MODELS OF PERSONAL SOCIALIZATION
There are 2 main models of personality socialization:
o Submission pattern - defined by the fact that a person does something as a result of direct or indirect submission from other people.
o Interest model - a person acts based on his internal interests and needs
PROBLEMS OF SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONALITY IN UKRAINIAN SOCIETY IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Problems of socialization in modern Ukrainian society are associated with three circumstances: 1) change (destruction) of the value system, as a result of which the older generation cannot always prepare young people for life in new conditions; 2) a radical and very rapid change in the social structure of society; the inability of many new social groups to ensure the reproduction of their ranks. 3) weakening of the system of formal and informal social control as a factor of socialization. One of the most obvious features modern socialization refers to its duration compared to previous periods.
41.CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL STATUS AND SOCIAL ROLE.
In sociology there are several trends in solving the sociological approach, two of them are directly opposite. One tends to absolutize the biological principle in human life, and therefore in the understanding of social life, the social as a phenomenon. The other is the opposite; it is characterized by a complete separation of the personality from the natural principle. In the understanding of man, and at the same time in the understanding of the social as a phenomenon within the framework of this tradition, there is a desire to isolate, to separate far apart the social and natural in man and society. The role concept of personality is a concept that identifies life situations with play and reducing human activity to playing certain standard roles in standard situations. There are two types of social roles - conventional and interpersonal. The former mean a prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required of a person in a given situation. The latter are determined by the interaction of people with each other.
Status concept of personality. Social status- this is the relative position (position) of an individual or group in the social system. Depending on what the person occupies this position due to inherited characteristics
(race, social origin) or through one's own efforts (education, merit), distinguish between “prescribed” and “achieved” statuses, respectively. The concept of social status characterizes the place of the individual in the system of social relations, his activities in the main spheres of life and, finally, the assessment of the individual’s activities by society,
Expressed in certain quantitative and qualitative indicators (salary, bonuses, awards, titles, privileges), as well as self-esteem, which may coincide with the assessment of society or a social group. Modern society is based on a broad division of labor and functions of people in the process of social reproduction. Accordingly, they differ in the place they occupy in society. This difference is captured in the concept
Status. Status is a generalized characteristic. IN modern society it covers a person’s profession, economic and political status, and demographic characteristics. Each status has certain rights and responsibilities. These rights and responsibilities can be formal (statutorily established) or informal in nature. Each person is characterized by a certain set of statuses. The most characteristic status of a person, which distinguishes him from other people, is called the main status. The status a person is born into is called ascribed status. Biological characteristics are reflected in the concept of innate status. A person has many statuses, but his actual behavior is characterized by a certain set of roles. As a result, a status range arises within which behavior varies
Human. Status rank is the position of status relative to others that has developed in society. Status symbols - insignia - clothing, language, gestures, demeanor, income level Each status is characterized by a certain vision
Mira. A set of functionally homogeneous statuses forms a social group. In the narrow sense of the word, a person’s status is his place as a representative of a large social group. In addition, there is a distinction between the concept of personal
Status is a person’s position in a small group, characterized by his personal qualities. Each status is characterized by certain social roles - ways of performing functions associated with statuses or certain models
Behaviors. Statuses are always interconnected due to roles. The set of statuses forms the social structure of society. Statuses and roles function in culture. Their specific content is always related to the values and norms accepted in society. Thus, and social structure has a specific cultural content.
a) individual; b) object;
c) individuality; d) personality.
Which of the following Not refers to types of activities that are characteristic only of a person, specific to him:
a) cognition; b) communication;
c) labor; d) orientation in space.
Sign human activity What distinguishes it from animal behavior is:
a) manifestation of activity; b) adaptation to the surrounding world;
c) goal setting; d) interaction with nature
To indicate different types the activities of people in their interrelation, the concept is used:
a) consumption; b) lifestyle;
c) standard of living; d) welfare.
Fill in the missing word:
“The truth of knowledge can only be established as a result of .....”
A person’s ability to operate with images of the surrounding world, which guides his behavior, is called:
a) consciousness; b) cognition;
c) reflection; d) sensation.
From judgments A And B The connection between freedom and personal responsibility correctly reflects:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. Personal responsibility is manifested in the fact that a person freely and consciously chooses socially approved forms of behavior.
