Home Vegetable garden on the windowsill It is not an activity. Practical human activity

Vegetable garden on the windowsill

It is not an activity. Practical human activity

The activities are diverse. It can be playful, educational and, cognitive and transformative, creative and destructive, production and consumer, economic, socio-political and spiritual. Creativity and communication are special activities. Finally, as an activity, one can analyze the language, human psyche and culture of society.

Material and spiritual activities

Usually the activity is divided into material and spiritual.

Material activity is aimed at changing the world around. Because the world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transforming (changing the structure of society). An example of material productive activity is the production of goods; examples of socially transformative - government reforms, revolutionary activity.

Spiritual activities are aimed at changing the individual and public conscience... It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing a collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being. Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value (determining the norms and principles of life), predictive (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, spiritual and material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal-setting, planning, the choice of means, etc.

Creativity and communication

Creativity and communication a special place belongs to the system of types of activity.

Creation- this is the emergence of something new in the process of transformative human activity. Signs creative activity are originality, uniqueness, originality, and its result - inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.

Creativity usually means unity creative personality and creative process.

Creative person represents a person with special abilities. The actual creative abilities include imagination and fantasy, i.e. the ability to create new sensory or mental images. However, often these images are so divorced from life that their practical use becomes impossible. Therefore, other, more "mundane" abilities are also important - erudition, a critical mindset, observation, the desire for self-improvement. But even the presence of all these abilities does not guarantee that they will be embodied in activities. This requires will, perseverance, efficiency, activity in defending one's opinion. Creative process includes four stages: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. The actual creative act, or insight, is associated with intuition - a sudden transition from ignorance to knowledge, the reasons for which are not recognized. Nevertheless, it cannot be assumed that creativity is something that comes without effort, labor and experience. Illumination can only come to one who has been thinking hard about the problem; a positive result is impossible without a long preparation and maturation process. The results of the creative process require a mandatory critical check, since not all creativity leads to the desired result.

There are a variety of techniques creative solution problems, for example, the use of associations and analogies, the search for similar processes in other areas, the recombination of elements of what is already known, an attempt to present someone else's as understandable, and understandable as someone else's, etc.

Because Creative skills amenable to development, and creative techniques and the elements of the creative process can be studied, any person is able to become the creator of new knowledge, values, works of art. All that is needed for this is the desire to create and the willingness to work.

Communication there is a way of being a person in relationship with other people. If ordinary activity is defined as a subject-object process, i.e. the process during which a person (subject) creatively transforms the surrounding world (object), then communication is a specific form of activity that can be defined as a subject-subject connection, where a person (subject) interacts with another person (subject).

Communication is often equated with communication. However, these concepts should be separated. Communication is an activity that has a material and spiritual nature. Communication - clean information process and is not an activity in the full sense of the word. For example, communication between humans and machines or between animals (zocommunication) is possible. We can say that communication is a dialogue, where each participant is active and independent, and communication is a monologue, a simple transfer of a message from the sender to the recipient.

Rice. 2.3. Communication structure

In the course of communication (Fig. 2.3), the addressee (sender) will transmit information (message) to the addressee (recipient). To do this, it is necessary that the interlocutors have information sufficient to understand each other (context), and the information is transmitted by both understandable signs and symbols (code) and that contact is established between them. Thus, communication is a one-way process of transferring a message from addressee to addressee. Communication is a two-way process. Even if the second subject in communication is not a real person, human traits are still attributed to him.

Communication can be viewed as one of the aspects of communication, namely its informational component. In addition to communication, communication includes and social interaction, and the process of cognition by the subjects of each other, and the changes that occur with the subjects in this process.

Communication is closely related to language, which performs a communicative function in society. The purpose of language is not only to ensure human understanding and the transmission of experience from generation to generation. Language is also a social activity to form a picture of the world, an expression of the spirit of the people. German linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), emphasizing the procedural nature of language, wrote that "language is not a product of activity, but activity."

Play, communication and work as activities

Under labor understand the expedient human activity to transform nature and society and meet personal and social needs. Labor activity is aimed at practically useful result- various benefits: material (food, clothing, housing, services), spiritual ( scientific ideas and inventions, achievements of art, etc.), as well as the reproduction of the person himself in the totality of social relations.

