Shoulder straps in the Red Army 1943, 1944, 1945

(on the example of shoulder straps of artillerymen)

On January 6, 1943, the Presidium Decree was signed The Supreme Council(PVS) of the USSR "On the introduction of shoulder straps for the personnel of the Red Army", announced by order of the NKO No. 24 of 01/10/1943, Following it, on January 15, 1943, the order of the NKO of the USSR No. 25 "On the introduction of new insignia and changes in the uniform of the Red Army "(). In it, in particular, it was determined that field shoulder straps are worn by servicemen in the active army and personnel of units prepared for sending to the front. Everyday shoulder straps are worn by servicemen of other units and institutions, as well as when wearing a dress uniform. That is, there were two types of shoulder straps in the Red Army: field and everyday. Differences were also introduced in shoulder straps for commanding and commanding personnel (see the regulations on commanding and commanding personnel), so that you can distinguish the commander from the chief.

It was ordered to switch to new insignia from February 1 to February 15, 1943. Later, by order of the NKO of the USSR No. 80 dated 02.14.1943, this period was extended until March 15, 1943. By the beginning of the transition to summer uniforms, the Red Army was fully provided with new insignia.

In addition to the above-mentioned directive documents, the Instruction of the Technical Committee of the Main Quartermaster Directorate of the Red Army (TC GIU KA) No. 732 on January 8, 1943 "Rules for the selection, fastening on uniform items and wearing epaulettes by the personnel of the Red Army" was later issued, as well as a number of technical specifications of the TC GIU KA. In addition, some technical documentation was adopted long before the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. So, for example, the Temporary Technical Conditions (VTU) TC GIU KA No. 0725, in which there was a description of the emblems and insignia (stars) on the shoulder straps, were published on December 10, 1942.

The dimensions of the shoulder straps were set:

• Null- 13 cm. (Only for women's clothing)
• First- 14 cm.
• Second- 15 cm.
• Third- 16 cm.
  The width is 6 cm, and the width of the shoulder straps of officers of justice, medical, veterinary and administrative services is 4 cm. The length of the sewn shoulder straps was set 1 cm longer for each size.
  The width of the general's shoulder straps is 6.5 cm. The width of the shoulder straps of the generals of medical, veterinary services and the highest beginning. composition of V.-yur. service - 4.5 cm

Varieties of field shoulder straps according to the manufacturing method:

• Soft sewn-in shoulder straps( ) consisted of a field (top), lining (lining), padding and edging.
• Soft removable shoulder straps( ), in addition to the above-mentioned details, had a half-strap, a lining of a half-strap and a jumper.
• Rigid removable shoulder straps( ) differed from soft ones in that during their manufacture, fabrics were glued and shoulder straps were laid with a paste consisting of 30% wheat flour and wood glue, as well as the presence of an additional gasket made of electrical cardboard - press-board, jacquard or calibrated, 0.5 - 1 mm thick.

- Colors of field and everyday shoulder straps of the Red Army -.

- Military ranks of the USSR Armed Forces 1935-1945 (table of ranks) -.

Shoulder straps of the junior command, commanding and rank-and-file personnel of the Red Army
(privates, sergeants and foremen)

FIELD RUNS: The field shoulder straps have always been khaki. The shoulder straps were edged (trimmed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth edging according to the branches of the army or service. The stripes on the shoulder straps of the junior command and command staff were silk or semi-silk braid. The patches were produced in various sizes: narrow (1 cm wide), medium (1.5 cm wide) and wide (3 cm wide). The junior command staff was entitled to a burgundy lace, and the junior commanding staff - brown.

Ideally, stripes should have been sewn on shoulder straps in factories or in sewing workshops attached to military units. But often the servicemen themselves attached the stripes. In conditions of a frontline deficit, stripes made from scrap materials were often used. The use of everyday (golden or silver) stripes on field shoulder straps and vice versa was widespread.

Field shoulder straps were supposed to be worn without the emblems of the combat arms and stencils. On the shoulder straps, uniform iron 20-mm buttons of a khaki color with a star, in the center of which a sickle and a hammer, were placed.

This type of shoulder straps existed until December 1955, when double-sided shoulder straps were introduced. In the period from 1943 to 1955, the manufacturing technology of these shoulder straps changed several times. In particular, in 1947 and 1953 (TU 1947 and TU 1953)

Junior's field shoulder straps command staff on the example of the senior sergeant of artillery. The patch (galloon) is sewn in the factory on a sewing machine. Iron buttons of a protective color.

EVERYDAY RUNS: Everyday shoulder straps of junior command, junior commanding officers and enlisted personnel were edged (trimmed) along the edges, except for the lower one, with colored cloth edging, and also had a field of colored cloth according to the type of troops. The stripes on the shoulder straps of the junior command and command staff were silk or semi-silk braid. The patches were produced in various sizes: narrow (1 cm wide), medium (1.5 cm wide) and wide (3 cm wide). The junior command staff was entitled to a golden-yellow galloon, and the junior commanding staff - silver.

