the trait is not expressed.
• 7-12 - the trait is moderately expressed;
• 13-18 - the severity is above average;
• 19-24 - accentuated feature.

Based on the points obtained, a graph is built, which is also very important, since it makes it possible to characterize the personality in general terms.

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Personality accentuations are formed in adolescence. In the same period, they appear especially brightly. The reason for this is the impulsiveness of adolescents, the inability to control their emotions and actions. These or other personality accentuations are present in 90-95% of adolescents.

The very presence of an enhanced character trait is not dangerous, but it makes a teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, and affects relationships with parents and peers. The same accentuations under adverse conditions can cause offenses, and with the right approach and the right choice of profession, they will help to achieve success in life.

It is important for parents to know about the presence of character accentuation in a teenager in order to help him adapt to life, to build a parenting style that will be as effective as possible. The task of parents is to develop qualities and skills in a teenager that will smooth out an accentuated character trait.

hysteroid type

"Stars of the class", activists, participate in all events. They are distinguished by artistry and a desire to stand out from the background of others. They don't like it if the praise goes to someone else. They exaggerate emotionally react to all events (they sob sobbing in front of the audience).
Distinguishing feature. Playing for the public, a constant need for attention, recognition or sympathy.

Characteristic
As long as they feel loved and all the attention is on them, there are no behavioral problems. In everyday life everyone possible ways draw attention to themselves. This is a defiant behavior, an expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. Take credit for accomplishments. They can boast that they drank a lot, ran away from home. They often lie, mostly fantasies concern their own person. They can’t stand it when the attention of others switches to others (a newcomer to the class, a newborn, a stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, “out of spite” to do things that their parents will obviously not like. In words, they defend independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need guardianship and do not seek to get rid of it.

Problems
Often, behavioral problems are an attempt to get the attention of parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to commit suicide, but to avoid punishment or achieve sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. Easily amenable to suggestion, they run the risk of falling into a "bad" company. They can drink alcohol, but in small quantities. There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, absenteeism, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, revealing clothing and a desire to show one's adulthood can provoke sexual violence.

Positive sides. If they are set as an example, they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the lower grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, conversational genre.

How to interact

• Encourage only good things to say about others.
• Praise only for real achievements.
• Give a task - help a peer to be in the spotlight. For example, prepare a number in which someone else will be the soloist.

epileptoid type

Personality properties are due to the passivity of the processes occurring in nervous system. Adolescents with such an accentuation are touchy and get stuck on offense for a long time.

Distinctive feature. Periods of intense irritability and hostility to others, lasting up to several days.

Characteristic
Adolescents with epileptoid accentuation are stubborn and uncompromising in nature. They are vindictive and do not forget insults. In the first place put personal interests, do not take into account the opinions of others. The company tries to become leaders by uniting the younger and the weak around them. Since they are despotic, their power rests on fear. The process of growing up is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke bouts of anger and aggression. During seizures, teenagers are looking for a “victim” on whom they can pour out their emotions. During these attacks, they can reach sadism.

Problems.
Suicidal attempts as a reaction to "unfair" punishment. They tend to drink alcohol in large quantities "before memory loss." They do not remember the actions that they perform in this state. But rarely consume other toxic drugs. During puberty, they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. There is a predilection for setting firecrackers and making fires.

Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They know how to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to make things.
How to interact

• Provide security and peace of mind to reduce irritability and aggression.
• Require strict adherence to the rules established at home (do not give unsolicited advice, do not interrupt). This will allow parents to get the status of "strong" in the eyes of a teenager.

Schizoid type

This type of accentuation manifests itself even at preschool age: children prefer playing alone to communicating with peers.