The labor process manifests itself in the interaction and complex interweaving of three elements: the living labor itself (as human activity); means of labor (tools used by humans); objects of labor (material transformed in the process of labor). Living labor can be mental (such is the work of a scientist - a philosopher or an economist, etc.) and physical (any muscular work). However, even muscular work is usually intellectually loaded, since everything that a person does, he does consciously.

During labor activity improve and change, resulting in ever higher labor efficiency. As a rule, the evolution of means of labor is considered in the following sequence: natural-tool stage (for example, a stone as a tool); artifact stage (appearance of artificial weapons); machine stage; stage of automation and robotics; information stage.

Subject of labor - a thing to which human labor is directed (material, raw material, semi-finished product). Labor ultimately materializes, is fixed in its object. A person adapts an object to his needs, turning it into something useful.

Labor is considered the leading, initial form of human activity. The development of labor contributed to the development of mutual support of members of society, its cohesion, it was in the process of labor that communication and creative abilities developed. In other words, thanks to labor, the person himself was formed.

This is understood as the activity on the formation of knowledge and skills, the development of thinking and consciousness of the individual. Thus, learning acts both as an activity and as a translation of an activity. The well-known psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) noted the activity-oriented nature of training: "The basis of the educational process should be based on the student's personal activity, and all the teacher's art should be reduced only to directing and regulating this activity."

main feature learning activities lies in the fact that its purpose is to change not the surrounding world, but the subject of activity itself. Although a person changes both in the process of communication and in work, this change is not the direct goal of these types of activities, but only one of their additional consequences. In training, all means are specifically aimed at changing the person.

Under the game understand the form of free self-expression of a person, aimed at the reproduction and assimilation of social experience. The Dutch cultural theorist Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) singles out freedom, positive emotionality, isolation in time and space, and the presence of voluntarily accepted rules as the constitutive characteristics of the game. To these characteristics can be added virtuality (the game world is two-dimensional - it is both real and imaginary), as well as the role-playing nature of the game.

In the course of the game, norms, traditions, customs, values are learned as necessary elements the spiritual life of society. Unlike labor activity, the purpose of which is outside the process, the goals and means of game communication coincide: people rejoice for the sake of joy, create for the sake of creativity, communicate for the sake of communication. On early stages In the development of mankind, beauty could only be felt during the playtime of the holiday only as beauty, outside the relationship of utility, which gave rise to an artistic attitude towards the world.

It occurs mainly in the course of play, study and work. In the process of growing up, each of these activities consistently acts as a leader. In the game (before school), the child tries on different social roles, at older stages (at school, college, university), he acquires the necessary adult life knowledge, teachings, skills. The final stage of personality formation takes place in the process of joint labor activity.

Activity- the specific conscious activity of a person, aimed at cognition and creative change of the world around him and himself in accordance with actual needs and goals. The main feature of activity is that it cannot be determined only by those needs and motives that generate it. The need itself can act as an incentive to be active, and its content will be determined by the level of knowledge, skills, goals of society, and individual experience.

Human traits

The activity of the individual is very different from the activity of animals, since it has a creative and transformative character. If you need to give a definition of a person's activity on an exam, then it is important to understand its features in order to clearly formulate the concept.

She has such features:

Main components

In order to fully understand the complexity and specificity of human activity, you need to understand its main components:

Subject - an individual who performs actions.
An object - what the actions and activity of the subject are directed to. The object can be any material (making a product), another individual (impact to change beliefs) or the subject himself (training in a gym to change himself).

There are also components that form the structure of the activity.:

Human needs

The famous American psychologist A. Maslow has developed a "pyramid of human needs"... He divides all human needs into primary (physiological, need for safety and security) and secondary ( social needs, respect, self-realization). Primary needs are basic for the survival of the individual, if they are not satisfied, then the transition to meeting needs from the upper layers of the pyramid is impossible. Secondary needs are acquired in the process of a person's social life, their satisfaction occurs during the interaction of individuals in interpersonal communication.

Motives of activity

Based on the needs, the motives of the subject are formed, pushing him to activity. Complex views activities can carry many motives. In such cases, a hierarchy of motives is formed, in which the dominant (main) and secondary motives are determined.