Everyday shoulder straps were given golden emblems according to the type of troops and yellow stencils denoting a unit (unit). It should be noted that stencils were rarely used.

Uniform golden brass 20-mm buttons with a star, in the center of which a sickle and a hammer, were placed on the shoulder straps.

This type of shoulder straps existed until December 1955, when double-sided shoulder straps were introduced. In the period from 1943 to 1955, the manufacturing technology of these shoulder straps changed several times. In particular, in 1947 and 1953. In addition, since 1947, encryption has ceased to be applied to everyday shoulder straps.

Everyday shoulder straps of junior command personnel on the example of an artillery sergeant. The patch (braid) was sewn by the soldier himself. There are no ciphers, as on most shoulder straps. Buttons: top-brass (respectively yellow-golden color), bottom-iron.

Shoulder straps of senior and middle command and command personnel of the Red Army
(officers)

FIELD RUNS: The field shoulder straps have always been khaki. The shoulder straps were edged (trimmed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth edging. On the shoulder strap, one or two burgundy-colored gaps were sewn for the command staff and Brown color for the commanding staff. According to the assigned military rank, belonging to the branch of the army or service, insignia were placed on the shoulder straps.

On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff - one gap and silver-plated metal 13-mm sprockets.

On the shoulder straps of the senior command staff, there are two gaps and metal silver-plated 20-mm stars.

On the shoulder straps of the command personnel, in addition to the command personnel of the infantry, silver-plated emblems were installed according to the type of troops and service.

On the shoulder straps there are uniform metal 20-mm buttons of a khaki color with a star, in the center of which there is a sickle and a hammer.

Field shoulder straps of the middle command staff on the example of ml. lieutenant of artillery. The star denoting the title must be silver. V in this case the silvering has worn off.

EVERYDAY RUNS: The field of shoulder straps of the commanding staff of golden silk or golden galloon. The field of shoulder straps of the engineering and command staff, indentation, medical, veterinary, military-legal and administrative services - from silvery silk or silvery braid. The shoulder straps were edged (trimmed) along the edges, except for the bottom, with colored cloth edging. According to the assigned military rank, belonging to the branch of the army or service, insignia were placed on the shoulder straps.

On the shoulder straps of the middle command staff - one gap and metal golden 13-mm stars.

On the shoulder straps of the senior command staff there are two gaps and metal golden 20-mm stars.

On the shoulder straps of the command staff, in addition to the command staff of the infantry, golden emblems were installed according to the type of troops and service.

The emblems and asterisks on the shoulder straps of the engineering and command staff, the quartermaster, administrative and medical services are gilded. On the shoulder straps of the military veterinary staff, the stars are gilded, the emblems are silvered.

On the shoulder straps there are uniform golden 20-mm buttons with a star, in the center of which there is a sickle and a hammer.

The shoulder straps and insignia of the middle and senior command staff of the military legal service fully corresponded to the shoulder straps and insignia of the senior and middle command staff of the medical and veterinary services, but with their own emblems.

The shoulder straps of the military-administrative staff were exactly the same as the shoulder straps for the senior and middle commanding staff of the medical and veterinary services, but without the emblems.

These shoulder straps existed until the end of 1946, when technical conditions TU TK GIU VS No. 1486 dated 10/09/1946 for officers of the Armed Forces, shoulder straps with a cut off corner were installed, i.e. shoulder straps became hexagonal.

Everyday shoulder straps of the middle command staff on the example of the shoulder straps of an artillery captain. The button must be golden.

Shoulder straps of the highest command personnel of the Red Army
(generals, marshals)

FIELD RUNS: A field of shoulder straps made of silk braid of a special weaving on a cloth lining. The color of the shoulder straps is protective. Color of shoulder straps edging: generals, generals of artillery, tank troops, medical and veterinary services, higher beginning. the composition of the military legal service - red; aviation generals - blue; generals of the technical troops and the quartermaster service - crimson.

The stars on the shoulder straps were embroidered in 22 mm silver. On the shoulder straps of generals of the medical, veterinary service and the highest beginning. the composition of the military legal service - gold, 20 mm in size. Buttons on shoulder straps with a coat of arms are gilded. On the shoulder straps of generals honey. services - gilded metal emblems; on the shoulder straps of generals blows. services - the same emblems, but silvered; on shoulder straps of the highest beginning. the composition of the v. legal service - gilded metal emblems.

By order of the NKO of the USSR No. 79 dated 02.14.1943, shoulder straps were installed, incl. and for the highest engineering and technical personnel of the signal troops, engineering, chemical, railway, topographic troops, - to the generals of the engineering and technical service, according to the model established by the generals of the technical troops. With this order, the highest beginning. the composition of the military legal service began to be called generals of justice.