Distinctive feature isolation, immersion in a fantasy world.
Characteristic
They prefer to fantasize, to engage in their own hobby, as a rule, highly specialized (they mold soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. They do not express their emotions. Closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. Consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from the absence of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: “I don’t know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words.” At the same time, they are not interested in the opinion of others. Not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with someone else's grief. They are not tactful, they do not understand when to remain silent, and when to insist on their own. Speech is florid, statements are often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems. May develop a tendency to take drugs to enhance fantasies and immerse yourself in your own invented world. Occasionally they can commit illegal acts (theft, damage to property, sexual violence), and they think through their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed fantasy, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact

• Encourage classes in a theater studio - this will help a teenager learn to express emotions, actively use facial expressions. Encourage dance and martial arts or other sports that train plasticity. They will teach you to control your body, make movements less sharp and angular.
• Encourage you to be in the center. A teenager should periodically feel like an animator in charge of entertaining others. For example, by entertaining his younger brother and his friends, he will learn to speak loudly and emotionally. Learn to read the reaction to your actions.
• Instill a sense of style. It is necessary to teach a teenager to take care of his appearance and fashion.

1. Cycloid. In adolescence, cheerful, sociable and active children have long (1-2 weeks) periods of low mood, loss of strength, and irritability. They are called the subdepressive phase. During these periods, adolescents are no longer interested in past hobbies and communication with peers. Problems begin in studies due to a decrease in working capacity.

Distinctive feature- Alternating cycles of high spirits with apathy and loss of energy.
Characteristic
A lack of perseverance, patience and attention leads to the fact that adolescents with cycloid accentuation do poorly in monotonous scrupulous work. In the subdepressive phase, changes in the usual way of life are poorly tolerated. Become very sensitive to failure and criticism. Their self-esteem drops significantly. They look for and find shortcomings in themselves, they are very upset about this. During periods of recovery, they do not like loneliness - they are open, friendly and need to communicate. The mood rises, there is a thirst for activity. Against this backdrop, performance improves. During periods of recovery, they try to catch up with the lost time in studies and hobbies.
Problems.
Serious problems in a teenager in the subdepressive stage, they can cause an emotional breakdown or even provoke a suicide attempt. They do not tolerate total control, they can escape in protest. Absences from home can be both short and long. During periods of recovery, they become promiscuous in acquaintances.
Positive sides: during the recovery period, conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, high productivity.

How to interact
It is necessary to be as tolerant and tactful as possible, especially when a teenager is going through a subdepressive phase.

• Protect from emotional overload.
• Avoid rudeness and insults, as this can provoke a serious nervous breakdown.
• During periods of recovery, you need to help direct the energy in the right direction. Support a teenager in his hobby, teach him to plan his time and finish what he started.
• Support in the negative phase, increase his self-esteem, cheer him up. Convince that the bad period will end soon.

paranoid ( steam-burning ) or stuck the type of accentuation in adolescents is not distinguished, since its features are formed later by the age of 25-30.
Distinctive feature- high purposefulness.
Characteristic
Sets a goal and looks for means to achieve it. In adolescence, hostility towards others, as the main feature of this accentuation, does not manifest itself in any way. Future accentuation can give out an exaggerated sense of self-worth, ambition and perseverance. Also characteristic is "stuck", when a teenager cannot move away from a state of affect (strong negative emotions) for a long time.

Unstable or unrestrained.

Such teenagers from childhood are distinguished by disobedience and unwillingness to learn. They need strict control. Fear of punishment is the main incentive to study and fulfill duties.

Distinguishing feature - weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
They love pleasure, need frequent changes of impressions. Avoid any work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when it is necessary to study or fulfill instructions from parents. Only communication with friends seems attractive to them. On this basis, they run the risk of falling into an asocial company. Easily succumbed to negative influences.
Problems associated with the desire to have fun. On this basis, they begin to drink early and use various intoxicants. The risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. “For fun” they can skip school, steal cars, break into other people’s apartments, commit theft, etc. They have a tendency to wander.

Positive sides. Striving for positive emotions, cheerfulness.

How to interact

• They need strict control. This applies to everything from homework to the quality of errands.
• Management by the "carrot and stick" method. Decide in advance what penalties will be imposed for failure to complete tasks, and what bonuses the teenager will receive for quality work.
• Encourage active sports and other ways to release energy.

Labile

Frequent and rapid mood swings from delight and wild fun to despondency and tears. Often the reasons for changing the mood are the most insignificant (bad weather, tangled headphones).

