INTRODUCTION
Relevance work is determined by the role and significance of the food industry both in shaping the structure of the country’s economic complex and in solving the food problem.
Food industry– one of the significant branches of modern industrial production. In terms of gross output, it ranks second after mechanical engineering.
The role of the food industry in the development of productive forces is determined, first of all, by the fact that it satisfies the predominant part of the population's food needs. The food industry provides a more rational diet for the population, helps eliminate uneven food consumption both over time and regionally, allows for the efficient use of agricultural raw materials and reduces their losses.
Target The work consists of identifying patterns of territorial organization and substantiating ways to optimize the territorial concentration of food industry sectors Kursk region.
Main tasks solved in the work are:
1) study and assessment of natural and socio-economic conditions and resources that determine the territorial differentiation of the food industry;
2) analysis of the development and state of the food industry in other regions of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, for determining possible prospects and directions of this industry in the Kursk region;
3) comparative analysis economic efficiency main branches of the food industry in the studied region.
Choice of quality object of study territory of the Kursk region is due to the fact that this is one of the oldest agriculturally developed areas, which has high natural agricultural potential and at the same time relatively low efficiency of processing industries.
Subject research are the features of the development and territorial concentration of food industry sectors.
The obtained and processed materials created the basis for the use of various economic and geographical methods analysis and synthesis. Comparative geographical The method was used to study the patterns of localization of individual industries, identifying differences in the efficiency of production of main types of products. Cartographic the method was used to identify connections between the organizational features of the studied industries and socio-economic and natural factors, which determined their development. Application historical-geographical The method made it possible to identify the reasons for the localization and concentration of food industry enterprises in the study area. Method zoning was used to study the territorial differentiation of the sectoral structure of the food and flavoring industry.
The first chapter is devoted to the peculiarities of the development and location of food industry sectors abroad and in the Russian Federation as a whole.
Chapter I GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD FOOD
INDUSTRY
general characteristics
The food industry is designed to satisfy the basic needs of the population in essential products nutrition. It is closely related to agriculture, which is the main source of raw materials for the industry. Processing of agricultural raw materials into products long-term storage, the large capacity of refrigerators at food enterprises ensures a constant, uniform supply of food to the market, in particular perishable foods. Industrial waste is used both in agriculture and in other industries (light, pharmaceutical, etc.).
In parallel with the food industry, the food industry operates, using food raw materials for the production alcoholic drinks, juices, as well as supplying various herbs and spices both for the food industry and for direct consumption by the population. Important role The industry is dominated by the processing of tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa and other types of agricultural products into finished products after undergoing appropriate technological operations (for example, fermentation of tea, tobacco raw materials, etc.).
The food and flavoring industries have a complex structure, including dozens of different raw materials and process technologies. Currently, several groups of them have formed. Among them, basic industries stand out, the products of which require further deep processing (for example, flour milling, production of raw sugar, pasteurization of milk with the subsequent production of bakery, confectionery and fermented milk products from them, respectively). Basic production also includes the primary processes of slaughtering livestock and catching fish, the products of which can be sent directly to the market. However, increasingly, such products are subjected to refinement to obtain more qualified intermediate products (semi-finished products for instant cooking at home) or finished end products of the industry (sausage, fish products, canned food, preserves, delicatessen products, etc.). These processes of improving the consumer qualities of products from basic industries are becoming the main ones in the industry, as they provide the highest value marketable products.
The food and flavoring industries satisfy the daily needs of the population in a very diverse range of products (for example, there are hundreds of varieties of cheese or beer alone). This led to the formation of many enterprises in the industry (in the world, about 50 thousand companies are engaged in the production of confectionery products alone), specializing in the production of certain food or flavoring products. At the same time, the product range is constantly updated and new consumer qualities are added to it.
A special feature of the food and flavoring industry, which produces hundreds of millions of tons of products, is the need to package them in small containers that meet physical properties product. Hence, this industry has become a major consumer of glass, paper, metal, and polymer containers. This determined the industry’s connections with relevant industries: glass, paper, metallurgical, chemical, etc. Packaging of industry products required the development of automatic packaging machines for enterprises of various industries. The costs for high-quality printing products for packaging design are high.
