Middle Volga takes southern part Privolzhsky federal district: Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. It is an economically developed and densely populated area. The subdistrict has a favorable geographical and transport position, a developed network of railways, roads general use paved and water transport.
The main branches of specialization of the Volga region are mechanical engineering (especially the automotive industry), the oil and oil refining industry, the gas and chemical industries. Synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, plastics and fibers are produced in the region.
Natural resource potential
The territory of the Middle Volga stretched out along both banks of the Volga. The Volga region has significant reserves of mineral raw materials. The main minerals are oil and gas. The largest deposits are located in Tatarstan: Romashkinskoye, Almetyevskoye, Elabuga, Bavlinskoye. Pervomaiskoye and others. There are oil resources in the Samara (Mukhanovskoye field) and Saratov regions. The main gas fields are located in the Saratov region - Kurdyumo-Elshanskoye and Stepanovskoye.
Population and workforce
Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy
The structure of the economy is formed by intersectoral complexes. Among them, the leading role belongs to the machine-building complex, in which a large share is occupied. labor resources and which ranks first in the Volga region in terms of production. Particularly distinguished is the transport engineering, and of its sub-sectors - the automotive industry. The large automobile complex KamAZ in the Nizhnekamsk region of Tatarstan (its center is the city of Naberezhnye Chelny) includes a group of plants.
The KamAZ group of companies includes 96 enterprises, including OAO Tuymazinsky Concrete Carrier Plant, OAO NEFAZ (Neftekamsk) and OAO Avtopritsep-KAMAZ (Stavropol).
The center of the automotive industry is the city of Togliatti ( Samara Region), where JSC AVTOVAZ is located, which produces cars.
Small trucks and all-wheel drive minibuses are produced by the UAZ automobile plant located in Ulyanovsk.
The enterprises belonging to the SOLLERS group of companies (SOLLERS-Elabuga, SOLLERS-Naberezhnye Chelny, OJSC Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant, OJSC Zavolzhsky Motor Plant, etc.) produce Fiat Ducato cars, ISUZU trucks. SUVs SsangYong.
Vehicle maintenance plants are located in the cities of Samara. Engels. The plant for the production of trolleybuses is located in Engels (CJSC "Trolza").
The major centers of aircraft manufacturing are Samara (the aviation plant of Aviakor JSC, which produces Tu-154 aircraft, space rockets and vehicles), Saratov (production of Yak-42 aircraft).
Centers of precision engineering - Kazan. Penza, Ulyanovsk. Agricultural engineering plants operate in Saratov, Syzran, Kamenka (Penza region). In terms of the variety of machine-building products, the Volga region is second only to the Central region.
A petrochemical complex has been formed in the region. Oil refineries are located in Samara. Saratov regions. The centers of petrochemistry are Novokuibyshevsk (Samara region) and Nizhnekamsk (Tatarstan).
The electric power resources of the region are generated by the Zhigulevskaya, Saratovskaya, Volzhskaya hydroelectric power stations. There are also thermal power plants: Karmanovskaya GRES, Zaikinskaya GRES, a number of large thermal power plants.
In the agro-industrial complex of the Volga region, there are branches of market specialization of the food industry - flour-grinding, oil-pressing, meat and fish.
Transport and economic relations
The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, electricity, cement, tractors, cars, aircraft, machine tools and mechanisms, fish, grain, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network, which provides high-capacity cargo flows.
The main role is played railway transport. The Volga region is crossed by highways: Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg; Moscow - Syzran - Samara - Chelyabinsk; Rtishchevo - Saratov - Uralsk (connects the Volga region with Ukraine and Kazakhstan); Inza - Ulyanovsk - Melekes - Ufa; meridional road Sviyazhsk - Ulyanovsk - Syzran - Ilovlya.
Other types of transport are also developed in the region: river, automobile, aviation, pipeline. Oil and gas pipelines connect the Volga region with many regions of the country and with foreign countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
Intra-district differences
The Nizhnekamsk industrial complex is being formed on the territory of the Samara region and Tatarstan. Unlike other TPK, it occupies a relatively small area - 5 thousand km 2, it is profitable geographical location, the navigable Kama flows through its territory, the Aktash - Minnibaevo - Krugloye Pole railway passes, giving access to the highway
Moscow - Ulyanovsk - Ufa. Transport links of the Nizhnekamsk TP K are complemented by oil pipelines from Almetyevsk.
