Productive suffixes in Russian. Regularity of morphemes. Signs of regularity and the root. Regularity and affixes. The concept of unifixes, their differences from regular affixes. Major historical alternations

Productive and non-productive morphemes.
According to the ability or inability to form words in Russian
are highlighted productive and unproductive official
morphemes . Productive such service morphemes are called,
which are freely used to form new words or
forms in modern Russian. To productive morphemes
include, for example, morphemes such as noun suffixes
nyh: - tel, -nick, -ost, -stv; adjective suffixes : -ow, - in, -
n, - ck And others . Unproductive are called such service morphe-
we, with the help of which in modern Russian words and forms
we words are not formed. These include morphemes such as suffix
noun fixes:- ash -, - zn; adjective suffixes : -av
-, - h-; verb prefixes: air, bottom- and others.
bodies also distinguish unproductive morphemes. Unproductive
nym morphemes are those morphemes that
new words and word forms are formed irregularly. They include-
Xia, for example, the suffix of a noun - ah-, adjective - -
an-, -at- , ending im.p. plural nouns – e.
Regular and irregular morphemes.
The concept of regularity - irregularity should not be confused with
the concept of productivity and unproductivity. Regularity is not
regularity is a morphemic phenomenon, a synchronous phenomenon, and
it is the frequency of occurrence, the use of the affix. Pro-
ductivity - unproductivity - the phenomenon of word formation, dia-
chronic phenomenon and is characterized by the frequency of use of data
affix in modern word formation for production
new words. According to the features of compatibility with a large number
words, stems or being part of many words or word forms
service morphemes can be characterized as regular
and irregular.
In modern Russian, regular morphemes are represented
form the vast majority of service morphemes . Regular sea-
themes combined within a word or word form with different
types of root and affix morphemes, they are easily distinguished in
word structure. These include all productive and low-productive
active morphemes . Irregular morphemes in modern Russian

