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Underground wealth of the Crimea. Learning new material. Tras and diorite

The most important minerals on the territory of Crimea are the iron ores of the Kerch Peninsula and the salt of the lakes of the steppe Crimea. Crimea is also very rich in various types of mineral building materials, many of which are exported far beyond its borders. Petroleum, combustible gases and fossil coal are known in small quantities. Other types of minerals, such as non-ferrous and precious metals or various non-metallic minerals (asbestos, phosphorites, etc.) are practically absent in Crimea.

The Crimean peninsula is distinguished by very favorable transport conditions. It is surrounded on all sides by the sea, and there are well-equipped ports on the coast. The most important settlements of the Crimea are connected by rail with other centers of our country. The whole Crimea is covered with a rather dense network of highways. These conditions make the exploitation of its natural resources very convenient. Deposits of even relatively widespread minerals, like most building materials, are becoming interesting in practical terms, and such minerals as salt and iron ores are certainly acquiring national importance.

Iron ores.

Iron ores on the Kerch Peninsula occur in the form of a layer up to 8-10 m thick among marine sediments of the Cimmerian stage of the Middle Pliocene. Together with other Pliocene deposits, they fill separate flat synclines (troughs), in which they occur very quietly. There are three types of ore. On the periphery of the troughs, loose brownish brown ores consisting of oolites and nodules ranging in size from several millimeters to several centimeters in diameter, occurring in a ferruginous-clayey cementing mass. Oolites and nodules are composed of limonite (2Fe 2 O 3 x3H 2 O) and hydrogoethite (3Fe 2 O 3 x4H 2 O). In the central parts of the troughs, denser ores prevail, consisting of smaller oolitic grains of the same composition, hydrosilicates of iron and siderite, which play the role of cement. This ore has a characteristic greenish tint and is named "tobacco"... In addition, among the brown and tobacco ores, there are lenses or interlayers of loose crumbly, the so-called "caviar" ore consisting of unconsolidated oolitic grains in which there is increased content manganese hydroxides.

Ores accumulated at the bottom of shallow bays and straits between the islands of the Cimmerian sea basin. Iron compounds were carried out water streams from the surrounding shores in a hot climate, when the processes of weathering and soil formation led to the formation of red-colored soils - red soils.

In addition to the listed ores, in the mountainous Crimea, in the Lower Jurassic deposits, there are interlayers and nodules of clayey siderites. They are not of commercial importance due to their insignificant total content in the rock, although these siderites themselves are iron ore. Their chemical composition is given in table. (in percents):

Siderite	Insoluble residue	Organic matter	Note
Siderite with the town of Sheludiva (Bakhchisarai district).			The data was received in the lab. Krymsk. Research Institute in 1930. V. Ratynsky.
Siderite nodules from the vicinity of Alushta.			The data was received in the lab. Krymsk. ped. inst. in 1943, Z. Schmidt.

Ores of other metals, which are found occasionally in the Crimea, are only of mineralogical interest. They are present in the form of separate phenocrysts or form deposits in the igneous rocks of Ayu-Dag, the Totaykoy massif (near Simferopol), and other areas. Among them are zinc blende, malachite, grenokite (cadmium blende) and lead luster. There are also known findings of individual boulders and veins in igneous and sedimentary rocks containing cinnabar. On the basis of the Kerch ores, the Kamyshburunsky iron ore plant operates, where ores are mined and enriched from here to metallurgical enterprises.

Combustible fossils.

The Crimea is insufficiently provided with types of mineral fuel. The most promising are oil and associated combustible gases. The coal resources of the Crimea are very small and have no particular prospects for expansion.

Place of Birth oil on the Kerch Peninsula are known for a very long time (from the 70s of the last century) and were exploited by private entrepreneurs in the pre-revolutionary years. However, oil fields were studied in detail only after the revolution, and real exploration and exploitation of them began only after the Second World War in the most last years... Oil occurs in the Oligocene (Maikop) and Middle Miocene sands and sandstones of the Kerch Peninsula, being confined to many anticlinal folds. It has been mined in a very small amount since pre-revolutionary times at the Moshkarevskoe (Chongelekskoe) field, near the coast of the Kerch Strait. Oil lies here at a depth of over 500 m in the axial part of the anticline, in the layers of the Middle Miocene. During exploration work, oil was found in other anticlines of the Kerch Peninsula; signs of combustible gas on the Tarkhankutskiy shaft have been identified.

Small interlayers, inclusions and fossil nests coal among the Middle Jurassic deposits in the mountainous part of the Crimea are found quite often. However, only one industrial deposit is known - Beshuiskoe. it is located on the northern slope of the Main Ridge, in the upper reaches of the river. Kachi. Among the Middle Jurassic sandstones and clayey rocks, coal seams of working capacity are known here. Coals contain significant amount ash and therefore are not of high quality. Interesting in them are the inclusions of a special resinous coal "jet" formed from the trunk conifers... The deposit is of small, purely local importance. Its development was carried out periodically on a small scale with the help of adits and mines.

Salt.

Crimean salt lakes are a natural source for the extraction of various salts, among which the main role is played by salt(NaCl). The main production is carried out in the Evpatoria salt lakes (Saki and Sasyk-Sivash) and in the lakes of the Perekop group associated with the Sivash. The extracted salt is exported outside the Crimea.

To extract salt, the lakes are divided by special dams into a number of pools, in which brine- brine - evaporates under the influence of solar heat and as a result is concentrated. Because v sea water and in the solution of salt lakes, in addition to NaCl, contains gypsum, MgSO 4, MgCl 2, K 2 SO 4, MgBr 2 and other salts, which must be separated from the common salt, then the concentration of the brine is carried out gradually. First, the brine enters the preparation tanks, where gypsum falls out of it, which crystallizes first. More concentrated solution, freed from CaSO 4, is then distilled into other pools - "cage" ones, where it is evaporated until almost all the salt falls out of it. The residual "mother" brine is then transferred to special basins, and the settled table salt is raked into heaps, and then fed to grinding or directly loaded into wagons. With a properly organized farm, mother brine can be used to obtain potassium salt and MgCl 2. ... Some salt lakes, in addition to salts, are rich in healing mud, which is widely used near Evpatoria and in other places for medicinal purposes.

