...they are still alive today
“Thick” magazines are literary monthlies in which, before publication, separate volumes new literature was published.In the USSR, “thick” magazines included “ New world", "October", "Banner", "Neva", "Moscow", "Our Contemporary", "Friendship of Peoples", "Foreign Literature", "Siberian Lights", "Ural", "Star", "Don", “Volga” is to some extent “Youth”, although it was thinner than the others. These magazines were published in A1 format. There were also small-format “thick” magazines “Aurora”, “Young Guard”, “Smena”.
"Thick" magazines should not be confused with others. There were quite a few of them in the Soviet Union: “Worker Woman”, “Peasant Woman”, “Crocodile”, “Ogonyok”, “Soviet Union”. They came out in different ways: once a month or weekly.
There were magazines based on interests and for different ages: “Around the World”, “Young Technician”, “Young Naturalist”, “Bonfire”, “Pioneer”, “Science and Religion”, “Science and Life”, “Youth Technology”, “Knowledge is Power”, “Chemistry and life", "health", " Sport games", "Behind the wheel", "Journalist".
- "Banner"
- "Moscow"
- "October"
- "Foreign literature"
- "Youth"
IN "October" the story " Sad detective"V. Astafiev and A. Rybakov's novel "Heavy Sand". Works by A. Adamovich, B. Akhmadulina, G. Baklanov, B. Vasiliev, A. Voznesensky, F. Iskander, Y. Moritz, Y. Nagibin, V. Mayakovsky, A. Platonov, S. Yesenin, Y. Olesha, appeared. M. Zoshchenko, M. Prishvin, A. Gaidar, K. Paustovsky. L. Feuchtwanger, W. Bredel, R. Rolland, A. Barbusse, T. Dreiser, M. Andersen-Nexø, G. Mann.
IN "Banner" The Fall of Paris by I. Ehrenburg, Zoya by M. Aliger, The Son by P. Antokolsky, The Young Guard by A. Fadeev, In the Trenches of Stalingrad by V. Nekrasov, and military prose by Grossman and Kazakevich were published. IN poetic works B. Pasternak, A. Akhmatova, A. Voznesensky. In the first years of perestroika, Znamya returned to the reader the forgotten and prohibited works of M. Bulgakov, E. Zamyatin, A. Platonov, and published “Memoirs” by A. Sakharov.
IN "Neve" published according to Wikipedia information by D. Granin, the Strugatsky brothers, L. Gumilev, L. Chukovskaya, V. Konetsky, V. Kaverin, V. Dudintsev, V. Bykov.
“Neva” introduced readers to “The Great Terror” by Robert Conquest and Arthur Koestler’s novel “Blinding Darkness.”
IN "Youth" V. Aksenov, D. Rubina, A. Aleksin, A. Gladilin, V. Rozov, A. Yashin, N. Tikhonov, A. Voznesensky, B. Okudzhava, B. Akhmadulina were published.
A. Kuznetsov published his novel “Babi Yar”.
Modern circulations of "Thick" magazines
“Thick” magazines were very difficult to get in the Soviet Union. Subscribe to them was carried out only through connections (although the circulation of Yunost exceeded three million), if they arrived at the Soyuzpechat kiosks, they were only minimum quantity. The libraries only had reading rooms. Nowadays in Russia, read - I don’t want to, you can subscribe to anyone, but all of them have scanty circulations: “New World” has 7,200 copies, “October” and “Znamya” have less than 5,000, and “Friendship of Peoples” has 3,000.
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Konstantin Paramonov
In 1987, “Children of Arbat” by A. Rybakov and “White Clothes” by M. Dudintsev appeared. And away we go...
M. Shatrov, A. Bek, A. Nuikin, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Grossman, V. Tendryakov, V. Korotich, V. Shalamov, Y. Trifonov, V. Voinovich...