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language are represented by a very limited number of word-formation
body affixes, they have limited compatibility, do not
are repeated. Among them stand out:
Unifix - (term E.A. Zemskaya) rarely found in the word-
morpheme formation. For example, among prefixes you can mark
tit such as ra-, chickens -, ba -, mu - in words ra arc, chickens nasal, ba hwa-
pour, mu rubbish Among the suffixes, irregular morphemes are represented
lines as follows:- ar-, -thief-, -uh-, -ih-, -hell – in words midge ar a, det in-
R a, pet wow, women them, pop hell ya
All previously considered morphemes are characterized by their non-
discontinuity, since their phonemic length is not discontinuous
evoked by other morphemes. However, in Russian, some
investigators distinguish such a morpheme as bifix (circumfix, con-
fix) , relating it to discontinuous word-forming morphemes. Her
the phonemic length is interrupted by the stem.
Bifix is a single two-element word-forming morphe-
ma. In the process of word production, it complicates the production
basis simultaneously in pre- and post-positions. For example ,on -spring-
him, with - work -nickname, with -a lion -a, re - Forest - OK.
As a rule, unproductive affixes are most often
irregular.
Unproductive morphemes are divided into living and dead. Zhi-
morphemes are considered as morphemes, which, from the point of view of modern
of the language of the Russian language are completely freely distinguished in the composition of the
va. For example, the suffix –ist -, -ov -, prefix at - in words velo-
siped ist , cars ist , roses ov ouch, oak ov th, at lead, at drive.
Dead morphemes are those that do not feel
by speakers as separate parts of a word and can be distinguished in
composition of the word only after a special study. To them you can
but include the following morphemes: - to -, -r and etc . as part of the following
words: sound to , knowing to , Yes R , pi R, baud R oh, ext R th. As noted by B.A. La-
rin, prefixes and endings are always perceived as living charms
sti our words. Dead morphemes, only etymologically
lyaenye as part of different words of the Russian language, are not official
morphemes in modern Russian, but are part of
root morphemes of words.
Affixal morphemes can be classified in Russian
language based on their material expression - unexpressed
news. According to a widely held point of view, there
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there are such morphemes that are not expressed materially, i.e. not represent-
are bound by any sounds, in other words, they do not have a material, sound-
howling shell, but participate in the expression of any grammatical
or derivational meaning. Such morphemes are called
zero or negative . Zero (negative) affixes
stand out in relation to real, materially expressed
affixes, only in other word forms of a given word, or by
correlation of the analyzed word forms with the corresponding forms
other words: table - wall, window; walls - houses, fields; put - read
sit down, etc.
In modern Russian, zero morphemes are distinguished
different types. In shaping, zero endings are distinguished,
which are usually indicated for such grammatical forms as
form them. case units number of masculine nouns and nouns
positive female third declension (for example, table,
house, forest, stump, night, steppe, trembling, shadow), form genus. case plural.
the number of nouns of the first declension and, in part, of the second
nenie (for example, walls, mountains, lands, villages, lakes), a short form of them. pa-
bowl unit numbers of masculine adjectives (for example, handsome,
young, cheerful), unit form. past tense masculine numbers
And subjunctive mood(for example, writing, drawing, speaking,
I would read it, decorate it), etc.
As a typical zero formative morphe-
we can bring the absence (loss) of the suffix –l - in the form of a unit
masculine past tense and subjunctive
verbs with a consonant stem, for example, carried, carried, rowed
(cf.: I came, I saw, I conquered).
In the morphemic structure of a word, zero suffixes can also be found.
fixes with which nouns can be formed
from verbs, adjectives, numerals. For example, tremble >
tremble, frighten > fright, deaf > wilderness, naked > naked, fourth >
quarter, third > third.
The concept of a null morpheme is sometimes used in
but also to the root of the word. So, for example, a zero root is found in
word take out. In addition, the prefix stands out in the word you-, suf-
fixes - well-And - th.
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Paradigmatic relations between morphemes.
Morphemes as certain linguistic units enter into
system relationships. They differ in a number of specific features
kov, on the basis of which their classification is carried out. Sis-
the darkness of morphemes is manifested in the presence of certain paradigms
tic relationship between them. In morphemic paradigmatic
relationships are manifested in different ways. Depending on the nature
considered relations between morphemes differ such
phenomena as a morpheme homonymy, synonymy and antonymy.
Homonymy of morphemes.
The problem of homonymy is, according to V.V. Vinogradov,
“one of the most pressing and at the same time confusing problems.”
Homonymy is not only a lexical phenomenon proper, it is penetrating
calls all the structural elements of the language. Identical in sound
morphemes can act as different morphemes and represent
are homonymous morphemes. morphemes are called homonymous
identical in phonemic composition, but different on value-
nyu, those. homonymy here means the sound coincidence of different
nyh morphemes. Homonymous morphemes can be different morphemes
themes - roots, prefixes, suffixes, postfixes, endings.
Root morphemes are the roots of different words that are in
wearing lexical homonymy. For example, bulk- a (wooden beam)
And bulk -a (small ravine), top- burn (heat with fuel)
And top -it (immerse in water). Homonymous roots are found and
in words belonging to different word-formation structures.
For example, waters -a and waters - it, mountains -a and mountains -et, groin- at and groin - choke
Prefixed homonyms are quite common. TO
prefix homonyms include some prefixes, combined
with words of different parts of speech. For example , about - into words
about rector and about do, times - (ras -) in words once kind and races edge-
Savitsa.
Homonymous can also be suffixes that occur in conjunction
stave of words of a certain part of speech. For example, in the words cube inc but,
cargo inc and sly inc ah, weak inc but; grape in ah, pearl in and sturgeon in but,
ram in but; House in a, dol in ah, cold in but; teacher prostrate a, writer prostrate a and
sugar prostrate ah, ink prostrate but; artist to a, student to and a knife to a, ruch to a, spin to but.
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The phenomenon of homonymy is also common among inflectional morphemes.
So, among the endings of nouns, homonymous can be the following
blowing: -a, -u, -and . For example, walls but, sisters but and table but, pillar but ( forms im.p.
plural and forms of the genus. p.s.h.); waters at, rivers at and leaf at, table at(forms win.p.s.ch.
and forms of date units); songs And, night And, mouse And(forms of genus.p.s.ch. and forms
im.p. plural).
Homonymous can be morphemes belonging to the grammar
mathematical forms of different parts of speech. For example, countries at, table at And
ber at, carried at(forms of vin.p.ch. of masculine and feminine nouns and
verb forms in the present tense). Homonymous can be
morphemes of different types, for example, suffixal and inflectional:
fox- uy and syn- uy, where in the first case is a suffix, and in the second -
ending.
Morphemic homonymy in Russian is explained by different
reasons, including the fact that over a long period of
ode of development, there could be a change in the meaning of one or another mor-
themes. In addition, homonymy could arise as a result of mutual
the occurrence of a number of affixes from other languages, for example, the suffix –ist-
(chess ist, tank ist) and suffix –ist - (branch ist oh, ridge ist th).
Synonymy of morphemes.
In modern Russian there are many morphemes that
have a completely different sound composition, but they coincide or are very
close in meaning. Such morphemes are called synonymous
nym. Synonymous can be morphemes of all kinds - root
new, prefixal, suffixal, inflexional and postfixal.
Synonymous root morphemes are morphemes,
used in words related by relations of lexical system
nononyms, for example, lie - lie, work - work, etc. Among the sino-
imitation prefixes can be called such as you - And from -: kick out
choose - expel, elect ; pre - And about -: overfeed - feed;
under- And at -: to prepare - to prepare; without - And not - : innocent and
innocent.
Synonymous suffixes include derivational
suffixes such as: - tel-, -Nick -, -chik-(-chik-), -ary -: teacher,
conductor, loader, bricklayer, baker, etc. and shaping
suffixes –nn- And -T-: written and broken, etc.
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Synonymous endings include all morphemes used
used to form the same grammatical form. For example,
ending -but And -about in words wall and oar; - a, -s, -and in the words of the window, the city,
walls, ground. Synonymous morphemes, expressing certain meanings
tions, in some cases completely coincide in their semantics, in others -
only partially. From here, full morphemes-synonyms and non-
full morphemes-synonyms. Full synonymy of morphemes is manifested
among formative service morphemes, among word-forming
morphemes of the relationship of complete synonymy are observed relatively
seldom.
Partial synonymy is characteristic of most synonymic
nyh derivational affixes and root morphemes. For example-
measure, suffix –sk - in addition to the membership value can express
to reap an attitude to a geographical object, to an abstract concept
tiyu, etc.: Moscow, Narva, institute, practical.
Antonym of morphemes.
Different morphemes can express not only common, identical
nye or close values, but also directly opposite. Morphe-
we with opposite meanings are called antonymous.
Antonymic relations characterize all morphemes of Russian
languages ​​- root and service. Root antonymous morphe-
morphemes are morphemes in lexical words-antonyms, for example
measures, day-night, grief-joy, etc. To suffix antonyms
include morphemes such as –ik - And - in-, -to - And –search- : house - house-
on, pen - hands. The wide distribution of antonymous sea-
femme can be found in prefixed derivational
morphemes: in - carry - you - carry, at - fly - at - fly, about -write – you -
write. Antonymic are many prefixes that combine-
with associated roots, for example, about -child - once -child, about -ut - once -
ut, at -pull out - from - throw out, etc.
The base of the word.
The object of morphemics should also include such units
language like basics words that are formally in one
cases are equal to a morpheme, a root, in others they consist of different mor-
fem, root and service. Stem expresses lexical meaning
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given word. It stands out by separating the ending and shaping
suffixes. From the point of view of the morphemic structure of words and word-
forms distinguish six types of bases : non-derivatives, derivatives, pro-
simple, complex, free, connected.
Non-derivative and derivative the basics differ depending on
ti from the morphemic composition of the stem . Non-derivative base is the base
va, equal to the root, not divided into morphemes: water-a, ved-u. Meaning
non-derivative basis cannot be explained using the basis
single-root word, simpler in structure and meaning. Pro-
derivative- this is the basis of the word, which, in addition to the root, includes