EVERYDAY CHAINS: A field of shoulder straps from a galloon of a special weaving: from a golden drag. And for generals of medical and veterinary services, higher beginning. the composition of the military legal service - from a silver drag. The color of the edges of the epaulettes: generals of arms, generals of artillery, tank forces, medical and veterinary services, the highest beginning. the composition of the military legal service - red; aviation generals - blue; generals of the technical troops and the quartermaster service - crimson.

The stars on the shoulder straps were embroidered on the gold field - in silver, on the silver field - in gold. Buttons on shoulder straps with a coat of arms are gilded. On the shoulder straps of generals honey. services - gilded metal emblems; on the shoulder straps of generals blows. services - the same emblems, but silvered; on shoulder straps of the highest beginning. the composition of the v. legal service - gilded metal emblems.

By order of the NKO of the USSR No. 61 of 02/08/1943, generals of artillery were set to wear silver emblems on their shoulder straps.

By order of the NKO of the USSR No. 79 dated 02.14.1943, shoulder straps were installed, incl. and for the highest engineering and technical personnel of the signal troops, engineering, chemical, railway, topographic troops, - to the generals of the engineering and technical service, according to the model established by the generals of the technical troops. Probably with this order, the highest beginning. the composition of the military legal service began to be called generals of justice.

These shoulder straps existed without fundamental changes until 1962, when by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 127 of May 12, sewn-on shoulder straps with a steel-colored field were installed on the general's ceremonial overcoats.

An example of everyday and field shoulder straps of generals. Artillery generals from 8.02.1943 additionally had artillery emblems on their shoulder straps.

Literature:

• Uniform and insignia of the red army 1918-1945 AIM, Leningrad 1960
• Shoulder straps of the Soviet Army 1943-1991 Evgeny Drig.
• Color table for field and everyday shoulder straps of the Red Army ()
• The newspaper "Krasnaya Zvezda" dated January 7, 1943 ()
• Article by Alexander Sorokin "Field shoulder straps of soldiers, sergeants and officers of the Red Army, model 1943"
• Website - http://www.rkka.ru

article ID: 98653

Insignia of soldiers and sergeants. Shoulder straps

From left to right: 1- Foreman (ceremonial uniform or overcoat ground forces). 2nd Senior Sergeant (ceremonial uniform or overcoat of the Airborne Forces or aviation). 3- Sergeant (dress uniform or overcoat of the ground forces). 4-Junior Sergeant (white blouse of a female soldier). 5- Corporal ( beige dress female soldier). 6-Private (green shirt).

Emblems for the combat arms are worn only on shirt shoulder straps, shoulder straps on raincoats (demi-season and summer), woolen jackets, on shoulder straps on blouses and dresses of female military personnel. In other forms, the emblems are worn on the collar at its lower corners.

Insignia of cadets. Shoulder straps

Cadets of military schools in dress uniforms, greatcoats and types of uniforms similar to those of an officer wear green (blue in the Air Force) soldier-type shoulder straps with a galloon along the side edges of the shoulder strap. Emblems for the branches of service are worn only on shirt shoulder straps. Cadets with sergeant ranks wear golden squares on their shoulder straps. On the field and everyday uniforms (in uniforms of the "Afghan" type), cadets wear camouflage muffs with a plastic letter "K" and gold-colored squares on ordinary shoulder straps-straps.

From left to right: 1-cadet with the rank of foreman. 2-Cadet with the rank of senior sergeant. 3- Air Force cadet with the rank of sergeant. 4-Cadet with the rank of junior sergeant. 5th Air Force cadet with the rank of corporal. 6-Cadet. 7- Muffle on the shoulder strap for the "Afghan" cadet with the rank of petty officer.

Insignia of great-lieutenants. Shoulder straps

Warrant officers for ceremonial and everyday uniforms received soldier-style shoulder straps green with scarlet stripes along the edges for the ground forces and with blue stripes for the Airborne Forces. Air ensigns received the same shoulder straps, but blue with blue side stripes. On a green shirt (blue in the Air Force), shoulder straps are exactly the same, but without side stripes. On white shirt shoulder straps are white.

Emblems by type of service are only on shirt shoulder straps. Golden stars. On the field uniform on shoulder straps, gray stars

From left to right: 1- Senior Warrant Officer of the Ground Forces. 2-Ensign air force... 3-Ensign of the airborne or military space forces. 4-Shoulder strap to the green shirt of a warrant officer with the emblem of the military space forces. 5- Shoulder strap to the white shirt of the senior warrant officer with the emblem of the motorized rifle troops.

Insignia of officers Russian Army were introduced by Presidential Decree No. 1010 of May 23, 1994, simultaneously with the introduction of the uniform of the Russian Army. There was no significant change in the insignia of officers. Only the size of the shoulder straps and the shape have decreased, the colors of the shoulder straps have changed. The emblems of the combat arms have changed. Now the shoulder strap does not reach the tunic collar, has a pentagonal shape and a button at the top. Shoulder strap width 5 cm., Length 13.14 or 15 cm.