Distinctive feature- Mood volatility for minor reasons.
Characteristic
During periods Have a good mood teenagers are talkative, active, tuned in to communication. But any little thing can ruin their mood and piss them off. At the same time, they can burst into tears, easily go into conflict, become lethargic and withdrawn.
Problems.
Very dependent on people they value (close friends, parents). The loss of a loved one or his location, separation from him, causes affect, neurosis or depression. A bad mood can cause a deterioration in well-being up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, migraine, nervous tics). Very badly endure criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, close friends. They become withdrawn, react with tears.

Positive sides. Often talented. They have deep inner peace. Capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. Appreciate people for being kind to them. During periods of good mood, they are full of energy, desire to communicate, learn and engage in hobbies. Empathy is developed - they accurately feel the attitude of others towards them.

How to interact

• Show empathy and openness in communication. Let your teenager know that you share his feelings.
• Give the opportunity to take care of the weaker, take care of younger family members, volunteer.
• Encourage to expand the circle of communication, get acquainted with peers in extracurricular activities.

Conformal

Extremely susceptible to outside influences. Change their minds and behavior to please others. Afraid to stand out from the crowd.
Distinctive feature conformity, the desire to please others.
Characteristic
The main desire to "be like everyone else" is manifested in clothes, demeanor, interests. If all friends are into breakdancing, such a teenager will also do it. If the immediate environment (parents, friends) is prosperous, then such teenagers are no different from the rest and the accentuation is practically not noticeable. If they fall under bad influence, they can break the rules and the law. The loss of friends is hard to bear, but they can betray a friend for the sake of someone more authoritative. Conservative, do not like changes in all areas. They rarely show initiative.

Problems
Having contacted a bad company, they can become drunk, addicted to taking drugs. To avoid being accused of cowardice, they may commit acts that endanger their health or harm other people. The prohibition to communicate with the company can provoke a scandal with parents or run away from home.

Positive sides. Appreciate their surroundings. Attached to friends. They love stability and order.

How to interact

• Offer to make your own choice, without relying on someone else's opinion.
• Make sure that the teenager is involved in various teams, has the opportunity to communicate with peers at school, in sports sections, circles. This reduces the likelihood that he will be in bad company.
• To help choose authorities who are truly worthy of emulation.

Astheno-neurotic

Teenagers with such an accentuation are characterized by increased fatigue and irritability.
Distinctive feature- fears for their health, increased fatigue.
Characteristic
Mental and emotional stress quickly tire them. The result is irritability when teenagers vent their anger at whoever is at hand. Immediately after this, they become ashamed of their behavior, they sincerely repent, ask for forgiveness. Outbursts of anger are short and not strong, which is associated with low activity of the nervous system. Prone to hypochondria - listen to bodily sensations, perceiving them as signs of illness. They like to be examined and treated. Get attention with complaints.

Problems- high fatigue, the risk of developing neurosis.

Positive sides. Kindness, sympathy, high intelligence. Such teenagers do not run away from home, hooliganism and other illegal actions.

How to interact

• Ignore outbursts of anger that occur against the background of nervous exhaustion.
• Praise for success and notice even minor achievements, which will become a serious motivation.
• Encourage sports activities morning exercises, take a contrast shower to improve the performance of the nervous system.
• Use peak productivity periods (from 10 to 13) to complete the most difficult tasks.

Psychasthenic

Such adolescents are characterized by: suspiciousness, a tendency to introspection and fear of the future.
Distinctive feature high demands on oneself and the fear of not living up to the expectations of others.

Characteristic
This type of accentuation is formed if parents place too high hopes on the child in school or sports. Failure to meet their expectations leaves an imprint on the character. These teenagers have low self-esteem, they are tormented by guilt and fear of failure, which can further disappoint their parents. Teenagers suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid, no matter how something terrible and irreparable happens to them or their loved ones. Pedantry develops as a defense mechanism. Adolescents draw up a detailed plan of action, believe in omens, develop rituals that should ensure success (not washing your hair before an exam).

Problem. The risk of developing anxiety intrusive thoughts and actions that are prone to complications.