The motive can be formed under the influence of one or several needs, which pass through the prism of interests, beliefs, traditions, attitudes of the individual:

Interest is the main reason for action. Various social groups may have identical needs but different interests. For example, entrepreneurs and people of art: the first group has material interests, and the second - spiritual; the need for both groups is common, but the ways to achieve it are different. In addition, each person has interests that are formed under the influence of the environment, inclinations, level of development (people can read books of different genres or engage in different types of creativity).
Traditions are a set of rituals, attitudes from previous generations, which manifests itself in religion, national rituals, professional and corporate characteristics. Sometimes people, following tradition, can limit their basic needs. For example, soldiers in war can limit their need for security because professional and national traditions demand that they defend their country.
Beliefs are principled and firm views on events and the world around them that can force the subject to abandon basic needs in favor of what he considers right (giving up money to preserve dignity).

Defining the goal

A person's motivation determines the formation of goals and results. The individual can create an internal plan of action, on the basis of which they will be carried out in a certain order to obtain concrete result... When the subject begins to do something, he keeps in mind the image of the desired result. That is, before creating something in reality, the individual creates it in his imagination.

Since human activities are often complex, goals are also divided into simple and complex. To achieve a complex goal, you need to plan your activity, break it down into steps, highlight tasks, identify tools for action and possible ways overcoming obstacles. If all tasks are solved during the manipulations, then the goal will be achieved.

Individuals can have common needs, goals and go to achieve the same results, however, using different means and performing different actions the content of the activity will be very different.

Types of actions

There are such types social action highlighted by M. Weber:

goal-oriented - with such actions, a person plans all tasks and means, thinks over ways to overcome obstacles (preparing a teacher for a lecture);
value-rational - this kind of action is based on moral principles, values, beliefs (the decision to save the life of another person, risking his own life);
affective - spontaneous actions under the influence of strong emotional states(escape when attacked);
traditional - actions that a person performs out of habit can be developed on the basis of rituals or traditions (sequence of actions at a wedding ceremony).

The basis for active action human are the first two types of actions, which are characterized by awareness of purpose and creative character.

Forms of activity

There are two main forms of activity of the subject, different in the nature of the functions performed:

Physical work - carried out with the activation of the musculoskeletal system, muscles and all functional systems organism. With this form of activity, very high energy costs and body fatigue.
Brainwork- means by itself intellectual activity to perform work related to information processing. With this form of activity, the tension of all mental processes: attention, memory, thinking, imagination.

Typically, a person's actions include both forms of activity.... There are many examples of human activity in which physical and mental labor are combined: actions with the aim of modifying the surrounding space, performing work on creating creative objects, and others. Let's consider in more detail: in order to plant a tree, you must first think over the course of action, get all the necessary materials for this, and then, with the help of physical efforts, perform this action.

There are many activities that a person engages in throughout his life. But which of them are called the main ones and why? These include play, learning, communication, work, and creativity. They are the main ones, because it is in them that the most intense and effective development the individual.

This is a specific type of human activity, the purpose of which is not a result, but a process. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that all actions take place in an imaginary situation that can change rapidly. Children use substitute objects that are analogous for them to what adults use in real life.

The game develops mental processes, attention, social activity and the acquisition of interpersonal skills. There are different types of games that arise in certain age periods subject to the normal development of the child.

This is one of the basic types of interaction, which is characterized by the mutual exchange of emotions, thoughts, views.... The structural components of communication are the subject (initiator of communication), the goal (what the communication takes place for), content (information that is transmitted), means (methods of transmitting information; pictures, audio, video, sensory organs can be used) and the recipient of information.

Communication is structural component any purposeful activity, the activity itself acts as a condition for the emergence of communication.

The purpose of this type of activity is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by the subject. Learning can be specially organized or spontaneous (gaining knowledge and experience while performing other actions). And also there is such a form of teaching as self-education.

Labor is the purposeful activity of an individual, the purpose of which is to obtain a specific result.... Labor is impossible without a certain level of knowledge, skills and craftsmanship. This purposeful activity helps develop personality and transform the environment.

Creation

Creativity is the activity of a person, which generates something new that did not previously exist. She may be independent activity or a component of another activity. This is a common activity for all children. When a person grows up, he already has certain abilities and talents that develop and manifest in creativity.