Shoulder straps colors:
* on a white shirt, shoulder straps of white color with colored gaps, emblems of golden color for the branches of service and golden stars;
* on a green shirt, shoulder straps of green color with colored gaps, emblems for the arms of the army of golden color and golden stars;
* on an everyday tunic, a woolen jacket, an overcoat, a summer raincoat, a demi-season jacket, green shoulder straps with colored gaps, golden-colored emblems for the military service (where applicable) and golden stars;
* on the front tunic shoulder straps of golden color with colored gaps and edging, golden stars;
* on a blue shirt of the Air Force, shoulder straps of blue color with blue gaps, emblems of the Air Force in golden color and golden stars;
* on a casual tunic, a woolen jacket, an overcoat, a summer raincoat, a demi-season jacket of the Air Force, shoulder straps in blue with blue gaps, gold-colored Air Force emblems (where applicable) and golden stars.
* on the field form shoulder straps-straps in the color of the form with dull gray stars.

The number of gaps and stars has not changed. Also, as before, the stars of senior officers are larger than those of warrant officers and junior officers.

Junior officers - one clearance and asterisks:
1st Junior Lieutenant.
2nd Lieutenant.
3-Senior Lieutenant.
4-Captain.

Examples of officer shoulder straps:

1-parade shoulder strap of the captain of the ground forces. 2-parade shoulder strap of a major of the Air Force, VKS, Airborne Forces. 3-parade shoulder strap of the Army Colonel. 4-Daily epaulette of the army colonel. 5-Casual epaulette of an Air Force major. 6-Daily shoulder strap of the senior lieutenant of the Airborne Forces, VKS. 7-Lieutenant's shoulder strap to a white shirt with a combined arms emblem. 8-Field epaulette of the lieutenant colonel. 9-Field epaulette of the lieutenant. Captain's 10th field shoulder strap. 11-Lieutenant's shoulder strap to a green shirt with a combined arms emblem.

The ranks of the senior officers with the creation of the Armed Forces of Russia (Presidential Decree No. 466 of May 7, 1992) have undergone significant changes. First of all, the titles of marshals and chief marshals of the branches of the armed forces were canceled, the title of "marshal Soviet Union". Generals' ranks have lost the addition of the type" general- …… ..artillery. "This addition was left only to generals of medical, veterinary services and justice.

In this regard, as well as in connection with the change in uniforms (Decree of the President of Russia No. 1010 of 23.05.94) in 1994, the shape and size of the shoulder straps of generals and other insignia changed.

The color of the shoulder straps for the dress uniform for all is golden, the edging of shoulder straps and embroidered stars (diameter 22mm.) Is red for generals of the ground forces and blue for generals of the aviation, airborne troops and military space forces.

The color of everyday shoulder straps for generals of the ground forces is green with red edging of shoulder straps. For generals of the Airborne Forces and VKS, the edging of shoulder straps is blue with a green field.

The color of casual epaulets of aviation generals is blue with blue edging

Field shoulder straps of generals are green with green stars

Generals' shoulder straps to white shirts are white with golden embroidered stars. For green shirts, shoulder straps are green with golden embroidered stars. TO blue shirts aviation shoulder straps are blue with golden embroidered stars. Emblems on shirt shoulder straps are worn only by generals of medical, veterinary services and justice.

It should be noted that if earlier generals differed in the types of troops (for example, major general of the signal corps, lieutenant general of artillery, etc.), now general ranks, however, like officer ranks, have become the same for all types of troops and among themselves do not differ in colors or emblems. Only the color difference remained between the generals of the Airborne Forces and the Aerospace Forces, and in aviation with the transition to blue color uniforms, shoulder straps became blue.

Insignia of generals (sewn stars with a diameter of 22 m., Located in one vertical row):
1 star-major general
2 stars - Lieutenant General
3 stars - Colonel General
1 big star and higher combined arms emblem-army General
1 large star and above double-headed eagle-Marshal of the Russian Federation

1-parade shoulder strap of the Marshal of the Russian Federation. 2-parade shoulder strap of an army general. 3-parade shoulder strap of the Colonel-General of Aviation, Airborne Forces, Aerospace Forces. 4-parade shoulder strap of the Lieutenant General of the Ground Forces. 5-Everyday shoulder strap of the Marshal of the Russian Federation. 6-Daily epaulette of an army general. 7-Colonel-General's everyday shoulder strap. 8-Daily epaulette of the major general of aviation. 9-epaulet to the green shirt of the lieutenant general of the medical service. 10-Shoulder straps to the white shirt of the Lieutenant General of Justice. 11-Field epaulette of an army general. 12-Field epaulette of the Lieutenant General.

By decree of the President of Russia No. 48 of January 27, 1997. generals of the army were canceled shoulder straps with one a big star and the combined arms emblem, and the usual general's shoulder straps with four stars in one vertical row were introduced.