In the food and flavoring industry, powerful national firms and international corporations have emerged in the production of various products, for example, the well-known Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Unilever and many others. Each owns hundreds of businesses in different countries world, their turnover is one of the highest in the industry. They control almost all markets for similar products.Scientific research in the field of nutrition has contributed to changing its structure. Special attention paid to increasing the share of vegetables and fruits, reducing the calorie content of food (using skim milk, eating vegetable oils instead of animal fats, reducing the consumption of sugar and confectionery products with it, giving up alcoholic drinks in favor of non-alcoholic ones: mineral waters, juices, etc.), unconditional cessation of smoking, etc. All this is designed to preserve human health. However, problems arise in the development of relevant industries, where TNCs resist these trends in introducing healthy image life (especially tobacco companies). At the same time, nutrition problems are both socio-economic and national, the solution to which is individual for different countries and regions.
Trends and traditions in food consumption in the world can be judged by the production of wheat flour and consumption bakery products. Flour production for the period 1960-1988. more than doubled and reached 205 million tons. However, in the late 80s. a reduction in its production began and by the mid-90s. it amounted to about 130 million tons. Consumption of products made from it also decreased, but still varied greatly among countries: from 6-10 kg per person per year in Japan and the Republic of Korea, to 100-150 kg in countries former USSR and Bulgaria (USA - 30 kg in 2004).
Sectoral and territorial structure
Meat industry. The role of the industry is determined by the importance of meat products - the main source of high-value animal proteins and other important components. The growth in consumption of meat products in the world is one of the indicators of increasing living standards of the population. The vast majority of the population globe consumes meat, and its production is growing faster than the number of people on the planet. For 1950-2000 The planet's population increased 2.3 times, and meat production increased 5 times. Accordingly, meat production per capita on average in the world increased from 16 to 36 kg, but the differences between countries are very large: from 365 kg per year in Denmark to 4.6 kg in India (due to the Muslim population, because Hindus do not eat meat) .
Problems rational nutrition significantly affected production and consumption individual species meat, although national ones are still preserved, religious traditions, as well as economic opportunities for using meat in different nations peace. The general trend- increasing the consumption of dietary meats (primarily poultry). This affected the structure of meat production in the world.
In some countries, the structure of meat products produced has undergone further Big changes. So, in the USA for 1960-2000. pork production per capita decreased from 37 to 31 kg, and poultry meat increased from 21 to 53 kg (in 2005, the world figures for pork were 15 kg, for poultry - 9 kg).
The growing needs for meat products in individual countries and regions of the world have determined the main territorial shifts in meat production. This was facilitated by advances in crop production, which ensures the supply of livestock with feed.
The food industry is designed to satisfy the basic needs of the population for essential food products. It is closely connected with, which is the main source of raw materials for the industry. Processing of agricultural raw materials into shelf-stable products and large refrigerator capacities of food enterprises ensure a constant, uniform supply of food to the market, in particular perishable products. Industrial waste is used both in agriculture and in other industries (light, pharmaceutical, etc.).
In parallel with the food industry, it operates, using food raw materials for the production of alcoholic beverages, juices, and also supplying various herbs and spices both for the food industry and for direct consumption by the population. An important role in the industry is played by the processing of tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa and other types of agricultural products into finished products after undergoing appropriate technological operations (for example, fermentation of tea, tobacco raw materials, etc.).
The food and flavoring industries have a complex structure, including dozens of different raw materials and process technologies. Currently, several groups of them have formed. Among them, basic industries stand out, the products of which require further deep processing (for example, flour milling, raw milk production, pasteurization of milk with the subsequent production of bakery, confectionery and fermented milk products from them, respectively). Basic production also includes the primary processes of slaughtering livestock and catching fish, the products of which can be sent directly to the market. However, increasingly, such products are subjected to refinement to obtain more qualified semi-products (semi-finished products for quick preparation at home) or finished end products of the industry (sausage, fish products, canned food, preserves, delicatessen products, etc.) - These processes improve consumer qualities products from basic industries become the main ones in the industry, as they provide the highest value marketable products.
The food and flavoring industries satisfy the daily needs of the population in a very diverse range of products (for example, there are hundreds of varieties of cheese or beer alone). This led to the formation of many enterprises in the industry (in the world, about 50 thousand companies are engaged in the production of confectionery products alone), specializing in the production of certain food or flavoring products. At the same time, the product range is constantly updated and new consumer qualities are added to it.
A special feature of the food industry, which produces hundreds of millions of tons of products, is the need to package them in small containers that correspond to the physical properties of the product. Hence, this industry has become a major consumer of glass, paper, metal, and polymer containers. This determined the industry’s connections with relevant industries: glass, paper, chemicals, etc. Packaging the industry’s products required the development of automatic packaging machines for enterprises of various industries. The costs of high-quality printing products for packaging design are high.