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed republics of Russia, which is confirmed by many statistical indicators (the volume of industrial output, gross regional product per capita, etc.).
On the territory of the Yelabuga region of the Republic of Tatarstan, the SEZ of the industrial production type "Alabuga" was created to assist the development of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation as a whole by creating the most favorable conditions for the implementation of Russian and international companies investment projects in the field of industrial production. The industrial and production focus of the SEZ includes the production of auto components, the full cycle of car production, the chemical and petrochemical industry, the manufacturing industry, pharmaceutical production, aircraft manufacturing, furniture manufacturing and more.
The branches of specialization of the Saratov region are mechanical engineering, light and food industry. The largest Balakovo nuclear power plant is located on the territory of the region.
Main problems and development prospects
Numerous enterprises of the petrochemical complex are located on the coast of the Volga and its tributaries, which leads to the irreversible degradation of the ecological system.
In order to preserve the natural and economic potential of the region, a federal target program"Improvement environmental situation on the Volga River and its tributaries, restoration and prevention of degradation of the natural complexes of the Volga basin for the period up to 2010” (program “Revival of the Volga”).
The environmental situation in the Volga River basin remains unfavorable, and the goals set when the program was approved have not been achieved. By the Decree of the Government "On the completion of the implementation of certain subprograms included in the Federal Target Program" Ecology and Natural resources Russia (2002-2010)" the implementation of the Volga Revival program was completed in 2004.
Economy and economy of the Middle Volga region
This area occupies the southern part of the Volga Federal District: the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. It is an economically developed and densely populated area. The subregion has a favorable geographical and transport position, a developed network of railways, public roads with hard surface and water transport.
The main branches of specialization of the Volga region are mechanical engineering (especially the automotive industry), the oil and oil refining industry, the gas and chemical industries. Synthetic rubber, synthetic resins, plastics and fibers are produced in the region.
Natural resource potential. The territory of the Middle Volga stretched along the banks of the Volga. The Volga region has significant reserves of mineral raw materials. The main minerals are oil and gas. The largest deposits are located in Tatarstan: Romaitkinskoye, Almetyevskoye, Elabuga, Bavlinskoye. Pervomaiskoye and others. There are oil resources in the Samara (Mukhanovskoye field) and Saratov regions. The main gas fields are located in the Saratov region - Kurdyumo-Elshanskoye and Stepanovskoye.
The fuel industry, including oil production and oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, glass and porcelain-faience and flour-grinding industries, can be considered the district's specialization branches.
The Kashpirovskoe oil shale deposit is located near Syzran.
Population. The most densely populated territories of the Volga valley are in the Samara and Ulyanovsk regions and in Tatarstan.
The population of the Volga region is distinguished by the diversity of the national composition. With the predominant Russian population, a significant share in the structure of the population is occupied by Tatars, Kalmyks.
The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in the regional centers and the capital of Tatarstan. The population of Kazan, Samara exceeds one million inhabitants.
The labor resources of the Volga region are highly qualified, which is determined by the specialization of the regions. In industrial centers developed Scientific research both fundamental and applied.
Economy. The economic complex of the Middle Volga region began to take shape even in the pre-revolutionary years, and this development was largely determined by the Volga, on the way of which large transshipment and trading points arose.
In the structure of the economy, the existing intersectoral complexes stand out. Among them, the leading role belongs to the machine-building complex, which employs a large share of labor resources and which ranks first in the Volga region in terms of production volume. Particularly distinguished is the transport engineering, and of its sub-sectors - the automotive industry. The large automobile complex KamAZ in the Nizhnekamsk region of Tatarstan includes a group of plants. Center - Naberezhnye Chelny.
The center of the automotive industry is Togliatti (Samara region), where AvtoVAZ is located, which produces cars. The Avto-UAZ automobile plant is located in Ulyanovsk and is a manufacturer of small trucks and all-wheel drive minibuses. Automotive service plants are located in
Samara, Engels. The plant for the production of trolleybuses is located in the city of Engels. A complex for the production of passenger cars "Oka" was built in Yelabuga.
The major centers of aircraft manufacturing are Samara (aviation plant JSC Aviakor, which produces Tu-154 aircraft, space rockets and vehicles), Saratov (production of Yak-42 aircraft).
