Home Mushrooms A German soldier undresses a captive girl. Auschwitz concentration camp: experiments on women. Joseph Mengele. History of Auschwitz

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A German soldier undresses a captive girl. Auschwitz concentration camp: experiments on women. Joseph Mengele. History of Auschwitz

On November 30, 1941, nonhumans in Nazi uniforms hanged a Russian heroine. Her name was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. The memory of her and other heroes who gave their lives for our freedom is extremely important. How many of our media will remember Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and talk about her in the news this weekend? It’s not worth mentioning non-our media at all ...

I published an article about Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. The author of this material was our colleague from "" Unfortunately, over the past 2 years, this material has turned from historical into topical and acquired a completely different sound.

“On November 29, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya died heroically. Her feat has become a legend. She was the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War. Her name has become a household name and is inscribed in capital letters in a heroic story. Russian people - the victorious people.

The Nazis beat and tortured
They kicked out barefoot in the cold,
Were hands twisted with ropes,
The interrogation went on for five hours.
There are scars and abrasions on your face,
But silence is the answer to the enemy.
Wooden platform with crossbar,
You are standing barefoot in the snow.
A young voice sounds over the conflagration,

Over the silence of a frosty day:
“I’m not afraid to die, comrades,
My people will avenge me!

AGNIYA BARTO

For the first time, the fate of Zoya became widely known from the essay Peter Alexandrovich Lidov"Tanya", published in the Pravda newspaper on January 27, 1942, and tells about the execution by the Nazis in the village of Petrishchevo near Moscow, a partisan girl who called herself Tanya during interrogation. A photo was published nearby: mutilated female body with a rope around his neck. At that time, the real name of the deceased was not yet known. Simultaneously with the publication in Pravda in "Komsomolskaya Pravda" material has been published Sergei Lyubimov"We will not forget you, Tanya."

We had a cult of the feat of "Tanya" (Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya) and he firmly entered the ancestral memory of the people. Comrade Stalin introduced this cult personally . February 16 In 1942, she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously. And Lidov's continuation article - "Who was Tanya", came out only two days later - February 18 1942. Then the whole country learned the real name of the girl killed by the Nazis: Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, a student of the tenth grade of school N 201 of the Oktyabrsky district of Moscow. She was recognized by school friends from the photograph that accompanied Lidov's first essay.

“In the early days of December 1941, in Petrishchevo, near the town of Vereya,” wrote Lidov, “the Germans executed an eighteen-year-old Muscovite Komsomol member who called herself Tatiana ... She died in enemy captivity on a fascist rack, without a single sound betraying her suffering, without betraying her comrades. She was martyred as a heroine, as the daughter of a great nation that no one can ever break! May her memory live forever!”

During the interrogation, the German officer, according to Lidov, asked the eighteen-year-old girl the main question: “Tell me, where is Stalin?” “Stalin is at his post,” Tatiana replied.

in the newspaper "Publicity". September 24, 1997 in the material of professor-historian Ivan Osadchy under the heading "Her name and feat are immortal" An act was published, drawn up in the village of Petrishchevo on January 25, 1942:

“We, the undersigned, - a commission consisting of: Mikhail Ivanovich Berezin, chairman of the Gribtsovsky Village Council, Claudia Prokofievna Strukova, secretary, and eyewitness collective farmers of the 8th March collective farm - Vasily Alexandrovich Kulik and Evdokia Petrovna Voronina - made up present act in the following: During the occupation of the Vereya region, a girl who called herself Tanya was hanged by German soldiers in the village of Petrishchevo. Later it turned out that it was a partisan girl from Moscow - Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, born in 1923. German soldiers caught her while she was on a combat mission, setting fire to a stable with more than 300 horses. The German sentry grabbed her from behind, and she did not have time to shoot.

She was taken to the house of Sedova Maria Ivanovna, undressed and interrogated. But there was no need to get any information from her. After interrogation at Sedova, barefoot and undressed, she was taken to Voronina's house, where the headquarters was located. There they continued to interrogate, but she answered all the questions: “No! Do not know!". Having achieved nothing, the officer ordered that they start beating her with belts. The hostess, who was driven onto the stove, counted about 200 blows. She didn't scream or even utter a single moan. And after this torture she answered again: “No! I will not say! Do not know!"

She was taken out of Voronina's house; she walked, stepping with her bare feet in the snow, they brought Kulik to the house. Exhausted and tormented, she was in the circle of enemies. The German soldiers mocked her in every possible way. She asked for a drink - the German brought her a lit lamp. And someone ran a saw across her back. Then all the soldiers left, only one sentry remained. Her hands were tied back. The legs are frostbitten. The sentry ordered her to get up and led her out into the street under a rifle. And again she walked, stepping barefoot in the snow, and drove until she herself froze. The sentries changed every 15 minutes. And so they continued to drive her down the street all night.

Says P.Ya. Kulik (maiden name Petrushina, 33 years old): “They brought her in and put her on a bench, and she groaned. Her lips were black, black, parched, and a swollen face on her forehead. She asked for a drink from my husband. We asked: "Can I?" They said: “No,” and one of them, instead of water, raised a burning kerosene lamp without glass to his chin.

When I spoke to her, she told me: “Victory is still ours. Let them shoot me, let these monsters mock me, but still they won't shoot us all. There are still 170 million of us, the Russian people have always won, and now the victory will be ours.”

In the morning she was led to the gallows and began to take pictures ... She shouted: “Citizens! You don’t stand, don’t look, but you need to help fight! After that, one officer swung, while others shouted at her.

Then she said: “Comrades, victory will be ours. German soldiers, before it's too late, surrender." The officer yelled angrily: "Rus!" - “The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated,” she said all this at the moment when she was photographed ...

Then they put up a box. She, without any command, stood on the box herself. A German approached and began to put on a noose. At that time, she shouted: “No matter how much you hang us, you don’t hang everyone, we are 170 million. But our comrades will avenge you for me.” She said this already with a noose around her neck.A few seconds before death and a moment before Eternity, she announced, with a noose around her neck, the verdict of the Soviet people: “ Stalin is with us! Stalin will come!

In the morning they built a gallows, gathered the population and hanged them publicly. But they continued to mock the hanged woman. She got cut off left breast, legs cut with knives.

When our troops drove the Germans away from Moscow, they hurried to remove Zoya's body and bury it outside the village, burned the gallows at night, as if wanting to hide the traces of their crime. They hanged her in early December 1941. That is what the present act is drawn up for."

And a little later, photographs found in the pocket of a murdered German were brought to the editorial office of Pravda. 5 pictures captured the moments of the execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. At the same time, another essay by Peter Lidov appeared, dedicated to the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, under the heading “5 photographs”.

Why did the young intelligence officer call herself this name (or the name "Taon"), and why did Comrade Stalin single out her feat? Indeed, at the same time, many Soviet people did more heroic deeds. For example, on the same day, November 29, 1942, in the same Moscow region, partisan Vera Voloshina was executed, for her feat she was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree (1966) and the title of Hero of Russia (1994).

For the successful mobilization of the entire Soviet people, Russian civilization, Stalin used the language of symbols and those trigger points that can extract a layer of heroic victories from the ancestral memory of Russians. We remember the famous speech at the parade on November 7, 1941, in which both the great Russian commanders and the national liberation wars are mentioned, in which we invariably emerged victorious. Thus, parallels were drawn between the victories of the ancestors and the current inevitable Victory. The surname Kosmodemyanskaya comes from the consecrated names of two Russian heroes - Kozma and Demyan. In the city of Murom there is a church named after them, erected by order of Ivan the Terrible.

The tent of Ivan the Terrible once stood at that place, and Kuznetsky Posad was located nearby. The king was thinking about how to cross the Oka, on the other side of which the enemy camp was located. Then two blacksmith brothers, whose names were Kozma and Demyan, appeared in the tent, who offered their help to the king. At night, in the darkness, the brothers quietly crept into the enemy camp and set fire to the khan's tent. While the camp was extinguishing the fire and looking for scouts, the troops of Ivan the Terrible, taking advantage of the commotion in the enemy camp, crossed the river. Demyan and Kozma died, and a church was built in their honor and named after the heroes.

As a result - in one family, both children perform feats and are awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union! The name of the Heroes in the USSR was called the streets. Normally there would be two streets named after each of the Heroes. But in Moscow one the street, and not by chance, received a "double" name - Zoe and Alexander Kosmodemyansky

In 1944, the film "Zoya" was filmed, which received in Cannes in 1946 at the 1st International Film Festival the award for best screenplay. Also, the film "Zoya" was awarded Stalin Prize I degree, received it Leo Arnstam(director), Galina Vodyanitskaya(performer of the role of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya) and Alexander Shelenkov(cameraman).

From the author:

“I did not immediately decide to publish this chapter from the book “Captivity” on the site. This is one of the most terrible and heroic stories. A low bow to you, women, for everything you endured and, alas, never appreciated by the state, people, and researchers. This was difficult to write about. It is even more difficult to talk to former prisoners. Low bow to you - the Heroine.

“And there were no such beautiful women on the whole earth…”
Job (42:15)

“My tears were bread for me day and night…
... my enemies scold me ... "
Psalter. (41:4:11)

From the first days of the war, tens of thousands of female medical workers were mobilized into the Red Army. Thousands of women volunteered to join the army and divisions militia. Based on the decrees of the State Defense Committee of March 25, April 13 and 23, 1942, mass mobilization of women began. Only at the call of the Komsomol, 550 thousand people became soldiers. Soviet women. 300,000 were drafted into the Air Defense Forces. Hundreds of thousands - to the military medical and sanitary service, signal troops, road and other units. In May 1942, another GKO decree was adopted - on the mobilization of 25,000 women in the Navy.