In the food and flavoring industry, powerful national firms and international corporations have emerged in the production of various products, for example, the well-known Nestlé, Coca-Cola, Unilever and many others. Each owns hundreds of enterprises in different countries of the world, their turnover is one of the highest in the industry. They control almost all markets for similar products.
Scientific research in the field of nutrition has contributed to changing its structure. Particular attention is paid to increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits, reducing the calorie content of food (using skim milk, consuming vegetable oils instead of animal fats, reducing the consumption of sugar and confectionery products with it, giving up alcoholic drinks in favor of non-alcoholic ones: waters, juices, etc.) , unconditional cessation of smoking, etc. All this is designed to preserve human health. However, problems arise in the development of relevant industries where TNCs resist these trends in introducing a healthy lifestyle (especially tobacco companies). At the same time, nutrition problems are both socio-economic and national, the solution of which is individual for different regions.
Trends and traditions in food consumption in the world can be judged by the production of wheat flour and the consumption of bakery products. Flour production for the period 1960-1988. more than doubled and reached 205 million tons. However, in the late 80s. a reduction in its production began and by the mid-90s. it amounted to about 130 million tons. Consumption of products made from it also decreased, but still varied greatly among countries: from 6-10 kg per person per year in the Republic of Korea, to 100-150 kg in the countries of the former USSR and ( - 30 kg in 1993).
Ø deepen knowledge about the industry structure, identify features and placement factors light industry;
Ø determine the industry structure, identify the features of the location of food industry branches;
Light industry formed as a branch of the economy back in the 11th century in Western Europe and until the second half of the 19th century it was main industry industry in the world. It includes textile, silk, fur, clothing, leather and shoe production.
Textile production- the main branch in the world light industry. She produces Various types fabrics: mixed fabrics (from different types chemical fibers mixed with natural ones) and natural ones - cotton, wool, silk, linen, as well as knitwear, carpets. About 50% of the raw materials used in the world's textile industry are chemical fibers, 45% are cotton, 5% are wool, flax fiber and other types. Textile production is a labor-intensive industry, so fabric production moves to developing countries who have an abundance of cheap labor. There are five main regions in global textile production: East Asia, South Asia, CIS, Western Europe and the USA.
At first industrial revolution cotton production in developed countries, and cotton production in former colonies metropolises. However, in the second half of the twentieth century there were significant changes in the geography of the industry. The cotton industry has moved closer to raw material bases. This has led to the fact that in Western European countries and North America The production of cotton fabrics has decreased, and the share of developing countries has increased. Now O The main producers of cotton fabrics are China (30% of world production), India (10%), Indonesia, Pakistan, USA, etc. The main exporters of this type of fabric are Pakistan, India, Egypt, China, Japan and Italy.
The geography of woolen fabrics has not undergone any significant changes over the last century. The leading producers of woolen fabrics in the world are Western European countries, Japan and China. Thus, China accounts for 15% of all woolen fabrics produced in the world, and Italy – 14%. The production of woolen fabrics is significantly less than the production of cotton fabrics in terms of volume. Wool production in developed countries operates on domestic market. She consumes wool imported from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Uruguay, and Great Britain. About 55% of wool shearing goes into global circulation. Silk industry the world has now switched to the production of fabrics from chemical fibers. The absolute leader in the production of the most expensive silk fabrics is the USA (over 50%). The share of Asian countries is also large, especially India, China, Thailand, the Republic of Root and Japan (more than 40%). As for the production of natural silk fabrics, it is concentrated mainly in China, Japan and India. They are also known as the main producers of raw silk.
The production of linen fabrics has decreased significantly in the last decade. Linen fabrics are produced mainly in Russia, Belarus, Poland, France, Great Britain, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Among other types of natural textile raw materials, jute is relatively widely used, from which burlap, jute fabric, and carpet backing are produced. These goods are exported by Bangladesh and India, the main producers of jute. For the production of carpets, the main raw materials are now chemical fibers and only traditional knitted carpets are made from wool. Among the countries of the world, the main producers of carpets are the USA (non-woven carpets), Belgium and Great Britain (knitted and woven carpets), India, Iran.
Changes in the industry structure in the global light industry are manifested in the accelerated development of knitwear production. Chemical raw materials are now widely used for the production of knitted products. The production of complex, expensive knitwear is concentrated in developed countries (Italy, USA, France), but new industrial countries are also rapidly spreading. Cheap knitwear continues to be produced in developing countries, which become the main exporters of these products.