Centers for precision engineering - Kazan, Penza, Ulyanovsk. Agricultural engineering plants operate in Saratov, Syzran, Kamenka (Penza region). In terms of the variety of machine-building products, the Volga region is second only to the Central region.
A petrochemical complex has been formed in the region. Oil refineries are located in the Samara and Saratov regions. The centers of petrochemistry are Novokuibyshevsk (Samara region) and Nizhnekamsk (Tatarstan).
The electric power industry of the region is represented by hydroelectric power plants operating in the integrated system: Samara, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk. There are also thermal power plants in the region: Karmanovskaya GRES, Zaikinskaya GRES, a number of large thermal power plants.
The branch of market specialization of the Volga region is the production building materials especially cement. In the Volga cities and suburbs, sawmilling and the woodworking industry have long been developed.
In the Volga region develops light industry: in Kazan there is the largest fur factory, in Ulyanovsk and Penza - enterprises of the woolen industry.
The agro-industrial complex is of all-Russian significance. The district holds a leading position in Russia in the production of grain, including valuable grain crops - wheat, as well as rice, melons, vegetables, mustard, and meat. The Volga region is also a producer of sunflower, milk, and wool. Agriculture is characterized by high efficiency, which is associated with very favorable natural conditions. The main reserve for the development of the agro-industrial complex is the deepening of its specialization, taking into account the environmental situation.
In the agro-industrial complex of the Volga region, there are branches of market specialization of the food industry - flour-grinding, oil-pressing, meat and fish.
Transport. The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, electricity, cement, tractors, cars, aircraft, machine tools and mechanisms, fish, grain, etc. It imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network, which provides high-capacity cargo flows.
Rail transport plays a major role. The Volga region is crossed by highways: Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg; Moscow - Syzran - Samara - Chelyabinsk; Rtishchevo - Saratov - Uralsk (connects the Volga region with Ukraine and Kazakhstan); Inza - Ulyanovsk - Melekes - Ufa; meridional road: Sviyazhsk - Ulyanovsk - Syzran - Ilovlya. Other types of transport are also developed in the region: river, automobile, aviation, pipeline. Oil and gas pipelines connect the Volga region with many regions of the country and with foreign countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
Intra-district differences. The Nizhnekamsk industrial complex is being formed on the territory of the Samara region and Tatarstan. Unlike other TPK, it occupies a relatively small area - 5 thousand km 2. The TPK is distinguished by its advantageous geographical position, the navigable Kama flows through its territory, the Aktash - Minnibayevo - Krugloye Pole railway passes, giving access to the Moscow -
Ulyanovsk - Ufa. The transport links of the Nizhnekamsk TPK are complemented by oil pipelines from Almetyevsk.
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed republics of Russia, which is confirmed by many statistical indicators (the volume of industrial output, gross regional product per capita, etc.).
In the Penza and Ulyanovsk regions, mechanical engineering, light industry, food industry and Agriculture. Ulyanovsk is a large industrial center; an automobile plant, a plant for heavy machine tools operate in the city, and the electrical industry is developed. Penza is a center of mechanical engineering, whose factories produce computer technology, clock, technological equipment.
The Saratov region is sometimes referred to as the Lower Volga region, the branches of specialization are mechanical engineering, light and food industries. The largest Balakovo nuclear power plant is located on the territory of the region.
Main problems and development prospects. Environmental problems are manifested in the violation of land by mining, secondary salinization of soils. Large environmental damage is caused by industrial emissions and transport to the water and fish resources of the region.
Numerous enterprises of the petrochemical complex are located on the coast of the Volga and its tributaries, which leads to the irreversible degradation of the ecological system.
In order to preserve the natural and economic potential of the region, a federal target program "Improving the ecological situation on the Volga River and its tributaries, restoring and preventing the degradation of natural complexes of the Volga basin for the period up to 2010" (the "Revival of the Volga" program) was adopted.
Volga region
Upper Volga landscape
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with average monthly air temperature in July +22° - +25°С; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual rainfall in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. natural areas: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions), steppe (Saratov and Volgograd region), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and dry winds in the warm half of the year (from April to October).
Volga economic region
The area of the territory is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people / km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities, 12 subjects of the federation. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region (Central Russia), in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west - with the Central Chernozem region and North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River.
Volga Federal District
Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 581 people. (21.3% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population are the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region, this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the national figure (about 73%).