B. Freedom has nothing to do with responsibility: to be free means to do whatever you want, without looking at others.
From the provisions A And B right:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. Scientific knowledge characterized by a focus on obtaining data that can be used in the future.
B. Scientific knowledge is characterized by a desire for objectivity.
Result cognitive activity person is defined by the concept:
a) cognition; b) knowledge;
c) feeling; d) practice.
Finish the statement:
“The human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity is ..... …”
Sensory cognition in contrast to rational:
a) presupposes the presence of a subject of knowledge (object);
b) presupposes the presence of a cognizing subject;
c) requires the use of theory;
d) limited to sensations, perceptions and ideas.
Finish the statement:
“The attitudes of human behavior in society that develop within a certain circle of people under the influence of habits are ....”
From statements A And B right:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. A myth is a legend that gives not reliable knowledge, but fantastic ideas about the world.
B. Myth is a “living memory” that stores the knowledge, skills and experience of people.
Social and biological in man:
a) oppose each other; b) independent of each other;
c) connected with each other; d) precede each other.
From statements A And B right:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. A newborn baby can only become human when surrounded by other people.
B. A newborn baby can become a person outside the human community.
Define:
A) activity- This…
b) motive- This…
V) consciousness- This…
G) self-realization- This…
d) list stages of logical knowledge…
Test № 2
Option 2
Man as a subject of interpersonal and social relations, as well as conscious social activities:
a) individuality; b) individual;
c) activist; d) personality.
Which of the following refers to types of activity specific to a person, characteristic only of him:
a) getting food; b) caring for offspring;
c) scientific creativity; d) communication.
What sign Not reflects the features of human activity:
a) goal setting; b) adaptation to the surrounding world;
c) motive; d) transformation of the surrounding world.
The unity of typical types of human activity is determined by the concept:
a) lifestyle; b) life expectancy;
c) standard of living; d) goal setting.
Fill in the missing word:
“The process of interconnection and interaction between people, during which an exchange of opinions, experiences, and results of activities occurs, is ....”
Inner world feelings, thoughts, ideas, the ability of an individual to distinguish himself from the surrounding world is called:
a) reflection; b) knowledge;
c) consciousness; d) activity.
From judgments A And B The connection between freedom and personal responsibility correctly reveals:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. The moral responsibility of an individual presupposes the freedom of his will.
B. Moral responsibility is available only to a free individual.
From the provisions A And B right:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. Scientific knowledge always strives for objectivity and evidence.
B. Scientific knowledge is based on common sense.
The result of human cognitive activity confirmed by practice is called:
a) knowledge; b) sensation;
c) concept; d) judgment.
Finish the statement:
“The system of socially significant traits that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society is called ..... …”
Rational cognition as opposed to sensory cognition:
a) involves a feeling of the object;
b) involves the perception of an object;
c) involves the presentation of an object;
d) involves abstraction from the subject.
Finish the statement:
“The means of human socialization, the transfer of social and cultural experience from generation to generation, performing the functions of maintaining and strengthening the intra-group cohesion of people are...”
From statements A And B right:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. Useful knowledge about the world contains the results of scientific research, myths, and experience Everyday life, And folk wisdom, and art.
B. Useful knowledge about the world only comes from Scientific research, because only science reveals the truth.
Social principle in man:
a) inextricably with the biological; b) precedes the biological;
c) opposite to biological; d) contradicts the biological.
From statements A And B right:
1) only A; 2) and A, And B.
3) only B; 4) neither A, nor B.
A. The social in a person is in connection with his natural inclinations.
B. The social in a person does not depend on his biological qualities and is connected only with society.
Define:
A) need- This …
b) target- This …
V) conscious activity- This…
G) self-awareness- This…
d) list...
Test No. 2
answer key
| Option 1 | Option 2 |
| 5. practices | 5. communication |
| 10. personality | 10. personality |
| 12. morals | 12. customs |
| 16. a) activity- a form of human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world in the interests of people, creating something that does not exist in nature, producing products of material and spiritual culture; b) motive- the motivating reason for the activity; V) consciousness- the ability inherent only to man to reproduce reality in ideal images; G) self-realization- the process of the most complete identification and implementation by an individual of his capabilities, achievement of intended goals in solving personally significant problems, allowing for the fullest possible realization of the creative potential of the individual; d) stages of logical knowledge- concept, judgment, inference. | 16. a) need- a need, a need for something that needs to be satisfied; b) target- a conscious image of the anticipated result towards which the activity is aimed; V) conscious activity- human activity aimed at achieving set goals related to meeting his needs; G) self-awareness- a person’s definition of himself as an individual capable of accepting independent decisions, enter into certain relationships with other people and nature; d) stages of emotional cognition- sensations, perceptions, ideas. |
For each correct letter or number answer - 1 point
(tasks No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15)
For each the right word - 2 points
(tasks No. 5, 10, 12)
For every correct definition - 1 point(Total - 5 points)
(task no. 16)
Total - 23 points.