The names that merged into the incomprehensible hum of that time were replaced in the late eighties by new names - from another, unheard of and “non-Soviet”, as it seemed to me then, writing: Yuri Arabov, Dm. Al. Prigov, Alexander Eremenko, Timur Kibirov, Vitaly Kalpidi, Ivan Zhdanov, Evgeniy Popov, Vic. Erofeev, Nina Iskrenko, Viktor Toporov...
The circulation of thick magazines has grown to unprecedented levels.
For example, at the end of 1988, the circulation of "New World" increased to 1,595,000 copies, "New World" today is 15,260, "Znamya" - 11,050, "Friendship of Peoples" - 6,400, etc.
However, despite the predictions of many critics who predicted thick magazines, if not death, then a slow dying, magazines not only survived, they even grew in number.
"New world"
Published since January 1925.
On the blue cover of the May notebook of the New World, familiar for many years, the reader, without looking inside, will be able to read the appeal to himself and find out that:
“In March of this year, Academician Sergei Pavlovich Zalygin, who headed Novy Mir for twelve years, left his post. Many memorable publications were a breakthrough from the policy of “glasnost” to genuine freedom of speech. The success of the magazine was brought by the publication of books previously banned in the USSR, such as "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak, "The Pit" by Andrei Platonov, "The Gulag Archipelago" by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. The question may arise: will it happen that with the election of a new editor-in-chief, readers who renewed their subscription for the second half of 1998 will receive with the same cover of some other publication? These fears are in vain. "New World" will continue to follow its chosen direction, preserving the traditional structure and circle of authors."
All clear?
Without a doubt.
The issue opens with Viktor Astafiev's story "The Jolly Soldier".
About war. That's why it's not funny. Fun though. The further we move away from the events of half a century ago, the more we learn the truth about the real and unvarnished war.
Prose by Vladimir Tuchkov. "Death comes on the Internet. A description of nine unpunished crimes that were secretly committed in the homes of new Russian bankers." These stories, according to the author, were told to him by a bored private detective at a Crimean resort in August 1997.
Financier Dmitry, having read Russian literature of the 19th century century and possessed by a passion for power and greed, like the negative prototype of the master from Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, or even worse - Nekrasov, bought a plot of land one hundred and fifty kilometers from the capital and built there a luxurious house with outbuildings, a kennel, a barn, a stable and twenty-five hastily cobbled together huts He hired serfs from the surrounding collective farms. An agreement was concluded with them, printed on a laser printer. The entire way of life on his estate corresponded to the original of the middle of the last century, plus an annual remuneration to workers - two thousand dollars for each family member. Already on the second day new era lordly chaos begins in the village. “His wild amusements largely followed the historical tradition, read from the great Russian literature, which had a detrimental effect on Dmitry’s unconventional psyche.” By “wild fun” we mean the flogging of offending peasants, the unlimited violence of the master and his wife over the courtyard girls, and home theater with the only play “Woe from Wit”... But now, according to the canons, St. George’s Day is coming. The new Russian master organizes a folk festival: three buckets of vodka for the men, two buckets of port for the women, songs and dances. He calls out the men using the barn book and pays by capitation. The next morning it turns out that all the serfs have renewed their contracts for another year. And three years later, the serfs formed a “new self-awareness” and they began to treat the master Dmitry as their own father - strict, but fair...
After such a plot, Boris Ekimov’s documentary essay on a similar topic entitled “Near the Old Graves”, citing extracts from the minutes of the board of the collective farm “Victory of October” dated July 7, 1997, is perceived almost as a parody of reality: “... winter wheat has almost disappeared completely...", "no fuel...", "ask district administration on deferment of debt repayment"...
Let's skip the poems of Elmira Kotlyar and read two stories by Grigory Petrov. One about the swamp priest. Another, more fun, is about the unemployed Shishigin and his wife, who went to the circus...
Poems by Jan Goltsman.
In the “Far and Close” section, we continue to publish fragments from the diaries of the literary critic, publicist and culturologist Alexander Vasilyevich Dedkov (1934-1994). "Desalted Time" is a rather boring story about the life of a writer in Soviet time.