Positive sides. In critical situations, they quickly find the right solution, are capable of a bold act. Obedient, non-confrontational, as a rule, they are quite successful in their studies, they become good friends.

How to interact

• Model frightening situations and offer to find a solution on your own. For example: “Let’s say you got lost in a strange city. What will you do?"
• Teach a constructive approach to problem solving. What to do? Who to turn to for help? What should I do to prevent what happened from happening again?

Hyperthymic

They are characterized as cheerful, noisy, restless. It is difficult for them to focus on their studies and maintain discipline at school. Often become informal leaders among peers. They do not tolerate strict control by adults, they constantly fight for independence.

Distinctive feature- optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to pranks.

Characteristic
Very sociable, quickly become the center of any company. They do not bring the matter to the end, they are not constant in their hobbies. It is easy to make and break promises. In spite of good ability learn mediocre. They easily provoke conflicts, but they themselves can make amends for them. They quickly find peace of mind after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short lived.

Problems- unable to perform routine work that requires perseverance and intense attention. Illegible in the choice of acquaintances. If such teenagers find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol and soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual relations. Prone to risk, extreme hobbies and gambling. Once in conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp) they can escape.

Positive sides. Energetic and tireless. They are distinguished by fun, do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. They find a way out in any situation.

How to interact
The task of adults is to teach a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.

• Avoid total control.
• Advise the teenager to keep a diary in which it is necessary to write down their plans for the day and independently control their implementation.
• Come up with a punishment for each unfinished business.
• Teach to maintain order on the table, in the closet, in the room. This will stimulate the teenager to systematize and analyze everything that happens.

sensitive type

Signs of this accentuation can be seen in childhood. The sensitive type is manifested by numerous fears that replace each other.

Distinctive feature- hypersensitivity.

Characteristic
Teenagers deeply and for a long time experience everything that happens. Praise and criticism are deeply embedded in their memory, and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. Very shy and for this reason uncommunicative. It is difficult to get used to the new team. They quickly get tired of mental work. Tests and exams cause them considerable stress. They are also very worried about ridicule from their peers. Dreamy, introspective. Conscientious, have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to finish what you started. They are very worried about the result of their actions (control, actions).

Problems. Tendency to self-flagellation and the development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive demands on oneself can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can trigger a suicide attempt.

Positive sides. Diligent in studies, responsible attitude to all tasks. Strive to become a good friend, value loved ones.

How to interact

• Increase self-esteem and self-confidence. To do this, it is important to give feasible tasks that will not be too simple, otherwise their solution will not cause self-respect.
• Conduct long conversations to establish contact with a teenager.
• Deserved praise and thanks. Keep criticism to a minimum. Do not criticize qualities, do not hang labels - "lazy", "sloppy". Instead, indicate what needs to be done.
• Encourage auto-training. Repeat formulas to increase self-esteem: “I feel calm and confident”, “I am brave and confident”, “I am a great speaker.”

Most teenagers have several accentuated character traits at once. Therefore, to determine the accentuation, it is necessary to use the Schmishek test, and not be guided only by the presented description of the accentuation.

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

In the vast majority of cases, accentuation is formed in childhood or adolescence. Her appearance is significantly influenced by inharmonious relationships with parents and conflicts with peers.

• Overprotection and control by parents and teachers. Promotes the appearance and aggravation of psychasthenic, sensitive, asthenic accentuation;
• Lack of care and parental attention increases the risk of developing hysterical, unstable and conformal personality traits:
• Cruel attitude excessive severity and authoritarian style of communication provokes an increase in epileptoid features;
• Excessive demands on the child leads to psychasthenic character accentuation;
• Lack of emotional contact can cause an increase in labile, sensitive and asthenic features;
• Over-emphasis on well-being And chronic diseases disrupting the normal way of life. Physical defects, defects in appearance and diseases of the nervous system play an important role. The result may be hysteroid or astheno-neurotic accentuations;
• Serious conflicts with peers in adolescence, when communication is most significant, can cause the development of conformal or schizoid accentuation.