Fur production. Fur harvesting and release fur products traditionally developed in Canada, USA, Norway, Finland, Russia and Mongolia.
clothing industry. IN clothing production The trendsetters are France, Italy, England, Germany, which are increasingly specializing in the production of fashionable, elite, individual products. Sewing of mass-produced goods is increasingly moving to developing countries with cheap labor force, which allows you to dramatically reduce the cost of manufactured products. Many of them, primarily China, India, South Korea, and Colombia, have become the largest exporters of ready-made clothing and linen products. Developing countries produce more than 50% of the world's garments.
Leather and footwear production. Among the light industry sectors, footwear production has shifted to the greatest extent from developed countries to countries with cheap labor - developing countries. The leaders in shoe manufacturing are the PRC (more than 40% of shoes in the world), India, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, the USA, France, and Spain. Developing countries in Asia specialize more in sports and house shoes. In developed countries (Italy, Austria, Germany, USA), the production of shoes from expensive raw materials, with high labor intensity of production, has been preserved. The largest manufacturer and exporter of such shoes is Italy.
Food industry. The food industry has a complex structure. It is divided into three large sectors: food, meat and dairy And fish. In turn, the food and flavoring industry is divided into such sub-sectors as sugar, confectionery, oil, flour and cereals, salt, etc.
Food industry, using raw materials of plant and animal origin, closely interacts with agriculture, fishing and other industries. Special meaning has connections with agriculture, which supplies the food industry with the most common types of raw materials (grain, potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk, etc.).
Products sugar production It is widely used both for direct consumption by the population and in other sectors of the food industry (baking, confectionery, etc.). Therefore, world sugar production continues to grow. Per capita consumption varies greatly across countries. In Cuba, Great Britain, Australia they consume 50 kg per person, and in China - 6 kg. The geography of the industry is determined by the raw material factor. The main type of raw material is sugar cane. It accounts for up to 2/3 of world sugar production. Therefore, more than 1/3 of the product comes from Asia, and slightly less from South America. The main suppliers of raw sugar to the world market are India, Brazil, Cuba, Thailand, and Mexico. In Europe, the USA, and Canada, sugar production from sugar beets is widely developed. The largest producers of this type of sugar are Australia, France, Belgium, Great Britain, Russia, and Ukraine.
One of characteristic features industry – ubiquity of placement. Those branches of the food industry that consume a lot of raw materials, often poorly transported, focus their location on raw materials areas. For example, when producing 1 ton of sugar from sugar beets, approximately 5 tons of raw materials are consumed. Bakery production, which consumes approximately 650 kg of flour to bake 1 ton of bread and produces low-transportable products, will gravitate towards the consumer in its location. In meat production, primary meat production will focus on livestock production areas, and production finished products(sausages, ham, frankfurters, smoked meats) to large consumption centers .
One of the most important industries food industry is meat and dairy industry. The geography of the meat industry saw great changes at the end of the twentieth century. Asia has become the main region for meat production, ahead of Western Europe and North America. The top ten countries for meat production include China and the USA. Brazil, France, Germany, India, Russia, Canada, Italy and Spain.
Among meat products, the production of pork, beef, lamb and poultry stands out. The countries of Western Europe account for up to 2/3 of world exports of meat products. At the same time, these same countries concentrate approximately 50% of world meat imports. When it comes to bacon and ham, three countries in the world (Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium) supply 70% of the world's exports.
An important direction food industry is butter and cheese production. It provides the population with valuable food products based on milk processing. With the change in nutritional structure, the composition of products has also changed. Cheese production is 1.5 times higher than the production of animal butter. The leading countries in the production of butter and cheese products are the USA. India, Germany, France, Pakistan, New Zealand, Russia, Poland, Australia, Ukraine.
The products of the oil industry are now widely represented on world markets. A wide variety of vegetable oils are produced in the world: sunflower, rapeseed, olive, soybean, corn, palm, etc. In the production of soybean oil, the leading place in the world is occupied by the USA, rapeseed - India, olive - Italy, Greece, Spain, sunflower - Russia, Argentina , Ukraine, Hungary.
All higher value products in the nutrition of the population fishing industry and seafood processing. In the seas and oceans, various marine organisms are fished. However, more than half of the total annual catch comes from 5 species of fish: herring, cod, sea pike, red fish, mackerel and related species.
The geography of the industry has undergone profound changes. Instead of the Atlantic, the leading fishing area has become Pacific Ocean, and the countries of the Pacific Ocean provide 70% of the world's production. As a result, the industry moved from Western Europe to Asia. The leading role in fish catch is occupied by such countries as China, Japan, USA, Peru, Chile, etc.