Mineral resources of Crimea

Mineral resources of Crimea are closely related to the history of its geological development, and distribution - with its structure. Mineral resources available in Crimea are usually divided into three main groups: metal (ore), which are used to smelt metals; non-metallic (non-ore), often used raw (building stones, clays, sands, salts, etc.). Flammable (oil, natural gases, coal). The depths of the Crimean Peninsula contain industrial deposits of many minerals, but the most great importance have iron ores, deposits of construction and flux limestones, salt resources of Sivash and lakes, as well as gas deposits in the plain Crimea and in the Karkinitsky Bay.

Iron-ore The Kerch iron ore basin, which is part of the huge Azov-Black Sea iron ore province, was formed in the second half of the Neogene period, in the so-called Cimmerian age, which began about 5 million years ago and lasted at least 1.5-2 million years. On the modern territory of ore deposits, there was then a shallow Cimmerian sea, or rather, the delta region of the paleo-Kuban, paleo-Don, paleo-Molochnaya and other rivers. The rivers brought here a large number of dissolved iron, which was extracted (leached) by them from rocks drainage area. At the same time, rivers brought a mass of sandy and clay particles into the basin in suspension. Due to a change in the reaction of the environment, iron formed compounds here, which enveloped grains of sand that were in suspension. Thus, concentrically-shelled glandular formations of a round or ellipsoidal shape, called oolites, were formed. The diameter of oolites (bobbins) ranges from fractions of a millimeter to 4 - 5 mm or more. They, bonded with sandy-clay cement, form ore deposits. In the post-Cimmerian time, the ore deposits were severely eroded. They survived only in deep synclinal folds (troughs), as they were covered by later sandy-clayey rocks. Nine such large iron ore troughs are known on the Kerch Peninsula. Due to different speeds of neotectonic movements, ore deposits are now at different depths: in some places they come to the surface, in some places they lie at a depth of 30 - 70 m, and in the area of Lake Aktash they were found at a depth of 250 m.

The average thickness of the ore layers is 9 - 12 m, the maximum thickness is 27.4 m, and the iron content in the ores ranges from 33 to 40%. In general, in terms of iron content, the ores are poor, but their shallow occurrence, which makes it possible to extract open way(quarries), the high (1 - 2%) content of manganese largely compensates for this deficiency. The chemical composition of the Kerch ores is quite variegated. In addition to iron and manganese, they contain vanadium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, arsenic and a number of other elements. In the process of metallurgical processing, vanadium, which is rare in nature, can be extracted from ores. Its addition gives the steel high strength and toughness, which is so necessary for the manufacture of particularly critical machine parts. Phosphorus, the content of which in the ore is up to 1%, imparts brittleness to the metal, therefore, when melting steel, they achieve full translation it into the slag. Phosphorous slags are used for the manufacture of fertilizers, which successfully replace superphosphate. Sulfur (0.15%) and arsenic (0.11%) are among the harmful impurities in the Kerch ores, but their small amount does not significantly affect the quality of the metal. Due to a number of differences among the Kerch iron ores, three main types are distinguished: tobacco, brown and caviar ores.

Tobacco ores, so named because of their dark green color, are durable and lie quite deep. They account for 70% of proven reserves. Brown ores occur on tobacco ores and were formed from them as a result of their weathering. By outward appearance they resemble brownish brown clay. Caviar ores, which in structure resemble granular caviar, contain quite a lot (sometimes up to 4–6%) manganese oxides, which give the ore a black and brownish-black color. These ores are classified as manganese-ferruginous. Extraction of ores (brown and caviar) is carried out at the Kamysh-Burunsky and Eltigen-Ortelsky deposits. At the Kamysh-Burunsky combine, ore is washed by washing (up to 48.5%). At the sintering plant, the concentrate is mixed with coke and ground flux limestone and sintered into an agglomerate in special furnaces. Due to the burnout of a number of impurities, the iron content in the agglomerate increases to 51 - 52%. Hot fluxed sinter is sent to the Azovstal plant in Zhdanov, where it goes directly to blast furnace smelting. In terms of explored reserves of ores, the Kerch deposits occupy a significant place in the country's iron ore industry. Of non-metallic minerals, various types of limestones are of great economic importance in the Crimea, which are used as natural building materials, fluxes, and chemical raw materials. About 24% of the building limestone reserves are concentrated in the Crimea. They are developed in over a hundred quarries, total area which is 13 thousand hectares (0.5% of the area of the peninsula).

Among the building limestones according to their physical and technical properties, the following varieties are distinguished first of all. Marble limestones are used in road construction as concrete aggregate. Polished slabs of them are used for interior decoration buildings, and multi-colored chips - for mosaic products. Limestones often have a delicate reddish or creamy color with a beautiful pattern along white calcite cracks. The original contours of shells of mollusks and corals give them a special flavor. Of all the varieties of Crimean limestones, they are the purest chemically. The marble-like Upper Jurassic limestones stretch in an intermittent strip from Balaklava to Feodosia, forming the upper horizons of the Main ridge Crimean mountains.

They get them from Balaklava, pos. Gaspra, p. Marble, as well as on Mount Agarmysh (near the Old Crimea). Their extraction in resort areas violates the soil and water protection, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic properties of local landscapes.

Bryozoan limestones consist of the skeletons of the smallest colonial marine organisms - bryozoans that lived here at the very end of the Cretaceous. These limestones are known in the Crimea under the name of the Inkerman, or Bodrak, stone. They are easy to saw, and are close in strength to red bricks. They are used for the manufacture of wall blocks, facing slabs, architectural details. Most of the houses in Sevastopol were built of them, many buildings in Simferopol and others settlements Crimea and beyond. Deposits of bryozoan limestones are concentrated in the Inner ridge of the foothills in the area from the city of Belokamensk to the river. Alma.