In the "Publications and Messages" section - the next chapters of Vitaly Shentalinsky's book "Slaves of Freedom". In particular, "Shards" silver age" are devoted to a conscientious analysis of the relationship between the philosopher Berdyaev and Soviet power.
Let lovers of literary criticism enjoy the research of M. Butov and D. Buck, or at least get acquainted with their reflections on two modern examples of “supernarrative”, which are the “Alexandria Quartet” by the Englishman Lawrence Durrell and the camp saga of our compatriot Yevgeny Fedorov.
In my favorite for some time now section “Reviews and Reviews” the following were published:
review by Dmitry Bavilsky of Oleg Ermakov’s novel “Trans-Siberian Pastoral”;
Olga Ivanova's review of good book poems "Sky in Subtitles" by poetess Yulia Skorodumova.
Vitaly Calpidi will soon read a review of his poetry collection "Eyelashes", written by his fellow countryman Vladimir Abashev. Will this console him? After all, Apollo Grigoriev’s prize ended up in the hands of his fellow worker...
The issue ends with a list of award winners literary magazines for 1997. And below, in a frame, - “From the chronicle of the “New World”: 70 years ago in # 5 for 1928, the publication of the second part of “The Life of Klim Samgin” by Maxim Gorky began.
"Our Contemporary"
On the cover of the magazine is its emblem, an image of the main symbol of civil insubordination - a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. Let me remind you that the editor-in-chief of the magazine is Stanislav Kunyaev. The circulation of the publication is 14,000 copies, which is a lot.
The May issue opens with poems by war veteran Viktor Kochetkov and continues with the second book of Mikhail Alekseev’s novel “My Stalingrad.” The author recently turned eighty years old.
Alexander Kuznetsov also wrote about the war. But about the recent war, the Chechen one, in which I participated. In the photo there is a man in a black robe.
We've been betrayed again, guys! / Again we abandoned our own. / Throwing the machine guns over our shoulders, / let’s change it for three!
The war is over. She was forgotten, / Like everyone else in my country. / Who became a general, who was killed, / Who drank away all the orders on an empty stomach. /
A selection of poems by Gleb Gorbovsky. The continuation of Ernst Safonov’s novel “Get Out of the Circle” begins with the phrase: “Avdonin returned home from the district executive committee at the eleventh hour, and although the time was late, his father-in-law appeared immediately after him with a large bag in his hands.” Ending in the next issue.
Poet Yuri Belichenko is a reserve colonel. Member of the Russian Writers' Union. A selection of three poems is called "Farewell Snow".
The next author of the column is the editor-in-chief of “Our Contemporary” Stanislav Kunyaev. Solo entitled “Betrayal. Cowardice. Deception”: “Today, summing up the results of perestroika, we understand that the leadership stratum Soviet Union It turned out to be unable to resist the catastrophe, because it always consisted of two secretly warring camps - the Russian national and the pro-Western Russophobic."
“From Our Mail” is the magazine’s favorite section. Several quotes from letters from readers under the general heading “You must believe in victory!”
"...Does 'their' television have a detrimental effect? Unfortunately, yes."
“...I couldn’t watch or endure to the end A. Konchalovsky’s film “Ryaba Hen”. A vile parody of peasant life... Thank you very much for your work.”
"...But after 1993, my wife and I threw the TV out of the house - and our seven children, thank God, free time they still read and don’t stare at the screen.”
"...The molesters are in a hurry, they are getting more and more impudent into the soul. Svanidze, Posner, Taratuta, Guzman... Their name is legion."
“...I am the editor of the large-circulation newspaper Ogneupor of a large refractory plant. I publish press reviews in almost every issue (very often based on materials from Our Contemporary) to make it clearer to readers where the country is going...”
"Friendship of Peoples".