Three air regiments were formed from women: two bombers and one fighter, the 1st separate women's volunteer rifle brigade, and the 1st separate women's reserve rifle regiment.

Established in 1942, the Central Women's Sniper School trained 1,300 female snipers.

Ryazan Infantry School. Voroshilov trained women commanders of rifle units. In 1943 alone, 1388 people graduated from it.

During the war years, women served in all branches of the military and represented all military specialties. Women made up 41% of all doctors, 43% of paramedics, 100% of nurses. In total, 800 thousand women served in the Red Army.

However, female medical instructors and nurses in the active army accounted for only 40%, which violates the prevailing notion of a girl under fire rescuing the wounded. In his interview, A. Volkov, who went through the entire war as a medical instructor, refutes the myth that only girls were medical instructors. According to him, the girls were nurses and orderlies in the medical battalions, and mostly men served as medical instructors and orderlies on the front line in the trenches.

“Even frail men were not taken to medical instructor courses. Only healthy ones! The work of a medical officer is harder than that of a sapper. The medical instructor must crawl at least four times during the night to find the wounded. This is in the movies, in books they write: she is so weak, she dragged the wounded, so big, almost a kilometer on herself! Yes, this is a lie. We were especially warned: if you drag a wounded man to the rear, you will be shot on the spot for desertion. After all, what is a nurse for? The medical instructor must prevent a large loss of blood and apply a bandage. And in order to drag him to the rear, for this, everything is subordinate to the medical instructor. There is always someone to take out of the battlefield. The nurse is not subordinate to anyone. Only the head of the sanitary battalion.”

Not everything can be agreed with A. Volkov. The female medical instructors saved the wounded, pulling them out on themselves, dragging them behind them, there are many examples of this. Another thing is interesting. The women-front-line soldiers themselves note the discrepancy between the stereotypical screen images and the truth of the war.

For example, a former medical instructor Sofya Dubnyakova says: “I watch films about the war: a nurse is on the front line, she walks neat, clean, not in wadded trousers, but in a skirt, she has a cap on a tuft .... Well, that’s not true!… How could we pull out a wounded man like that? And to tell the truth, skirts were only given to us at the end of the war. At the same time, we also received knitted underwear instead of men's underwear.

In addition to medical instructors, among whom were women, there were porters in the sanrots - they were only men. They also helped the wounded. However, their main task is to carry the already bandaged wounded from the battlefield.

On August 3, 1941, the People's Commissar of Defense issued Order No. 281 "On the procedure for submitting military orderlies and porters to the government award for good combat work." The work of orderlies and porters was equated to a military feat. The said order stated: “For the removal of 15 wounded from the battlefield with their rifles or light machine guns, submit each orderly and porter to the government award with a medal“ For Military Merit ”or“ For Courage ”. For the removal from the battlefield of 25 wounded with their weapons, submit to the Order of the Red Star, for the removal of 40 wounded - to the Order of the Red Banner, for the removal of 80 wounded - to the Order of Lenin.

150 thousand Soviet women were awarded military orders and medals. 200 - Orders of Glory 2nd and 3rd degree. Four became full cavaliers of the Order of Glory of three degrees. 86 women were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

At all times, the service of women in the army was considered immoral. There are many insulting lies about them, it is enough to recall PZh - a field wife.

Oddly enough, such an attitude towards women was engendered by front-line men. War veteran N.S. Posylaev recalls: “As a rule, women who got to the front soon became mistresses of officers. How else: if a woman is on her own, there will be no end to harassment. Another thing with someone ... "

A. Volkov said that when a group of girls arrived in the army, “merchants” immediately followed them: “First, the army headquarters took the youngest and most beautiful, then the headquarters of a lower rank.”

In the autumn of 1943, a medical orderly girl arrived in his company at night. And only one medical instructor is assigned to the company. It turns out that the girl “was molested everywhere, and since she did not yield to anyone, she was sent down below. From the headquarters of the army to the headquarters of the division, then to the headquarters of the regiment, then to the company, and the company commander sent the touchy into the trenches.

Zina Serdyukova, a former foreman of the reconnaissance company of the 6th Guards Cavalry Corps, knew how to deal strictly with soldiers and commanders, but one day the following happened:

“It was winter, the platoon lodged in a rural house, where I had a nook. In the evening I was summoned by the commander of the regiment. Sometimes he himself set the task of sending behind enemy lines. This time he was drunk, the table with the leftover food was not cleared. Without saying anything, he rushed towards me, trying to undress me. I knew how to fight, I'm a scout after all. And then he called the orderly, ordering me to be held. They both tore my clothes off. The landlady, who was quartered, flew into my cries, and only this saved me. I ran through the village, half-dressed, crazy. For some reason, I thought that I would find protection from the commander of the corps, General Sharaburko, he fatherly called me daughter. The adjutant did not let me in, but I rushed to the general, beaten, disheveled. She told incoherently how Colonel M. had tried to rape me. The general reassured me, saying that I would not see Colonel M. again. A month later, my company commander reported that the colonel had died in battle, he was part of a penal battalion. That's what war is, it's not just bombs, tanks, exhausting marches ... "

Everything was in life at the front, where "there are four steps to death." However, most veterans with sincere respect remember the girls who fought at the front. Most often, those who sat in the rear, behind the backs of women who had gone to the front as volunteers, were most often slandered.

Former front-line soldiers, despite the difficulties they had to face in the men's team, remember their combat friends with warmth and gratitude.

Rashel Berezina, in the army since 1942 - interpreter-intelligence of military intelligence, ended the war in Vienna as a senior interpreter of the intelligence department of the First Guards Mechanized Corps under the command of Lieutenant General I.N. Russiyanov. She says that they treated her very respectfully, in the intelligence department in her presence they even stopped using foul language.

Maria Fridman, a scout of the 1st NKVD division, who fought in the Nevsky Dubrovka area near Leningrad, recalls that scouts protected her, filled her with sugar and chocolate, which they found in German dugouts. True, sometimes I had to defend myself with a "fist in the teeth."

“If you don’t hit me in the teeth, you’ll be lost! .. In the end, the scouts began to protect me from other people’s boyfriends:“ If no one, then no one.

When volunteer girls from Leningrad appeared in the regiment, we were dragged every month to the “brood”, as we called it. In the medical battalion they checked if anyone got pregnant ... After one such “brood”, the regiment commander asked me in surprise: “Maruska, for whom are you protecting yourself? They will kill us anyway…” The people were rude, but kind. And fair. I never saw such militant justice as in the trenches.”

The everyday difficulties that Maria Fridman had to face at the front are now remembered with irony.

“The lice have eaten the soldiers. They pull off shirts, pants, but what about a girl? I had to look for an abandoned dugout and there, stripping naked, I tried to get rid of lice. Sometimes they helped me, someone would stand at the door and say: “Don’t poke your head, Maruska crushes lice there!”

A bath day! And go as needed! I somehow retired, climbed under a bush, above the parapet of the trench, the Germans either did not immediately notice, or they let me sit quietly, but when I began to pull on my pants, it whistled from left and right. I fell into the trench, panties at the heels. Oh, they were guffawing in the trenches about how Maruskin blinded the Germans ...

At first, I must admit, this soldier's cackle irritated me, until I realized that they were not laughing at me, but at their own soldier's fate, in blood and lice, laughing in order to survive, not to go crazy. And it was enough for me that after a bloody skirmish someone asked in alarm: “Manka, are you alive?”

M. Friedman fought at the front and behind enemy lines, was wounded three times, was awarded the medal "For Courage", the Order of the Red Star ...

Front-line girls bore all the hardships of front-line life on an equal footing with men, not inferior to them either in courage or in military skill.

The Germans, in whose army women carried only auxiliary service, were extremely surprised by such an active participation of Soviet women in hostilities.

They even tried to play the "women's card" in their propaganda, talking about inhumanity Soviet system that throws women into the fire of war. An example of this propaganda is a German leaflet that appeared at the front in October 1943:
"If you hurt a friend..."

The Bolsheviks have always surprised the whole world. And in this war, they gave something completely new:

« Woman at the front!
Since ancient times, people have been fighting and everyone has always believed that war is a man's business, men should fight, and it never occurred to anyone to involve women in war. True, there were individual cases, like the notorious "drummers" at the end of the last war - but these were exceptions and they went down in history as a curiosity or an anecdote.

But no one has thought of the mass involvement of women in the army as fighters, on the front line with weapons in their hands, except for the Bolsheviks.

Every nation seeks to protect its women from danger, to save a woman, because a woman is a mother, the preservation of the nation depends on her. Most of the men may perish, but the women must be preserved, otherwise the whole nation may perish.”

Are the Germans suddenly thinking about the fate of the Russian people, they are concerned about the issue of its preservation. Of course not! It turns out that all this is just a preamble to the most important German thought:

“Therefore, the government of any other country, in the event of excessive losses threatening the continued existence of the nation, would try to withdraw its country from the war, because every national government cherishes its people.”
(Highlighted by the Germans. Here is the main idea: we must end the war, and we need a national government. - Aron Schneer).