Nummulite limestones consist of the shells of the simplest organisms (in Greek "nummulus" - a coin) that lived in the sea in the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period. Limestones are used as wall and rubble stone, as well as for burning lime. They form the ridge of the Inner ridge of the Crimean Mountains almost along its entire length. They are mined mainly in the region of Simferopol and Belogorsk. Shell limestone consists of cemented whole and crushed shells of molluscs. They were formed in coastal zones the Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic seas, which existed on the site of the foothill and lowland Crimea in the Neogene period. These are light, spongy (porosity up to 50%) rocks, suitable for producing small wall blocks. Yellow pontic shell rock is mined in the area of Evpatoria, pos. Oktyabrsky and in many other places of the flat Crimea. In this case, the used land resources, unfortunately, are not always rationally spent and are optimally reclaimed. When limestone is mined, a lot of chips (sawdust) are formed, which are now often successfully used as filler in high-strength reinforced concrete structures.

Flux limestones used in ferrous metallurgy. They should be High Quality, contain not less than 50% of calcium oxide, and insoluble (in hydrochloric acid) residue - not more than 4%. The content of at least a small (3-4%) amount of magnesium oxide is important. These requirements on the peninsula are best met by marble-like limestones from deposits in the vicinity of Balaklava and Mount Agarmysh. The Balaklava Mining Administration supplies fluxes to many metallurgical plants. For fluxing the agglomerate at the Kamysh-Burunsky Combine, it turned out to be more profitable to use local chemically suitable Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic shell limestones. At present, pontic limestone of the Ivanovskoye deposit is being mined for these purposes. Complex chemical use of salt resources of Sivash and lakes required dramatic increase lime production. For these purposes, the most suitable settlement discovered in the area. Pervomaiskiy deposit of dolomitized limestones and dolomites - a mineral consisting of calcium and magnesium carbonates. The demand for the extraction of limestones is great, and therefore, measures are needed to rationalize their use and reclaim their mining sites.

Mergely- These are sedimentary rocks of white, gray and greenish color, consisting of a mixture of approximately equal proportions of carbonate and clay particles. They were formed in the seas of the Late Cretaceous and in the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene periods. Most widespread in the foothills. Margels are a valuable raw material for the production of Portland cement. The best varieties of Eocene marls are found in the region of Bakhchisarai. They are being developed by a building materials combine, which has grown on the basis of an inter-collective farm cement plant. Marl reserves in Crimea are large. Mineral salts of Sivash and Crimean salt lakes are an important raw material base chemical industry country. Due to the favorable natural conditions in the lagoon of the Azov Sea, in the Sivash and salt lakes, a concentrated brine - brine is formed. The salt content in it reaches 12 - 15, and in some places even 25%. Average salinity ocean waters(for comparison) is about 3.5%. Scientists have found that 44 available for production are dissolved in the waters of the seas and oceans. chemical element... In the brine, in the greatest number contains salts of sodium, magnesium, bromine, potassium, calcium, etc.

Salt riches Crimea has been used since time immemorial. However, almost until October revolution only table salt was mined here. It was transported across Russia, first by the Chumaks on oxen, and from 1876 by rail. V late XIX v. about 40% of the salt produced in Russia was mined in the Crimea. Currently, it is produced little here, due to production at other fields in the country. Now in question on the complex use of the salt resources of the Crimea. The production of brine magnesium hydroxide, a refractory raw material for the metallurgical industry, is very promising. As a by-product of this production, gypsum is obtained, which in the fired state (alabaster) is widely used in construction. Along with this, at present, due to the processes of desalination of the Sivash brine with water coming from rice paddies and drainage systems, the formation of mineral salts in it is difficult. Saki chemical plant, which worsens the conditions for the formation of therapeutic mud in the local lake and ecological situation in the resort as a whole, it should be converted to environmentally friendly production.

Industrial stocks of tripoli are available on the Kerch Peninsula near the villages of Glazovka and Korenkovo. Due to the high porosity, tripoli, consisting of rounded grains of aqueous silica (opal), have high adsorbing (absorption) properties. They are used for thermal and sound insulation, for the production of liquid glass, as an additive to Portland cement and as a filter material. In Crimea, brick and high-grade bentonite clays are widespread. Deposits of the best quality clays of the Early Cretaceous period are located in the foothills. For the manufacture of ceramic products, they are mined in the regions of Balaklava, Simferopol, Belogorsk, Old Crimea, Feodosia.

More valuable to National economy are bentonite clays, orkil. It forms a well degreasing and easily washable emulsion in seawater, and the population of Crimea has long used it for degreasing wool and washing fabrics in seawater. At present, keel is used in the metallurgical industry, for the preparation of solutions used in drilling wells, as an absorber in the chemical industry. It is used to discolor fuels and lubricants, vegetable oils, wine, fruit juices, in the pharmaceutical industry, in soap making, in the production artificial fibers, plastics, etc. Deposits of the highest quality clays (keels) of the Late Cretaceous period are located near the village. Ukrainka (near Simferopol) and near the city of Sevastopol. On the Kerch Peninsula, keel-like clays are widespread, which overlap layers of iron ores. Combustible minerals are divided into liquid (oil), gaseous (natural combustible gases) and solid (coal, etc.).

Oil yields and in the Crimea have been known for a long time on the Kerch Peninsula. The first wells were drilled here in the 1860s. Limited volumes of oil were obtained mainly from the Chokrak and Karagan deposits of the Neogene period. Systematic exploration for oil began here after the Great October socialist revolution... Associated natural gas usually came from all wells drilled for oil. After the Great Patriotic War prospecting work on the Kerch Peninsula was resumed. Small oil reserves were found here and in the deposits of the Maikop clays. In 1954, exploration work was extended to the flat Crimea. From a number of wells that uncovered Paleocene calcareous sandstones at depths from 400 to 1000 m, near the villages of Olenevka, Krasnaya Polyana, Glebovka, Zadorny Chernomorsky region, gas fountains hit, with a flow rate of 37 to 200 m and more per day. In 1961, an exploration well that uncovered the Early Cretaceous rocks on Oktyabrskaya Square (Tarkhankut), gave a gusher of gas and oil from a depth of about 2700 m. The flow rate of the fountain was: 45 m3 of oil and 50 thousand m3 of gas per day.