Chief Editor magazine - Alexander Ebanoidze. Circulation - 6,400 copies. Founded in March 1939.
Olga Sedakova: “In Memory of the Poet” opens the May notebook “Friendship of Peoples”.
“As the reader will immediately hear, the model of the verse for this piece was Akhmatov’s “The Way of the Whole Earth”; he will also hear Tsvetaev’s phrases. I wanted these two Russian Muses to participate in the poems dedicated to the memory of Brodsky...”
Oblivion poppy, / remembrance honey, / whoever leaves first, / let him take it with him
to where, like sisters, / meets the surf, / where the sky, where the island is, / where: Sleep, dear!
Maxim Gureev's prose "The Secret Spectator" tells the story of the hospital martyr Feofaniya. Interior - hospital, church, autumn.
A selection of poems by Dmitry Tonkonogov "Winter, spring and refraction of light."
Anatoly Pristavkin. "Drunken heart syndrome. Meetings on the wine road."
Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970) - one of the founders of the Italian poetic school of Hermeticism. Publication of his early poems translated by Andrei Grafov.
From the diaries and workbooks of Yuri Trifonov, which he began keeping in 1934, when he was nine years old. Entry dated September 3, 1937: “The forest is being cut down, chips are flying...”
Rakhimdzhan Karimov, "Migrants".
Very educational material, called "Russian Duel". Written by Vladislav Petrov. This man did a wonderful job. His study examines in more or less detail the history of duels in Rus' since 941. We can find out, for example, that a duel in the form of a Western European duel came to Russia in the second half of the 17th century, when the German Settlement appeared in Moscow, whose residents came from almost all over Europe... By the way, one of the last duels took place in 1996 year on the Black River - in the very place where Pushkin and Dantes fought. And it was not some new Russians who fired at each other with Kalashnikovs, but quite intelligent people who were deciding the issue of honor - from antediluvian pistols...
Vladimir Pozner in his remark asks the question: “Are we not slaves?” He answers himself.
Miroslav Popovich from Kyiv called his material this way: “Mythology and reality of the Ukrainian Renaissance.” Everything is correct.
Natalya Ivanova, presenter of the section " Tree rings", continues his conversation about magazines and newspapers of the past decade.
On the pages of periodicals there has been a lengthy discussion of the personality of the St. Petersburg writer Alexander Melikhov, who gave the world “A Romance with Prostatitis” and himself.
In "Book Collapse" Vladimir Leonovich dissects the poetry of Alexander Mezhirov, Valery Lipnevich - Yan Goltsman and his work, Alexander Zorin - the chronicle novel by Vladimir Erokhin "The Desired Fatherland".
Svetlana Alexievich, after the publication of her book about Chernobyl, invites readers to search eternal man.
Lev Anninsky's memoirs are dedicated to events half a century ago - about underground work at school, the creation of the Communist Party of Moscow ( Communist Party youth) and the repressions that followed.
"Young guard"
Founded in 1922. Circulation 6,000 copies. Editor-in-Chief Alexander Krotov. Instead of "Workers of all countries, unite!" Now title page crowned by another classic saying: “Russia, Rus'! Save yourself, save yourself!” Nearby is a portrait of Dostoevsky. On the back of the title, in the lower right corner, is the new logo of the publication: “Russian magazine Young Guard”.
Let's move straight to the letters from readers, where they become writers and write about the essence of communism: "... this is not at all the embodiment of the desire for justice. This is one of the variants of the ancient Jewish idea of \u200b\u200bEarthly Paradise (in their language - Gaolam gaba)."
In their language...
So this means that the communists invented their own language after all.
We learn more from another letter. Once again the damned imperialists are raising their heads. A lot of information about new types of weapons mass destruction. For example, “non-lethal weapons” - blinding, deafening, intoxicating, withering, as well as flooding and earthquake-shaking.
Let's finish with the letters. Let us better answer the question that the poet Yuri Nikonychev asks us:
What are you thinking about, comrade, / Sometimes at night at the table? / The lights of nomadic conflagrations / Roar in the vastness of the world.