IN Lately in world fisheries everything big role aquaculture begins to play, i.e. growing aquatic organisms in the marine environment. Approximately 4/5 of it comes from Asian countries - China, Japan, India, and the Republic of Korea. In freshwater reservoirs, mainly carp are bred, and in sea farms - fish, shellfish, shrimp, crabs, mussels, and algae.
Questions and tasks:
1. What factors influence the location of the most important sectors of light industry (textiles, clothing, footwear).
2. What changes in the location of light industry have occurred over the last century?
3. *Systematize information about the features of the location of textile production by region and country of the world in the form given below.
Analyze the table, highlight the main factors that influence the location of production of certain types of fabrics.
4. What sectors are included in the food industry? Describe the relationship between the food industry and agriculture.
Transport
Studying the contents of the paragraph provides the opportunity to:
Ø form an idea of the transport industry as an integral part of the global infrastructure and understand the role of the transport complex in the global economy
Ø study the features and trends in the development of transport by region of the world.
Transport system of the countries of the world. Transport system– this is a set of all types of transport, interconnected by transport networks and nodes where the exchange of goods takes place, as well as the transportation of passengers. (What type of transport ranks first in the world in cargo transportation? Passenger transportation?)
The peculiarity of transport as a sector of the economy is that it belongs to the sector of production of services. When characterizing transport, evaluate transport network and work performed on the transportation of goods and passengers. The transport network is characterized by its length, and the territory of the country is characterized by the availability of transport routes.
The ratio of modes of transport in the transport systems of regions and individual countries of the world is different. For example transport system industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented by all types of transport, including electronic. Developed countries account for approximately 85% of domestic freight transport turnover.
The level of development of the transport system by type of communication routes is assessed using indicators of the length and density of the transport network. Length of transport network– this is the length of all communication routes of a country or region. Density of the transport network is determined by the ratio of the length of communication routes to a unit area of territory (usually per 1000 sq. km). To assess the performance of transport over a year or other period of time, two indicators are used. The first is the weight of goods transported or the number of passengers. The second is cargo turnover, i.e. weight of transported goods multiplied by distance (t/km) or passenger turnover, i.e. number of passengers multiplied by transportation distance (passengers/km).
All types of transport are divided into three groups: land, water and air.
Among land transport modes, railway transport stands out first. Railway transport depends less on weather conditions. A railway can be built in any direction and in any area, except in the highlands. It is distinguished by regularity of movement, low cost of cargo transportation, and high carrying capacity. Longest length railways in the world there are the USA, Russia, India, China, Germany, France. The countries of Western Europe have the highest density of railways, where per 1000 sq. km. The territory has over 100 km of railway track. The lowest railway density is in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Automobile transport It is characterized by high maneuverability, the ability to transport cargo without overload, and fairly high speed. However, it requires a lot of fuel and is polluting. environment. In addition, the cost of transportation is high. Road transport ranks first in the world in terms of the weight of goods transported, but it is used for transporting goods mainly over short distances. By total length highways The USA leads the world (over 5 million km), and in terms of the density of the automobile network, the countries of Western Europe and Japan.
Pipeline transport is used mainly for transporting liquid and gaseous cargo. It is one of the most economical modes of transport. Pipelines are usually laid along the shortest direct routes, they ensure continuous delivery of goods, and their maintenance is not required large quantities personnel. The longest pipelines in the world are laid in Russia, the USA, and Canada. Thus, the Druzhba oil pipeline connecting Russia with countries of Eastern Europe and the Western Siberia – Western Europe gas pipeline have a length of over 5 thousand km.
Among water modes of transport, sea transport stands out first. Sea transport is the cheapest mode of transport. It has the largest load capacity. Thanks to sea transport, up to 80% of cargo transportation between countries is ensured. Since it transports goods over long distances, sea transport ranks first in terms of cargo turnover. The busiest sea transport routes are in Atlantic Ocean, which accounts for about ½ of global seaborne trade. The transport role of the Pacific Ocean is great, in the basin of which there are such large states world like the USA, Russia, China, Japan.
The largest merchant fleet in the world is owned by such countries as Panama, Liberia, Greece, the Bahamas, Cyprus, Malta, Norway, Singapore, Japan, China, and the USA. The largest ports in the world are Rotterdam, Kobe, New York, Singapore, Kaohsiung, Hamburg, Yokahama, Marseille.