there are other morphemes, for example, the prefix: on-clone, suburb; suf-
fix: leather-an-th, water-its-a; prefix and suffix: re-cry-to-a. Know-
the meaning of the derived stem can be explained using the stem
single-root word, simpler in structure and meaning.
Simple And complex basics differ depending on the
the number of root morphemes in the stem. A simple content base
one root lives waters - itza. A complex base includes two or more
roots: waters - about- measures , oil -e -gas -o-pro- waters.
Among the non-derivative bases, there are loose and bound
nye basics. Free the basis is a non-derivative basis (root),
found not only in the composition of derivative bases, but also separately
but from them, for example, water-a, deaf-oh, birch-a. Related base is
non-derivative basis (root), found only in the composition of the pro-
derived stems of related words, i.e. required in conjunction with
word-forming affixes: with-verg-nut, reject-reject-nut. Kor-
none of these stems are called connected roots (or radixoids).
New words are formed both from non-derivative and from pro-
derived base. The basis from which a new word is formed is
called producing. For example , the foundation honestly is a
giving for the word honest, and the basis honest- - producing basis
for the word honesty.
Morphonological changes at the junction of morphemes.
In modern Russian, the compatibility of service morphemes
and root is often accompanied by various changes in their
material structure, sound composition. Such changes are accepted
that is called morphological changes. In modern Russian
morphonological phenomena are observed at the junction of the os-
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new and suffixes. Among the morphonological phenomena in the Russian language
it is customary to distinguish between such phenomena as the alternation of sounds of the base, truncated
generating stem, overlapping morphemes, interficial
sation, change of place of stress.
Alternation of sounds (phonemes ) is a well-known phenomenon. Under the
naming is understood as the interchange of sounds in the composition of one morpheme in
different cases of its use, i.e. in different words and word form
max. The most common alternation of consonants
stems before the suffix. For example, in the words: friend - friend,
hand - pen, bear - teddy bear, ask - petition. When layer-
in the formation and shaping, it is widespread through
vowel stemming: disassemble - disassembly, speak - conversation
tear. In suffixation, alternation is especially common
fluent vowels of the stem o, e with zero sound: rye - rye.
truncation fundamentals – is the process by which the
the leading stem is not wholly part of the derived word. Ta-
which phenomenon is usually called the truncation of the generating basis. This
the phenomenon is observed during suffixation, as a result of which
various sounds or combinations of sounds at the end of the os-
new: close - closeness.
overlay morphemes – is a phenomenon occurring at the junction of cor-
neva and service morphemes. This phenomenon is also called
application. In Russian, the overlap of morphemes is most often observed
is given when combining generating stems with suffixes, i.e. tax
reduction of the suffix or its initial part to the end of the generating
basics. For example, open (cf. open), brownish (cf. blue-
wadded).
Interfixation is a phenomenon in which, in the case of a combination
generating stems with word-forming affixes appear -
all different connecting sounds or sound combinations, called inter-
fixes. For example, Europe to her-sky, highway - highway- th th.
The phenomenon of interfixation in modern Russian in most
most cases is explained by phonetic (phonemic) causes
us. It contributes to the elimination of such sound-
combinations that are not typical for the structure of the Russian word and not
comfortable for pronunciation.
Changing the accent. As a morphological phenomenon
a change in the place of stress occurs when it connects
generating stem with word-forming affixes. Wherein
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there is a shift of stress from the stem to the word-forming af-
fix. For example, write - write out, voice - voice, water - water, blue
- bluish.
The combination of generating stems with word-forming morphe-
mami can be accompanied simultaneously by different morphonological
physical phenomena
Changes in the composition and structure of the word.
Over time, with the loss of some words, the appearance of others,
change in the meaning of words, their sound shell, changes occur
in the morphemic articulation of words. For many words, the number of
the number of morphemes, the sound composition of individual morphemes, come from
changes in meaning, functions of morphemes, etc. In this regard, it is accepted
talk about a change in the morphological structure of a word, or its
basics. Depending on the nature of structural changes in the word
and the reasons that caused these changes, there are several types
changes in the morphemic structure of the word: definition, re-decomposition
nie, complication, decorrelation, diffusion.
Simplification is a change in the morphemic structure of a word, with
in which the previously derived and morpheme-separable stem ceases to be
does not distinguish affixes in its composition and turns into non-productive
nuyu, indivisible. In Russian, words are subject to simplification
different parts of speech and different morphemic structure. For example, taste,
quickie, stick. The definition of the basis can also occur due to
loss of word-forming affixes in the language. So, they became unpro-
derivatives of the basis of words sign, sound due to the loss of language
educational suffix - k-.
Redecomposition – is a change in the morphemic structure of a word,
in which the boundaries between morphemes move while maintaining
the division of the derivative stem into morphemes. For example,
take off > take off. As a result of the re-decomposition of the foundations in Russian
new affixes appear in the word-formation system. Reraz-
the laying of the foundation is explained by the appearance in the Russian language of the suffix-
sa -Nick- (cf. mentor), formed from the combination of the suffix
adjective - n- and noun suffix -
ik- (cf. double - double). Suffix - inc- in words with meaning
a small particle of matter (cf. pea, grain of sand) appeared in re-
the result of the merger of the singularity suffix - in-(cf. straw, carto-
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felin) and a diminutive suffix - to- (cf. pearl - pearl-
ka, ice floe - ice floe).
Complication of the base is a change in the morphemic structure of the word
va, in which the previously non-derivative basis turns into a product
water, divided into morphemes. The complication of the base usually occurs
walks with words borrowed by the Russian language. One of the reasons for the
laying the foundations - establishing semantic-derivational
correspondences between the borrowed and the Russian word. For example,
loanwords flask And umbrella were at first words with
non-derivative basis. Under the influence of Russian one-structured
words like path - road, table – table words appeared flask And
umbrella, and the basics of words flask And umbrella began to articulate at the root and
suffix: flask-k-a and umbrella-ik.
Decorrelation of morphemes is a change in character or meaning
morphemes and their correlation in the word while maintaining the articulation of the word
va, number and order of morphemes. The decorrelation process in
most cases associated with a change in the nature of the root
femme of derived words, i.e. their belonging to parts of speech. On the-
example, word boasted was formed with a prefix ba-
from a vanished noun praise(bouncer), and in modern
in Russian it corresponds to the verb brag. The same can
but to say about the noun war, formed from the noun
body howl(warrior), and currently perceived as an
called from a verb fight, noun catcher, formed
from noun catch(hunt) now correlates with the verb
catch. Other ratios of parts of speech producing
words at the time of formation of derivatives from them and at the present time
me. So, for example, the word ignoramus formed from a noun
th vezha(expert), currently correlated with adjective
polite, noun love formed from an adjective
love(dear, beloved), today correlates with the verb be in love,
adjective scientific derived from the verb teach, and in modern
in English corresponds to a noun the science etc.
Diffusion - this is the interpenetration of morphemes while maintaining
at the same time, they have a clear independence and features of significant
some parts of a word. As a result of this process, the derivative base
va essentially continues to be divided into the same morphemes as earlier
more, however, the separateness of the morphemes distinguished in the word in a certain
link of the word-formation chain is weakened due to partial
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phonetic application of one morpheme to another. The most important and
that the only reason for the phenomenon of diffusion of morphemes is the
personal sound changes, while the diffusion resulting from this,
may not be indicated on the letter and thus exist only in oral
noah speech. For example, sew [shsht], children's [children's]. Diffusion of sea-
fem is usually observed at the junction of a prefix and a non-derivative stem
or at the junction of two non-derivative words.
WORD FORMATION (DERIVATION).
Term "word formation" traditionally used for
designations of the processes of creation of new words operating in the language
based on existing lexical units using your own
means of this language. According to this understanding, the word
education in the specialized literature, it is usually defined as
“a special way of vocabulary development”, as “one of the main means
replenishment of the vocabulary of the language with new words. The term “layer-
imagination” is ambiguous, and this creates certain inconveniences
in the description and study of the linguistic phenomena designated by him.
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language is in
state of continuous change. One of the regularities
The development of the vocabulary is to replenish it with new words.
Replenishment occurs in two ways: through the formation of new
words on the basis of those already available in the language and by borrowing words from
other languages. The priority is the formation of new words.
The newly formed words in the Russian language in their structure are words
with a derivative basis . Therefore, the main object of word formation
as a section of linguistics, or derivatology, is production
noe word- the main, most important unit of the word-formation system
language stems. Derived words make up a significant part
vocabulary of the modern Russian language (about 5 times
more non-derivatives). To the number language units, slu-
squeezing the object of word formation as a section of linguistics,
various parts of derivative words, the so-called segment
common units, primarily producing stems, bases and word formations
educational affixes, as well as connecting elements - inter-
fixes and other parts of derived words that also serve as
morphemic object.
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In word formation, the so-called complex
nye units of the word-formation system of the language, i.e. various volumes
derivative words, such as derivational type, word-
educational nest, etc.
Each derived word consists of two structural-functional
rational units: stems and affixes (formative or layer-
imaginative). The derivative basis is formed as a result of the layer-
imaginative process and, in turn, can be the basis
producing.. Derivative the foundation is a historical concept.