Let another poet, Evgeny Yushin, answer him:
The cart is under the snow, / The man is at the table. / - Shall we go? / - Let's go! / But the path is not familiar.
Let’s leaf through the novel “Unknown Russia”, looking at the end: “His car flew into oncoming traffic and exploded...”
From geopolitical problems described in Viktor Ilyukhin’s article, your eyes are sticking together. Let Yuri Vorobievsky's story about the pagans, the Templars and Count Cagliostro lift the eyelids.
Key Features classic magazine"the usual Russian type."
Thick magazine at the turn of the century.
“Our Russian literature (as a whole) has, among many unique features, one that extremely distinguishes it from Western European literature.
This feature is the significant spread of so-called thick magazines,” noted bibliographer N.A. in 1912. Ulyanov in the preface to the “Index of Journal Literature” compiled by him. The fact that the thick magazine, a type of periodical brought to life by the unique conditions of Russia, plays a special role in Russian journalism was noted by everyone who wrote about the development of the press system in the country.
The most general characteristics a thick magazine are: firstly, volume (up to 300 - 500 pages); secondly, the totality of topics in the sphere of his attention; thirdly, the special composition of the issue, which combines a literary and artistic collection, a political newspaper and a kind of scientific encyclopedia. These three objects of attention of a thick magazine, three areas of its interests are in the magazine issue in a ratio determined by the originality historical period and the state of the readership. IN different time One of them may come to the fore, pushing the others into the background, but not completely displacing them. This is clearly visible when studying the history of the thick magazine in Russia.
In the XIX - early XX centuries. In the European press, journals were mainly distributed according to specialties and branches of science. They counted on their specific reader, and not on a wide circle of intelligent people. The type of such publications is review - revus, consisting of short articles, each issue represents a complete whole, without ongoing publications. Books readily available in the West left the magazine “only a small place in the literary market.”
In Russia, with its vast territories, rare oases of culture, in the absence of good communications and a limited number of books, it was the magazine that became the only supplier of fiction, and various information about current events, and reports on scientific achievements. “For 7-10 rubles,” writes N.A. Ulyanov, - the subscriber receives 12 thick books, in which the experienced editors present the reader with a wide variety of material to satisfy his curiosity. The magazine to some extent satisfies the urgent need, especially for the provinces, to keep track of mental life of all humanity. He paid a subscription fee and was provided with articles from his journal for the whole year.”1 Big role This type of magazine publication featured serialized novels and extensive articles, which created in the reader an “anticipation effect” for the next issue and forced them to subscribe for a one-year period.
A full description of the thick magazine as a type of publication is contained in the article by D.E. Maksimov, published in 1930 in the collection “From the Past of Russian Journalism.” The author of the article not only showed the reasons for the appearance of a thick magazine in the system of Russian journalism, but also highlighted the main typical features of such a publication. The contradiction between the needs of the intelligentsia and the lack of necessary books in the provinces “was resolved by creating the form of a thick magazine, which made it possible to combine in one book a kind of scientific encyclopedia, a literary and artistic collection and a political newspaper,” D.E. accurately noted.
Maksimov2.