Gas consisted of 61% methane, 22% ethane and propane and belonged to the dry group. In 1962 and 1964, the Dzhankoyskoye and Strelkovskoye (Arabatskaya Strelka) industrial gas fields were discovered. The sandy interlayers in the Maikop clays, which occur at depths from 300 to 1000 m, turned out to be gas-bearing. 1966 is an important date in the history of the industrial use of local gas: the construction of the first gas pipeline from the Glebovskoye field to Simferopol was completed, with branches to Evpatoria and Saki. In subsequent years, gas pipelines were put into operation to Sevastopol, Yalta and other cities. With the construction of the Krasnoperekopsk - Dzhankoy gas pipeline, our region was connected to the Unified Gas Supply System of the country. As the explored onshore gas fields were depleted, offshore ones were developed - Strelkovskoe in the Sea of Azov and Golitsinskoe in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea. The construction of a gas pipeline from the Golitsynskoye field to the Glebovskoye gas production facility was completed. Blue fuel goes through the 73-kilometer underwater pipeline built for the first time in Crimea, and then another 43 kilometers overland. An extensive gas supply system has been created in Crimea. More than 630 thousand apartments of the population and dozens of industrial enterprises were supplied with gas.

The fact that in Crimea, in particular, in the Balaklava area, there is hard coal, first reported by an eminent scientist late XVIII- the beginning of the XIX century. academician P. S. Pallas. Industrial coal deposits were discovered in 1881 by P. Davydov in the Beshui area, in the upper reaches of the river. Kachi.

Coal The Beshuisky deposit forms three seams in the Middle Jurassic shale clays with a total thickness of up to 3 - 3.5 m. It belongs to gas coals. There are three varieties of it: resinous coal, the same resinous coal, but contaminated with layers of clay, and jet - black, with a resinous sheen, suitable for crafts. It was formed from the wood of the evergreen coniferous araucaria trees, once widespread on the terrestrial globe, but now wildly growing in South America and Australia. The quality indicators of coal are low. It has a high ash content (from 14 to 55%), relatively low specific heat combustion (from 14.7 to 21.84 MJ / kg) and burns with a smoky flame. The reliable reserves of the Beshuisky coal deposit are 150 thousand tons, and the possible reserves are up to 2 million tons. Since 1949, its production has been discontinued due to unprofitability. In addition, minor coal deposits are found in many places in the mountainous Crimea. Mineral and thermal waters are important minerals.

Podgorodetskiy P. D.

Natural resources of Crimea

Crimean nature is often called an open-air museum.

The nature of the peninsula is diverse and unique.

An important part natural resources are the land resources on the surface of which man lives and works.

The land fund of the Republic without Sevastopol as of 2008 was 2608.1 thousand hectares. Agricultural land occupied 69% of common fund, which amounted to 1800 thousand hectares, the share of arable land accounted for 1262.7 thousand hectares inclusive.

The coastal zone, which occupies about 100 thousand hectares, is the main land resource of the peninsula. These are recreational and health resort lands located near the Black Sea.

Climatic differences and differences in relief contributed to the formation of a variety of soils, of which there are more than 20 types.

The best soils in all respects are chernozems.

Climatic conditions are also varied in the Crimea.

The territory of the peninsula is surrounded by the Azov and Black seas, crossed by a mountain plateau, the slopes of which are gentle to the north and steep to the south. The mountains are cut by valleys and their own conditions have formed at their different heights.

The climate of the peninsula is favorable for human life and climatotherapy.

The climatic zones of the peninsula differ from each other - the northern steppe part is within a temperate climate, winters are snowy and windy, spring is short, autumn is rainy, and summers are hot and dry.

On south coast autumn is warm and spring comes late, the climate of this part is similar to sub-Mediterranean.

The proximity of the sea and the mountains has a great influence on the climate. Peninsula penetrates from the south warm air far into the steppe regions, and the cold arctic air does not pass south, thanks to the mountains.

Crimean winters are humid and frequent thaws lead to large fluctuations in temperature.

The July temperature is +23, +24 degrees, and in the mountains +16 degrees. In January, the most low temperature-4 degrees is observed in the mountains. The absolute minimum can be observed in January-February and in the foothills can reach -37 degrees.

Remark 1

In terms of the wealth and variety of recreational resources, Crimea occupies one of the first places among the CIS countries.

Among them, mineral waters, curative mud and brine are of great importance.

The great wealth of the peninsula is plant resources, among which coniferous forests stand out.

The Crimean flora numbers 2,600 species of higher plants, of which 220 species are endemic.

Water resources are limited. Most of the water flows through the North Crimean Canal, and the rest is provided by local rivers and The groundwater.

Remark 2

Experts believe that the water shortage is created artificially and caused by the ineffective use of water resources in irrigating land.

Mineral resources play a significant role among all the resources of the Crimea.

There are more than 200 deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous minerals on the territory of the peninsula. Of the greatest economic importance are hydrocarbons, hydrothermal resources, and solid minerals.

Mineral resources of Crimea

In the depths of the Crimean Peninsula there are almost all minerals, but geologists argue that many of them have no industrial value, because they are found in small quantities.

Figure 2. Mineral resources of Crimea. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Coal resources, for example, do not have a particular prospect. Its only deposit is located in the Bakhchisarai region. The deposit was discovered in 1881 in the upper course of the Kacha River.

Coal reserves, according to experts, amounted to 2 million tons. Ash coals, therefore, are not of sufficient quality and are of local importance.

They are interesting in that they contain jet inclusions - this is resinous coal formed from the trunks of conifers.