Notes
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Synonyms:See what "Volga region" is in other dictionaries:
1) the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. There is an elevated right bank (from the Volga elevation) and a low left bank (the so-called Trans-Volga region). 2) nature sometimes referred to the Volga region ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
VOLGA, the territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. Within the Volga region, a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a low left bank, the so-called. Zavolzhye. In natural terms, the Volga region is sometimes referred to ... ... Russian history
Exist., number of synonyms: 1 territory (20) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Geogr. region in bass R. Volga, subdivided into Upper. (to Kazan), Sred. (Kazan - Saratov) and Nizh. (below Saratov) The Volga region. On the right bank Privolzhskaya vozv., on the left bank terraced low. Zavolzhye. Dictionary of modern geographical ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
1) the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. There is an elevated right bank (with the Volga Upland) and a low left bank (the so-called Trans-Volga region). 2) In natural relation to ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga or close to it located and economically gravitating to it. Within P., a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland is distinguished (See Privolzhskaya ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Volga region- Povolzhye, I (to Volga) ... Russian spelling dictionary
Volga region- The Volga region, the territory along the middle and lower reaches of the Volga. Within P., a relatively elevated right bank from the Volga Upland and a low-lying left bank, the so-called Trans-Volga region, stand out. In natural terms, P. is sometimes also referred to ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
Volga region- LEG REGION, includes Tatar, Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd (before 1961 - Stalingrad), Astrakhan region. In the years before the war. five-year plans (1929–40), a powerful industrial base was created in P. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: encyclopedia
Train number 133A / 133G "Volga" ... Wikipedia
The area, located on the ancient Russian, covered with a thick layer of sedimentary deposits, is distinguished by large oil reserves - Romashkinskoye (Tataria) and Mukhanovskoye (Samara region), deposits - Astrakhan, sulfur - Astrakhan and Samara, salt - lake Elton (Volgograd region) and lake Baskunchak (Astrakhan region), cement raw materials - Volsk (Saratov region). The Volga region is rich in fish, agro-climatic, soil and hydropower resources. Only Kalmykia, located in the south of the Volga region, is located in the area of \u200b\u200bdry continental () and experiences a shortage water resources. At the same time, almost the entire territory of the region is subject to periodic droughts and dry winds.
The population of the Volga region is 15 million people. The average population density is more than 30 people per 1 km 2. However, the population of the region is distributed unevenly. Most densely populated northern regions(in Tataria, the average density exceeds 55 people per 1 km 2), and in the south the density decreases significantly (for example, in Kalmykia, the population density is 4 people per 1 km 2). Everywhere there is a natural decline in the population, the only exception is Kalmykia. In general, the area is dominated by women and the population is aging. The population of the region is characterized by the complexity of the national and. Russians, Tatars, Germans, Kazakhs live in the Volga region. This is the only region of Russia in which representatives of all three live - Christianity (Russians, Germans), Islam (Tatars, Kazakhs) and Buddhism (Kalmyks). In the region, there is a high: 73% of the population of the Volga region lives in cities. There are three millionaire cities in the region: Samara and Volgograd. Other largest cities of the Volga region are: Saratov, Astrakhan, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny.
The most important branches of industrial specialization in the Volga region are mining, electric power, aluminum metallurgy, chemical and industry.
The extractive industry of the Volga region is distinguished by the development of the oil (Tatar and Samara regions), gas (Saratov and Astrakhan regions) and mining and chemical industries (Astrakhan and Samara regions).
The power industry is one of the most important industries economy of the region, and the Volga region is distinguished by the development of all types, and especially hydropower. The largest HPPs in the region are Volgogradskaya and Volzhskaya, TPP - Zainskaya, two nuclear power plants - Balakovskaya and Dimitrovgradskaya.
The ferrous metallurgy of the Volga region is represented only by pig metallurgy (Volgograd) and the production of pipes ().
Aluminum metallurgy is of great importance (Volgograd).
Mechanical engineering is the main branch of industrial specialization of the region, where the automotive industry stands out (about 80% of cars, 99% of trolleybuses, a significant part of trucks and all-terrain vehicles in Russia - Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Yelabuga, Volzhsky, Engels), shipbuilding (Astrakhan, Volgograd, Zelenodolsk), aircraft building (Samara, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Saratov), industry (Penza), machine tool building (Samara, Saratov), tractor building (Volgograd), agricultural machine building (Syzran, Kotelnikovo, Frolovo).