Depending on what result the individual's actions are directed to, there are:

Based on the number of subjects and objects of activity, individual and collective activity. According to the influence on social progress, it is customary to divide progressive(develops society) and reactionary activity. The following types of activities are also distinguished: legal and illegal, reproductive(creation by pattern) and creative(creating something new), extraversional(physical actions) and introversion(thinking, fantasy, feelings).

Purposeful human activity is fundamentally different from the behavioral activity of animals, since it is his mode of existence. The behavior of animals is regulated by instincts and is a means of adaptation to changing conditions. environment.

Human behavior is a conscious activity that is aimed at transforming the world around us. An example of this is goal setting, developing internal plan actions, foreseeing the result of this activity.

The very existence of man is a constant creation and development, a change of oneself and outside world for creating better conditions life and satisfaction of their needs. Human activity is characterized by awareness, the presence of an internal action plan, which is subsequently implemented when performing the assigned tasks. Another important distinction behavior of a person from an animal is that the activity of an individual is not always associated with basic motives and can very often come into conflict with them.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TEST

1. What is activity?

Activity is a process of conscious and purposeful change by a person of the world and himself.

3. How are activities and needs related?

Human activities are carried out to meet his needs.

A need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality. There are three types of needs: natural, social and ideal.

4. What is the motive of the activity? How does a motive differ from a goal? What is the role of motives in human activity?

The motive is why the person acts, and the goal is what the person acts for. The same activity can be triggered various motives... For example, students read, that is, they do the same activity. But one student can read with a need for knowledge. Another is because of the desire to please the parents. The third is driven by the desire to get a good grade. The fourth wants to assert himself. At the same time, the same motive can lead to different types activities. For example, striving to assert himself in his team, a student can express himself in educational, sports, social activities.

5. Give a definition of the need. What are the main groups of human needs and provide specific examples.

A need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.

V modern science different classifications of needs are applied. In the very general view they can be grouped into three groups: natural, social and ideal.

Natural needs. In another way, they can be called congenital, biological, physiological, organic, natural. These are the needs of a person in everything that is necessary for his existence, development and reproduction. Natural ones include, for example, human needs for food, air, water, housing, clothing, sleep, rest, etc.

Social needs. They are determined by a person's belonging to society. Human needs are considered social for work, creativity, creativity, social activity, communication with other people, recognition, achievements, that is, in everything that is a product of social life.

Ideal needs. In another way, they are called spiritual or cultural. These are the needs of a person in everything that is necessary for him spiritual development... The ideal includes, for example, the need for self-expression, in the creation and development of cultural values, the need for a person to understand the world around him and his place in it, the meaning of his existence.

6. What can be attributed to the results (products) of human activity?

The products of human activity include material and spiritual benefits, forms of communication between people, social conditions and attitudes, as well as the abilities, skills, knowledge of the person himself.

7. Name the types of human activities. Expand their diversity with specific examples.

For various reasons, there are different kinds activities.

Depending on the characteristics of a person's attitude to the world around him, activity is divided into practical and spiritual. Practical activities aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society. Spiritual activity is associated with a change in the consciousness of people.

When human activities are correlated with the course of history, with social progress, then they distinguish a progressive or reactionary orientation of activity, as well as a constructive or destructive one. Based on the material studied in the history course, you can provide examples of events in which these activities manifested themselves.

Depending on the compliance of the activity with the existing general cultural values, social norms define legal and illegal, moral and immoral activities.

In connection with the social forms of uniting people for the purpose of carrying out activities, collective, mass, individual activity is distinguished.

Depending on the presence or absence of novelty of goals, results of activity, methods of its implementation, a monotonous, stereotyped, monotonous activity is distinguished, which is carried out strictly according to the rules, instructions, new in such activity is minimized, and most often it is completely absent, and the activity is innovative, inventive. , creative.

Depending on the public spheres, in which the activity takes place, distinguish between economic, political, social activities and others. In addition, in each sphere of society's life, certain types of human activity characteristic of it are distinguished. For example, economic sphere production and consumer activities are inherent. Political activities are characterized by state, military, and international activities. For the spiritual sphere of the life of society - scientific, educational, leisure.

8. How are activity and consciousness related?

Any sensory image of an object, any sensation or representation, having a certain meaning and meaning, becomes part of consciousness. On the other hand, a number of sensations, experiences of a person are outside the framework of consciousness. They lead to unconscious, impulsive actions, which were mentioned earlier, and this affects human activity, sometimes distorting its results.