Oil of the Kerch Peninsula has been known for a long time. Before the revolution, it was exploited by private entrepreneurs, and real intelligence began only after the Great Patriotic War.

The Priozernoye field, located near the Kerch Strait, has produced a small amount of it since 1896.The depth of oil is 500 m.

To the east of Feodosia there is another small field - Moshkarevskoye.

Prospecting work for hydrocarbons is being carried out in the flat part of the Crimea. In 1955, natural gas was obtained in the Dzhankoy region, and since 1965 it has been supplied to Simferopol via a gas pipeline.

The flat part of Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula are quite promising in this respect.

The plain part of Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula are rich in salt lakes. The most famous ones are Lake Sakskoye, Sasyk-Sivashskoye, located not far from Evpatoria.

On the Kerch Peninsula - Chokrakskoe, Tobechikskoe, Uzunlarskoe. The concentration of salt in the lakes is different. Large reserves of salt are in a dissolved state in the Sivash.

Depending on the season, the concentration of salt in Sivash varies in different parts of it. And today, the main part of table salt is mined in Lake Sivash.

Some of the lakes contain healing mud, which is used in the resorts of Evpatoria.

Mineral springs have been known on the peninsula since ancient times, which play a role in the development of the resort economy. big role... Most used are mineral waters located near Feodosia. The water here is slightly mineralized and was named "Crimean Narzan".

There is also mineral springs not far from Bakhchisarai. More mineralized water is provided by the springs located between Simferopol and Yevpatoria.

This is a flat part of Crimea and water comes from a depth of several hundred meters, its temperature is 20-35 degrees.

Balneological interest is represented by the waters of the Kerch Peninsula, which have a higher concentration of hydrogen sulfide than in Matsesta.

The bowels of the peninsula are quite rich in building materials. A number of these resources are almost never found in other regions of Russia.

Igneous rocks include diorite, which is used to make stair treads and facing slabs. It is mined on the southern coast of the Crimea, as well as the acid volcanic rocks of the Karadag.

When ground, the traces are used as an additive to cement, improving its properties.

Gravel, sand, sandstones, limestones, marls, clays, are used in construction works... Clay, for example, is used for the production of bricks and roof tiles.

The walls of the metro stations Komsomolskaya and Biblioteka im. IN AND. Lenin are faced with Crimean marble.

There are small deposits of gypsum, asphalt limestone, and tripoli on the Kerch Peninsula. There are raw materials for the production of mineral paints.

Ore minerals of Crimea

Of all the Crimean minerals, ore resources are of great importance.

The main reserves of iron ore are located on the Kerch Peninsula. The thickness of the strata is 8-12 m. Their production is carried out in the Kamyshburunskoye and Eltigen-Ortelskoye fields.

There are three types of ores:

loose brownish-brown, represented by oolites - concentrically-shelled ferruginous formations, consisting in turn of limonite and hydrogoethite;
denser ores, also represented by oolite grains, only smaller, as well as hydrosilicates of iron and siderite, called "tobacco" ore;
the third type of ore is called "caviar", it is represented by oolite grains, which contain manganese hydroxides.

Kerch ores are poor in iron, which contains from 33 to 40%.

The bedding conditions allow mining in a quarry way.

Despite their low iron content, they are of great industrial value because they are fusible.

The ores contain manganese alloying metal, which improves their properties.

Since the accumulation of ore took place at the bottom of shallow bays and straits, it contains admixtures of clay particles, phosphates, barite, and large shells of sea mollusks.

In the mountainous part of Crimea, there are interlayers and nodules of clayey siderites that are not of industrial importance.

In the mountainous Crimea there are blotches and veins of cinnabar, but the deposits are small and have no industrial value.

Other ore metals include zinc blende, cadmium blende, and lead luster.

COMMITTEE FOR SCIENCE AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

CRIMEAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORATE OF THE PROGRAM FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIFIED REPUBLICAN

DIGITAL TERRITORIAL Cadastre

MINERAL RESOURCES OF CRIMEA AND ADJACENTAREAS OF THE BLACK AND AZOV SEA

Appendix to the scientific-practical discussion-analytical collection

Khmara A.Ya. A. N. Khlebnikov V. D. IVANOVA P. I. DYAKOVICH N. N. KAPINOS

Simferopol

"Tavria - plus"

Scientific adviser: Khmara A.Ya.

Corresponding Member of the Crimean Academy of Sciences

Scientific editor: ENA V.G.

professor, academician of the Crimean Academy of Sciences

Scientific and practical discussion and analytical collection "Issues of the development of Crimea" is an ongoing publication produced by the Committee for Science and Regional Development under the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in cooperation with the Crimean Academy of Sciences.

Editorial Board of the collection "Issues of the Development of Crimea": P.P. Tolochko (chairman), V.A. Bokov (deputy chairman), S.A. Efimov (deputy chairman), A.M. Avidzba, N.V. Bagrov, Y.I. Barkov, V. A. Bryantsev, M. P. Bulgakov, A. V. Gaevskaya, V. N. Ezhov, V. G. Ena, V. G. Zheleznyak, V. E. Zayka, N. N. Kaladze, V. V. F. Kubyshkin, F. V. Lazarev, A. I. Lishchuk, V. K. Mamutov, V. A. Mankovsky, K. V. Mukuk, E. V. Nikolaev, Yu. N. Novikov, A. N. Oliferov, I.Kh. Osmanov, E.F. Panyukov, V.A. Podsolonko, V.F. Rusyaev, A.A. Ruchka, V.G. Sidyakin, N.V. Steshenko, N.P. Sysoev, V.S.Tarasenko, E.I. Terez, N.A. Shulga, F.Ya. Yakubov, A.M. Yarosh.

Editorial board of the collection: V.A. Bokov (chairman), S.A. Efimov (deputy chairman), An.V. Yena, V.A.Zagoruiko, A.V. Malygin, V.L. Myts, A.R. Nikiforov, A.T. Poteev, Yu.F. Pradid, A.S. Slepokurov, V.A. Temnenko, P.A. Khrienko.