Grading level:
Mark "5" - from 19 to 23 points
Mark "4" - from 14 to 18 points
Mark "3" - from 9 to 13 points
Mark "2" - from 0 to 8 points
(Document)
n1.doc
Topic 1.4. Personality in the system of social relations.Plan:
The concept of personality.
1. The concept of personality.
IN everyday and scientific language very common terms: “individual”, “individual”, “individuality”, “subject”, “person”, “personality”. Most often, these words are used as synonyms, but if you strictly approach the definition of these concepts, you can discover significant semantic shades.
Human- the most general, generic concept.
Individual is understood as a separate, specific person, as a single representative of the human race and its “first brick” (from the Latin Individ - indivisible, final). The concept of "individual" reflects human biological identity. Indeed, each person has specificity, biological uniqueness: gait, posture, handwriting, fingerprints, voice timbre, an individual code for deciphering the nervous processes of the brain, the individual shape of the nose, eyes, ears, etc. There are no two identical people on the planet; we are all biologically unique. This is expressed in the concept of “individual”.
Each person has and social originality, social uniqueness. He differs from other people by such characteristics as abilities and specific functions in society, tastes and ideals, profession, knowledge and skills, circle of acquaintances, attitude towards people and life in general, etc. This social uniqueness is inherent in the concept "individual".
To reflect unity of biological and social uniqueness, specificity, necessary general concept. This is the concept of “individuality”. Individuality can be defined as a set of traits that distinguish one individual from another, and the differences are given at the most different levels- biochemical, neurophysiological, psychological, social, etc.
In the process of socialization, a person acquires individuality. However, this is not enough for full inclusion in the system of society, in the system public life. It is not enough to be a bright individual - you must become a subject of public life, a socially functioning individual, a subject of history, i.e. personality.
Personality is first of all a person, then individuality, and finally, and this is the main thing, a subject of social life. The object is the one who is acted upon, subject- the one who acts.
Concept personality is introduced to highlight and emphasize the unnatural essence of man and the individual, i.e. the emphasis is on the social principle.
Among the subjects of social life, the priority place belongs to the individual, or personality. Personality is considered by sociology not in terms of individually unique ones (this is the task of psychology), but in terms of socially typical traits. In other words, in sociology, a person is a typical representative of a large social group, a bearer of the norms, traditions, values, interests and relationships inherent in this group.
The word “personality” is used only in relation to a person and, moreover, begins only from a certain stage of his development. In sociology, personality is defined as:
1. The systemic quality of an individual, determined by his involvement in social relations and manifested in joint activities and communication;
2. Subject of social relations and conscious activity.
We don't say "newborn personality." We are not seriously talking about the personality of even a two-year-old child. People are not born a person, they become a person. At the moment of birth, the child is not yet a person. He is just an individual. An individual is a person as a representative of a species, a product of phylogenetic and ontological development. To become a person, a person must go through a certain path of development.
An indispensable condition for this development are:
1. Biological, genetically determined prerequisites,
2. The presence of a social environment, the world of human culture, with which the child interacts. A child who does not interact with the social environment is not yet a person in the proper sense of the word.
The three components of personality culture naturally bring unity to the problem three main pedagogical processes:
education,
training,
education.
And three directions pedagogical process due to three subsystems of human nature:
informational,
operational,
motivational.
The knowledge system of all types and levels (ideas, concepts, teachings, concepts, judgments, hypotheses, theories, laws) represents the information culture of the individual and is the result of education. A system of skills of all types and levels (skills, habits, techniques, methods, techniques, methods) forms the operational culture of the individual and is the result of training.
Thus, in the structure of personality culture can be distinguished three terms:
Motivational culture (“I want”) is the result of education;
Information culture (“I know”) is the result of education;
Operational culture (“I can do it”) is the result of training.