The workshop group thanks Stavr (Alexey Ivantsov) for his help in writing the article and the materials provided

Initially, the uniforms of all armies of the Civil War were based on the Russian military uniform of the former tsarist army... However, since large quartermaster warehouses were located in the center of the country, on the territory controlled by the Bolsheviks, as the clothes worn out, the variety of uniforms of the white armies increased. The uniforms of the Entente countries, obtained from the allies, were very widely used. However, whites, as a rule, sought to introduce some elements of their sign system on someone else's uniform - for example, shoulder straps.

The emerging anti-Bolshevik armed formations in their political, territorial and material capabilities were sometimes so far from each other that at first they developed their own symbolic system. By 1919, there was some unification of the form of clothing - so, the wearing of old Russian cockades and insignia (shoulder straps with asterisks, gaps and edging) according to the system of the former Russian army became widespread, restoration to one degree or another colors types of armed forces, combat arms, etc.

At the heart of all types of uniforms adopted in different parts, the field uniform of the Russian army of the 1912 model was lying. The military-grade field uniform included the following elements:

1. Cloth cap in khaki or papakha (to whom it was assigned).

2. Hiking tunic or tunic.

3. Hiking trousers, khaki, gray-blue or dark green.

5. Coat (greatcoat) with shoulder straps.

6. Gloves (with full dress).

7. Hiking combat belt.

8. Checker on a marching harness (shoulder or waist, to whom which is assigned).

9. A revolver in a marching holster with a marching cord (in the ranks, on guard duty and in the performance of duty).

10. Hiking bag (with binoculars).

11. The officer's bag is in the ranks.

1. Headwear.

As the main headdress in summer time was used cap... At the same time, each part of the Russian army corresponded to the colors of the edging, crown and band. However, during the world war wide distribution received field caps, often with protective edging, which can be recommended as the most universal type.

The chin strap was not always worn on the cap; it was not assigned to the lower ranks of the infantry.

In addition to caps, they were also worn at any time of the year. hats... The hats were different. First, the combined-arms hats. Most of all, modern colonel's hats are similar to them, but the cut is different (the front and back parts are connected at the top with buttons, while the butt plate can recline and cover the neck and back of the head). The lower ranks have short gray artificial fur. The khaki cloth top was trimmed with cords of the color of applied cloth for privates, and with a white-orange-black cord for non-commissioned officers (the cord was sewn crosswise). The officers had a hat with an uncut edge, with a braid trimmed top.

There were also Cossack hats, differing in appearance. They were often sewn from longer fur, and taking into account the fact that the Kuban Cossacks wore clothes of the Caucasian type, they were generally of a wide variety of sizes, styles and colors. However, the colors were usually either black or white.

Over the cap in the cold season, worn hood- special cloth hood. The colors of the cloth and the finishing of the hood were different for different parts.

2. Jacket, tunic.

The tunic was sewn from khaki fabric, while the colors and shades for the period being played could be different. The sleeves of both the tunic and the greatcoats were different for the infantry and cavalry - the cavalry had them with a toe. Otherwise, the design of the sleeves was the same.

During the Civil War, tunics were much more often worn by tunics, introduced in 1912. The tunic was a loose shirt with a standing collar (a Russian-style marching shirt, kosovorotka). It was made of cotton fabric or thin cloth. By outward appearance tunics could differ slightly from each other: the neck slit could be both left and right and in the middle. Pockets also differed: from the complete absence of those to mortise and overhead of various types.

Both on the tunic, and on the tunic, and on the greatcoat, shoulder straps were necessarily worn - the main difference between white and red, visible well from afar. If there was no shoulder straps at all and there was nothing to sew them from, then they were drawn with a "chemical" pencil on the shoulders. Contrary to popular belief, there were not so many gold shoulder straps, because the production of running galloon at the beginning of the war (in 1914) was curtailed, and later pre-war reserves were used. Basically, shoulder straps were worn from protective moleskin. The gaps on the officer's shoulder straps were sewn from ribbons of the corresponding colors. The width of the shoulder straps is about 6 cm, the length is along the length of the shoulder. On the tunic and tunic, shoulder straps were fastened, on the overcoat they had to be sewn with the lower edge into the shoulder seam, but in practice they were often sewn on or fastened on.

3. Wide trousers, breeches.

During the war, uniform trousers were used that were loose in the groin and did not restrict movement. From the groin down, the trousers gradually narrowed, quite tightly fitting the ankle. From the lower edge of the leg along the side seams, cuts were left, sheathed along the edge with a braid or canvas strip. Strips were sewn to the bottom corners of the slits and to the bottom edge of the inner seam of the trousers. Harem pants had side and back pockets, as do modern trousers.

At the end of the war, instead of the authorized straight trousers, breeches came into fashion - trousers, tight-fitting shins and strongly widening at the hips, which were worn along with ordinary army trousers.

4. Shoes.

The officers wore boots, chrome or yuft, which have hardly changed from that time to the present day. The soldiers wore boots or boots with windings.