The word-forming basis, i.e. the stem of the word that is involved in
living word-formation process, is called producing
basis. Producing the foundation - this is the basis of the generating word,
which is complicated in the process of word formation
with a common affix (formant). It will remain in the composition of the derivative
th word (in full or truncated form) as an integral part of it. Pro-
the exhausting base is usually released when we are talking about pro-
the process of word formation. From the point of view of modern relations,
the basis not always distinguished by correlation is the basis
howling producing in etymological terms. Therefore, when analyzing
word formation in terms of synchronous relations speaks of a motive
vibrating basis. Motivational basis is part of the derivative
(motivated) word complicated by a formant (Yu.S. Maslov).
Each derived word has its own generating word, i.e.
single-root word, simpler in meaning and structure. Inter-
du derivative and the corresponding generating word exist-
there are certain relationships:
1) the derived word has a more complex structure than the pro-
exhausting, i.e. contains more morphemes;
2) the derived word is characterized by a greater semantic
complexity compared to the manufacturer;
Derived words along with lexical and grammatical
also have derivational meaning. word-formation
body meaning is the typical value of a number of single-structure
developments. For example, nouns have teacher, reader,
the writer's derivational meaning is “a person who commits
shaking action." Revealing the derivational meaning of the type
should be abstracted from the specific lexical meaning of a certain
a lazy word and strive to establish the general that is characteristic
a number of words and what is reflected in their structure. Word-building sign
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the value is typical, does not belong to one layer
va. It has special features - formants , with the help of
new words are formed and word-formation meaning is expressed
derived word.
Formants are distinguished by comparing the generating and
derivative of bases. Word-building meanings are unproductive
new words do not have. This value can formally coincide with the lek-
sical or grammatical, but at the same time, as a rule, it specifies
defines, concretizes, complements both meanings.
For each part of speech in the Russian language there is its own
ny circle of word-formation meanings, since one or another
word-formation model finds a predominant distribution
lingering within a particular part of speech.
Basic units of word formation.
Word formation operates with a number of concepts that
can be defined as the basic units of word-formation
noah system. The shortest unit of word formation is pro-
derived word, morphemic or semantic.
The newly formed words are included in the complex organizations of
derived words: derivational chain, derivational
paradigm, derivational nest and derivational type.
Derivative type - this is a scheme for constructing production
words, which allows you to combine them into separate groups.
In other words, a derivational type is a set of pro-
derived words characterized by the same word-formation
connections, a single word-formation meaning and a single
ny word-formation means. For example, redness, spirit-
ta, directness, kindness. The violation of this unity leads to the violation
single derivational type.
The concept of word-formation type in relation to the concept
word-formation model.
word-formation model is a formal semantic
model of the formation of new words It is based on the structure scheme
derived words related to the same derivational
type. For example, verb stem + suffix -tel with the meaning of
current person. Within the same derivational type
one or more models can be selected depending on
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nature of morphological phenomena accompanying education
words. With regard to the word-formation type (type model), the
the concepts of productivity and unproductivity are discussed. Productive
is a derivational type, modeled on which in modern
new words are formed in Russian. Unproductive word-formation
a significant type is one that is modeled in modern
new words are not formed in Russian.
word-formation chain – is a series of words related to
successive derivative solutions, i.e. a series of words that
each word is a derivative of the previous one and
generating with respect to the next word of the given series. On the-
example, teach - teacher - teaching - teaching - ...
Each word-building chain has an initial link, which
is non-derivative from the point of view of modern relations and performance
is only as generating to the next link. Last link in the chain
is closing from the point of view of modern relations that have formed
Xia in the derivational series of this type.
Word-building paradigm is a series parallel to
derived formations that have one common generating base
wu and those at the same level of derivation. For example,
old:
old age
old man
old
grow old
age
oldest
old, etc.
Each derivative word has a certain word-formation
meaningful meaning and a certain word-formation structure
turu: a generating basis common to all members of the paradigm (old
) and an individual formant for each derived word.
derivational nest is the broadest association
the definition of derivative words in the language. It includes both derivational
body paradigms, and word-formation chains. Word-formation
a calling nest is a collection of words with the same root, connected
ny relations of productivity. At the base of the nest (top)
lies non-derivative from the point of view of modern relations of the word
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28
in, which is generating for the words included in the word-formation
body paradigm of this word. Thus, all members of the word-formation
vatel nest, except for the initial one, are derivative words. IN
word-building nests do not include words that have lost their connection with those
members of the nest from which they were formed. The composition of the nest is not
remains constant: one word or a group of words may leave, but nests
constantly updated with new words.
BASIC WAYS OF WORD FORMATION.
Word-formation analysis of derivative vocabulary, defined
the definition of the word-formation structure of derivative words is accepted
Start by defining the word-formation method. As is known,
word-formation analysis is often limited to the op-
determining the method of word formation of derivative words. This name-
there is a place in school practice. The way of education is
is one of the most important, basic, basic linguistic
concepts used in the field of word formation. Under the ways
word formation should be understood by those techniques that are used
are used to create new words . The concept of “way of word formation”
closely related to the concept of “word-forming means”. Medium-
stvo is a specific linguistic (in most cases) material
but the expressed unit used to form a new word
va. For example, prefixes, suffixes, postfixes, prefix combinations
owls and suffixes, combinations of prefixes and postfixes, etc. Way –
this is the reception real conditions the use of this unit in word-
developmental process. In this way, under ways word-formation
calling strictly defined (concrete) linguistic
processes or actions associated with the emergence, formation
new words on the basis of vocabulary units existing in the language with
the power of certain word-formation means. When word-
educational analysis of derivative vocabulary, in determining the ability
soba word formation of words gives an answer to the question of how
lans ready-made words, in other words, when determining the method of word-
formation of one or another derivative word, we find out when
with the help of what word-formation means is formed or pre-
this word is formed.
In the general process of word formation of words, two
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29
qualitatively different phenomena. In the Russian language there is a word-formation
in the literal sense of the word and what can be characterized
as word production. It is through the latter primarily
enrichment of the Russian language with new words.
Words can appear in the language by themselves, in the process of their use.
leniya. This process is called actually word formation. Words
can be consciously created by the speakers at one moment or another of their re-
human activity. This process is already word production.
In Russian word formation, there are two main ways
word production: morphological And non-morphological (or seman-
tic ). Each of these methods has several varieties.
Morphological way - one of the main ways of Russian
word production, as a result of which there is an attachment to
existing in the language of the foundations of generating words (producing os-
new) derivational morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, postfixes)
owls). With the help of the morphological method of word formation,
there are such lexical units that are new in all respects
solutions.
The main types of morphological word formation that exist
now in modern Russian, - addition, affixation,
unaffixed way word formation, truncation of the generating stem.
Addition is a way of forming new words by connecting
two or more stems or words. Depending on what
is combined in the formation of a new lexical unit, different
tea base-addition and word formation. When wording, form
compound words are used. They are characterized by one main
rhenium, semantic unity. For example, exhibition-sale, sofa-
bed. With the basic addition, complex fused words are formed.
In the modern language, full and abbreviated os-
new. Full bases are usually connected using inter-
fixes about And e: plumbing, forest-steppe. Abbreviated connection bases
yatsya without the help of interfixes. As a result of the addition of complex
rasshennyh bases are formed complex abbreviated words (abbreviation-
tours) having the same meaning as the original phrase. IN
Depending on the nature of the contraction, the bases differ as follows
Common types of abbreviations: sound(formed by adding the initial
basic sounds) - PSPI, St. Petersburg University, UN, university; alphabetic ( educated-
nye addition titles primary letters fundamentals ) - Air Force, All-Russian Exhibition Center, city
but, salary, etc.
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30
truncation producing basics - a way of word formation, action
existing only among nouns. Educated su-
nouns have the same lexical meaning as
common word or phrase, differing from them usually colloquially
Noah stylistic coloring. For example. semi-precious stone - sa-
motsvet. Truncating the generating base is an unproductive way
word formation.
Affixation - the most productive type of morphological
word formation in modern Russian is education
new words by adding to the generating basis of those or
other derivational affixes. Affixes, with the help of
new words are formed, they are called formants. Depending on
bridges on which affixes are involved in the formation of new words,
there are such types of affixal word formation: suffix-
sebaceous, prefixal, prefix-suffixal, postfixal
greasy, prefixal-postfixal, suffixal-postfixal
greasy, without affix.
suffixal way word formation (suffix ) - this
the formation of new words by attaching to the generating base
new suffixes. Suffixation operates in the word formation of all
the main parts of speech of the modern Russian language. educated
in this way a word can belong both to the same part of speech,
as the producing word, so to the other. For example, proud
dost, proud. Suffix is ​​the main derivational af-
Russian language fix. Each suffix is ​​assigned to a specific