« The Bolsheviks think otherwise. Georgian Stalin and various Kaganoviches, Berias, Mikoyans and the entire Jewish kahal (well, how to do without anti-Semitism in propaganda! - Aron Schneer), sitting on the people's neck, do not give a damn about the Russian people and all other peoples of Russia and Russia itself.
They have one goal - to maintain their power and their skins.
Therefore, they need war, war at all costs, war by any means, at the cost of any victims, war to the last man, to last man and women.
“If a friend was wounded” - for example, both legs or arms were torn off, it doesn’t matter, to hell with him, the “girlfriend” will “know how” to die at the front, drag her there into the meat grinder of war, there’s nothing to be gentle with her. Stalin does not feel sorry for the Russian woman ... "

The Germans, of course, miscalculated, did not take into account the sincere patriotic impulse of thousands of Soviet women, volunteer girls. Of course, there were mobilizations, extraordinary measures in conditions of extreme danger, the tragic situation that had developed on the fronts, but it would be wrong not to take into account the sincere patriotic impulse of the youth, born after the revolution and ideologically prepared in the pre-war years for struggle and self-sacrifice.

One of these girls was Yulia Drunina, a 17-year-old schoolgirl who went to the front. A poem she wrote after the war explains why she and thousands of other girls volunteered for the front:

"I left my childhood
In a dirty car
In the infantry echelon
In the sanitary platoon.
… I came from school
The dugouts are raw.
From the Beautiful Lady -
In "mother" and "rewind".
Because the name
Closer than "Russia",
Couldn't find it."

Women fought at the front, thereby asserting their right, equal with men, to defend the Fatherland.
The enemy repeatedly praised the participation of Soviet women in battles:

“Russian women ... communists hate any opponent, are fanatical, dangerous. Sanitary battalions in 1941 defended with grenades and rifles in their hands last frontier in front of Leningrad.

The liaison officer Prince Albert of Hohenzollern, who took part in the storming of Sevastopol in July 1942, "admired Russians and especially women, who, according to him, show amazing courage, dignity and fortitude."

According to the Italian soldier, he and his comrades had to fight near Kharkov against the "Russian women's regiment". Several women were captured by the Italians. However, in accordance with the agreement between the Wehrmacht and the Italian army, all captured by the Italians were handed over to the Germans. The latter decided to shoot all the women. According to the Italian, “women did not expect anything else. They only asked to be allowed to pre-bath and wash their dirty linen in order to die in pure form, as it should be according to the old Russian customs. The Germans granted their request. And so they, having washed and put on clean shirts, went to be shot…”

The fact that the story of the Italian about the participation of the female infantry unit in the battles is not fiction is confirmed by another story. Since both in Soviet scientific and fiction literature, there were numerous references only to the exploits of individual women - representatives of all military specialties, and it was never told about the participation in battles of individual female infantry units, I had to turn to the material published in the Vlasov newspaper "Zarya" .

The article "Valya Nesterenko - assistant commander of the intelligence platoon" tells about the fate of a Soviet girl taken prisoner. Valya graduated from the Ryazan Infantry School. According to her, about 400 women and girls studied with her:

Why were they all volunteers? Considered to be volunteers. But how did it go! They gathered young people, a representative from the district military registration and enlistment office comes to the meeting and asks: “How do girls like Soviet power?” The answer is "Love". - "So it is necessary to protect!" They write statements. And then try, refuse! And since 1942, mobilizations began at all. Each receives a summons, is in the military registration and enlistment office. Goes to commission. The commission gives a conclusion: fit for military service. They are sent to the unit. Those who are older or have children are mobilized for work. And who is younger and without children - that in the army. There were 200 people in my issue. Some did not want to study, but then they were sent to dig trenches.

... In our regiment of three battalions there were two male and one female. The female was the first battalion - submachine gunners. In the beginning, there were girls from orphanages in it. They were desperate. We occupied with this battalion up to ten settlements, and then most of them were out of action. Requested a refill. Then the remnants of the battalion were withdrawn from the front and a new women's battalion was sent from Serpukhov. A women's division was specially formed there. There were older women and girls in the new battalion. All were mobilized. We studied for three months as submachine gunners. At first, while there were no big fights, they were brave.

... Our regiment advanced on the villages of Zhilino, Savkino, Surovezhki. Women's battalion acted in the middle, and men - from the left and right flanks. The women's battalion was to cross the Helm and advance to the edge of the forest. As soon as they climbed the hillock, the artillery began to beat. Girls and women started screaming and crying. They huddled together, so the German artillery put them all in a heap. There were at least 400 people in the battalion, and three girls survived from the entire battalion. What happened - and it's scary to look at ... mountains of female corpses. Is this a woman's business, war?

How many female soldiers of the Red Army ended up in German captivity is unknown. However, the Germans did not recognize women as military personnel and regarded them as partisans. Therefore, according to the German private Bruno Schneider, before sending his company to Russia, their commander, Lieutenant Prince, familiarized the soldiers with the order: “Shoot all women who serve in the Red Army.” Numerous facts testify that this order was applied throughout the war.

In August 1941, on the orders of Emil Knol, commander of the field gendarmerie of the 44th Infantry Division, a prisoner of war, a military doctor, was shot.

In the city of Mglinsk, Bryansk region, in 1941, the Germans captured two girls from the medical unit and shot them.

After the defeat of the Red Army in the Crimea in May 1942, an unknown girl in military uniform was hiding in the house of a resident of Buryachenko in the Mayak fishing village near Kerch. On May 28, 1942, the Germans discovered her during a search. The girl resisted the Nazis, shouting: “Shoot, bastards! I die for Soviet people, for Stalin, and you, fiends, dog death will come! The girl was shot in the yard.

At the end of August 1942 in the village of Krymskaya Krasnodar Territory a group of sailors was shot, among them there were several girls in military uniform.

In the village of Starotitarovskaya, Krasnodar Territory, among the executed prisoners of war, the corpse of a girl in a Red Army uniform was found. She had a passport in the name of Mikhailova Tatyana Alexandrovna, 1923. She was born in the village of Novo-Romanovka.

In the village of Vorontsovo-Dashkovskoye, Krasnodar Territory, in September 1942, captured military assistants Glubokov and Yachmenev were brutally tortured.

On January 5, 1943, 8 Red Army soldiers were captured near the Severny farm. Among them is a nurse named Lyuba. After prolonged torture and abuse, all those captured were shot.

Knowing what awaits them in the event of captivity, female soldiers, as a rule, fought to the last.

Often captured women were raped before they died. A soldier from the 11th Panzer Division, Hans Rudhoff, testifies that in the winter of 1942, “... Russian nurses lay on the roads. They were shot and thrown on the road. They lay naked... On these dead bodies... obscene inscriptions were written.

In Rostov in July 1942, German motorcyclists broke into the yard, where there were nurses from the hospital. They were going to change into civilian clothes, but did not have time. So, in military uniform, they dragged them into a barn and raped them. However, they were not killed.

Women prisoners of war who ended up in camps were also subjected to violence and abuse. Former prisoner of war K.A. Shenipov said that in the camp in Drogobych there was a beautiful captive girl named Lyuda. “Captain Stroher, the commandant of the camp, tried to rape her, but she resisted, after which the German soldiers, called by the captain, tied Lyuda to a bunk, and in this position Stroher raped her and then shot her.”

In Stalag 346 in Kremenchug at the beginning of 1942, the German camp doctor Orlyand gathered 50 women doctors, paramedics, nurses, undressed them and “ordered our doctors to examine them from the genitals - whether they were sick with venereal diseases. He carried out the inspection himself. I chose 3 young girls from them, took them to my place to “serve”. German soldiers and officers came for women examined by doctors. Few of these women escaped rape.

The camp guards from among the former prisoners of war and camp policemen were especially cynical about women prisoners of war. They raped captives or, under threat of death, forced them to cohabit with them. In Stalag No. 337, not far from Baranovichi, about 400 female prisoners of war were kept in a specially fenced area with barbed wire. In December 1967, at a meeting of the military tribunal of the Belarusian military district, the former head of the camp guard A.M. Yarosh admitted that his subordinates raped the prisoners of the women's bloc.

The Millerovo POW camp also contained female prisoners. The commandant of the women's barracks was a German from the Volga region. The fate of the girls languishing in this barrack was terrible:

“Police often looked into this barracks. Every day, for half a liter, the commandant gave any girl to choose from for two hours. The policeman could take her to his barracks. They lived two in a room. During these two hours, he could use her as a thing, abuse, mock, do whatever he pleases.
Once, during the evening verification, the chief of police himself came, they gave him a girl for the whole night, a German woman complained to him that these “bastards” were reluctant to go to your policemen. He advised with a grin: “For those who do not want to go, arrange a“ red fireman ”. The girl was stripped naked, crucified, tied with ropes on the floor. Then they took red hot pepper big size, twisted it and inserted the girl into the vagina. Left in this position for half an hour. Shouting was forbidden. Many girls' lips were bitten - they held back the cry, and after such a punishment they could not move for a long time.
The commandant, behind her back they called her a cannibal, enjoyed unlimited rights over the captive girls and came up with other sophisticated mockeries. For example, "self-punishment". There is a special stake, which is made crosswise with a height of 60 centimeters. The girl must strip naked, put a stake in anus, hold on to the cross with your hands, and put your legs on a stool and hold on for three minutes. Who could not stand it, had to repeat from the beginning.
We learned about what was happening in the women's camp from the girls themselves, who came out of the barracks to sit for about ten minutes on a bench. Also, the policemen boastfully talked about their exploits and the resourceful German woman.

Women prisoners of war were held in many camps. According to eyewitnesses, they made an extremely miserable impression. In the conditions of camp life, it was especially difficult for them: they, like no one else, suffered from the lack of basic sanitary conditions.

K. Kromiadi, who visited the Sedlice camp in the autumn of 1941, was a member of the distribution commission work force, talked with captured women. One of them, a female military doctor, admitted: "... everything is bearable, except for the lack of linen and water, which does not allow us to change clothes or wash ourselves."