Activity, in turn, contributes to changes in the consciousness of a person, his development. Consciousness is formed by activity in order to at the same time influence this activity, define and regulate it. Practically realizing their creative ideas, born in consciousness, people transform nature, society and themselves. In this sense, human consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates it. Having absorbed historical experience, knowledge and methods of thinking, having received certain skills and abilities, a person masters reality. At the same time, he sets goals, creates projects for future tools, consciously regulates his activities.

TASKS

1. In Kamchatka, famous for its active volcanoes are being implemented special technologies for the processing of volcanic raw materials. This work was initiated by a special decision of the Governor. Experts have determined that the production of silicates from volcanic rock is a very profitable business that does not require significant capital investment. According to their calculations, the work of one plant can bring 40 million rubles to the regional budget and 50 million rubles to the state budget. Consider this information from the standpoint of the studied topic: determine what types of people's activities manifested themselves in the described events, name in each case the subjects and objects of activity, trace on this example connection between consciousness and activity.

Type of activity - labor, material activities, subjects - workers, specialists, objects - volcanic raw materials, business profit. The connection between consciousness and activity - first we are aware of the event, make a report on it (profitability calculations), then we begin to act (introduce technologies).

2. Determine whether practical or spiritual activities include: a) cognitive activity; b) social reforms; c) production of essential goods.

a) cognitive activity refers to spiritual activity, because cognition is aimed at acquiring knowledge, and knowledge is ideal, it cannot be seen or touched;

b) social reforms will be related to practical activities, since this type of activity is aimed at transforming society;

c) the production of essential goods will be related to practical activities, since object in in this case nature will be, and the result will be material goods.

3. Name the actions that make up the activities of a doctor, farmer, scientist.

The doctor first of all works with people: he accepts, based on the results of the tests, he makes a conclusion, if necessary, he heals. Farmer: he studies the soil in order to know what will grow on it and whether it is necessary to fertilize it, processes it, plants everything that is necessary on it, takes care of the plants, reaps the harvest. Scientist: engaged in science, collects and tests materials in any scientific field, studies their properties, tries to improve and discover something new, conducts experiments, etc.

4. A. N. Leont'ev wrote: "Activity is richer, truer than the consciousness preceding it." Explain this thought.

Consciousness allows a person to think, but not every thought leads to action, which means that activity is richer and more true.

The types of human activity are very diverse. Depending on various criteria, it is divided into practical, labor, educational, play, material, spiritual, moral, immoral, progressive, reactionary, and also includes creativity and communication.

From school course social science it is known that one of the main distinguishing features of a person, in comparison with highly organized animals, is recognized as purposeful activity as a constant fulfillment specific tasks with the aim of changing the surrounding world, which results in the creation of the so-called "second nature".

Any activity is built on four main elements:

an object (an object that undergoes changes);
subject (the one who performs the activity);
goals (the expected result of an action);
motives (reflects what the will of a person to action is based on).

The main types of human activities

These include material and spiritual. The purpose of the first is to change the surrounding reality, including nature and society. In turn, it is subdivided into production (the goal is to change natural objects) and socially transformative (the goal is to change and improve the system of social relations).

An example of the first type is the creation of goods for public consumption.

Socio-transformative is manifested in various socio-political phenomena, such as: state reforms, revolutions, the creation of parties, participation in elections.

Spiritual activity seeks to change human consciousness both in the person of one person and the whole society. It is difficult to overestimate its influence on our lives. This view helps to unite people, orientates each individual person to find their own path and happiness.

value (ideological);
predictive (planning the future);
cognitive (gaining knowledge about the world around) activity.

The assignment of material and spiritual activities to different categories is conditional.

In practice, these phenomena are nothing more than two sides of the same coin. Any of them involves material embodiment, while based on planning, defining goals, methods and ways to achieve them.

Practical activities

Consists in the transformation of the entire surrounding world, including nature and society.

Social transformative activity

The main goal is to change the structure of society, social phenomena. The subject is a society, class, group, or individual.

They perform actions and tasks that are important to society, pursue public interest and goals, using for this economic, political, ideological instruments.

Spiritual activity

impact on creative thought and scientific knowledge;
formation, change of views on life;
planning for future events.

The spiritual life of a person is based on:

scientific;
creative;
religious activities.