The development of any type of accentuation can be facilitated by:

• Inability to satisfy basic needs for love, care, security, communication;
• Lack of moral and cultural norms, interests and hobbies;
• Wrong self-image inferiority complex, high self-esteem;
• Professional factors. Accentuations associated with work often occur among actors, teachers, doctors of some specialties, law enforcement officers and the military;
• genetic predisposition. Features of the functioning of the nervous system are transmitted from parents to children. This is especially true for hyperthymic, cycloid and schizoid accentuation. Therefore, if parents have an accentuated character trait, then it is highly likely that it will be found in the child. Improper upbringing and parental behavior can significantly enhance innate accentuated features.

Techniques for the treatment of accentuations of various types

Treatment of accentuation is based on the smoothing of enhanced features. Correction is necessary if the accentuation of the personality violates its social adaptation. If normally a person changes his behavior depending on the situation and the goals of the activity, then people with a pronounced accentuation constantly demonstrate an enhanced character trait that interferes with themselves and those around them. Although the character cannot be changed, a person can learn to restrain its negative manifestations. This can help work on yourself and psychocorrection.

Work on yourself

People with character accentuation rarely seek help from a psychologist, preferring independent work.
To correct accentuated traits, training is needed that develops character traits opposite to the accentuated one. At the same time, new models of behavior are mastered and the personality is harmonized.
To correct pronounced character accentuations, exercises have been developed that must be performed daily.

1. hysteroid type

• "Calm Quiet Speech". Adopt a phlegmatic conversational style (quiet speech, a minimum of facial expressions and gestures). Think about what you want to say. State the facts, not your emotions about what is happening.
• "Good deeds". Try to do them discreetly and not tell anyone about what you have done. Watch the person's reaction without showing yourself.
• "Invisible". While in company for an hour, try to sit silently, watching others. Don't give in to attempts to draw you into a conversation.
• Do auto-training daily. The goal is to love yourself for who you are and increase your self-esteem. When you achieve this, the praise and attention of others will not seem vital.

1. epileptoid type.

• Forgive and let go of grudges. Realize that resentment is harmful to the mental and physical health of the one who is offended.
• Practice tolerance and kindness to people. Smile at acquaintances when you meet, or try to read the willingness to smile on your face.
• Be generous take part in charity events.
• "Active Listening". Listen to the other kindly, without interrupting or arguing. Encourage the speaker with the phrases: “I understand you”, “I know this”.
• Put yourself in the shoes of others. This exercise must be done daily. It is important to put yourself in the place of the person with whom you want to enter into an argument.

1. Schizoid type.

• Learn to copy the facial expressions of another person and determine his emotion. For this exercise, you will need the help of someone close to you.
• "Calm kindness" will be the best way to communicate with others. Such an even attitude towards the interlocutor must be practiced daily in communication with loved ones. Avoid being overly friendly or hostile.
• « Game of choleric". Try to speak louder, faster, more impulsively. Express your opinion during the conversation. Do it kindly with a smile on your face.

1. Cycloid type.

• Keep a diary. It is necessary for planning and describing your emotions and experiences. During periods of decline, it is useful to reread how the same people and events were perceived during a period of emotional upsurge. It helps to realize that difficulties are temporary.
• Ask yourself a question, “What can I change in myself so that my negative qualities do not interfere with me and others?”

1. paranoid type.

• Check your motives don't trust other people's first impressions.
• "Hour without remarks." For a while, completely abandon criticism and moralizing.
• Attend communication training. Read relevant literature and apply knowledge in life.
• Learn practices that make you be "here and now"- meditation, yoga, zen.
• "Compliment". Develop the habit of saying something nice to your loved ones every day.

1. unstable type.

• "I can + want." This exercise will help to cope with laziness and force yourself to do the necessary things. If you don’t want to do something, you need to ask yourself the question: “Can I do it? Can I do it?" Second question: Do I want to? Moreover, you can want long-term consequences - I want a salary, so I get a job; I want a slim healthy body, so I go to the gym.
• Increase motivation. Think about what you really want. Write down the goal. Break the path to it into stages and act. Desire(car, vacation) will make you move forward.