A group of female medical workers taken prisoner in the Kiev pocket in September 1941 was kept in Vladimir-Volynsk - camp Oflag No. 365 "Nord".

Nurses Olga Lenkovskaya and Taisiya Shubina were captured in October 1941 in the Vyazemsky encirclement. At first, women were kept in a camp in Gzhatsk, then in Vyazma. In March, when the Red Army approached, the Germans transferred the captured women to Smolensk in Dulag No. 126. There were few prisoners in the camp. They were kept in a separate barracks, communication with men was forbidden. From April to July 1942, the Germans freed all women with the "condition of a free settlement in Smolensk."

After the fall of Sevastopol in July 1942, about 300 female health workers were captured: doctors, nurses, nurses. At first they were sent to Slavuta, and in February 1943, having gathered about 600 female prisoners of war in the camp, they were loaded into wagons and taken to the West. Everyone was lined up in Rovno, and another search for Jews began. One of the prisoners, Kazachenko, walked around and showed: "this is a Jew, this is a commissar, this is a partisan." who was separated from general group, shot. The rest were again loaded into wagons, men and women together. The prisoners themselves divided the car into two parts: in one - women, in the other - men. Recovered in a hole in the floor.

This women's camp was established in 1939. The first prisoners of Ravensbrück were prisoners from Germany, and then from European countries occupied by the Germans. All the prisoners were shaved bald, dressed in striped (blue and gray striped) dresses and unlined jackets. Underwear- shirt and shorts. There were no bras or belts. In October, a pair of old stockings was given out for half a year, but not everyone managed to walk in them until spring. Shoes, as in most concentration camps, are wooden blocks.

Prisoners worked mainly in the camp's sewing factories. In Ravensbrück, 80% of all uniforms for the SS troops were made, as well as camp clothing for both men and women.

The first Soviet women prisoners of war - 536 people - arrived at the camp on February 28, 1943. At first, everyone was sent to a bathhouse, and then they were given striped camp clothes with a red triangle with the inscription: "SU" - Sowjet Union.

Even before the arrival of the Soviet women, the SS spread a rumor around the camp that a gang of female murderers would be brought from Russia. Therefore, they were placed in a special block, fenced with barbed wire.

Every day, the prisoners got up at 4 in the morning for verification, sometimes lasting several hours. Then they worked for 12-13 hours in sewing workshops or in the camp infirmary.

Breakfast consisted of ersatz coffee, which the women used mainly to wash their hair, as there was no warm water. For this purpose, coffee was collected and washed in turn.

Women whose hair survived began to use combs, which they themselves made. Frenchwoman Micheline Morel recalls that “Russian girls, using factory machines, cut wooden planks or metal plates and polished them so that they became quite acceptable combs. For a wooden scallop they gave half a portion of bread, for a metal one - a whole portion.

For lunch, the prisoners received half a liter of gruel and 2-3 boiled potatoes. In the evening we received for five people a small loaf of bread with an admixture of sawdust and again half a liter of gruel.

The impression that Soviet women made on the prisoners of Ravensbrück is testified in her memoirs by one of the prisoners, S. Müller:
“...on one Sunday in April, we learned that Soviet prisoners refused to comply with some order, referring to the fact that, according to the Geneva Convention of the Red Cross, they should be treated like prisoners of war. For the camp authorities, this was unheard of insolence. For the entire first half of the day they were forced to march along Lagerstrasse (the main "street" of the camp - the author's note) and deprived of lunch.

But the women from the Red Army bloc (as we called the barracks where they lived) decided to turn this punishment into a demonstration of their strength. I remember someone shouted in our block: “Look, the Red Army is marching!” We ran out of the barracks and rushed to Lagerstrasse. And what did we see?

It was unforgettable! Five hundred Soviet women, ten in a row, keeping alignment, walked, as if in a parade, minting a step. Their steps, like a drum roll, beat rhythmically along the Lagerstrasse. The whole column moved as a single unit. Suddenly, a woman on the right flank of the first row gave the command to sing. She counted out: “One, two, three!” And they sang:

Get up great country
Rise to the death fight...

Then they sang about Moscow.

The Nazis were puzzled: the punishment by marching the humiliated prisoners of war turned into a demonstration of their strength and inflexibility ...

It was not possible for the SS to leave Soviet women without lunch. Political prisoners took care of food for them in advance.”

Soviet women prisoners of war more than once struck their enemies and fellow campers with their unity and spirit of resistance. Once 12 Soviet girls were included in the list of prisoners destined to be sent to Majdanek, in gas chambers. When the SS men came to the barracks to take the women away, the comrades refused to hand them over. The SS managed to find them. “The remaining 500 people lined up five people and went to the commandant. The translator was E.L. Klemm. The commandant drove the newcomers into the block, threatening them with execution, and they began a hunger strike.

In February 1944, about 60 women prisoners of war from Ravensbrück were transferred to a concentration camp in the city of Barth at the Heinkel aircraft factory. The girls refused to work there. Then they were lined up in two rows and ordered to strip down to their shirts and remove the wooden blocks. For many hours they stood in the cold, every hour the matron came and offered coffee and a bed to anyone who would agree to go to work. Then the three girls were thrown into a punishment cell. Two of them died of pneumonia.

Constant bullying, hard labor, hunger led to suicide. In February 1945, the defender of Sevastopol, military doctor Zinaida Aridova, threw herself on the wire.

Nevertheless, the prisoners believed in liberation, and this belief sounded in a song composed by an unknown author:

Above your head, be bold!
We don't have long to endure.
The nightingale will fly in the spring ...
And open the door for us to freedom,
Takes the striped dress off her shoulders
And heal deep wounds
Wipe the tears from swollen eyes.
Keep your head up, Russian girls!
Be Russian everywhere, everywhere!
Not long to wait, not long -
And we will be on Russian soil.

Former prisoner Germaine Tillon, in her memoirs, gave a peculiar description of Russian women prisoners of war who ended up in Ravensbrück: “... their solidarity was explained by the fact that they army school even before the capture. They were young, strong, neat, honest, and also rather rude and uneducated. There were also intellectuals (doctors, teachers) among them - friendly and attentive. In addition, we liked their rebelliousness, unwillingness to obey the Germans.

Women prisoners of war were also sent to other concentration camps. Prisoner of Auschwitz A. Lebedev recalls that paratroopers Ira Ivannikova, Zhenya Saricheva, Viktorina Nikitina, doctor Nina Kharlamova and nurse Claudia Sokolova were kept in the women's camp.

In January 1944, for refusing to sign an agreement to work in Germany and move into the category of civilian workers, more than 50 female prisoners of war from the camp in Chelm were sent to Majdanek. Among them were doctor Anna Nikiforova, military paramedics Efrosinya Tsepennikova and Tonya Leontieva, infantry lieutenant Vera Matyutskaya.

Air regiment navigator Anna Egorova, whose plane was shot down over Poland, shell-shocked, with a burnt face, was taken prisoner and kept in the Kyustrinsky camp.

Despite the death reigning in captivity, despite the fact that any connection between male and female prisoners of war was forbidden, where they worked together, most often in camp infirmaries, love was sometimes born that gave new life. As a rule, in such rare cases, the German leadership of the infirmary did not interfere with childbirth. After the birth of the child, the mother-prisoner of war was either transferred to the status of a civilian, released from the camp and released at the place of residence of her relatives in the occupied territory, or returned with the child to the camp.

So, from the documents of the Stalag camp infirmary No. 352 in Minsk, it is known that “the nurse Sindeva Alexandra, who arrived at the City Hospital for childbirth on 23.2.42, left with her child for the Rollbahn prisoner of war camp.”

In 1944, the attitude towards women prisoners of war hardened. They are subjected to new tests. In accordance with the general provisions on the testing and selection of Soviet prisoners of war, on March 6, 1944, the OKW issued a special order "On the treatment of Russian women prisoners of war." This document stated that Soviet women prisoners of war held in camps should be subjected to checks by the local Gestapo branch in the same way as all newly arriving Soviet prisoners of war. If, as a result of a police check, the political unreliability of female prisoners of war is revealed, they should be released from captivity and handed over to the police.

On the basis of this order, on April 11, 1944, the head of the Security Service and the SD issued an order to send unreliable female prisoners of war to the nearest concentration camp. After being delivered to a concentration camp, such women were subjected to the so-called "special treatment" - liquidation. So Vera Panchenko-Pisanetskaya died - senior group seven hundred female prisoners of war who worked at a military factory in the city of Genthin. A lot of marriage was produced at the plant, and during the investigation it turned out that Vera led the sabotage. In August 1944 she was sent to Ravensbrück and hanged there in the autumn of 1944.

In the Stutthof concentration camp in 1944, 5 Russian senior officers were killed, including a female major. They were taken to the crematorium - the place of execution. First, the men were brought in and shot one after the other. Then a woman. According to a Pole who worked in the crematorium and understood Russian, the SS man, who spoke Russian, mocked the woman, forcing her to follow his commands: “right, left, around ...” After that, the SS man asked her: “Why did you do this?” What she did, I never found out. She replied that she did it for the motherland. After that, the SS man slapped him in the face and said: "This is for your homeland." The Russian spat in his eyes and replied: “And this is for your homeland.” There was confusion. Two SS men ran up to the woman and her living steel push into the furnace for burning corpses. She resisted. Several more SS men ran up. The officer shouted: “Into her furnace!” The oven door was open and the heat set the woman's hair on fire. Despite the fact that the woman vigorously resisted, she was placed on a cart for burning corpses and pushed into the oven. This was seen by all the prisoners who worked in the crematorium.” Unfortunately, the name of this heroine remains unknown.