The second includes art, music, acting, architecture, directing.

Social activity

One of its manifestations is political activity, which is based on public administration... The life of people involved in social processes, in mandatory falls under the influence political parties and government decisions.

They, in turn, are influenced by various forms people's participation in political life countries, with the help of which citizens express their will and civic position, present their political demands to the representatives of the authorities.

Predictive activity

It is the construction of a model of future actions and events, an assumption about possible changes in reality. The source of this type of activity is human fantasy, which precedes reality, builds a model of the future.

The design results are:

plans, tables, diagrams for inventions and various building structures;
ideal models for social change;
ideas of new forms of state and political structure.

Leading activities - play, communication and work

The game is characterized by the performance of real actions using imaginary means.

Communication is the process of transferring information as a result of interaction. People are forced to contact each other in order to satisfy the need for joint activities.

It consists not only in the exchange of information, but also in the transfer of emotions, experiences to each other, the manifestation of this or that attitude towards people and things, the expression of an assessment of the behavior of others, their actions.

Work is aimed at obtaining results that are practical.

Types of professional human activity

Professional activity is characterized by organization, in most cases it is monotonous, governed by standard rules. The person who implements it has detailed, deep information and practical skills in a particular area of knowledge.

The results of such activities are of great public importance, as they affect the lives of many people.

The concept of "profession" includes various types of activity. There are five types in total. professional activity:

Technician man. Human work with mechanisms, materials, energy.
Man-man. Education, training, service, leadership.
Human nature. Interaction with the five kingdoms of living nature (animals, plants, fungi, viruses,), as well as objects of inanimate nature (minerals, minerals, etc.).
Human signs. Working with numbers, languages, signs.
Human - artistic image... Making music, literature, acting, painting, etc.

An example of progressive activity

Depending on the consequences of the activity on the course of history, the development of the state and society, they distinguish progressive (involves development, improvement, creation) and reactionary (destructive) activities.

As an example of progressive activity, one can cite the industrial reforms of Peter I, the abolition of serfdom by Alexander II, as well as the reforms of P. A. Stolypin.

Reactive activity

In contrast to the progressive, leading to development, the regressive (reactionary), on the contrary, leads to decline, ruin, for example:

the introduction of the oprichnina;
decree on the establishment of military settlements;
introduction of a food embargo, etc.

Material activity

This is the result of changes and processing of the surrounding world, including natural objects and social phenomena.

The simplest examples of this type are: plant cultivation, land cultivation, fishing, construction, etc.

Collective action and its examples

Activities are divided into separate groups depending on the number of subjects performing it. The opposite collective action is individual.

The first is based on the unification and coordination of the activities of each member of the team. The task of integration lies with the manager. Efficiency is assessed based on production results. In this case important role plays psychological factor, namely, the personal qualities of the manager, on which the labor efficiency of the team depends.

In addition, the performance of the team depends on the quality interpersonal relationships, well-coordinated work, psychological compatibility participants in labor activity.

A striking example of collective action is the construction of the Great Wall of China.

Conclusion

The presented types of human activities and the criteria for their division into different categories are generally accepted, but not universal. For psychologists, some types of activity are the main ones, for historians - others, for sociologists - still others.

Thus, there is a wide variety of classifications of human activities that characterize it from the position: useful / harmful, progressive / regressive, moral / immoral, etc.

During his life, a person is constantly engaged in some kind of activity.

It is in activity that a person reveals himself especially brightly. His activity reveals his intellect, talents and abilities, needs, interests, willpower, temperament, the ability to set goals and make decisions.

Intelligence depends on age, education, individual characteristics... Intelligence is possessed by someone who is able to highlight the main thing in any problem, analyze it and find ways to solve it. A person with a strong will is decisive, independent, persistent in achieving his goals.

You see how much activity is concentrated in the word.

Motives and goals of activity

A person never does anything just like that. His behavior and actions are based on motives.

The motivation for going to college is the desire to study and become a good specialist in the area that I chose. To do this, you need to know well the school subjects, have the appropriate documents and successfully pass the exams.

What is activity? Suppose you went on an excursion with the class, answer the teacher's question in the lesson, sit down at home to do homework is action, study or learning is an activity.