Based on the three components of personality culture combinatorics method can be builtprimary typology of personalities
.
Typology of personalities:
1. Knows, can and wants - educated, trained and educated.
2. Knows, can, does not want - educated, trained, not brought up.
3. Knows, does not know how, does not want - educated, not trained and not brought up.
4. Doesn't know, can, wants - not educated, trained, brought up.
5. Doesn't know, doesn't know how, wants - not educated, not trained, not brought up.
6. Doesn't know, can, doesn't want - not educated, trained, not brought up.
7. Knows, does not know how, wants - educated, not trained, brought up.
8. Doesn't know, doesn't know how, doesn't want - not educated, not trained, not brought up.
And this is not an abstraction. In every social institution, in a company, in a school, in a department, in a family, in a workshop, etc. You can always find examples of people, workers, close to one of the eight options. What is important here is the very problem of the possibility of a typology of personalities on one of the grounds - the degree of preparedness for activity. But the formation of readiness for activity is the essence of pedagogical activity.
Each person has a totality internal qualities, properties that make up its structure. Personality is a relatively late product social development. The individual is required, first of all, to be independent, to take responsibility, that is, to be responsible for his own actions. Independence reveals itself through initiative, responsibility, enterprise, the ability to strictly control one’s behavior and subordinate it to a single life strategy.
The concept of “personality” shows how socially significant traits are individually reflected in each person and how his essence is manifested as the totality of all social relations.
Of course, personality, from the point of view of sociology, means an individual person who exhibits socially significant features of individual life activity through interaction with other people and thereby contributes to the stabilization and development of social relations. Personality is a special quality acquired by an individual through social relations.
Society and the social environment are capable of influencing personality in two directions - suppressing and developing it. Historians have noticed: the higher the cultural level of a society, the higher a person is valued as an individual. And vice versa. Hence, There is a direct relationship between the development of the individual and society.
Indifferent relationships in the family, lack of warmth and trust between parents and children, endless costs, punishment, and excessive severity suppress the freedom of the child. He grows up callous and aggressive. Any child is drawn to warmth and affection, and when he does not receive it, he develops an inferiority complex. Repressed desires are driven deep inside, and later manifest themselves in a perverted form - as excessive cruelty or complete indifference to other people.
The inner world of such a person is, as it were, bifurcated: ostentatious obedience, reaching the point of veneration and servility before superiors, is combined with hidden aggressiveness, a thirst for rebellion and revenge. Such a person humiliates himself in front of the stronger ones, and strives to humiliate the weaker ones himself.
Suppressing your feelings is as dangerous as complete liberation the elements of unconscious instincts - unbridledness, bad manners, intemperance. To succumb to feelings, passions or fears that escape from the subconscious means to behave like an unreasonable person. To express prudence, common sense and purposefulness means to manifest a higher element of individuality in oneself. However, we can become a person only if we have developed moral consciousness. Altruism and selfless love for others, opposed to egoism and self-interest, form the foundation human personality, the formation of which begins in society and family.
Without them, the completion of a person’s personality is not possible. Personality is the highest achievement of human effort, the result of painstaking work on one’s spiritual world.Not all people reach spiritual heights. But great figures (Jesus Christ, Mohammed), great spiritual leaders (Michelangelo, Socrates, Dostoevsky) and many spiritual devotees - ascetics, monks, scientists, artists, etc. achieved maximum perfection on the moral path. Each of us can take this path, committing even small moral acts.
Thus, the sociology of personality is a branch of sociological knowledge that has as its subject of study the personality as an object and subject of social relations within the social historical process and value social systems, at the level of relationships between individuals and social communities.
2. Role theories of personality. Social status.
The role theory of personality occupies a significant place in the sociology of personality. The main provisions of this theory were formulated by American sociologists J. Mead and R. Minton.
Role theory of personality describes it social behavior two basic concepts:
a) “social status”,
b) “social role”.
Let's look at what these concepts mean.
a) Each person in the social system occupies several positions. Each of these positions, which involves certain rights and responsibilities, is called status.
A person can have several statuses. But more often than not, only one determines his position in society. This status is called main.
It often happens that the main status is determined by his position (for example, director, professor). Social status is reflected both in external behavior and appearance (clothing, jargon and other signs of social and professional affiliation), and in the internal position (in attitudes, value orientations, motivations, etc.).