Women who escaped from captivity continued to fight against the enemy. In secret message No. 12 dated July 17, 1942, the chief of the security police of the occupied eastern regions to the imperial minister of security of the XVII military district, in the section "Jews" it is reported that in Uman "a Jewish doctor was arrested, who had previously served in the Red Army and was taken prisoner . After escaping from a prisoner of war camp, she took refuge in an orphanage in Uman under a false name and practiced medicine. Used this opportunity to gain access to the POW camp for espionage purposes.” Probably, the unknown heroine assisted the prisoners of war.

Women prisoners of war, risking their lives, repeatedly saved their Jewish friends. In Dulag No. 160, Khorol in a quarry on the territory brick factory contained about 60 thousand prisoners. There was also a group of girls-prisoners of war. Of these, seven or eight remained alive by the spring of 1942. In the summer of 1942 they were all shot for harboring a Jewish woman.

In the autumn of 1942, in the Georgievsk camp, along with other prisoners, there were several hundred female prisoners of war. Once the Germans took the identified Jews to be shot. Among the doomed was Tsilya Gedaleva. At the last minute, the German officer in charge of the massacre suddenly said: “Medchen raus! - Girl - out! And Tsilya returned to the women's barracks. Girlfriends gave Tsilya a new name - Fatima, and in the future, according to all documents, she passed as a Tatar.

Military doctor III rank Emma Lvovna Khotina from September 9 to 20 was surrounded in the Bryansk forests. Was taken prisoner. During the next stage, she fled from the village of Kokarevka to the city of Trubchevsk. Hiding under a false name, often changing apartments. She was helped by her comrades - Russian doctors who worked in the camp infirmary in Trubchevsk. They established contact with the partisans. And when on February 2, 1942, the partisans attacked Trubchevsk, 17 doctors, paramedics and nurses left with them. E. L. Khotina became the head of the sanitary service of the partisan association of the Zhytomyr region.

Sarah Zemelman - military paramedic, lieutenant of the medical service, worked in the mobile field hospital No. 75 Southwestern Front. September 21, 1941 near Poltava, wounded in the leg, was taken prisoner along with the hospital. The head of the hospital, Vasilenko, handed Sarah documents in the name of Alexandra Mikhailovskaya, the murdered paramedic. There were no traitors among the hospital staff who were captured. Three months later, Sarah managed to escape from the camp. For a month she wandered through the forests and villages, until not far from Krivoy Rog, in the village of Veseli Terny, she was sheltered by the family of the paramedic-veterinarian Ivan Lebedchenko. More than a year Sarah lived in the basement of the house. January 13, 1943 Merry Terny were liberated by the Red Army. Sarah went to the draft board and asked to go to the front, but she was placed in the filtration camp No. 258. They were called in for interrogations only at night. The investigators asked how she, a Jewess, survived in Nazi captivity? And only a meeting in the same camp with colleagues in the hospital - a radiologist and a chief surgeon - helped her.

S. Zemelman was sent to the medical battalion of the 3rd Pomor Division of the 1st Polish Army. She ended the war on the outskirts of Berlin on May 2, 1945. She was awarded three Orders of the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, was awarded the Polish Order of the Silver Cross of Merit.

Unfortunately, after being released from the camps, the prisoners faced injustice, suspicion and contempt for them, who had gone through the hell of the German camps.

Grunya Grigoryeva recalls that the Red Army soldiers who liberated Ravensbrück on April 30, 1945, “... looked at the girls-prisoners of war as traitors. This shocked us. We did not expect such a meeting. Ours preferred French women more, Poles - foreigners.

After the end of the war, women prisoners of war went through all the torment and humiliation during SMERSH checks in filtration camps. Alexandra Ivanovna Max, one of 15 Soviet women liberated in the Neuhammer camp, tells how a Soviet officer in a repatriation camp chastised them: “Shame on you, you surrendered, you ...” And I argue with him: “What about were we supposed to do?" And he says: “You should have shot yourself, but not surrendered!” And I say: “Where did we have pistols?” “Well, you could, you should have hanged yourself, killed yourself. But don't give up."

Many front-line soldiers knew what awaited the former prisoners at home. One of the released women, N.A. Kurlyak, recalls: “We, 5 girls, were left to work in a Soviet military unit. We kept asking, "Send me home." We were dissuaded, begged: "Stay a little longer, they will look at you with contempt." But we didn't believe."

And already a few years after the war, a female doctor, a former prisoner, writes in a private letter: “... sometimes I am very sorry that I survived, because I always wear this dark spot captivity. Still, many do not know what kind of "life" it was, if you can call it life. Many do not believe that we honestly endured the burden of captivity there and remained honest citizens of the Soviet state.

Staying in fascist captivity irreparably affected the health of many women. For most of them, while still in the camp, natural female processes stopped and many never recovered.

Some, transferred from POW camps to concentration camps, were subjected to sterilization. “I didn’t have children after being sterilized in the camp. And so I remained, as it were, a cripple ... Many of our girls did not have children. So some husbands left because they wanted to have children. And my husband did not leave me, as he says, we will live like that. And we still live with him.”

Messages are merged 2 Apr 2017, first edit time 2 Apr 2017

This name has become a symbol of the brutal attitude of the Nazis towards captured children.

During the three years of the existence of the camp (1941-1944) in Salaspils, according to various sources, about a hundred thousand people died, seven thousand of them were children.

The place from which they did not return

This camp was built by captured Jews in 1941 on the territory of the former Latvian training ground, 18 kilometers from Riga, near the village of the same name. According to the documents, Salaspils (German: Kurtenhof) was originally called an “educational labor camp”, and not a concentration camp.

An impressive area, fenced with barbed wire, was built up with hastily built wooden barracks. Each was designed for 200-300 people, but often in one room there were from 500 to 1000 people.

Initially, Jews deported from Germany to Latvia were doomed to death in the camp, but since 1942, "undesirable" Jews from various countries: France, Germany, Austria, and the Soviet Union were sent here.

The Salaspils camp also gained notoriety because it was here that the Nazis took blood from innocent children for the needs of the army and mocked young prisoners in every possible way.

Full donors for the Reich

New prisoners were brought in regularly. They were forced to strip naked and sent to the so-called bathhouse. I had to walk half a kilometer through the mud, and then wash in ice water. After that, the arrivals were placed in barracks, all things were taken away.

There were no names, surnames, titles - only sequence numbers. Many died almost immediately, while those who managed to survive after several days of imprisonment and torture were “sorted out”.

The children were separated from their parents. If the mothers did not give, the guards took the babies by force. There were terrible screams and screams. Many women went crazy; some of them were placed in the hospital, and some were shot on the spot.

Infants and children under the age of six were sent to a special barrack, where they died of starvation and disease. The Nazis experimented on older prisoners: they injected poisons, performed operations without anesthesia, took blood from children, which was transferred to hospitals for wounded soldiers of the German army. Many children became "full donors" - they took blood from them until they died.

Considering that the prisoners were practically not fed: a piece of bread and a gruel from vegetable waste, the number of child deaths was in the hundreds per day. The corpses, like garbage, were taken out in huge baskets and burned in crematorium ovens or dumped into disposal pits.

Covering up traces

In August 1944, before the arrival Soviet troops, in an attempt to destroy the traces of atrocities, the Nazis burned down many barracks. The surviving prisoners were taken to the Stutthof concentration camp, and German prisoners of war were kept on the territory of Salaspils until October 1946.

After the liberation of Riga from the Nazis, a commission to investigate Nazi atrocities found 652 children's corpses in the camp. Also found mass graves and the remains of people: ribs, hip bones, teeth.

One of the most creepy pictures, clearly illustrating the events of that time, is the “Salaspils Madonna”, the corpse of a woman who hugs a dead baby. It was found that they were buried alive.

The truth pricks the eyes

Only in 1967, the Salaspils memorial complex was erected on the site of the camp, which still exists today. Many famous Russian and Latvian sculptors and architects worked on the ensemble, including Ernst Unknown. The road to Salaspils starts with a massive concrete slab, the inscription on which reads: "The earth groans behind these walls."

Further, on a small field, figures-symbols with "speaking" names rise: "Unbroken", "Humiliated", "Oath", "Mother". On either side of the road are barracks with iron bars where people bring flowers, children's toys and sweets, and on the black marble wall, serifs measure the days spent by the innocent in the "death camp".

To date, some Latvian historians blasphemously call the Salaspils camp "educational and labor" and "socially useful", refusing to recognize the atrocities that were committed near Riga during the Second World War.

In 2015, an exhibition dedicated to the victims of Salaspils was banned in Latvia. Officials considered that such an event would harm the image of the country. As a result, the exposition “Stolen childhood. Victims of the Holocaust through the eyes of young Nazi prisoners Salaspils concentration camp» was held in Russian center science and culture in Paris.

In 2017, there was also a scandal at the press conference “Salaspils camp, history and memory”. One of the speakers tried to express his original point of view on historical events, but received a harsh rebuff from the participants. “It hurts to hear how you are trying to forget about the past today. We cannot allow such terrible events to happen again. God forbid you experience something like this,” one of the women who managed to survive in Salaspils addressed the speaker.

Women medical workers of the Red Army, taken prisoner near Kiev, were collected for transfer to a prisoner of war camp, August 1941:

The uniform of many girls is semi-military-semi-civilian, which is typical for the initial stage of the war, when the Red Army had difficulties in providing women's uniforms and uniform shoes of small sizes. On the left is a dull captured artillery lieutenant, perhaps the “stage commander”.