Mineral resources of Crimea and adjacent waters of the Black Sea and Azov seas... Atlas/ Supplement to the scientific-practical discussion-analytical collection "Issues of the development of Crimea" Simferopol: Tavria-Plus, 2001, 80 p., 35 ill.

The paper provides a characteristic of the mineral resources of the Crimea and the adjacent waters of the Black and Azov Seas: fuel and energy, metallurgical, mining and chemical and construction raw materials, as well as fresh, mineral and thermal waters and therapeutic mud.

It contains information on the territorial distribution of deposits of various types of minerals within the administrative districts and city councils, the state of reserves and their industrial development, highlighting some of the most significant objects. In conclusion, a general assessment of the negative technogenic impact of mining on the environment and recommendations for optimizing the mineral resource complex with the aim of radically improving the environmental situation in the areas of concentration of mining enterprises and achieving a more rational and cost-effective use of the non-renewable mineral resources of the Crimea is given.

The Atlas is intended for specialists from governing bodies, industrialists and entrepreneurs, workers in science and education, schoolchildren and students of educational institutions.

Table 11, illustrations - 35, bibliography - 16 titles. Recommended for publication by the Presidium of the Crimean Academy of Sciences.

ISBN 966-7503-54-2

INTRODUCTION 4

General characteristics of the mineral resources of the Crimea. 5

Fuel and energy raw materials 11

Metallurgical raw materials 12

Mining and chemical raw materials 14

Construction mineral raw materials 15

Fresh groundwater 17

Mineral and thermal waters 20

General maps of Crimea and schemes of species allocation

mineral

Rice. 1. The structure of mineral resources of the Autonomous

Republic of Crimea as of 1.01.2000. nine

Rice. 2. Scheme of geological zoning of the eastern part

Southern oil and gas region 10

Rice. 3. Overview map of Crimea 24

Rice. 4. Administrative division Crimea 25

Rice. 5. Physical and geographical map of Crimea 26

Rice. 6. Structural-formational complexes of Crimea 27

Rice. 7. Fuel and energy raw materials 28

Rice. 8. Metallurgical raw materials 29

Rice. 9. Mining and chemical raw materials 30

Rice. 10. Construction mineral raw materials 31

Rice. 11. Brick and tile raw materials 32

Rice. 12. Building stone 33

Rice. 13. Fresh groundwater 34

Rice. 14. Layout of oil fields and prospective

occurrences of mineral and thermal waters 35

Rice. 15. Healing mud 37

12. Placement of mineral deposits by administrative districts and city councils

Rice. 16. Northwest shelf of the Black Sea 38

Rice. 17. Chernomorsky District 40

Rice. 18. Razdolnensky district 42

Rice. 19. Saki district 44

Rice. 20. Krasnoperekopsky district and the Armenian city

Rice. 21. Pervomaisky district 48

Rice. 22. Sevastopol City Council 50

Rice. 23.Bakhchisarai district 52

Rice. 24. Yalta City Council 54

Rice. 25.Dzhankoy district 56

Rice. 26. Krasnogvardeisky District 58

Rice. 27.Belogorsk district 60

Rice. 28. Alushta City Council 62

Rice. 29. Sudak City Council 64

Rice. 30. Nizhnegorsk district 66

Rice. 31.Sovetsky District 68

Rice. 32. Kirovsky district 70

Rice. 33. Feodosia City Council 72

Rice. 34. Simferopol district 74

Rice. 35. Leninsky District 77

13. Literature 80

Introduction

The Crimean peninsula has large reserves of various minerals. Some of them have been known since ancient times. Already the first steps of man were associated with the use of mineral raw materials, as evidenced by flint and pottery found during archaeological research in various regions of the Crimea. Since the 6th century BC, when Greek settlements arose in the Crimea, mining of self-deposited salt, keel and building materials was carried out in the lakes. From the XV - XVI centuries. Kerch oil was used as a lubricant and medicinal substance. Iron ores have been used in Crimea since the 18th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, sulfur was mined on the Kerch Peninsula and mineral pigments near Feodosia.

An important role in the knowledge of the geology and minerals of the Crimea was played by P. Pallas's expeditions and research in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by N.I. Andrusova, N.A. Golovkinsky, F.Yu. Levshshson-Lessing, A.D. Arkhangelsky, V.I. Luchitsky, V.I. Vernadsky, A.F. Sludsky, A.E. Fersman and others.

Mineral raw materials are material basis development of energy, industrial, agricultural and construction industries. The problem of providing society with mineral raw materials and fuel became one of the most important during the Great Patriotic War and after its end, when the country began to restore factories and factories destroyed by the war, cities and villages. A new stage has begun in the study and development of the Crimean mineral resources. During this period, work on geological mapping of the territory, prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits was sharply expanded. it gave positive results in cognition geological structure Peninsula and revaluation of reserves of previously exploited mineral deposits, and also led to the discovery of new deposits and ore occurrences of iron ores, flux limestones and bentonite clays on the Kerch Peninsula, oil and natural gas in the Plain Crimea, fresh, mineral and thermal waters, etc. Later the unique Sivash deposit of mining chemical raw materials and the North-Sivash deposit of industrial iodine waters were explored with an assessment of their reserves. Extensive geophysical studies were carried out on the shelf of the Black and Azov Seas, which led to the discovery of new gas and gas condensate fields, which became the objects of intensive exploitation.