We advise you to remember!
Activity - a sequence of actions (mental or physical) performed over a long time and aimed at achieving a specific goal. Activity requires perseverance, dedication, constant effort.

Interesting Facts
Scientists have shown experimentally that useless actions sometimes require spending no less effort and energy than necessary and useful ones.

Activity has a purpose. For example, buy a car. To achieve it, you need to accumulate capital, undergo a medical examination, get various certificates, a driver's license, and then choose a store with suitable prices and car brands. The action is a small fragment of the activity - go to a store and buy a car. Activity is study, communication with by different people, many years of work in a bank, at a factory, in an office, which brings wages.

Activities

Human activity is very diverse, but the main activities are learning (study), play and work, creativity, communication.

Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge, the development of new skills. For example, in the process of learning, you learned what an activity is, and now you acquire the skill of identifying its main types, and you can also learn to draw, swim, play a musical instrument.

Play is an imitation of real activity. You played early childhood copying the lives of adults in games like mothers and daughters, hospital, shop, etc.? In addition, sports, computer games are called games.

Human labor activity creates various healthy foods(building houses, assembling cars) or provides useful services (for example, travel, medical, consumer services).

In the process of creative activity, something new is necessarily created. For example, inventing a wheel, a car, composing music, writing a book, etc. And in the process of communication, there is an exchange of information, ideas, emotions.

Such a variety of activities exists because they satisfy some important needs of society. If there is no need, there will be no activity. Who needs warm boots and artisans who make them, say, in Africa, if the population does not need them, there all year round warmly? And in Russia they are necessary.

What activities do the photographs illustrate? What needs are they aimed at?

Activity Result

The result of the activity is the creation of a useful thing or service, a feeling of joy if your loved one football team won - and vice versa.

The result is not always visible to the eye, for example, with mental activity that precedes any other. Mental activity acts as the basis for all types of activity, since a person first thinks and then does. This rule is important to observe both in school and in adulthood.

If we imagine the structure of activity, then it consists of goals, needs, motives, means, a set of actions, a result.

Activity and personality

In activity, not just a person is revealed, but a human personality is manifested. What is personality?

The word "personality" is used in relation to a person who is ready to conscious activity... We are not saying "newborn personality". We're not seriously talking about the identity of a two-year-old. They are not born as a person. They become a person. The child will become a person only when he himself begins to perform deliberate actions... Although at first with the help of adults.

It has been established that personality is the highest achievement of human efforts, the result of painstaking work on oneself. Independence, activity, initiative, the ability to take responsibility for one's actions, to control one's behavior - these are personality traits. Do you have them?

You can only become a person if you have a clear understanding of good and evil. Selfless love for others is the basis human personality, the formation of which begins in society and the family.

The personality manifests itself in everyday behavior, asserts in concrete actions.

Behavior

What is behavior? What is the difference between behavior and activity? This is especially important for schoolchildren. Teachers evaluate not only your knowledge, but also your behavior.

Activity, in contrast to behavior, can be internal (mental activity) and external. For yourself, you think over the solution to the problem, and then sit down at the table and write it down.

Behavior consists of actions.

The content of an act determines the morality of behavior, the difference between good and evil. Not every human action becomes an action. The young man was very tired and sat down with pleasure on the seat of the bus. This is still an action. But she entered elderly woman, and he, in spite of fatigue, instantly gave up his place to her. This is an act. Why do you think?

It is very important what actions we do in relation to those who are weaker and more defenseless than us, who need special attention and care for people with disabilities... Whether we pass by their problems or do things and help them.

Let's sum up
Man is manifested in activity. Any activity has goals, motives - the reasons for the behavior and actions of a person, the result. Human activities are very diverse.
Mental activity is the basis for all other activities.

Basic terms and concepts
Motives, activity, intelligence, will, personality, behavior, deed.

Test your knowledge

Explain what motives are.
List the main activities. Give specific examples to illustrate them.
What day-to-day activities make up your schooling?
How does an action differ from an action? Give examples.
What is personality? Explain how a person's personality manifests itself in activity.
What type of activity is the main one for you today? What is its purpose? What means do you use to achieve this goal?

Workshop

Read an excerpt from the poem "Peasant Children" by Nikolai Nekrasov. What kinds of activities do his characters do? What are their motives?
Do you agree with the statement “ negative result(activity) is also a result ”. Justify your answer.