How many female soldiers of the Red Army ended up in German captivity is unknown. However, the Germans did not recognize women as military personnel and regarded them as partisans. Therefore, according to the German private Bruno Schneider, before sending his company to Russia, their commander, Lieutenant Prince, familiarized the soldiers with the order: “Shoot all women who serve in the Red Army” (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/1190, fol. 110). Numerous facts testify that this order was applied throughout the war.

In August 1941, on the orders of Emil Knol, commander of the field gendarmerie of the 44th Infantry Division, a prisoner of war was shot - a military doctor (Archive Yad Vashem. M-37/178, fol. 17.).

In the city of Mglinsk, Bryansk region, in 1941, the Germans captured two girls from the sanitary unit and shot them (Archive of Yad Vashem. M-33/482, fol. 16.).

After the defeat of the Red Army in the Crimea in May 1942, an unknown girl in military uniform was hiding in the house of a resident of Buryachenko in the Mayak fishing village near Kerch. On May 28, 1942, the Germans discovered her during a search. The girl resisted the Nazis, shouting: “Shoot, bastards! I am dying for the Soviet people, for Stalin, and you, fiends, will be dog's death! The girl was shot in the yard (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/60, fol. 38.).

At the end of August 1942, a group of sailors was shot in the village of Krymskaya, Krasnodar Territory, among them there were several girls in military uniform (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/303, l 115.).

In the village of Starotitarovskaya, Krasnodar Territory, among the executed prisoners of war, the corpse of a girl in a Red Army uniform was found. She had a passport in the name of Mikhailova Tatyana Alexandrovna, 1923. Born in the village of Novo-Romanovka (Archive of Yad Vashem. M-33/309, fol. 51.).

In the village of Vorontsovo-Dashkovskoye, Krasnodar Territory, in September 1942, captured military assistants Glubokov and Yachmenev were brutally tortured (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/295, fol. 5.).

On January 5, 1943, 8 Red Army soldiers were captured near the Severny farm. Among them is a nurse named Lyuba. After prolonged torture and abuse, all those captured were shot. (Archive of Yad Vashem. M-33/302, fol. 32.).

Two rather grinning Nazis - a non-commissioned officer and a fanen-junker (candidate officer, on the right; it seems he is armed with a captured Soviet self-loading Tokarev rifle) - escort a captured Soviet girl soldier - to captivity ... or to death?

It seems that the "Hans" do not look evil ... Although - who knows? Completely at war ordinary people often they do such outrageous abominations that they would never have done in “another life” ... The girl is dressed in a full set of field uniforms of the Red Army model 1935 - male, and in good “commander” boots in size.

A similar photo, probably summer or early autumn 1941. The convoy is a German non-commissioned officer, a female prisoner of war in a commander's cap, but without insignia:

Divisional intelligence translator P. Rafes recalls that in the village of Smagleevka, liberated in 1943, 10 km from Kantemirovka, residents told how in 1941 “a wounded lieutenant girl was dragged naked onto the road, her face, hands were cut, her breasts were cut off ... » (P. Rafes. Then they had not yet repented. From the Notes of the translator of divisional intelligence. "Spark". Special issue. M., 2000, No. 70.)

Knowing what awaits them in the event of captivity, female soldiers, as a rule, fought to the last.

Often captured women were raped before they died. Hans Rudhoff, a soldier from the 11th Panzer Division, testifies that in the winter of 1942, “... Russian nurses lay on the roads. They were shot and thrown on the road. They lay naked… On these dead bodies… obscene inscriptions were written.” (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/1182, fol. 94–95.).

Women prisoners of war who ended up in camps were also subjected to violence and abuse. Former prisoner of war K.A. Shenipov said that in the camp in Drogobych there was a beautiful captive girl named Lyuda. “Captain Stroher, the commandant of the camp, tried to rape her, but she resisted, after which the German soldiers, called by the captain, tied Luda to a bunk, and in this position Stroher raped her and then shot her” (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/1182, fol. 11.).

A female soldier of the Red Army who was captured while trying to get out of the encirclement near Nevel, summer 1941:

Judging by their emaciated faces, they had to go through a lot even before being taken prisoner.

Here the "Hans" are clearly mocking and posing - so that they themselves can quickly experience all the "joys" of captivity! And the unfortunate girl, who, it seems, has already drunk dashingly to the full extent at the front, has no illusions about her prospects in captivity ...

On the right photo(September 1941, again near Kiev -?), on the contrary, the girls (one of whom even managed to keep a watch on her hand in captivity; an unprecedented thing, a watch is the optimal camp currency!) Do not look desperate or exhausted. Captured Red Army soldiers are smiling... A staged photo, or did they really get a relatively humane camp commandant who ensured a tolerable existence?

The Millerovo POW camp also contained female prisoners. The commandant of the women's barracks was a German from the Volga region. The fate of the girls languishing in this barrack was terrible: “Policemen often looked into this barrack. Every day, for half a liter, the commandant gave any girl to choose from for two hours. The policeman could take her to his barracks. They lived two in a room. During these two hours, he could use her as a thing, abuse, mock, do whatever he pleases.

Once, during the evening verification, the chief of police himself came, they gave him a girl for the whole night, the German woman complained to him that these "bastards" were reluctant to go to your policemen. He advised with a grin: “For those who do not want to go, arrange a“ red fireman ”. The girl was stripped naked, crucified, tied with ropes on the floor. Then they took a large red hot pepper, turned it inside out and inserted it into the girl's vagina. Left in this position for half an hour. Shouting was forbidden. Many girls' lips were bitten - they held back the cry, and after such a punishment they could not move for a long time.

The commandant, behind her back they called her a cannibal, enjoyed unlimited rights over the captive girls and came up with other sophisticated mockeries. For example, "self-punishment". There is a special stake, which is made crosswise with a height of 60 centimeters. The girl should strip naked, insert a stake into the anus, hold on to the cross with her hands, and put her legs on a stool and hold on for three minutes. Who could not stand it, had to repeat from the beginning.

We learned about what was happening in the women's camp from the girls themselves, who came out of the barracks to sit for about ten minutes on a bench. Also, the policemen boastfully talked about their exploits and the resourceful German woman ” (S. M. Fisher. Memoirs. Manuscript. Author's archive.).

Women doctors of the Red Army, who were taken prisoner, worked in camp infirmaries in many prisoner of war camps (mainly in transit and transit camps):

There may also be a German field hospital in the front line - in the background you can see part of the body of a car equipped to transport the wounded, and one of the German soldiers in the photo has a bandaged hand.

Infirmary hut of the POW camp in Krasnoarmeysk (probably October 1941):

In the foreground is a non-commissioned officer of the German field gendarmerie with a characteristic badge on his chest.

In the fall of 1941, K. Kromiadi, a member of the commission for the distribution of labor, who visited the Sedlice camp, talked with the captured women. One of them, a female military doctor, admitted: "... everything is bearable, except for the lack of linen and water, which does not allow us to change clothes or wash" (K. Kromiadi. Soviet prisoners of war in Germany ... p. 197.).

A group of female medical workers taken prisoner in the Kiev pocket in September 1941 was kept in Vladimir-Volynsk - camp Oflag No. 365 "Nord" (T. S. Pershina. Fascist genocide in Ukraine 1941-1944 ... p. 143.).

Nurses Olga Lenkovskaya and Taisiya Shubina were captured in October 1941 in the Vyazemsky encirclement. At first, women were kept in a camp in Gzhatsk, then in Vyazma. In March, when the Red Army approached, the Germans transferred the captured women to Smolensk in Dulag No. 126. There were few prisoners in the camp. They were kept in a separate barracks, communication with men was forbidden. From April to July 1942, the Germans released all women with the "condition of a free settlement in Smolensk" (Archive Yad Vashem. M-33/626, fol. 50–52. M-33/627, fol. 62–63.).

Crimea, summer 1942. Quite young Red Army soldiers, just captured by the Wehrmacht, and among them is the same young soldier girl:

Most likely - not a doctor: her hands are clean, in a recent battle she did not bandage the wounded.

After the fall of Sevastopol in July 1942, about 300 female health workers were captured: doctors, nurses, nurses (N. Lemeshchuk. Without bowing his head. (On the activities of the anti-fascist underground in the Nazi camps) Kiev, 1978, p. 32–33.). At first they were sent to Slavuta, and in February 1943, having gathered about 600 female prisoners of war in the camp, they were loaded into wagons and taken to the West. Everyone was lined up in Rovno, and another search for Jews began. One of the prisoners, Kazachenko, walked around and showed: "this is a Jew, this is a commissar, this is a partisan." Those who were separated from the general group were shot. The rest were again loaded into wagons, men and women together. The prisoners themselves divided the car into two parts: in one - women, in the other - men. Recovered in a hole in the floor (G. Grigorieva. Conversation with the author 9.10.1992.).

On the way, the captured men were dropped off at different stations, and on February 23, 1943, the women were brought to the city of Zoes. Lined up and announced that they would work in military factories. Evgenia Lazarevna Klemm was also in the group of prisoners. Jewish. History teacher at the Odessa Pedagogical Institute, posing as a Serb. She enjoyed special prestige among women prisoners of war. E.L. Klemm, on behalf of everyone, said in German: “We are prisoners of war and will not work at military factories.” In response, they began to beat everyone, and then drove them into a small hall, in which, because of the crowding, it was impossible to sit down or move. It stayed that way for almost a day. And then the rebellious were sent to Ravensbrück (G. Grigoryeva. Conversation with the author on 9.10.1992. Soon after returning from the camp, E. L. Klemm, after endless calls to the state security agencies, where they sought her confession of betrayal, committed suicide). This women's camp was established in 1939. The first prisoners of Ravensbrück were prisoners from Germany, and then from European countries occupied by the Germans. All the prisoners were shaved bald, dressed in striped (blue and gray striped) dresses and unlined jackets. Underwear - shirt and shorts. There were no bras or belts. In October, a pair of old stockings was given out for half a year, but not everyone managed to walk in them until spring. Shoes, as in most concentration camps, are wooden blocks.