Asanova Zera Aripovna, Seydametova Nariye Seidmametovna

NON-PRODUCTIVE DERIVATIVE AFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

The article reveals the features of derivational affixation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, namely, the word-forming types of adjectives, in the formation of which unproductive affixes are involved, are considered. The number of adjectives functioning in this moment in the language system of the Crimean Tatar language, with unproductive affixes, which allows us to talk about their unproductiveness. Non-productive derivational morphemes are identified by comparing derivatives and generating stems, based on their formal semantic correlation. Article address: www.gramota.net/materials/2/2017/10-2712.html

A source

Philological Sciences. Questions of theory and practice

Tambov: Diploma, 2017. No. 10(76): in 3 parts. Part 2. C. 44-47. ISSN 1997-2911.

Journal address: www.gramota.net/editions/2.html

© Gramota Publishing House

Information about the possibility of publishing articles in the journal is available on the website of the publisher: www.gramota.net Questions related to the publication of scientific materials, the editors ask to be sent to: [email protected]

^BY 1997-2911. No. 10 (76) 2017. Part 2

UDC 8P.512.19 "373.6P: 8G367.623

The article reveals the features of derivational affixation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, namely, the word-forming types of adjectives, in the formation of which unproductive affixes are involved, are considered. The number of adjectives that currently function in the language system of the Crimean Tatar language with unproductive affixes is determined, which allows us to speak about their unproductiveness. Non-productive derivational morphemes are identified by comparing derivatives and generating stems, based on their formal semantic correlation.

Key words and phrases: adjective; Crimean Tatar language; word formation; derivational type; unproductive affix.

Asanova Zera Aripovna, Candidate of Philology n. Seydametova Nariye Seidmametovna, Candidate of Philology n.

Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, Simferopol [email protected] gee; [email protected] gee

NON-PRODUCTIVE WORD-FORMING AFFIXES

NAMES OF ADJECTS IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

For the Crimean Tatar word-formation, at present, the object of considerable attention is the unproductive word-formation affixes that stand out in the composition of derivative words of the Crimean Tatar language. Determination of the derivational status and semantics of affixal morphemes, analysis of word-building models is an integral part of the study of adjective names, since, due to the fact that the adjective in the Turkic languages ​​does not have special morphological indicators, word-building affixes of adjective names act as one of the classification criteria of the adjective as part of speech.

The purpose of this article is to determine the word-building types of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, in the formation of which unproductive affixes are involved. The object of the study was the derivative suffix adjectives, which have in their composition unproductive derivational affixes, extracted by continuous sampling from the Crimean Tatar-Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary.

As a way of word formation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, affixation is most actively used. This way of forming adjectives is described in all available grammars of the Crimean Tatar language.