1. Labile type.

• Rational approach to problem solving. In any unpleasant situation, answer the questions: why did this happen? (what is the reason) what can be done now? (where to start), how to fix the situation? (long-term plans), what can be done to prevent this from happening again?
• Mood Diary. Keep a diary in which you indicate when and for what reason the change of mood occurred.
• Separate the rational and the emotional. It is important to accept and love both sides of yourself. Treat your "emotional" self with indulgence, but don't let your emotions rule your actions.
• Autotraining, which will help balance the processes in the nervous system. This will make you less sensitive to situations that piss you off, help control your emotions.

1. Conformal type.

• Develop critical thinking. Consider whether this statement could be false. What are the consequences if you do what you are offered.
• Suggest. Try not to immediately agree with what is offered to you. Make a counter offer. When they tell you, let's go to the cinema - offer to go to a cafe.
• Try something new. Try new dishes, buy clothes in a new style for you, visit places you have not been to, communicate with people not from your circle.

1. Astheno-neurotic type.

• "Superman". Imagine that you have superpowers. Feel how your inner state changes. The purpose of the exercise is to look, move, talk, feeling your importance and exclusivity. The goal is to keep the image as long as possible.
• Meeting new people. Set a goal - to meet a new person and start a short conversation with him.
• Add some humor. Do not silently swallow ridicule. Learn to answer them with humor, self-irony is also acceptable. To develop a sense of humor, read more humorous literature and watch comedy shows.

1. psychasthenic type.

• Imagine that what you fear has happened. Calmly think over the plan of your actions in this situation.
• Deviate from the established order. Do not follow your usual rituals (walk on the left side of the street, do not step on cracks) to make sure that nothing bad happens;
• "Charging for the face." In people with psychasthenic accentuation, the muscles of the forehead and the muscles that lower the corners of the mouth are constantly tense. It is necessary to make grimaces depicting positive emotions (surprise, joy, delight).

1. Hyperthymic type.

• Put things in order. Take 15 minutes a day to clean up your desk and closet. It helps to organize thoughts.
• Get the job done. Make a promise to yourself to finish what you started, no matter what happens. Be sure to complete it, and then move on to other activities.
• diary. Planning will help you systematize tasks, prioritize and complete what you started on time. Be sure to indicate exact dates completion of each task. Test yourself and reward your progress.

1. sensitive type.

• "Winner". Praise yourself for every success. Break large tasks into stages and do not forget to thank yourself for each successfully completed period.
• "My Dignity" You need to make a poster that lists all the virtues that you appreciate in yourself or that people pay attention to. It is advisable to put it in a conspicuous place.
• Play the joker. Learn funny stories and anecdotes to share with others. Gradually, this will cause less and less psychological discomfort when speaking to the public.

The main principle of correction is that you need to do a little, but every day what you are not used to, what the accentuated line opposes. Such exercises allow you to smooth out the roughness of character and make you a harmoniously developed personality.

Help from a psychologist

Psychological correction of personality accentuations usually takes from 3 months to several years. It includes work with a psychologist and independent performance of tasks. Main directions:

• Individual conversations- the psychologist points out the accentuated character traits and the most vulnerable places of the personality. Tells how to effectively use the strengths of character. Teaches how to change the way you react and behave in different social situations.
• Group lessons. They select a group of people with similar accentuations or choose a topic that would be useful to everyone. Psychologist teaches productive behavior patterns in different situations, the rules of communication with others, the intricacies of relationships with family members. The conversation is illustrated with examples from life, the lesson includes practical tasks for each type of accentuation.
• Family Therapy - conversation with family members. It is aimed at establishing relationships with loved ones and improving the psychological atmosphere in the family. One of the main methods when working with teenagers.
• Psychological trainings - active training that teaches the correct behavior in various situations.
• Method of psychodrama- a group method of psychotherapy based on playing an exciting situation (invented or real events). It helps to develop the correct model of behavior and communication in people in various situations.

It is important to remember that character accentuation is not a predisease. This is the strengthening of certain character traits that make a person more vulnerable to certain influences, but these same traits provide increased resilience.