5. Overcoat.

The overcoat, which was worn by the lower ranks of all types of troops, both in peace and in war time, was made of gray-green cloth. She was single-breasted, with six buttons in the front along the front (along the instrument metal in Peaceful time and protective or without them in the military) and a turn-down collar with colored valves (buttonholes). During the First World War, khaki buttonholes were used, which were often not worn at all. The officer's overcoat was double-breasted. On the collar tabs, non-commissioned officers and officers relied on buttons. The cuffs of the overcoat were straight cut in the infantry and toecaps in the cavalry. The length of the greatcoat was set in the infantry - 35 cm from the floor, in the cavalry - up to the spurs.

Also, officers in wartime could use cloaks instead of greatcoats, which in fact are an ordinary black cloth cloak-cape.

6. Gloves.

With full dress, officers wore white suede gloves. White gloves were not worn with the field uniform, so in years civil war they were a garment inherent mainly to staff officers. Brown kid gloves were worn with the field uniform.

Instead of suede and kid gloves, it was allowed to use the same colors of thread in the summer and woolen in the rest of the year.

7. Hiking combat belt.

The soldier's belt was a simple brown belt with a single-pin buckle. Two-piece officer belts English sample then they were almost not used, although they could have come from the British. The saber was worn by the lower ranks of the cavalry on a shoulder harness (shoulder strap).

Since 1912, a new-style harness was installed for officers. It consisted of a waist belt with two shoulder straps, brown and khaki. There were two clutches on the waist belt: the back one for attaching shoulder straps and the side one for attaching a checker or dagger. A holster for a revolver and a revolving cord woven from thin leather straps, a case for binoculars and a field bag were also attached to the waist belt. All harness belts were fastened with T-shaped metal clasps.

Out of order and service in wartime, it was allowed to wear only one waist belt with a clutch for a checker - under a tunic without shoulder straps. It was also allowed to wear only a waist belt over the tunic, without shoulder straps, in the case when only a checker or only a revolver was worn. Practically during the war, equipment was worn at the front, as it was convenient for anyone, although general rules usually persisted. The tunic was always worn with a belt.

8. Checker on a marching harness.

An ordinary checker of the sample 1881/1909 g. The checker differs from the saber by the lesser curvature of the blade and by the fact that the saber is worn with the blade (curved side of the scabbard) forward, and the checker with the blade (curved side) backward. On the guard of the checker, a lanyard was necessarily tied - a loop made of fabric with a tassel, designed to be attached to the hand.

In the conditions of World War II, infantry officers often wore daggers instead of a saber, uncomfortable in the trenches. This practice continued during the civil war.

9. Revolver (pistol) in a travel holster with a travel cord.

The authorized weapon of an officer during great war there was a revolver of the "Nagant" system of the model of 1895. In addition, there was a list of weapons recommended and allowed for carrying in the ranks by officers, which included the Mauser K96, Colt M1911, Lugger P08 ("Parabellum"), Browning of several models.

The shoulder harness was removed along with the weapon, while the waist harness was not removed, but its belts were connected to each other.

Shoulder straps.

The shoulder straps of soldiers and officers differed in the number of stripes and stars on them. Below is a table of correspondences of shoulder straps and military ranks in the white army.

Rank	Shoulder strap
Private (gunner, hussar / lancer / dragoon)
Corporal (scorer)
Junior non-commissioned officer (junior fireworks)
Senior non-commissioned officer (senior fireworks)
Feldwebel (sergeant)
Ensign
Second lieutenant
Lieutenant
Staff captain (staff captain)
Captain (captain)
Lieutenant colonel
Colonel
Major general
Lieutenant general
General from infantry (from artillery, from cavalry)

In addition, on the pursuit there could be certain numbers indicating the number of the regiment. In the "patron" units, numbers were often replaced by letters - initial letter the names of the regiment chief: "A" for the Alekssevites, "D" for the Drozdovites, "K" for the Kornilovites, "M" for the Markovites.

The gunners also had on their shoulder straps the emblem of two crossed cannons, the engineering troops - two crossed axes, telephone operators and telegraph operators - wings and two crossed lightning bolts.

______________________________
Distinctive features of the form of the white armies of the South of Russia.

The main feature of the Volunteer Army uniform was the volunteer chevron - a three-color white-blue-red corner. It could be woolen, but it was usually made of a ribbon 3-5 cm wide. The dimensions and size of the angle were not strictly regulated, on average, the ribbon was sewn at a right angle and each half was 7-8 cm long.

In addition to the generally accepted field uniform of a khaki, officers and soldiers of the so-called. The "patron" units wore their own uniforms. In cut, it practically did not differ from the general uniform, only the colors differed, which is why these units were called "colored".

Kornilovites.