According to the degree of activity of participation in the derivational process, affixes are characterized as productive and unproductive. Unproductive affixes are such auxiliary morphemes that once formed words in a small amount, but at the present time they do not form new words and forms of words or form very rarely. The need to study unproductive affixes is clearly recognized by researchers of word formation, since such a study allows one to know the word-formation system of the language both in diachrony and in synchrony. The productivity or unproductivity of an affix is ​​determined by comparing the number and composition of the words containing it in a given language system with what was observed in the language in previous periods of its development. Various internal and external factors give rise to language changes and contribute to the displacement of the weak links of the language system, and sometimes lead to their complete disappearance. In the past, productive affixes at the next stages of language development became less productive or lost their productivity altogether. In the Turkic languages, many non-productive affixes, as well as productive ones, etymologically correlate with independent words. The reasons for the transition of productive affixes to unproductive ones can be different. Some unproductive affixes have been preserved in single words, i.e. in this case, we can talk about the archaization of the corresponding word-formation model: shishman (full, obese)< шиш- (пухнуть, тучнеть), къаравул (ссторож) < къара- (смотреть), къытмыр (скупой) < къыт- (скупиться, экономить) и др. . Другой вид непродуктивных служебных морфем представлен аффиксами, возникшими в результате различных морфонологических процессов в структуре слова : толу < толуг (полный), тышары < ташкъару (наружный, внешний), сарылтым < саргылт (желтоватый) и др. Иногда непродуктивность аффикса объясняется узостью круга тех основ, с которыми он может соединяться в процессе словопроизводства. В ряде случаев аффиксы могут становиться непродуктивными в результате вытеснения их из числа продуктивных служебных морфем другими, синонимичными им: акъчиль - акъча (беловатый), кокчиль - кокче (голубоватый, сероватый) и др.

On the present stage in most cases, the selection of unproductive derivational affixes in the structure of derivative words presents certain difficulties. A.N. Kononov noted that the structure of the Turkic word - in terms of division into root and affixal morphemes - is extremely difficult to analyze "due to dynamic nature affixal morphemes". To words with unproductive

affixes can apply the main features of derived stems given by E. A. Zemskaya: they have generating stems, are semantically motivated by them, are divided into generating stems and affixes, with the help of which they are formed.

The application of the formal-semantic approach to the study and description of word-formation processes allows us to consider the problems associated with the allocation of unproductive affixes in the structure of the word in the aspect of semantic-word-formation relations of derivatives and producing words.

As a result of the analysis of the word-formation structure of derivative names of adjectives of the Crimean Tatar language, the identification of the meanings of word-formative affixes, the following unproductive word-formative affixes were identified:

1. -chan / -chen (10 units). The generating stems of this affix are nouns and, in isolated cases, verbs.

Type + -chan / -chen" expresses the derivational meaning "prone to action or process indicated in the generating stem": yashav + chan (survivable), talap + chan (demanding), areket + chen (mobile), from + chen (sequential ), musafir + chen (hospitable), ish + chen (active, active), oy + chan (thoughtful), khalk + chan (people-loving), laf + chan (talkative) (hereinafter examples are compiled by the authors of the article).

The type "V + -chan / -chen" expresses the derivational meaning "inclined to action or process indicated in the generating stem": ashik + chan (hurried).

2. -chak / -check (6 units). The semantics of the affix is ​​revealed as follows: “forms an adjective with a predominance of what is indicated in the verb stem, with the meaning of a propensity for an action or process indicated in the generating stem” .

The type “V + -chak / -check” has a derivational meaning “characterized by what is indicated by the generating base”: utan + chak (forgetful), tartyn + chak (timid, shy, indecisive), utan + chak (shy), erin + check (lazy), checkin + check (shy), maktan + chak (boastful), etc.

3. -chyk (4 units) genetically goes back to the affix chak, because with a similar material appearance, their derivational meaning, the nature and structure of the generating bases completely coincide. Generating stems are only common Turkic words.

The type "V + -chyk" conveys the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": kuvur + chyk (curly), chyl + chyk (finicky), aylan + chyk (winding).

4. -gych (1 unit) is attached, as a rule, to the stems of verbs. In the modern Crimean Tatar language, the morpheme -gych forms nouns and only in one case - an adjective.

The type "V + -gych" expresses the derivational meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": bashlan + gych (initial).

5. -gach/-gech, -kach/-kech (3 units) in the modern Crimean Tatar language occurs only in isolated cases. It has an etymological connection with the morpheme -gych [Ibid., p. 162-168]. The generating stems are adjectives and verbs.

The type “AD] + -ґач /-ketch, -гъач /-gech” conveys the meaning “resulting from the action indicated by the generating basis”: yalan + ґач (naked).

The type "V + -kach / -kech, -gach / -gech" has a derivational meaning "resulting from the action indicated by the generating basis": tyurt + kech (bouncy), art + kach (superfluous).

6. -gyn/-gin, -kyyn/-kin, -kun/-kyun (30 units). An unproductive, regular affix is ​​etymologically elevated to an indicator of the participial form -gan, which has lexical and grammatical semantics [Ibid., p. 212]. The generating stems are verbs. In isolated cases, pronouns can be used as a generating basis: oz + gun (peculiar).

The type "V + -gyn / -gin, -kyyn / -kin" forms adjectives with the derivational meaning of "quality predominance", indicated by the verb stem: kes + kin (sharp), ker + gin (stretched), without + gin (apathetic , lethargic, pessimistic), az + gyn (thin), dal + gyn (thoughtful), tal + gyn (tired, slow), chyl + gyn (frantic), zyp + kyyn (nimble), shash + kyyn (stunned), gift + gyn (offended), kyyz + gyn (1) hot; 2) wallowing; 3) angry), shish + kin (puffy), josh + kun (1) intoxicated; 2) gambling; 3) passionate), er + kin (free), fool + gun (1) established; 2) calm, quiet), yor + gun (tired), etc.

7. -yn / -in, -н (10 units) is attached to the stems of nouns.

Type + -yn / -in, -n" expresses the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": chet + in (extreme), mouth + yun (superior), etc.

This affix is ​​also found in indecomposable words: akryn (quiet), butyun (whole, whole), kyiyn (difficult), yakyn (close), tegin (quiet), chirkin (ugly), yalyn (naked), kalyn (thick) and others

8. -inki - a complex affix, consisting of the elements -in + ki, is attached to the verb stem.

The type “V + -inky” has the derivational meaning “being in a state resulting from

the action indicated by the producing basis ": koter + Inca (ses) (raised, raised (voice)).

9. -ysh /-ish, -sh (5 units) joins the stems of verbs and adjectives.

The type “V + -sh /-ysh /-ish” expresses the derivational meaning “characterized by what is indicated by the generating base”: tany + sh (familiar), er + ish (naughty), yanl + ysh (erroneous).

^EY 1997-2911. No. 10 (76) 2017. Part 2

The type "Af + -sh / -ysh" conveys the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": ken + ish (wide).

This affix is ​​also observed in the words yuvash (quiet), kyyysh (curve) and is no longer singled out as an independent morpheme.

10. -ysh + -yk (2 units). The affix is ​​attached to the verb stems.

The type "V + -yshhyk" expresses the derivational meaning "which is the result of what is indicated by the generating base": kyy + ysh + yk (bent, bent), al + ysh + yk (used).