River transport uses navigable rivers, canals and lakes. It serves mainly the domestic needs of individual countries. River transportation is 2-3 times cheaper than rail transportation, but quite large costs are required for the construction of port facilities. In addition, in the northern countries, navigation stops at winter time. In Europe, the major river arteries are the Rhine, Danube, Oder, Elbe; in Russia - Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Lena; in the USA - Mississippi and the Great Lakes.
Air transport has the highest speed; there are practically no inaccessible areas for it. However, it is also the most expensive mode of transport, so it mainly transports passengers, urgent and perishable goods. The most developed air transport is in the USA (almost half of the world passenger turnover), France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, China, etc.
Road, pipeline and air transport have developed the fastest in recent years. In almost all countries, the position of railway transport has deteriorated.
Among the regional transport systems, the system of North America stands out, which leads the world in terms of the length of communication routes (about 30% of the global transport network) and in freight turnover of most modes of transport. Transport system foreign Europe surpasses systems in other regions in terms of transport network density and traffic frequency. The unified transport system of the CIS countries accounts for about 10% of the global transport network.
Trends in the development of world transport. In general, the world is experiencing a qualitative change in the transport network: the number of electrified railways, paved highways, and a network of large-diameter pipelines is growing. Another manifestation of qualitative changes in the transport network is the duplication of transport communications of global importance (laying oil pipelines. Highways parallel to canals, other communication routes. For example, oil pipelines were created parallel to the Suez and Panama Canals, the Transpyrenian Highway along the Strait of Gibraltar. Qualitative changes include the creation of transport corridors for transportation cargo through the territories of several states (for example, in Europe there are nine, and in Russia there are two transport corridors. One of them: Berlin-Warsaw-Minsk-Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod.
The most striking manifestation of trends in the development of global transport is the formation of a container system for the transportation of goods. 40% of cargo is already transported in containers. Transcontinental transport container “bridges” are being formed - a combination of sea transport with route by trains, road trains. Most widespread received such “bridges” on the routes Japan - East Coast of the USA.
Questions and tasks.
- What is a transport system?
- What is the main indicator of the efficiency of a transport network?
- How is the passenger and freight turnover of the transport network determined?
- Why does sea transport occupy the leading place in the world in terms of cargo turnover?
- *Using a geographic map, determine the density of the North American transportation network.
Related information.
Light industry includes significant amount sub-sectors, making clothes, shoes, textile products, leather and fur products, etc.
Mostly the products of the light (as well as food) industry are designed to satisfy the demand of the country's population for consumer goods and have little export value. However, global corporations and branded clothing and footwear companies, trade marks which are especially known, distribute production and sale finished products Worldwide. These include both the world-famous elite fashion clothing enterprises "Dolce Habana", "Hermes", "Armani", "Christian Dior", "Versace", and brands of more democratic sportswear and footwear ("Adidas", "Puma", Nike, etc.) Textiles occupy a leading place in the global production of light industrial goods.
The textile industry provides approximately half of the total production of light industrial goods in the world, and also ranks first in terms of the number of employees. Its main function is to produce consumer goods, primarily fabrics and knitwear. Along with this, it satisfies many production needs with its products. Depending on the raw materials, the textile industry is divided into sub-sectors: cotton, wool, silk, linen, knitting, the industry for the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, and the production of non-woven materials.
Textile industry
The textile industry is the oldest of all modern industries. It was with her that the industrial revolution began in England in the 18th century, which marked the transition from manufacturing to factory production. For a long time The textile industry remained the leading industry in most developed countries of the world, but in the 20th century. its share in gross output and in the structure of employment of the economically active population began to decrease, and in the second half of the 20th century. The textile industry has entered a period of prolonged structural crisis. During the industrialization of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the ratio between developed countries and developing countries in textile production began to change.The modern textile industry is not one of the sectors of the world economy that is developing dynamically. At least in the 90s of the XX century. World production of textiles of all types remained at approximately 100-120 billion m2 per year. The growth rate of global consumption of textile fibers grew quite rapidly until the early 1990s, then slowed down. Scientific and technological revolution had a significant influence on the development of the textile industry, primarily as a result of automation and electronicization of textile production, changes in its structure, the nature of location, etc. Two factors have had a significant influence on the development and location of the textile industry in the world over the past decades:
1) dramatic changes in its raw material base and, accordingly, in its industry structure;
2) the change in the role of individual factors in the orientation of its location led to significant shifts in its territorial structure.