A significant contribution to the knowledge of geology and the creation of the mineral resource base of Crimea was made by the Crimean experts: geologists - A.A. Bashkirtseva, S. Beletskiy, L. I. Borisova, G. K. Bondarchuk, L. S. Borisenko, M. V. Vanina ., Vaisman L.Ya., Vereskun V.A., Shduk V.V., Gaiduk I.S., Gordievich V.A., Grigorieva V.A., Grin VS, Gurdzhi L.A., Demushkina L. P., Dergacheva A.Ya., Zhalovsky V.P., Ivanova V.D., Kerusov E.N., Kozin Ya.D., Kukhtina L.N., Kurilo GL., Leskiv I.V., Lychagin G.A., Lebedinsky V.I., Litvinenko A.U, Lvova KV., Mazur OJL, Markov P.K., Melnichuk P.N., Naumenko P.I., Palinsky R.V., Plakhotny L. G., Polyakov N.N., Polyakova M.M., Poltodokov G.I., Regush L.M., Rybakov V.N., Samuleva V.I., Sidenko O.G., Stashchuk M.F. , Tikhonenkov E.P., Tkachuk V.G., Tokoy I.N., Frolov V.P., Khlebnikov A.N., Chedenanova E.P., Chernyak N.I., Chir N.M., Shtokov E.F., Yurk Yu.Yu., Yatsenko Yu.G.

with the active participation of geologists from the Moscow Geological Prospecting Institute under the leadership of prof. V.M. Muratova; hydrogeology - Albov SV., Burdukova N.S., Dublyansky V.N., Erysh I.F., Ivanov B.N., Kapinos N.N., Kirichenko A.F., Kovalenko P.V., Kurishko V. A., Lushchik A.V., Martakova E.Ya., Morozov V.I., Neklyudov G.D., Nesterov K.V., Olifedov A.N., Rishes E.A., Rinsky E.V. , Solomatin V.N .; geophysicists - Apareev V.N., Amirov A.N., Gerasimov M.E., Glubev L.V., Kivshik N.K., Kotlyar A.I., Merkulov V.I., Sviridenko I.L., Teslenko V.P., Chernov V.I., Shishkin B.K. and many others.

By 2000, in the Crimea and in the adjacent waters of the Black and Azov Seas, 262 deposits of 32 types of minerals were discovered and explored, accounted for by the State Balance of Mineral Reserves. Data on them are given in this Atlas. Only those deposits that, with a positive geological and economic assessment, have been approved by the State Commission on Mineral Reserves of Ukraine and can be developed on an industrial scale at the current level of scientific and technological development of mining are entered into the State balance sheet.

The development of the Atlas was carried out by a group of Crimean specialists consisting of: Khmary A.Ya. - leading researcher, Corresponding Member of the Crimean Academy of Sciences, scientific supervisor of the work; Khlebnikov A.N. - Head of the Crimean Regional Department of Geoinformation of Ukraine; Ivanova V.D. - chief geologist of the State Enterprise "Krymgeologiya", Dyakovich P.I. - Head of the Geological Department of Chenomorneftegaz State Joint Stock Company; Kapinos N.N. - Head of the Ecological and Hydrogeological Department of the KP "Yuzhekogeocenter".

The sections "General characteristics of the Crimean mineral resources", "Meallurgical raw materials", "Mining chemical raw materials", "Construction mineral raw materials" were compiled by A.Ya. Khmara and A.N. Khlebnikov; section "Fuel and energy raw materials" - V.D. Ivanova, A. Ya. Khmara and P.I. Dyakovich; section "Fresh underground waters" - N.N. Kapinos; section "Mineral and thermal waters" - A.N. Khlebnikov, A. Ya. Khmara and CH. Taletsky; section "Therapeutic gnats" - A. N. Khlebnikov. The sections "Introduction", "Conclusions", "Recommendations" and tables of mineral resources by administrative regions and territories of city councils of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea were compiled by A.Ya. Khmaroi.

The publication of this Atlas was carried out thanks to a responsible approach to business on the part of employees of the Executive Directorate of the program for the creation of a Unified Digital Territorial Cadastre: N.I. Borisova, G.N. Kazakova, N.G. Katyuk, L.V. Nikolaeva, Yu.N. Podvigina, N.V. Shilina, SV. Yatsenko.

1. general characteristics mineral resources of Crimea

In the complex of natural resources of Crimea, a significant place belongs to mineral resources, these are deposits of natural gas, oil and gas condensate, iron ores, flux and construction limestones, marl, tires, loams, sand and sand and gravel mixture, igneous rocks, table salt, salts bromine and magnesium, fresh, mineral and thermal underground waters, brine of salt lakes, therapeutic mud, bentonite and other minerals. In addition to the listed minerals, ore and mineral occurrences of zeolites, sulfur, coal, graphite, bauxite, mercury, gold, polymetals, iodine, boron, strontium, mineral paints (siderite), sandstone, tras, jasper, carnelian, agate are known in the Crimea, rock crystal and other mineral formations. A large number of mineral types of minerals are due to their formation in different geological and tectonic conditions that existed in the long history of the geological development of the peninsula for about 240 million years, covering 7 geological periods from the Triassic to the Quaternary (Table 1).

Table 1 shows the confinement of minerals to various stratigraphic subdivisions. The highest concentration of minerals is characteristic of the geological formations of the Middle Jurassic (Bayossian stage) - diorites, diabases and diabase porphyrites, plagiogranites; the upper Jurassic (Tithonian stage) - flux and marbled limestones, fresh underground waters; Lower Cretaceous - gas condensate, gas and oil fields, marbled limestones and clays; Upper Cretaceous - natural gas, marl and chalk, mineral waters; the Lower Paleocene - gas, gas condensate and oil fields, sawn construction limestones, fresh groundwater; Middle Eocene - saw limestones, limestones for lime production; the Upper Eocene - marl and loam; Upper Oligocene - gas, gas condensate and oil fields and expanded clay; the lower, middle and upper Miocene - gas and oil fields, flux and saw limestones, expanded clay and brick-tile clays, fresh and mineral underground in odes; lower Pliocene - brown iron ore; Upper Pliocene - glass sands; the middle section of the Quaternary system - brick-tile clays, curative mud and fresh groundwater; the upper section of the Quaternary system - building sand and sand-gravel mixture; modern codes of the Quaternary system - kitchen and magnesium salts, bromine compounds, brine from salt lakes.

Mineral resource base of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as of

the beginning of 2000 is given in Table 2, and its structure is shown in Fig. 1.