The barrack was divided into two parts, connected by a corridor: a day room, in which there were tables, stools and small wall cabinets, and a sleeping room - three-tiered plank beds with a narrow passage between them. For two prisoners, one cotton blanket was issued. In a separate room lived a block - the older barracks. There was a washroom in the hallway (G. S. Zabrodskaya. The will to win. In the collection “Witnesses for the Prosecution”. L. 1990, p. 158; S. Muller. Ravensbruck locksmith team. Memoirs of a prisoner No. 10787. M., 1985, p. 7.).

A group of Soviet women prisoners of war arrived at Stalag 370, Simferopol (summer or early autumn 1942):

The prisoners carry all their meager possessions; under the hot Crimean sun, many of them “like a woman” tied their heads with handkerchiefs and took off their heavy boots.

Ibid, Stalag 370, Simferopol:

Prisoners worked mainly in the camp's sewing factories. Ravensbrück produced 80% of all uniforms for the SS troops, as well as camp clothing for both men and women. (Women of Ravensbruck. M., 1960, p. 43, 50.).

The first Soviet female prisoners of war - 536 people - arrived at the camp on February 28, 1943. At first, everyone was sent to a bathhouse, and then they were given striped camp clothes with a red triangle with the inscription: "SU" - Sowjet Union.

Every day, the prisoners got up at 4 in the morning for verification, sometimes lasting several hours. Then they worked for 12-13 hours in sewing workshops or in the camp infirmary.

Breakfast consisted of ersatz coffee, which the women used mainly to wash their hair, as there was no warm water. For this purpose, coffee was collected and washed in turn. .

For lunch, the prisoners received half a liter of gruel and 2–3 boiled potatoes. In the evening they received a small loaf of bread for five people mixed with sawdust and again half a liter of gruel (G. S. Zabrodskaya. The will to win ... p. 160.).

The impression that Soviet women made on the prisoners of Ravensbrück is evidenced in her memoirs by one of the prisoners, S. Müller: of the Geneva Convention of the Red Cross, they are to be treated as prisoners of war. For the camp authorities, this was unheard of insolence. For the entire first half of the day they were forced to march along Lagerstrasse (the main "street" of the camp) and deprived of lunch.

Get up great country
Rise to the death fight...

Then they sang about Moscow.

The Nazis were puzzled: the punishment by marching the humiliated prisoners of war turned into a demonstration of their strength and inflexibility ...

It was not possible for the SS to leave Soviet women without lunch. The political prisoners took care of food for them in advance” (Sh. Müller. Ravensbrück locksmith team… pp. 51–52.).

Soviet women prisoners of war more than once struck their enemies and fellow campers with their unity and spirit of resistance. Once 12 Soviet girls were included in the list of prisoners destined to be sent to Majdanek, to the gas chambers. When the SS men came to the barracks to take the women away, the comrades refused to hand them over. The SS managed to find them. “The remaining 500 people lined up five people and went to the commandant. The translator was E.L. Klemm. The commandant drove the newcomers into the block, threatening them with execution, and they began a hunger strike. (Women of Ravensbrück… p.127.).

Constant bullying, hard labor, hunger led to suicide. In February 1945, the defender of Sevastopol, military doctor Zinaida Aridova, threw herself on the wire (G. S. Zabrodskaya. The will to win ... p. 187.).

Nevertheless, the prisoners believed in liberation, and this belief sounded in a song composed by an unknown author. (N. Tsvetkova. 900 days in fascist dungeons. In Sat.: In Fascist dungeons. Notes. Minsk. 1958, p. 84.):

Keep your head up, Russian girls!
Above your head, be bold!
We don't have long to endure.
The nightingale will fly in the spring ...
And open the door for us to freedom,
Takes the striped dress off her shoulders
And heal deep wounds
Wipe the tears from swollen eyes.
Keep your head up, Russian girls!
Be Russian everywhere, everywhere!
Not long to wait, not long -
And we will be on Russian soil.

Former prisoner Germaine Tillon, in her memoirs, gave a peculiar description of Russian women prisoners of war who ended up in Ravensbrück: “... their solidarity was explained by the fact that they had gone through army school even before being captured. They were young, strong, neat, honest, and also rather rude and uneducated. There were also intellectuals (doctors, teachers) among them - benevolent and attentive. In addition, we liked their rebelliousness, unwillingness to obey the Germans " (Voices, pp. 74–5.).

Navigator of the air regiment Anna Egorova, whose plane was shot down over Poland, shell-shocked, with a burnt face, was captured and kept in the Kyustrinsky camp (N. Lemeshchuk. Without bowing his head ... p. 27. In 1965, A. Egorova was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.).

So, from the documents of the Stalag camp infirmary No. 352 in Minsk, it is known that “the nurse Sindeva Alexandra, who arrived at the City Hospital for childbirth on February 23, 1942, left with her child for the Rollbahn prisoner of war camp” (Yad Vashem archive. M-33/438 part II, fol. 127.).

Probably one of the last photographs of Soviet female soldiers captured by the Germans, 1943 or 1944:

Both were awarded medals, the girl on the left - "For Courage" (dark edging on the block), the second may have "BZ". There is an opinion that these are pilots, but it is unlikely: both have “clean” shoulder straps of privates.

On the basis of this order, on April 11, 1944, the head of the Security Service and the SD issued an order to send unreliable female prisoners of war to the nearest concentration camp. After being delivered to a concentration camp, such women were subjected to the so-called "special treatment" - liquidation. This is how Vera Panchenko-Pisanetskaya died - the eldest of a group of seven hundred female prisoners of war who worked at a military factory in the city of Gentin. A lot of marriage was produced at the plant, and during the investigation it turned out that Vera led the sabotage. In August 1944 she was sent to Ravensbrück and hanged there in the fall of 1944. (A. Nikiforova. This should not happen again ... p. 106.).

In the Stutthof concentration camp in 1944, 5 Russian senior officers were killed, including a female major. They were taken to the crematorium, the place of execution. First, the men were brought in and shot one after the other. Then a woman. According to a Pole who worked in the crematorium and understood Russian, the SS man, who spoke Russian, mocked the woman, forcing her to follow his commands: “right, left, around ...” After that, the SS man asked her: “Why did you do this? » What she did, I never found out. She replied that she did it for the Motherland. After that, the SS man slapped him in the face and said: "This is for your homeland." The Russian spat in his eyes and replied: "And this is for your homeland." There was confusion. Two SS men ran up to the woman and began to push her alive into the furnace for burning corpses. She resisted. Several more SS men ran up. The officer shouted: “Into her furnace!” The oven door was open and the heat set the woman's hair on fire. Despite the fact that the woman vigorously resisted, she was placed on a cart for burning corpses and pushed into the oven. This was seen by all the prisoners who worked in the crematorium. (A. Streim. Die Behandlung sowjetischer Kriegsgefengener…. S. 153–154.). Unfortunately, the name of this heroine remains unknown.

"E European values" is a common expression now. We learned about some of them in the middle of the 20th century. During the Great Patriotic War, not only German "volunteers" carried them to us. Italian, Hungarian, Croatian, Finnish ... The Soviet Union they cost millions of lives, most of which are not combat losses at all.
The word "Europe" is magical effect, even good repair or we call the finish with the prefix " Euro"for some reason. Is this always a sign of some quality?
European humanism of the middle of the last century is reflected in this small photo selection.
Watching it is recommended for a person of age and prepared. That's why he " Euro humanism".

I would like to start with a poem by Robert Rozhdestvensky.

post war song

The cannonades choked
Silence in the world
On the mainland one day
The war is over.

Believe and love.
Just don't forget it
Don't forget this
Just don't forget!

How the sun rose in the burning
And the darkness swirled
And in the river between the banks
Blood-water flowed.
There were black birches
Long years.
Tears were shed
Tears are shed
Sorry, not forever.

The cannonades choked
Silence in the world
On the mainland one day
The war is over.
We will live, meet the dawn,
Believe and love.
Just don't forget it
Don't forget this
Just don't forget!

Red Army prisoners who died of hunger and cold. The POW camp was located in the village of Bolshaya Rossoshka near Stalingrad.

Soviet people shot by the Germans. The prison yard in Rostov-on-Don after the departure of the Germans.

Residents of Rostov-on-Don in the courtyard of the city prison identify relatives killed by the German invaders.
From the memorandum of the UNKVD for the Rostov region No. 7/17 dated 03/16/1943: “The wild arbitrariness and atrocities of the invaders of the first days were replaced by the organized physical destruction of the entire Jewish population, communists, Soviet activists and Soviet patriots ... In the city prison alone on February 14, 1943 year - on the day of the liberation of Rostov - parts of the Red Army found 1154 corpses of citizens of the city, shot and tortured by the Nazis. Of the total number of corpses, 370 were found in the pit, 303 in different places yard and 346 - among the ruins of a blown up building. Among the victims are 55 minors, 122 women.”
In total, during the occupation, the Nazis destroyed 40 thousand inhabitants in Rostov-on-Don, another 53 thousand were driven away for forced labor in Germany.

The Germans used the monument to Lenin in occupied Voronezh as a gallows.

The execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. On the girl’s chest is a poster with the inscription “Pyro” (Zoya was captured by the Germans while trying to set fire to the house where the German soldiers were quartered). The picture was taken by a German soldier who later died.