The thick magazine has been the dominant type in the system of Russian journalism for almost a century. periodical. Created by N.M. Karamzin and M.T. Kachenovsky's journal "Bulletin of Europe" became the first classic thick publication in Russia. Having the goal of introducing the reader to the life of Europe by reprinting extracts from 12 European newspapers, Vestnik Evropy very quickly acquired departments characteristic of subsequent thick magazines: fiction and criticism, political and scientific. Professional interests of long-time publisher M.T. Kachenovsky - a professor at Moscow University, a historian - was brought to the fore scientific departments. This is how not only the “regular Russian type magazine” appeared, as its contemporaries called it, but also its variety - the “encyclopedic thick magazine”. It received its most complete expression in the publication of O. Senkovsky “Library for Reading”. When creating it, the publisher was guided by the Parisian “Bibliotheque Universelle” (universal library), but, as almost always happened in Russia, the European model underwent a significant transformation, turning into a magazine of the “ordinary Russian type”. “Moscow Telegraph”, “Telescope”, “Library for Reading” were encyclopedic magazines. They focused on educating their readers and introducing them to the achievements of scientific thought. “The encyclopedic magazine to a certain extent broke the class boundaries of journalism. It was a magazine about everything and for everyone, not only for a narrow circle of educated nobility, predominantly from the capital.”3
The famous opposition magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski by N.A. were also classic thick publications. Nekrasov and M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. They were published at the most acute moments in the country’s history, when the intensity of political passions forced the editors to reduce the “scientific encyclopedia” to a minimum, focusing all attention on covering political events that relegated even such a traditional area for the Russian magazine as fiction to the background. The type of magazine created by Sovremennik and Otechestvennye zapiski, D.E. Maksimov and B.I. Yesin was called journalistic. In such a magazine, a political newspaper comes to the fore, the materials of which are published in the journalistic departments that existed in all thick magazines: “Internal Review”, “Foreign Review”, “Provincial Review”, “From Public Life”, etc. A unique genre of review provided an opportunity to talk about the events that happened during the month, comment on them and express your attitude to what is happening. The review usually presented a series of short articles devoted to the main events of the month. The topics of these articles were included in the subtitle. So, for example, in the 8th issue of “Bulletin of Europe” for 1909, “Internal Review” consisted of next articles: “Unfulfilled expectations”, “His Majesty’s Opposition” and the official press”, “Moderate reactionary program”, “Suspension of the newspaper “Slovo”. Even literary criticism very often took the form of a review; just remember the famous articles by V.G. Belinsky.
In the analytical reviews and chronicle sections of the thick magazine, its ideological program and direction were expressed. “Journalism, pursuing mainly social and educational goals,” writes D.E. Maksimov, naturally, highlighted reviews and articles, and treated fiction as an inevitable concession to the frivolous reader. Therefore, non-fiction departments (especially political review) were given a lot of space.” The Russian thick magazine, especially its journalistic variety, is characterized by a special attitude towards fiction, which was not only “a concession to the frivolous reader.” What was more important was that in the magazine “the works of art placed in it are perceived by the reader, first of all, as the views of the magazine itself and only secondly as the individual opinions of authors possessing one or another worldview. The literary personality of a writer participating in an ideologically determined body helps to comprehend and supports not so much individual parts of the magazine (article, poem, etc.), but the entire magazine as a whole.”4
The type of thick magazine actively dictated its requirements for the literary material included in the issue. Not every literary work could be published on its pages, but only those in tune with its program. In addition, the magazine context gave the story or story new shades, perhaps not intended by the writer. “It is known that in traditional Russian journalism of the journalistic type,” E.D. continues his thought. Maksimov, - each organ, firmly put together in an ideological sense, to some extent depersonalizes the material placed in it, acquiring in it special function compared with that which would be characteristic of this material outside the magazine. The material included in the magazine loses its individual shades and turns towards the reader with its summary, typological side, both ideologically and partly aesthetically.”5
Thus, the ratio of departments, the role of fiction, political news and encyclopedic publications in the composition of the issue help determine the nature of the journal in question and classify it as an encyclopedic, journalistic or literary subtype.
The “ordinary Russian type” of the magazine, best adapted to the unique conditions of Russia, familiar to the reader, who knew well what he wanted and could find in the magazine book he received, often dictated its terms to the editors of magazines. Thus, for example, the “Bulletin of Europe”, revived in 1866, was conceived according to the type of English three-monthly publications, but by the end of the second year of publication it was forced to become a monthly of the “ordinary Russian type”, since the readership of the magazine was published once every three months didn't suit me. To do this, “he only needed to turn into permanent departments what had hitherto been more or less random in nature, fiction and chronicle,” said the editor of Vestnik Evropy, K.K. Arsenyev subsequently6.