There are prescribed and acquired statuses.
Prescribed- this means imposed by society, regardless of the efforts and merits of the individual. It is determined by ethnic origin, place of birth, family, etc.
Acquired (achieved) status determined by the efforts of the person himself (for example, a writer, general secretary, director, etc.).
Natural and professional-official statuses are also distinguished. Natural status personality presupposes significant and relatively stable characteristics of a person (men and women, childhood, youth, maturity, old age, etc.).
Professional official- this is the basic status of the individual, for an adult, most often the basis of the integral status. It records the social, economic, production and technical position (banker, engineer, lawyer, etc.).
Social status denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system.
b) The totality of requirements presented to an individual by society forms the content social role. Social role
- this is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform. Each status usually includes a number of roles.
One of the first attempts to systematize roles was made by T. Parsons. He believed that any the role is described by 5 main characteristics:
emotional- some roles require emotional restraint, others - looseness;
method of obtaining- some are prescribed, others are conquered;
scale- some roles are formulated and strictly limited, others -... blurred;
formalization- action in strictly established rules or arbitrarily;
motivation- for personal profit, for the common good, etc. Any role is characterized by a certain set of these five properties.
The social role should be considered in two aspects:
role expectations and
role performance.
Role requirements (instructions, wishes and expectations of appropriate behavior) are embodied in specific social norms grouped around social status.
In the normative structure of a social role, 4 elements are usually distinguished:
1) description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;
2) instructions (requirements) associated with this behavior;
3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;
4) sanction - social consequences one or another action within the framework of the requirements of the social system.
Social sanctions can be moral in nature, implemented directly social group through her behavior (for example, contempt), or legal, political, environmental, etc., implemented through the activities of specific social institutions. The meaning of social sanctions is to induce a person to a certain type of behavior. They are one of the most important elements of social regulation.
It should be noted that any role is not a pure model of behavior. The main link between role expectations and role behavior is the character of the individual. This means that behavior specific person does not fit into a pure scheme.
Since each person plays several roles in many various situations, conflict may arise between roles. A situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the demands of two or more incompatible roles is called role conflict. Conflict creates stressful situation, and it is necessary to find ways to harmonize roles.
Thematic assignment for the topic “Social status”.
Without the concept of status, it is impossible to give students a holistic picture of the distribution of the population by social class. One of the important points when discussing this topic is the prestige of occupations (professions). It is known that some occupations are more paid, more prestigious and more honorable than others. Inequality of occupations entails social inequality in general.
Exercise
To develop skills in understanding the topic of professional prestige.
Here is a list of activities: bartender, reporter, policeman, company director, farmer, artisan, manager, clerk, farm worker, dock worker, etc.
Tasks and questions:
1. Assign each lesson one of 5 ranks - A, B, C, D, E, where A is max, and E is min. Several activities can be located on one step. Remember that you are interested in status, not class, i.e. what level of prestige you assign to a particular occupation.
2. Explain how you ranked the classes and by what criteria.
3. Do the same, but imagine that you are a successful businessman. Explain your ranking criteria. Has it changed?
4. Do the same from the standpoint of another occupation, less prestigious.
3. Personality is a special quality of a person acquired by him in the sociocultural environment in the process of joint activity and communication. Personality structure according to K.K. Platonov:
I. Directional substructure. Unites the attitudes and moral traits of the individual, the orientation of the individual, i.e. interests, ideals, beliefs. The forms of personality orientation include upbringing, relationships and moral qualities.
II. Substructure of social experience. Includes knowledge, skills, abilities, as well as habits acquired through personal experience and through learning.
III. Psychological substructure – substructure of forms of reflection. Covers the individual characteristics of individual mental processes that are formed in the process of social life.
IV. Biologically determined substructure. It combines typological properties of personality, temperament, type of nervous system, body constitution, gender and age characteristics, pathological changes, which largely depend on the physiological and morphological characteristics of the brain.
Russian psychology believes that through activity the personality acts as a single whole, and consciousness serves as an instrument of activity. Psychologists know that in political activity, as in any other activity, the defining core is the goal. There is a clear goal - there is specific activity, there is no goal - vanity and imitation of business are inevitable. For many years, any initiative from below did not receive support and could not be realized. And today the problems of conviction and faith, interest in creative, productive work, leadership, etc. remain relevant.