The officers of the Kornilov units most often wore a black tunic or tunic with a white piping on the chest cut (bar), sleeve cuffs and sometimes on the chest flaps of the pockets. Officer's trousers are black breeches with white piping. The officer's buttonholes (with white piping) on ​​the overcoat are double: the upper half is black, and the lower half is red. The cap is red and black (red crown, black band) with three white edging, a black visor and the usual officer's badge.

Ordinary and non-commissioned officers of the Kornilov units often wore black and red peakless caps with two white edging and the usual soldier's badge.

The officers wore silver shoulder straps with black edging and black and red gaps; often - with the chef letter "K". Soldiers were entitled to black and red shoulder straps.

Along with the tricolor corner on the left sleeve, the Kornilovites simultaneously wore a two-tone black and red chevron on the right. In addition, many continued to wear on the left sleeve the emblem of the Kornilov regiment, approved in 1917: a blue or black shield with the white inscription “KORNILOVTSY”, a skull with crossed bones under it and crossed swords with hilts up; under the swords - a red flaming granadka.

Kornilov's artillerymen, with a similar uniform, wore an old artillery cap (dark green crown and black band; three red edging), black shoulder straps with red edging and golden crossed guns and the letter "K". On the left sleeve they had the same emblem sewn as the infantry, but in black and with gun barrels over the grenade (this emblem appeared in the former Russian Imperial army symbol of grenadier artillery).

Due to the chronic lack of uniforms, the Kornilovites often wore the usual protective uniform - but with the appropriate emblems.

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Markovites.

The uniform of the Markovites was established at the beginning of 1918. Its main colors were black ("death for the Motherland") and white ("resurrection of the Motherland"). Due to the fact that the battalion originated on the Cossack land, its ranks had to wear a black lamb's hat with a white top, crossed with a black cord, a black hood with a white tassel and the same neck cord, as well as a Cossack saber instead of the usual officer's one. The uniform included a cap with a white crown (with black edging) and a black band (with white edging), a black tunic with a white piping along the lower seam of the collar, black breeches with the same edging, black shoulder straps with white edging and gaps and an overcoat with black buttonholes with white piping. For officers, the band of the cap, shoulder straps and buttonholes - black velvet, for privates - black cloth.

After the death of Lieutenant General S.L. Markov, the 1st company of the 1st Officer General Markov Regiment received a white chef's monogram "GM" on its black shoulder straps. Formed in 1919, the 2nd and 3rd regiments began to differ from the 1st in that for the 2nd, with the black uniform of the 1st, a white edging was added along the strip of the tunic, and for the 3rd, to the uniform of the 2nd - white edging on the cuffs of the sleeves of the tunic.

Officers of the Markov artillery brigade wore a cap with a white crown (with black piping) and a black velvet band with red piping; high long hat white fur, with a black velvet top (with gold lace). Shoulder straps: for 1st General Markov of the battery - black, velvet, with gold gaps, red edging and gold braid along its inner edge (indicating origin from the Separate Junker Battery), with gold embroidered (or overhead) letters "GM"; for other batteries - the same shoulder straps, but without the braid and with the letter "M". The tunic is white, along the bottom of the collar there is a red edging, along the cut on the chest and on the cuffs - black. Breeches - dark blue with red piping. The overcoat is of a soldier's pattern, on the collar there is a red edging, buttonholes are white, velvet, with black piping and gold buttons. Waist belt of white leather, in ceremonial occasions - an officer's scarf. Black leather holster with gold revolving cord. The privates and non-commissioned officers have peakless caps of the same color as the officers, but the band is woolen. The hat is the same as that of the officers, but the top is woolen with orange braid. The shoulder straps of the 1st battery are black cloth, with red edging and the same braid as the officers' (but orange), with stencil orange letters "G" and "M"; for other batteries - without braid and with an orange letter "M". Non-commissioned officer stripes are orange. A tunic, breeches (gray-blue), an overcoat, a waist belt, a holster (with an orange cord) and a saber - like those of officers.

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Alekseevtsy.

For the Alekseev infantrymen, blue and white colors- the colors of the youth, which consisted of the Partisan foot Cossack regiment. In mid-April 1918, after the battle for the village. Walk-Borisovka, during Easter holidays For the first time the partisans put on their blue shoulder straps with white piping, sewn for them by the women of the village. Subsequently, they began to wear caps with a white crown (with a blue edging) and a blue band (with two white edging). The officers most often had blue shoulder straps with white edging and gaps, but there were also silver galloon shoulder straps with blue edging. The patronage letter "A" in Slavic script appeared after the regiment was given the patronage of General M.V. Alekseeva, however, she was not always worn on shoulder straps. The black tunic, apparently, was not worn often. She had white edging on the strap, flaps of breast pockets and cuffs. On a protective tunic, there was a blue edging on the collar cut (very rare), placket, pocket flaps and cuffs. Since 1919, the Alekseevites wore British uniforms, shoes and equipment.