Mineral resources play a very important role in the Crimean economy, so

^ on their basis, a number of branches of the national economy were formed. How

and Bottom from the table, at the beginning of 2000 out of 262 fields in operation

there were 85 and 18 more were being prepared for operation. In total, 103 deposits or 39.3% of their total number are involved in the development, which generally reflects the high level of industrial development of the mineral resource base.

In the structure of the mineral resource base, deposits of construction mineral raw materials are sharply dominated - 161 or 61.4%. The second place in terms of number is occupied by hydrocarbons - 33 fields (12.6%), including 6 fields on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea and 4 on the southern shelf of the Azov Sea. This is followed by curative mud - 25 deposits (9.5%), metallurgical raw materials - 15 deposits (5.7%), fresh and mineral underground waters - 11 deposits each (4.2%), mining and chemical raw materials - 3 deposits ( 1.1%), bentonite clay - 2 deposits (0.8%) and thermal waters -1 (0.4%) deposit. In general, the mineral resource potential of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is very significant. According to I.V. Rudenko's estimates, Crimea ranks 7th among 25 administrative units of Ukraine in this indicator, yielding only to Donetsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Lugansk, Zaporozhye, Lvov and Kharkiv regions. And within the autonomy, the share of the mineral resource potential according to the point system is 10% of the total natural resource potential of Crimea.

The Crimean region is characterized by an uneven distribution of mineral deposits, which is explained by the spatial distribution of productive structural-formational complexes in which they were formed. The highest saturation with minerals (except for fresh groundwater) is typical for the Saki and Leninsky (with the city of Kerch) districts - 52 deposits in each district, Chernomorsky (28), Bakhchisaraysky, Belogorsky and Razdolnensky (16 deposits in each district), Pervomaisky (15), Simferopol (14) and Sevastopol City Council (9). On the territory of other districts and city councils, several (up to 5) deposits of solid minerals are known, in the Soviet District there is only one building stone deposit, and in the Nizhnegorsk District there are no such deposits at all. Note that 11 deposits of fresh groundwater are excluded from the calculation of the number of deposits by administrative districts and territories of city councils, since most of them are associated with aquifers of wide areal distribution, occupying, as a rule, the territory of several districts, and they cannot be attributed to any one the area. Here, only a quantitative characteristic of the location of mineral deposits within the Republic is given, and below in the text and special tables, more full details by types of minerals with reserves of mineral raw materials in all administrative units of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea and the southern shelf of the Azov Sea.

Continuation of table 2.


2. Metallurgical raw materials
2.1. Iron ore
Including: in the fields
in the guard pillar
2.2. Flux limestones
3. Mining and chemical raw materials
3.1. Kitchen salt
3.2. Magnesium salt

3.4. Phosphorous Iron Ore
In addition, in the whole
Note: * These are complex deposits: in the numerator - reserves of iron ore, in the denominator - reserves of phosphorus. In calculating the total number of deposits, they are included in the number of iron ore deposits.
4. Mining raw materials
4.1. Bentonite clay
5. Construction mineral raw materials
5.1. Cement raw materials
Marl calcareous In addition, in the guarding pillar
Marl clay
Loam

5.2. Limestone for lime production

5.4. Building marl
5.5. Glass sand
5.6. Building sand			MILLION 3
5.7. Sand and gravel


5.8. Facing limestone
5.9. Expanded clay			Mln.m 3
6. Building stone
6.1. Limestone
6.2. Diorite			Mln.m 3
6.3. Diabase and diabase porphyrite			Mln.m 3
6.4. Plagiogranite			Mln.m 3
6.5. Sawing limestone			Mln.m 3
6.6. Sandstone
7. Brick and tile raw materials
7.1. Brick clay			Mln.m 3
7.2. Loam			Mln.m 3
7.3. Argillite-like clay			Mln.m 3
7.4 Clay trefoil
8. Fresh groundwater			thousand m / day
			thousand m / day
9. Mineral waters
Including: approved stocks
Including: unapproved stocks
10. Thermal waters
11. Healing mud

Oil and gas

Healing mud 25

Gas and condensate 7

Thermal water

Iron ore

Mineral water 11

Flux limestones

Fresh water

Mining and chemical raw materials 3

Construction mineral raw materials

Bentonite clay

Brick and tile raw materials 12

/ Building stone 125

Fig. 1 The structure of mineral resources of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as of 1.01.2000. (The numbers under the names of mineral groups indicate the number of deposits.)

7500m 0 15 30km i- ■ "1

Rice. 2. SCHEME OF DGOLOGICAL AREA OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE SOUTHERN OIL AND GAS REGION

Borders: 1- oil and gas regions; 2 ~ oil and gas regions;

Deposits: 3 - oil; 4- gas; 5- gas condensate; 6- oil and gas; 7- operating gas pipelines

Deposits: 1- Odessa; 2- Nameless; 3- Golitsynskoe; 4- Yuzhno-Golitsynskoe; 5- Schmidtovskoe; 6-Storm; 7- Arkhangelskoe; 8- Crimean; 9- Olenevskoe; 10- Black Sea; 11- Krasnopolyanskoe; 12- West-October; 13- October; 14- Karlovskoe; 15- Yarylgachskoe; 16- Zadornenskoe; 17- Serebryanskoe; 18- Tatianovskoe; 19- Dzhankoy; 20- Shooting; 21- North-Kerch; 22- Vladislavovskoe; 23- South Sivash; 24- Semenovskoe; 25- Aktash; 26- Moshkarevskoe; 27- Alekseevskoe; 28- Swivel; 29- Fontanovskoe; 30- Voykovskoe; 31- Borzovskoe; 32- Roadside; 33- Priozernoe; 34- Severo-Kazantipskoe; 35- East Kazantipskoe; 36- North Bulganak.

Note: Odessa (1) and Bezymyannoe (2) deposits tend to Odessa region; Shooting (20) is located in the Kherson region. The rest of the fields (3-8 on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea, 21 and 34-36 in the southern part of the Azov Sea) geographically belong to the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.