The study of the general structure of personality makes it possible to draw the following conclusions:
1) personality, its properties and qualities depend on society, on the entire system of social relations;
2) as society develops, a corresponding political stage level of personality development;
3) it is impossible to form the properties and qualities of a person in isolation from life, from reality, from the real needs of a person;
4) practice has not confirmed that collectivism in humans is stronger than individualism;
5) it is impossible to create the same needs for everyone.
Personality characteristics
A person as an individual is characterized by a system of relationships conditioned by life in society, of which he is the subject.
A personality is characterized by deep semantic structures that determine its consciousness and behavior, as well as the degree of awareness of its relationship to reality.
Focus is a set of stable motives that orient the behavior and activity of an individual, and are relatively independent of specific conditions(interests, inclinations, beliefs, ideals, worldview).
Direction distinguishes between qualities and forms. The qualities of direction are level, breadth, intensity, stability, and the main quality is effectiveness. Forms of orientation: worldview, ideals and how highest form orientation - beliefs.
The source of personality activity is need as an internal state of need, expressing its dependence on specific conditions of existence.
Motive - this is an incentive to activity associated with the satisfaction of a specific need.
It is customary to distinguish between conscious and unconscious motives. Unconscious motive - awareness of a need does not quite correspond to the genuine need that causes dissatisfaction. A person does not know the real reason for his behavior. The formation of unconscious motives is influenced by attitudes, suggestions, and frustrations. TO unconscious motives include attraction.
Attraction– an insufficiently clearly realized need, the stage of formation of motives for behavior. The unconsciousness of drives is transient; the need represented in them either fades away or is realized.
Installation– an unconscious state of a person’s readiness to perceive, evaluate and act in a certain way in relation to the people or objects around him.
Interest– one of the forms of personality orientation – colored by positive emotion, associated with the manifestation of cognitive needs.
Under worldview a system of views on the objective reality surrounding a person is understood.
Ideal- This highest goal conscious active aspirations of the individual. Often ideals are embodied in certain specific images.
Belief is determined by a combination of a worldview with the desire to realize it, a willingness to fight for one’s worldview. The structure of beliefs includes components of thinking, emotion and will.
To understand the orientation of a person is, first of all, to reveal a person’s aspirations, the goals that he sets for his life path, the motives that guide his actions and deeds, the reasons that encourage him to be active.
In the process of individual development of each person, his orientation is formed, expressed in the development of needs, interests, worldview, beliefs and ideals. Needs are the initial reason that motivates a person to active actions, in which a certain direction is expressed.
From birth, man, like all animals, needs food, sleep, air, drink, etc. This natural needs. They are a necessary condition for the existence of the animal and human body. Without satisfying natural needs, both animals and humans are doomed to death.
The forms and qualities of orientation are associated with the experience and knowledge, skills, abilities and habits of a given individual. This substructure determines the level of personality development.
The next substructure of personality is temperament - these are personality traits that characterize it from the dynamics of mental processes. The physiological basis of these features is the inherent nervous system human strength, speed of flow, speed of change and balance of basic nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.
Individual characteristics of a person remain, as it were, in the shadows until a certain time, until they become necessary in the system of interpersonal relationships, the subject of which is this person as a person.
Individuality is only one aspect of a person’s personality.
In the overall assessment of personality, it matters character. This is a combination of the most stable features, essential personality traits, manifested in a person’s behavior and a certain attitude towards the surrounding reality, towards himself.
IN In medical practice, the individual’s reaction to his illness is of great importance. Each disease, especially a severe and long-term one, can cause a reaction on the verge of neurotic manifestations. The latter can be more pronounced than the disease itself, while characterological characteristics are sharpened and personal properties are deformed.
A person is a complex system; he is multidimensional. Here the biological, social and spiritual principles, consciousness and the sphere of the subconscious are interconnected. WITH scientific point a person's point of view is unique product long-term development of living nature and at the same time the result of the cosmic evolution of nature itself. At the same time, a person is born and lives in a society in social environment. He has a unique ability to think, thanks to which he exists spiritual world man, his spiritual life. Society mediates man’s relationship with nature, and therefore a creature born by man becomes truly human only by being included in social relations. These truths allow us to speak about the essence of man as a unity of the natural and the social.
Combination of natural and social levels(elements) of the “man” system is a stable component in other concepts that characterize a person: “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”.