It is distinguished by the production of polymers (Samara, Togliatti, Saratov, Balakovo, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan, Nizhnekamsk), oil refining (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Novokuibyshevsk) and gas (Saratov), as well as the production of fertilizers (Togliatti and Balakovo).
Among the branches of light industry, the textile industry (Kamyshin) and the fur industry (Kazan) received the greatest development.
The food industry has a diversified composition in the Volga region: cereal (Volgograd and Samara), meat (Kazan, Samara, Volgograd), oil-pressing (Saratov), confectionery (Samara), fruit and vegetable and fish (Astrakhan).
The defense industry is distinguished by the development of aviation, space-rocket and radio-electronic equipment (Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov), the production of armored vehicles (Volgograd) and nuclear weapons(Zarechny).
Specialization in the Volga region varies from north to south. Almost everything is occupied by a grain region specializing in dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming, the production of wheat, rye, millet, sugar beet, sunflower, potatoes, and mustard. The branches of specialization are: sheep breeding and beef cattle breeding, production of rice, fruit and melon crops.
All types of transport are developed in the Volga region, but a special place is played by the river region, which transports about 1/3 of all cargo. The Volga, called the "main street of Russia" and connected with other canals, forms a single deep-water system of the European part of Russia. Major river ports are Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, and Astrakhan, located in is also a seaport. Most of the land roads cross the region in a latitudinal direction, linking Russia with Kazakhstan, the Center - with and Siberia.
From the Volga region they export: oil and oil products, natural, salt, electricity, aluminum, cars and trucks, airplanes and helicopters, machine tools, instruments, watches, tractors, rubber, tires, fur, grain, cereals, gourds, canned vegetables and fruits, meat products, fish, wool. From other regions of Russia and from abroad, they import into the region: alumina, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, furs, fabrics, consumer goods.
The main directions for the development of the economy of the Volga economic region should be: the solution of pollution-related air and water basins, the depletion of land and fish resources, the construction of new irrigation systems, the introduction of the latest energy-intensive, but water- and material-saving industries, the introduction of waste-free technologies, the development transport and precision, solving the problems of conversion and revival, comprehensive development of the agro-industrial complex.
- Composition: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, republics: Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
- The main cities: Samara - 1150 thousand people, - 1180 thousand people, Volgograd - 1005 thousand people, Saratov, Tolyatti, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Astrakhan.
The Volga region is one of the three largest and most developed regions (Center - Ural - Volga region), which form the economic basis of Russia. In its development, the district took a lot from these neighbors and occupies an intermediate position between them, both in terms of geography and economic profile. From the Center he adopted traditions, from the Urals he received metal for its development, and on his own oil and gas, hydropower and land resources he created a powerful energy, oil refining and chemical industry and a strong agricultural complex. Today, these industries determine the area's specialization. Thus, the development of the region was determined by a favorable combination of a convenient geographical location and significant natural resources.
The geographical "core" of the region is the Volga, which has long connected north and south, west and east European Russia and gave her access to south seas and countries of the East. All major cities of the region are located on the Volga. Railways, crossing it at several points, connect with the Urals and the Asian part of the country.
In the 1930s, the former agrarian Volga region (along with the neighboring Volga-Vyatka region) became the first region on the way to the shift of industry to the east. More than 300 factories evacuated during the Second World War from the front-line areas were located on its territory. These enterprises were included in the economic complex. The creation of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga and the development of the oil and gas Volga-Ural province in the post-war years strengthened the energy sector of the region and formed a powerful oil refining, petrochemistry, and organic synthesis industries. Qualified personnel were formed in the Volga region, which, in turn, began to attract industries of mass and high-tech engineering here. Thus, the production potential of this region gradually increased, which turned from the agricultural and commercial outskirts of old European Russia into one of the basic regions of the Russian economy.
The main branch of industry is mechanical engineering, which provides more than 1/3 of its industrial output and manufactures transport and military equipment, technological equipment. The leading place is occupied by the automotive industry - the only industry that in the period economic crisis The 90s did not experience a strong collapse. The largest automobile plants in the country were built in the Volga region - Volzhsky (VAZ), which now produces 70% of passenger cars in the country (in Tolyatti), Kamsky (KAMAZ) for the production of trucks and diesel engines(in Naberezhnye Chelny), Ulyanovsk (UAZ), a trolleybus plant in Engels, and others. In dozens of cities in the Volga region and other regions, there are enterprises that produce parts, equipment, components for these machines.