11. -myr /-mer (2 units) is attached to the stems of nouns and verbs.

The type “V / N + -myr / -mer” has a derivational meaning “characterized by what is indicated by the generating base”: kat + mer (puff), kyt + myr (stingy).

12. -dar (9 units) borrowed from the Persian language. It joins the stems of nouns.

Type<<№ + -дар» выражает словообразовательное значение «характеризующийся тем, что обозначено производящей основой»: вефа + дар (верный, преданный), гъад + дар (лютый, зверский, жестокий), хабер + дар (1) уведомленный; 2) компетентный), алякъа + дар (причастный), махсул + дар (плодовитый, плодородный), миннет + дар (благоверный, благодарный, признательный), дин + дар (набожный, верующий) и др.

13. -kyar (12 units) is borrowed from the Persian language. The generating stems are nouns.

The main part of adjectives in -kyar is substantiated: aveskar (lover), ijlekar (deceiver), etc.

Type<<№ + -кяр» передает словообразовательное значение «характеризующийся тем, что обозначено производящей основой»: лютуфкяр (любезный), исьянкяр (бунтующий, упрямый), макъсаткяр (целеустремленный), эсапкяр (расчетливый), зиянкяр (зловредный), хулюс + кяр (искренний, добродушный), феда + кяр (самоотверженный) и др.

14. -unch/-ch (3 units). Verbs are the generating stems.

The type "V + -nch / -ch" expresses the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": kyzgan + ch (greedy), igren + ch (squeamish), tyn + ch (calm).

15. -gyr / -gir, -kyir / -kir, -kyur (6 units) is attached, as a rule, to verbs. In some cases, its generating bases can be words of other parts of speech.

The type "V + -gyr / -gir, -kyir / -kir, -kyur" has a derivational meaning "capable of action indicated by the basis": chalysh + kyyr (hard-working, diligent), sez + gir (sensitive), tap + kyir (resourceful, quick-witted), ot + kur (sharp, penetrating), etc.

Type + -gyr / -gir, -kyir / -kir, -kyur" has a derivational meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": ish + kir (active, active, hardworking), etc.

The affix -gyr is also found in other words, the structure of which in the modern state is not divided into components: kyngyr (curve).

16. -rak / -rek joins the bases of adjectives in a comparative degree: uzunja (longer) > uzun + jarak (longish).

The type “AD] + -rak / -rek” expresses the word-formation meaning “weakening of the main feature”: esli + dzherek (oldish), yuksek + cherek (high), etc.

17. -ы /-и, -у (4 units) goes back to the morpheme -ыгъ. Attaches to the stems of verbs.

The type “V + -ы / -и, -у / -ю” conveys the word-formation meaning “resulting from the action indicated by the generating base”: tol + y (full), kur + y (dry), air + y (separate), ol + yu (dead), katty (solid).

18. -or /-yly (4 units) forms derived adjectives directly from the verb.

The type “V + -or / -yly” expresses the meaning of “a sign obtained as a result of an action indicated in the generating basis”: kes + or (cut off), as + yly (hanged), kap + ali (closed), sayyly (read ) and etc.

19. -man/-men (2 units) is added to the verb.

The type “V + -man / -men” has a derivational meaning “resulting from the action indicated in the generating base”: kojaman (huge), shishman (fat, full, obese).

20. -py in the modern Crimean Tatar language is found in only one adjective.

The type "V + -py" expresses the derivational meaning "resulting from the action indicated by the generating basis": sal + py (droopy).

21. -msi (2 units), -tim, -(l)tym / -(l)tim, -(ul)tym / -(yul)tim (6 units), -chyl / -chil (2 units), -mti / -mty + -ly / -li (1 unit). Affixes are used extremely rarely and are attached only to adjectives of color designation and taste: ak (white) > akchil (whitish), kyzyl (red) > kyzyltym (reddish), sary (yellow) > sarymtyly (yellowish), ekshi (sour) > ekshimsi (sour), etc.

The type "AD] + -msi" has a derivational meaning "having an incomplete feature indicated by the generating basis": mav + msi (bluish).

The type "AD] + -tim, - (l) tym / - (l) tim, - (ul) tym / - (yul) tim" conveys the derivational meaning "having an incomplete feature indicated by the generating base": sary + ltim (yellowish ),

yeshil + tim (greenish), kara + lym (blackish), kok + yultim (bluish), mavy + lym (bluish).

The type "Adj + -mti / -mty" conveys the word-formation meaning of "incompleteness of a sign (or weakened quality)": sary + mtyly (yellowish).

The type "Adj + -chyl /-chil" has the word-formation meaning "weakening of the main feature": akj + chil (whitish), kok + chil (bluish).

So, the study of the word-formation connection of affixes of adjectives with different stems made it possible to identify varying degrees their productivity in the formation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language. Comparison of derivatives and generating bases on the basis of their formal semantic correlation also gave grounds for highlighting unproductive word-building morphemes.

The least productive and irregular affixes are -man, -chil, -ltim, -shyn. The affix -gyn / -gin, -kyn / -kin, -kun / -kyun, in the past a productive, regular affix, does not form adjectives in the modern Crimean Tatar language.

As the study showed, the majority of unproductive affixes form single stems. This indicates that they are already at the stage complete disappearance from the system of adjective word-formation of the Crimean Tatar language. Essential distinctive feature The system of affixal formation of adjectives is that it reveals certain restrictions in the syntagmatic connections of root and affixal morphemes or shows selective compatibility, that is, affixes are attached to a limited number of generating bases.

List of sources

1. Ganiev F. A. Modern Tatar literary language: suffixal and phonetic word formation. Kazan: House of Press, 2005. 360 p.

2. Zemskaya E. A. Unifixes (on one type of morphemes of the Russian language) // Questions of Philology: Scientific Notes of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute im. V. I. Lenin. M., 1969. No. 341. S. 4-5.

3. Kononov A. N. About fusion in the Turkic languages ​​// Structure and history of the Turkic languages: Sat. Art., dedicated. memory of Corresponding Member USSR Academy of Sciences, prof. N. K. Dmitrieva / editorial staff: Dr. philol. Sciences E. V. Sevortyan (responsible editor) and others. M .: Nauka, 1971. S. 108-120.

4. Kotvich V. Research on the Altai languages. M.: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1962. 372 p.

5. Crimean Tatar-Russian-Ukrainian dictionary: in 3 volumes / comp. S. M. Useinov. Simferopol: Odzhak, 2006. Vol. 1. 416 p.; T. 2. 328 p.; T. 3. 432 p.