In 1892, the magazine “God's World” was published, which then played a significant role in the system of Russian magazines. But it was conceived as a publication “for youth and self-education.” In the second half of the 90s, the magazine turned into a socio-political and literary publication of the same “ordinary Russian type”.
The magazine “Life”, created as a magazine for family reading, “Education”, originally called “Women’s Education”, and some others, which arose in the 90s of the 19th century, inevitably transformed into traditional thick publications.
This was caused, firstly, by the demands of the audience, who wanted to see new magazine the way she was used to reading in the almost 100-year history of the development of journalism. Secondly, social life, which became more complex in the pre-revolutionary period, demanded from the editors broad generalized coverage and detailed comments, precisely what the thick magazine was so well suited to.
But on turn of the 19th century and 20th centuries the development of newspapers pushed the magazine out of first place in the press system. There was talk of death everywhere similar type publications Magazine " Modern life" wrote in 1906 that thick magazines are "too slow and too cumbersome to be used during acute periods public life to be the main channels of ideological currents. True, their solidity and thoroughness in developing the problems of the time are much higher than the methods of the frivolous press. But when the center of gravity of interests is not in theoretical, but in practical creativity, while there is no voluntary or involuntary lull or reaction, this solidity helps them little.”7
The main criticism of a thick magazine is that it is slow and cumbersome. But there were other reasons for the decline in the prestige of publications of this type. Faster rhythm historical development, the complication of social life, the growth of population literacy led to a significant increase in the readership, which was interested in a wider range of not only social, but also scientific and cultural problems. The thick magazine, for all its versatility, no longer satisfied all the requirements of readers. For example, there has been a significant increase in interest in scientific problems, especially since scientific and technological progress at the beginning of the 20th century. contributed to this. Thick magazines noticed this, at the turn of the century the role of encyclopedic material increased, and much attention was paid to the problems of education and enlightenment. For a fairly short time, magazines again became encyclopedic. But significant differentiation of sciences, interest in natural sciences - mathematics, chemistry, medicine, etc. - brought to life a large number of specialized publications for trained readers and popular science publications for those interested. “Bulletin of Knowledge”, “Bulletin and Library for Self-Education”, “Knowledge for All”, “Around the World”, “Nature and People” in the 20th century. fully solved encyclopedic problems.
Before the first Russian revolution, as well as in 1905-1907. The development of events forced thick magazines to once again focus on understanding what was happening. At this time, almost the entire press was political, and magazines acquired a journalistic character. But development political newspapers, especially from party organs, constituted serious competition for the magazine.
Another new phenomenon of life affected the fate of the thick magazine - the emergence of new literary movements and schools, which caused a great public outcry and an intensification of the literary struggle. For solving complex aesthetic issues, those that appeared in the very late XIX V. “manifesto magazines”, “World of Art”, “ New way", "Scales", etc. Works of fiction began to be published not in magazines, but in various almanacs published by numerous publishing houses, around which writers of different directions were grouped. Collections from the publishing houses “Znanie”, “Rosehipnik”, “Northern Flowers”, “Scorpion” and many others provided an opportunity to show their work without the ideological “additive” introduced by the direction of the magazine. Fiction, its best examples, also gradually left from under the cover of the traditional publication, as it became cramped there. This does not mean that thick magazines were completely left without good fiction after the revolution of 1905-1907. Many Russian writers again returned to reputable publications read by the intelligentsia, even trying to give them a predominantly literary character, but in the years preceding the revolutionary upheavals of 1917 this process “did not take off.” During the period of class battles, the First World War, and revolutions, journalistic articles came to the fore. Theater and art reviews are leaving the thick magazine: the development of theater and visual arts, the complication of aesthetic disputes and in these areas contribute to the formation special editions- theatrical, artistic, musical, etc.