The Volga region is distinguished by the production of aerospace equipment: aircraft are being built in Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, helicopters - in Kazan, missile systems - in Penza and Ulyanovsk. Shipbuilding is developed in Astrakhan and, in which tractors are also produced. Machine tools, instruments, and equipment for the chemical and oil industries are produced in Samara, Volgograd, Saratov, Kazan, Penza, and other cities. Many factories produce military equipment.
The second place in the economy is occupied by the petrochemical complex. The area gave in the 60-70s. more than 60% of the country's oil, now depleted reserves provide him with the second largest oil production in Russia. But here the largest oil refining, petrochemistry, production of polymeric materials and their products - rubber, tires, plastics, fibers and many others - has been created here. In Samara-Syzran, Saratov-Engels, Volgograd-Volzhsky, Nizhnekamsk, Astrakhan, complexes of these interconnected industries have been created.
Among others, the production of basic chemistry (sulfur, salt, soda), cement and other building materials, fur and leather goods, footwear, cloth and cotton fabrics stand out. An important place belongs to the fishing industry, which provides the main catch of sturgeon and other valuable fish of the country (in last years sturgeon fishing has been temporarily suspended).
The Volga region stands out for its powerful energy: large thermal power plants are located in oil refining centers and generate 35 energy in the region, they are supplemented by the Balakovo NPP (Saratov Region) and the Volga-Kama cascade of 4 large hydroelectric power plants. Energy from here comes to the Center and the Urals.
Agriculture in terms of production scale is at the level of North. Caucasus. Farming and animal husbandry are equally represented here, giving 15% of their products from the all-Russian level. Large land areas and fodder resources make it possible to maintain the largest number of cattle and sheep in Russia, to cultivate winter (in the Right Bank) and spring (in the Trans-Volga region) wheat. The Volga region also produces sugar beet, sunflower, and millet. In the lower reaches of the Volga gourds, tomatoes and other heat-loving vegetables are grown. Around major cities there are complexes for growing poultry, pigs, and early vegetables.
The large population of the region was largely formed due to its influx from Central Russia, which contributed to rapid growth cities. And today the Volga region is a region of large cities, among which Samara, Kazan, Volgograd have more than 1 million people, Saratov has approached them, and the number of cities with a population of over 400 thousand people. more than in the most "urban" - the Central district. Citizens make up 3/4 of the total population of the region. Density rural population 10-15 people, which is significantly higher than the average Russian level. The population of the Volga region is mainly Russian, but other peoples also live here, incl. Tatars are the titular nation of the Republic of Tatarstan, whose republic occupies the driest, semi-desert region of Russia.
The Volga region, like other regions of Russia, was strongly affected by the economic downturn of the 1990s. However, in the Samara region. and Tatarstan, where the share of the automotive industry and the oil industry is large, the decline in production was significantly less, and, having retained the profitability of production, they became part of 10-12 regions that provide the main revenues to the Russian budget.
The ecological situation of the Volga region is determined, first of all, by the Volga problems. Essentially divided by dams into a series of slow-flowing reservoirs, the Volga and its bottom are polluted with metal compounds, nitrates, oil products, pesticides, and other wastes. Significantly reduced the number sturgeon fish due to the construction of dams in the way of their migration and poaching. Pollution exceeds sanitary standards in all major cities of the Volga region. In such regions as Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Saratov, half of the population lives with constantly increased pollution. Most of the arable land suffers from wind and water erosion due to continuous plowing of land, strong winds from the Trans-Volga region and the hilly relief of the Right Bank. Long-term washing and blowing of soils led to the loss of half of the soil humus reserves. Serious soil protection measures are needed here, "mosaic" land use, organic fertilizers etc.
In the future, we can expect a recovery in the production of transport and agricultural equipment with its mass production for various consumers - from individual and small groups to large ones. Shipbuilding can play a special role. In the traditions of the Volga inhabitants - to live near the river, enjoy its benefits. This can be helped by the creation of medium and small vessels for sports, fishing, transport, and tourism purposes. It is expected that the river-sea communication between the seas of the European region will be developed, in which the Volga will play leading role. In the Volga region now little is produced household appliances and consumer goods, the tertiary sector is poorly developed. This is all - possible points growth. In the interests of the Russian economy - the revival of the role of the Volga region as a trade and transport crossroads of Russia, the development of a variety of infrastructure and services for these purposes.