Let us characterize the raw material base of the textile industry. The main changes in this area are closely related to the achievements of scientific and technological revolution and consist in a gradual but steady reduction in the share of natural fibers and an increase in the share of chemical fibers, especially synthetic ones. This made it possible to significantly expand and strengthen the industry’s raw material base. By the mid-1990s, the consumption of natural and chemical fibers had actually become equal. At the same time, the structure of consumption of natural fibers has hardly changed: as before, 80% of it was cotton, 11% was wool, and the rest was other types of fibers. The structure of consumption of chemical fibers, on the contrary, has changed greatly in recent decades: for example, in 1955, the ratio of artificial (viscose) and synthetic fibers was 90: 10, and in the mid-1990s - 15: 85.
Another important structural and technological innovation of the scientific and technological revolution era is the rapid development of knitting production, which in Western countries has become perhaps the main sub-sector of the entire textile industry. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in knitting production is several times higher than, for example, in weaving. But the industry of nonwoven materials has developed even faster and are increasingly used for technical purposes. In addition, labor productivity in this sub-industry is higher than in the knitting industry.
Changes in the industry's raw material base have largely determined shifts in its industry structure. At the end of the 1990s, the world produced 75 million m2 of cotton fabrics (on average 13 m2 per capita), 21-22 million m2 of silk fabrics (9 m2 per capita), 2.5 million m2 of woolen fabrics (0.5 m2 per capita) and even less linen and other types of fabrics. Regarding chemical fibers, it should be borne in mind that they are now mainly used in so-called mixed fabrics, i.e. in combination with wool, silk, cotton (especially bulk polyester fiber). For example, almost all production of silk fabrics is now based on chemical fibers.
Changes in the geography of the global textile industry, also caused by shifts in its raw material base, but still to a greater extent they depend on factors such as labor costs. It turned out that in this regard the difference between economically developed and developing countries is enormous: for example, in Indonesia the cost of labor is 0.24 US dollars per hour, in Pakistan - 0.4, in India and China - 0.6; in the USA - 13, in France - 14-15, in Germany - 21-22 US dollars. It was the reduction in labor costs that played a decisive role in the “great migration” of the textile (and clothing) industry from developed countries to developing ones. It should be borne in mind that in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Morocco, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and Argentina, this industry was formed before the Second World War, and therefore needed significant modernization.
But in the newly industrialized countries of Asia (for example, in Thailand) it arose relatively recently on a completely modern technical basis. In the 2000s, the process of reducing the production of fabrics in developed Western countries and increasing their production in developing countries continued especially actively. As a result, from 1970 to 2000, developing countries almost doubled their production on the world market, and in the mid-1990s their share in global textile production reached 60%.
The same geographical shifts can be traced in the example of individual sub-sectors of the textile industry, primarily the main one - cotton. To do this, just familiarize yourself with the top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics. The same shifts can be clearly seen in the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, as well as, but to a lesser extent, in the production of wool and silk fabrics. It is worth adding that among developing countries, there are differences. For example, the subregions of East and Southeast Asia have now become a kind of epicenter of the global textile industry.
Closely related to the main geographical shifts described above are changes in foreign trade in textile goods. Back in the mid-1980s, developing countries accounted for approximately 1/4 of global textile exports, but now their share is much larger. Sometimes 2/3, and even 3/4 of the goods produced are sent to foreign markets. Therefore, today the world leaders in textile exports are China (together with Hong Kong), Turkey, India, Tunisia, Morocco, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.
Garment industry
Now this industry is gradually moving to developing countries, to their cheap labor, where the beginning of industrialization is associated with the clothing industry. In the leading countries of the world, there is a process of sharp reduction in the clothing industry, which is increasingly specializing in the production of fashionable unique products, reducing mass tailoring. The international exchange of garments is developing, with developed countries increasingly specializing in elite products, and developing countries in mass tailoring. Despite such shifts among the largest centers of the clothing industry, New York still stands out as the world's largest center of the clothing industry, Paris and Rome as “fashion centers”, providing not only a significant share of individual products, but also determining the direction of fashion development in the world . Dispersed, often home-based, production of garments is most developed in Hong Kong, which has become part of the PRC.Shoe industry
Shift trends in developing countries, especially characteristic of the footwear industry, which over the last decade has dramatically changed its location and literally moved from developed countries to developing ones, again to countries with cheap labor. This process continues today; experts predict the emergence of new shoe-producing countries, for example China and Vietnam. Even 10 years ago main role The USA and Italy played in the footwear industry, and now the countries of Asia and the Middle East account for 60% of world shoe production, Western Europe - 9, South America- 7, USA - only 6%. The largest producing countries are China, the CIS, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and the USA.So, today the location of the footwear industry has changed significantly, focusing primarily on cheap labor. The trendsetters are still Italian firms, and sometimes manufacturers in countries such as Austria, where only the main enterprises remain - suppliers of models for mass production of enterprises that are scattered around the world. In general, light industry is characterized by the location of mass production in less developed countries and the production of models in industrialized countries.