In philosophy there is one of the key collective terms - “subject”. It covers the concepts listed above, since it characterizes cognitive and practical activities person. Subject - actively active person with his knowledge, experience and ability to change the objective situation of his existence and himself (his qualities) in the process of socially significant activities. " Subjectivity" - important aspect individual existence of a person, his connection with social existence. This term should not be confused with the concept of “human subjectivity,” which is understood as the world of thought, will, and feelings inherent in man. The content of the concept “subject” includes everything socially significant characteristics man, and first of all man as the creator of history. Human needs, interests, abilities act as driving force socio-historical activity and in their totality form the content of human nature. In other words, Man is a subject of socio-historical activity and culture, a biosocial being with consciousness, articulate speech, moral qualities and the ability to make tools.
The concept of “personality” is one of the most uncertain and controversial in science. The evolution of the concept of personality from the initial designation of a mask (Latin persona meant the mask worn by an actor in the ancient theater), then the actor himself and, finally, his role - gave impetus to the development of ideas about personality as a system of role behavior under the influence of social expectations.
Understanding that a person is a biosocial being is important point understanding of the concept of "personality". He is inseparable from his nature, physicality, materiality. But at the same time, he is the owner of consciousness, a soul. Therefore, personality, as a complex awareness of the given biosocial nature of a person, characterizes what is under the influence of two laws: natural-biological and socio-historical. That is, the biological principle: anatomy, physiology, the course of various processes in the body, is inextricably interconnected with social features: collective work, thinking, speech, the ability to create.
The Philosophical Encyclopedia defines personality as follows: it is a human individual as a subject of relationships and conscious activity.
Another meaning is that personality is a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society, i.e. personality is a systemic quality acquired by an individual in the process of joint activity and communication.
Personality is a special quality acquired by an individual through social relations, emphasized A.N. Leontyev.
However, with all the variety of interpretations of the concept of “personality,” their authors agree that a person is not born, but becomes, and for this a person must make considerable efforts: master speech, various motor, intellectual and sociocultural skills.
But is every person an individual? Obviously not. A person in the clan system was not a person, since his life was completely subordinated to the interests of the primitive collective, dissolved in it, and his personal interests had not yet acquired proper independence. A person who has gone mad is not a person. A human child is not a person. He has a certain set of biological properties and characteristics, but until a certain period of life he is devoid of signs of social order. Therefore, he cannot perform actions and actions driven by a sense of social responsibility. A child is only a candidate for becoming a human being. In order to become a person, an individual goes through the necessary path of socialization , that is, the assimilation of the social experience accumulated by generations of people, accumulated in skills, abilities, habits, traditions, norms, knowledge, values, etc., familiarization with the existing system of social connections and relationships.
The story of a person begins when there is a turn in his attitude towards change environment. From the moment when the human ancestor stopped responding to environmental changes by changing its morphology, appearance, forms of adaptation and began to form their artificial environment (clothing, use of fire, construction of housing, food preparation, etc.), the social history of man begins. Such forms of social adaptation required the division of labor, its specialization, and the complication of forms of herd and then group organization. These forms of social adaptation found their expression in the complication of the function of brain activity, as evidenced by the data of anthropologists: the volume of the brain of human ancestors during that period increased incredibly, the forms became more complex collective activity, developed verbal communication, speech arose as a means of communication, transmission of information, and consolidation of work skills.
All this allowed human community gain greater opportunities in ensuring life. At the same time, the improvement of tools and the emergence of surplus products of primitive production immediately affected the forms of organization of social life: it became more complex, society became structured. And what role a specific person can play in resolving contradictions that arise in social processes depends, first of all, on their scale, the ratio of the necessary and the accidental in them, and on the characteristics of society.
But personality traits also play an important role here. Sometimes they are very significant influence on social processes. By getting involved in social processes, a person thereby changes the circumstances of his life, actively determines and develops the “line” of his own destiny. In other words, the main condition for a person’s self-determination and conscious regulation of his life activities is his social activity. Personality formation factors are presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - Personality formation factors
So, a person is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in social life.
Personality is impossible outside of social activity and communication; only by being included in the process of historical practice does an individual manifest social essence, forms its social qualities, develops value orientations.
Thus, personality is a product of the integration of processes that carry out the life relationships of the subject.
The next chapter is devoted to the peculiarities of development and the relationship between the individual and society. personality social individual