Zoya's body hung on the gallows for about a month, repeatedly abused by German soldiers passing through the village. On New Year's Eve, 1942, drunken Germans tore off clothes that had been hung up and once again abused the body, stabbing it with knives and cutting off the chest. The next day, the Germans gave the order to remove the gallows and the body was buried by local residents outside the village.

Killed Red Army soldiers in a roadside ditch.

dead soviet soldiers, as well as civilians - women and children. The bodies are dumped in a roadside ditch, like household garbage; dense columns of German troops are calmly moving past along the road.

Soviet underground before execution in Minsk. In the center is 16-year-old Maria Bruskina with a plywood shield on her chest and an inscription in German and Russian: "We are partisans who fired at German troops." Left - Kirill Ivanovich Trus, a worker of the Minsk plant named after. Myasnikova, on the right - 16-year-old Volodya Shcherbatsevich.

This is the first public execution in the occupied territories, on that day in Minsk, 12 Soviet underground workers were hanged on the arch of a yeast factory, helping wounded Red Army soldiers escape from captivity. In the photo - the moment of preparation for hanging 17-year-old Maria Bruskina. Maria before last minute life tried to turn away from the German photographer.
The execution was carried out by volunteers from the 2nd Battalion of the Police Auxiliary Service from Lithuania, commanded by Major Impulevičius.

Preparations for the hanging of Vladimir Shcherbatsevich.

Preparations for the hanging of Cyril Trus.

Olga Fyodorovna Shcherbatsevich, an employee of the 3rd Soviet Hospital, who cared for captured wounded soldiers and officers of the Red Army. She was hanged by the Germans in the Alexander Square in Minsk on October 26, 1941. The inscription on the shield, in Russian and German, is "We are partisans who fired on German soldiers."
From the memoirs of a witness to the execution - Vyacheslav Kovalevich, in 1941 he was 14 years old: "I was walking to the Surazh market. At the cinema" Central "I saw a column of Germans moving along Sovetskaya Street, and in the center there were three civilians, with their hands tied behind. Among them, Aunt Olya, Volodya Shcherbatsevich's mother, they were brought to the square opposite the House of Officers. summer cafe. Before the war, they began to repair it. They made a fence, put up poles, and nailed boards on them. Aunt Olya and two men were brought to this fence and they began to hang on it. First, the men were hanged. When Aunt Olya was being hanged, the rope broke. Two fascists ran up - they picked it up, and the third fixed the rope. She just stayed there."

This photo was taken between 1941 and 1943 by the Holocaust Memorial in Paris. Pictured here is a German soldier aiming at a Ukrainian Jew during a mass shooting in Vinnitsa (the city is located on the banks of the Southern Bug, 199 kilometers southwest of Kiev). On the back of the photo card was written: "The last Jew of Vinnitsa."

Punishers shoot Jewish women and children near the village of Mizoch, Rivne region. Those who show signs of life are killed in cold blood. Before being executed, the victims were ordered to remove all clothing.
In October 1942, the inhabitants of Mizoch opposed the Ukrainian auxiliary units and the German policemen, who intended to liquidate the population of the ghetto.

The orchestra of prisoners of the Yanovsky concentration camp performs the "Tango of Death". On the eve of the liberation of Lvov by the Red Army, the Germans lined up a circle of 40 people from the orchestra. The camp guards surrounded the musicians in a tight ring and ordered them to play. First, the conductor of the Mund orchestra was executed, then, by order of the commandant, each orchestra member went to the center of the circle, laid his instrument on the ground and stripped naked, after which he was shot in the head.

Corner of Nevsky and Ligovsky prospects in Leningrad. Victims of the first shelling of the city by German artillery.

Victims of the first German shelling of Leningrad on Glazovaya Street.

Victims of German artillery shelling in Leningrad.

A German guard lets his dogs play with a "living toy".

Nazis shoot civilians in Kaunas.

Execution of Soviet partisans after testing the gallows for strength. 1941

Hanged Soviet partisans. 1941

Red Army soldiers at the bodies of civilians tortured by the Germans - women, children, the elderly. Gatchina (in 1929-1944 - Krasnogvardeysk).

Partisan liaison, tortured by the Nazis.

The execution of a Jewish family in Ivangorod in Ukraine.

Bagerovsky anti-tank ditch near Kerch. Grigory Berman over the bodies of his wife and children.
A fragment from the "Act of the Extraordinary State Commission on the atrocities of the Germans in the city of Kerch", presented on Nuremberg Trials under the title “Document USSR-63”: “... The Nazis chose an anti-tank ditch near the village of Bagerovo as the place of mass execution, where for three days entire families of people doomed to death were brought by motor vehicles. Upon the arrival of the Red Army in Kerch, in January 1942, when examining the Bagerovsky ditch, it was found that for a kilometer in length, 4 meters wide, 2 meters deep, it was overflowing with the corpses of women, children, old people and teenagers. Near the moat were frozen pools of blood. Children's hats, toys, ribbons, torn off buttons, gloves, bottles with nipples, boots, galoshes, along with stumps of arms and legs and other parts of the body, were also lying there. All this was spattered with blood and brains. Fascist scoundrels shot the defenseless population with explosive bullets ... ".
In total, about 7 thousand corpses were found in the Bagerovsky ditch.

Bagerovsky anti-tank ditch near Kerch. locals mourn the people killed by the Germans.

The bodies of Soviet citizens killed near the village of Bagerovo near the city of Kerch.

Shooting of Soviet partisans.

Hanged in Kharkov on the balcony administrative building Soviet partisans. Trophy photograph, captured in March 1943 on the Mius Front near the village of Dyakovka. The inscription in German on the back: “Kharkov. Hanging partisans. A frightening example for the population. That helped!!!".

Soviet citizens hanged by the Germans in the city of Kharkov. The inscription on the plates is "Punishment for mine explosions."

An unknown Soviet partisan hanged from a power line pole in the city of Mozhaisk. The inscription on the gate behind the hanged man is "Mozhaisk Cinema". The photo was found in the personal belongings of Hans Elmann, who died in battle near the village of Dmitrievka on the Mius River on March 22, 1943.

Soviet child next to the murdered mother. Concentration camp for the civilian population "Ozarichi". Belarus, the town of Ozarichi, Domanovichsky district, Polesye region.

Corpses of Red Army prisoners tortured by the Nazis in the village of Gorokhovets, Kirishi District.

Public execution of a "suspected partisan" by members of the German field gendarmerie. Photo "for memory" was found in the personal belongings of the murdered German soldier. On a board nailed to the gallows, it is written in German and Russian: "Such a fate will befall every partisan and commissar and those who oppose the German army."

A group of arrested Soviet citizens on suspicion of partisan actions before being shot. In the background, in the center, a field gendarmerie guard with a weapon at the ready, at the top right - Wehrmacht officers and an arriving firing squad of soldiers.

Soviet women mourn the victims of the Nazis.

Civilians of Zhytomyr killed by the Germans.

Jewish residents of the city of Siauliai before being sent to execution near the Kuzhiai station.

The family of a Soviet collective farmer, killed on the day of the retreat of the German troops.

The funeral of the Young Guard Sergei Tyulenin. In the background are the surviving Young Guard Georgy Arutyunyants (the tallest) and Valeria Borts (a girl in a beret). In the second row is the father of Sergei Tyulenin (?).

The funeral of the young guard Ivan Zemnukhov.

German soldiers are preparing to shoot Soviet prisoners of war at Hill 122 in the foothills of the Musta-Tunturi ridge. Kola Peninsula. On the right is Private Sergei Makarovich Korolkov.

The bodies of Soviet citizens hanged by the Germans during the occupation of Volokolamsk.

Soviet women are pushing a cart with the bodies of men shot by the Germans.

Soviet child crying over the body of his dead mother.

Hanged Soviet citizens, suspected by the Germans in connection with the partisans.

Jewish, Polish and Ukrainian women and children locked in a greenhouse awaiting their fate. They were shot by the Germans the next day. In total, at the end of August 1941, 700 civilians, including women and children, were shot at the House of the Red Army in Novograd-Volynsk.

Execution of underground worker Vladimir Vinogradov, who killed a German soldier in Vitebsk. The inscription on the tablet in German and Russian: "Vladimir Vinogradov killed a German soldier on September 23, 1941 in Vitebsk."
From the book "Vitebsk Underground". In September 1941, a group of Komsomol members headed by V.I. Vinogradov attempted to blow up railroad bridge through the Western Dvina. But the bridge was heavily guarded, and the patriots failed. Volodya began to be followed. On September 23, a German gendarme came to the Vinogradovs' apartment to arrest a Komsomol member. They met in the corridor. Volodya snatched the bayonet from the Nazi and immediately stabbed the fascist, and he himself rushed to run, but when he tried to cross the Western Dvina he was captured and executed a few days later.

Snow-covered body of Valentina Ivanovna Polyakova, Kryukovskaya's teacher high school, shot by the Germans on December 1, 1941 in the school garden. She was 27 years old, she taught Russian. After the release of Kryukov V.I. Polyakova was buried at the school gates, later she was reburied at the Andreevsky cemetery. The locals still remember her and take care of her grave.

Soviet civilians hanged for a stolen helmet from a tombstone of a German soldier.

German soldiers are photographed against the background of two hanged Soviet partisans.

The Germans execute on the gallows Soviet citizens who are suspected of being partisans.

The bodies of those who were shot Orthodox Church Soviet citizens.

Policemen execute on the gallows two Soviet citizens suspected of having links with the partisans, on the street of the city of Bogodukhov, Kharkov region.