The Alekseev artillerymen had a cap with a white crown and a black band (all of this - with three red edging), black shoulder straps with red edging and gaps, yellow guns and the same Slavic letter "A" (for officers, the letter "A" is silver, and weapons - gold). It should be noted that the letter "A" on shoulder straps was worn only by the ranks of the 1st General Alekseev of the light battery of the Alekseevsk artillery brigade.

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Drozdovites.

The main Drozdov flowers were white and crimson (the latter - by succession from the rifle units of the former Russian Imperial Army). The Drozdovites had a cap with a crimson crown (with a white edging) and a white band (with two black edging), crimson shoulder straps with white and black edging, black gaps and a yellow (gold) letter "D" (for some ranks of the 2nd Officer Regiment - a crimson shoulder strap with the same clearance, with white edging and a golden Russian Imperial eagle at the bottom). The white tunic had crimson edging on the cuffs and flaps of breast pockets and a crimson braid along the side cut. Russian and British uniforms were also often worn.

The Drozdov artillerymen wore a cap with a crimson crown (with black edging) and a black band (with two red edging), shoulder straps - red with the same gaps, with black edging and gold (yellow) braid, guns and the letter "D"; black shoulder straps with red gaps and edging and gold tools and the letter "D" could also be worn.

Description

Typical shoulder straps are worn on the shoulders more or less rectangular products marked on them in one way or another ( stripes , gaps , asterisks and chevrons) rank, position, service affiliation of the owner of epaulettes. As a rule, hard sewn galloon shoulder straps with bright stars and badges are worn with a dress uniform, while more modest cloth shoulder straps are used without sewing, often in color camouflage.

The original applied value of shoulder straps - they kept from slipping harness, sling (belt) cartridge handbags, the straps of the knapsack, protected uniform from abrasions from a gun in the "on the shoulder" position. In this case, there could be only one shoulder strap - on the left (cartridge a bag worn on the right side, gun- on the left shoulder). Sailors the cartridge bag was not worn, and it is for this reason that most fleets of the world, shoulder straps are not used, but position or rank indicated by stripes on the sleeve.

1973. CA ciphers are introduced ( Soviet army), VV (Internal Troops), PV (Border Troops), GB (KGB troops) on the shoulder straps of soldiers and K - on the shoulder straps of cadets.

Stripes are placed on the shoulder straps of military personnel and police officers, cadets of military and paramilitary institutions, workers Russian Railways , subway and etc.

Were introduced in Russia in 1843 year to determine ranks non-commissioned officer composition. One stripe was worn by a corporal, 2 - a junior non-commissioned officer, 3 - a senior non-commissioned officer, 1 wide - a sergeant-major, a wide longitudinal - a ensign.

Since 1943, in the USSR Armed Forces, galloons ("stripes") have been used to designate the ranks of the military personnel of the junior command and command staff. Galloons were red (for field) and golden or silver (for everyday and ceremonial uniforms by type of troops) colors. Subsequently, the silver galloons were abolished, but yellow ones were introduced for the everyday form. For the field uniform, galloons of a protective color were provided, since the golden or silver braids were clearly visible from a distance and thereby unmasked the soldier.

Rank corporal (senior sailor) corresponded to one narrow braid, located across the shoulder strap, to the ranks junior sergeant and sergeant(foremen of the 2nd and 1st articles) - two and three narrow braid, respectively, senior sergeants (chief petty officers) wore one wide braid across the shoulder strap, and foremen(until the 1970s in the Navy - warrant officers, then - chief petty officers) - one braid, located along the shoulder strap along its axis (in 1943-63 the foremen wore the so-called “petty officer's hammer” - a wide transverse “stripe” at the top of the shoulder strap, and a longitudinal narrow braid rested against it from the bottom of the shoulder strap). The cadets also had braids along the side and top edges of the shoulder straps, attached to the button, and since 1970, after the abolition of the shoulder straps, attached to the button, only along the outer edge of the shoulder straps. For the Suvorovites, only junior commanders had braid on their shoulder straps: a vice sergeant - along the side and upper edges of the shoulder strap, and another braid of the same width was added to the senior vice sergeant, located along the shoulder strap along the axis.

Soviet policemen sergeant ranks were designated by aluminum gilded stripes, replacing braids... For the foremen of the militia, special woven shoulder straps were made, where the longitudinal braid ("stripe") was embroidered together with the shoulder straps. 1994 to 2010 v RF Armed Forces for these purposes, squares of gold-colored metal or metal (plastic) of gray-green color (for a field form) were used. For a corporal - 1 narrow square, for a junior sergeant and a sergeant (foremen of the 2nd and 1st articles) - 2 and 3 narrow squares, a senior sergeant (chief foreman) wears 1 wide square, and the foreman (chief ship foreman) - a combination 1 narrow and 1 wide squares. Since 2010, the troops have switched to traditional galloon stripes.

Shoulder straps, introduced in the Red Army on January 6, 1943, were originally designed as insignia only for guards parts. There was even a draft introduction epaulet for officers.