The Volga economic region is one of 12 similar regions of Russia. It is one of the largest regions of the country, which is part of the Center-Ural-Volga region axis.
Composition of the district
The Volga region includes 8 subjects of the Central part of the state:
- 2 republics – Tatarstan and Kalmykia;
- 6 regions - Penza, Saratov, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd and Astrakhan.
Rice. 1 Volga region. Map
Location
If you follow the map, then the location of the Volga economic region is as follows:
- Middle Volga ;
- Lower Volga region ;
- Sura river basin (Penza region);
- Prikamye (most of Tatarstan).
Its area is about 537.4 thousand km². the central geographical (and economic) axis is the Volga River.
Rice. 2 Volga
The area is bordered by:
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- Volga-Vyatka region (north);
- Ural region (east);
- Kazakhstan (east);
- Central Black Earth region (west);
- North Caucasus (west).
The region has access to the internal Caspian Sea, which allows it to conduct successful trade and carry out maritime transport communications with such countries as Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan. Through a system of canals, the region has access to the Black, Azov, Baltic and to the White Seas. Through these seas, the region establishes ties with the states of Asia, the Middle East and Europe.
The district includes 94 large cities, three of which are millionaires: Kazan, Samara, Volgograd. Also major cities are Penza, Togliatti, Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Engels.
From a geographical point of view, the region occupies vast areas
- forests (north);
- semi-deserts (southeast);
- steppes (east).
Population of the Volga economic region
The population of the district is 17 million people, that is, almost 12% of the total population of the Russian Federation (with a population density of 1 person per 25 square meters). 74% of the population lives in cities, so the share of urbanization is significant. Ethnic composition of the population:
- Russians ;
- Tatars ;
- Kalmyks ;
- small ethnos s: Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari and Kazakhs (the latter are most in the Astrakhan region).
Specialization of the Volga region
The Volga region is characterized by a developed industrial and agricultural sector. Industrial specialization:
- oil production and refining (Samara region and Tatarstan, Caspian shelves);
- gas production (shelves of the Caspian Sea and the Astrakhan region; according to world statistics, the Astrakhan region contains 6% of the world's gas reserves);
- chemical industry (extraction and processing of shale, bromine, iodine, manganese salt, native sulfur, glass sand, gypsum, chalk);
- salt mining and salt processing (the lakes of the Caspian lowland contain more than 2 million tons of natural salt, which is 80% of all Russia's reserves);
- mechanical engineering (in particular, the automotive industry: VAZ in Tolyatti, KAMAZ in Naberezhnye Chelny, UAZ in Ulyanovsk, a trolleybus plant in the city of Engels; shipbuilding: in Volgograd and Astrakhan; aircraft building: Kazan, Penza, Samara).
Figure 3. VAZ in Togliatti
In industrial terms, the Volga region is divided into two large areas (industrial zones):
- Volga-Kama (Tatarstan, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions) - center in Kazan;
- Nizhnevolzhskaya (Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Penza, Saratov and Volgograd regions) - the center is in Volgograd.
According to statistics, the Volga region ranks fourth in Russia in terms of industrial output, second in oil production and processing, and second in engineering. As for oil refining, it is in the Volga region that such world giants as Lukoil, Yukos and Gazprom, which develop the northern shelves of the Caspian Sea, have concentrated their main capacities.
Rice. 4 Oil production in the Caspian Sea
Agricultural specialization:
- cultivation of oil crops;
- growing grain crops;
- cultivation of vegetable and gourd crops;
- animal husbandry (dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding);
- fishing industry (Volgograd and Astrakhan).
A special role in the agricultural life of the region is played by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain with powerful river "pumps" that create favorable conditions for the development of all types of agriculture.
The main economic center of the region is the city of Samara.
What have we learned?
The characteristics of the Volga economic region are quite complex. This is due to the fact that it is a link between the center of Russia and its Asian part. The region includes such large and rapidly developing entities as the Republic of Tatarstan (the titular nation in which are the Tatars). The area is developed both industrially and agriculturally. The main transport, economic and geographical axis is the Volga River.
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