General characteristics of the food industry
The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Almost all food consumed by people is industrially processed. Therefore, the role of the food industry is constantly increasing. Its development makes it possible to sustainably provide people with food throughout the year. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage. Without their production, the development of territories with complex natural conditions unfavorable for agriculture would be impossible. The food industry is closely connected with agriculture, which is the main source of raw materials for the industry. Processing of agricultural raw materials into shelf-stable products and large refrigerator capacities of food enterprises ensure a constant, uniform supply of food to the market, in particular perishable products. Industrial waste is used both in agriculture and in other industries (light, pharmaceutical, etc.).The food industry satisfies the daily needs of the population in a very diverse range of products (for example, there are hundreds of varieties of cheese or beer alone). This led to the formation of many enterprises in the industry (in the world, about 50 thousand companies are engaged in the production of confectionery products alone), specializing in the production of certain food or flavoring products. At the same time, the product range is constantly updated and new consumer qualities are added to it.
Structure of the food industry
The food industry has a complex structure, including dozens of different raw materials and process technologies. Currently, several groups of them have formed.Food industry
Basic
production
Basic
production
Food flavoring
industry
Products require further processing
Products are used as food
Uses food raw materials for its production
flour mill
obtaining raw sugar
slaughter
fish catch
production of semi-finished products
meat
fish
canning
dairy
bakery
confectionery
fruit and vegetable
and etc.
production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks
production of tea, coffee, herbs and spices
yeast
salt
Features of individual sectors of the food industry
Meat industry. The production of meat products is growing faster than the number of people on the planet. The differences in meat production per capita are very large - from 365 to 5 kg in individual countries (in the world - 36 kg). In the geography of the meat industry by the end of the 20th century. There have been big changes: for the first time, developing countries account for more than half of the output. The main region of the industry has become Asia, and in it China is the leader in meat production, ahead of the United States. North America produces it, as does the West. Europe, half the size. The production of meat in Russia and other CIS countries has dropped significantly. A small amount of this product enters the world market.
Fishing industry.
The world receives 2 times less fish and seafood than meat. A powerful fishing fleet and special ports with enterprises for deep processing of seafood have been created, although some of them are processed on fish canning floating bases directly at the fishing grounds. The geography of the industry has undergone profound changes. The Pacific Ocean has become the leading fishing area, and the countries of this basin provide more than 70% of the world's production. Thus, there was a shift in the industry from Western Europe to Asia. The composition of fishing leaders also changed: in the 50s. they were Japan, the USA and the USSR, and in 2000 - China, Peru, Chile. Catches in Russia have decreased significantly.The butter and cheese industry provides the most valuable products nutrition based on deep processing of milk. The production of cheese in the world is already 1.5 times higher than the production of animal oil. Its per capita consumption varies greatly across countries: from 5 kg in Russia to 50 kg in New Zealand or Denmark. Zap. Europe remains its main producer, North. America is second (the largest number in the world is given by the USA). These two regions produce more than 70% of the world's cheese. Another important change in the industry: the production of margarine is already twice as high as the production of animal oil; the leader in production is the United States.
Sugar industry. The main type of raw material is sugar cane. This determined the geography of the industry: more than 1/3 of the product comes from Asia, a little less from the South. America (their total share in the world is 60%). The main producers are India and Brazil.
Geography of the world food industry
The world's food industry in economically developed and developing countries is diverse. The production of products in this industry, which provides the population with food, is constantly growing.
The production of certain types of products is determined by the demand for it.
Some sectors of the food industry are experiencing a crisis of overproduction, but at the same time new sectors are emerging.
In economically developed countries, due to changes in the nutritional structure in order to improve health, new food industries are being formed that produce special goods.
Food production has a direct connection with one of the global problems humanity - a food problem.
The food industry consists of two categories of industries, different in scale and location.
The first category is industries that rely on imported raw materials. They are focused on ports of entry of products, railway junctions, large industrial centers, and capitals. The manufactured products are highly transportable. This is the production of confectionery products, drinks, flour mills, tobacco industry, etc. The second group of enterprises includes:
1) industries that focus on raw materials (sugar factories, meat processing plants, butter making, cheese making, etc.);
2) industries that focus on the consumer (baking industry, production of semi-finished products, etc.).