6. Kurkchi U. Tatars or Grammar of the Synnyn Esaslars. Simferopol: 1st State. type. Crimeapolygraphtrest, 1934. 32 p.

7. Kurtmollaev E. A. Tatar tilinin grammar. Simferopol: Kyrymdevneshr, 1940. 1 kysym. Phonetics and morphology. 212 p.

8. Memetov A. M. Zemanevy kyrymtatar tili. Simferopol: Kyrymdevokjuvpedneshir, 2006. 320 p.

9. Memetov A. M. Crimean Tatar language. Simferopol: KRP "Publishing house" Krymuchpedgiz "", 2013. 576 p.

10. Memetov A. M. Kyrymtatar tili: Yukary sons of talebeleri ve philology facultylerinin ashagy course student ichyun derslik. Akmesdzhit: Qyrymdevokjuvpedneshir, 1997. 176 p.

11. Memetov A., Musaev K. Crimean Tatar language. Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 2003. 288 p.

12. Samoylovich A. N. The experience of a brief Crimean Tatar grammar. Pg.: Type. I. Boraganskaya, 1916. 104 p.

13. Khabichev M. A. Karachay-Balkar nominal word formation (an experience of comparative historical study). Cherkessk: Stavrop. book. publishing house. Karachay-Cherkess. Department, 1971. 302 p.

14. Choban-zade B. Kyrymtatar ilmiy sarfi. Simferopol: Share, 2003. 240 p.

15. Shansky N. M., Tikhonov A. N. Modern Russian language: in 3 parts. M .: Education, 1981. Part 2. Word formation. Morphology. 270 p.

16. Jankowski H. Gramatyka jezyka krymskotatarskiego. Poznan: Un-t im. Adama Mickiewicza, 1992. 455 s.

NON-PRODUCTIVE WORD-FORMATIVE AFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

Asanova Zera Aripovna, Ph. D. in Philology Seidametova Narie Seidmametovna, Ph. D. in Philology Crimean Engineering Pedagogical University, Simferopol [email protected] ru; [email protected]

The article reveals the peculiarities of word-formative affixation of Crimean Tatar language, namely, those word-formative types of adjectives are examined, in the formation of which non-productive affixes participate. The number of adjectives with non-productive affixes functioning at the moment in the language system of the Crimean Tatar language is determined, which makes it possible to talk about their non-productivity. Non-productive word-formative morphemes are identified by comparing derivative and productive stems on the basis of their formal-semantic correlation.

Key words and phrases: adjective; Crimean Tatar language; word formation; word-formative type; non productive affix.

Not all affixes are equally common: some of them take an active part in the word-formation process, while others, on the contrary, do not participate in modern word-formation. From the point of view of usage and activity in word production and form formation, affixes are divided into productive and unproductive.

Productive - these are morphemes that actively participate in modern word production and give new formations. These morphemes are easily distinguished in words. So, for example, in the formation of the name of males in Russian, there are over 50 different suffixes. But in modern word formation, four are the most productive: -schik- (-chik-), -ik-(-nick-), -u-, -ist-. Their boundaries in the word are clear: gas welder / box, concrete / box, rocket / chip, apparatus / chip, evening / nickname, part-time / nickname, mass / ik, advanced / ik, atomic / ik, Leningrad / ets, bulldozer / ist.

An important condition for the emergence of a new word is the presence productive model, according to which a new lexical unit is created. If certain affixes are involved in new formations, then we can assume that these morphemes are productive and are living linguistic realities.

Unproductive - these are affixes with the help of which new words and forms are not currently formed. Unproductive affixes are often found in long-formed, everyday and very common words, but they are no longer word-formation models ( herald, frequenter, spy, intercessor). Here, perhaps, all the words with the suffix - tai-, available in Russian. This suffix no longer gives new formations. The same applies to suffixes: -ev-( about) ( brew, glow), -hell- ( but) ( blockade, clowning, colonnade), -spruce- (death, drops, cradle, blizzard), -e-( I) ( witch, reaper, seamstress), -zn- (sickness, fear, life), -yash- (round, curly, tribal), -them- (stepfather, brother) and others, which have already ceased to be a means of word production and only retained the property of separability.

The productivity of affixes, and primarily suffixes, is influenced not only by linguistic, but extralinguistic(or extralinguistic) factors, in particular, we will change the social need for certain groups of vocabulary. It is known that suffixes have become unproductive in the modern language. -sh- (but), -them- ( a) denoting wives according to the husband's profession (professor). For us, the social quality of a person is more important, therefore, in the modern Russian language, methods of forming names of persons according to the spheres of production activity, according to actions or states that characterize the social appearance of a person, his social position, according to ideological grounds, in relation to public direction, scientific, ideological, artistic movement, etc.

Now consider the cases of loss of productivity of suffixes due to purely language reasons. Sometimes the use of a particular suffix is ​​limited by the number of bases with which this suffix can be combined. For example, using the suffix -at- limited by the number of words denoting parts of the body of humans and animals, since only with these bases can this suffix be combined ( bearded, nosy, hairy, tailed, horned and etc.).

Sometimes one or another word-formation model is archaic, for example, the use of a multiplicity suffix -yva-, -iva- in non-prefixed verbs ( read, speak and etc.).

A characteristic feature of productive affixes is manifold And the breadth of their connections, which makes it possible to actively form new words and new forms.

In addition to productivity - unproductivity, affixes differ in their regularity. Those affixes that are repeated in the language and form a certain derivational or formative type are called regular. So, in Russian, the derivational type of masculine nouns with the suffix -ist- (communist, tractor driver, activist) and a feminine correlative with the suffix -to -( but) ( commun / ist / k / a, tractor / ist / k / a, asset / ist / k / a) is certainly a regular type of word formation.

Regular affixes are opposed to irregular ones, which occur in words from time to time (sporadically), most often singly. They are out specific word are incomprehensible and do not form a reproducible type of word formation and inflection. Let's give examples. Suffix -Enek - in the word hubby unit; in Russian there are no words in which this suffix would be repeated. The same applies to suffixes. -ate- in the word goat, - anek- in the word kumanek, -avets- in words beautiful / avets, merz / avets, - unok- in the word picture, -yuh- in the word horse / yukh.

Regularity and productivity are diverse, but correlative concepts. When they talk about the regularity of affixes, they mean their repetition. For example: write - writer - writer; read - reader - reader; love - amateur - amateur, etc.; agitate - agitation, liquidate - liquidation, argue - argumentation, etc.

If these regular affixes are actively involved in new formations, then we are dealing with productive derivational affixes. Therefore, all irregular affixes - are simultaneously unproductive, but not all regular affixes are productive.

The word-formation system of the language is constantly changing. This can explain the presence in the language of productive and unproductive, regular and irregular affixes. Consequently, derivational types are not given once and for all.

CSR No. 3 Topic: “Morphemic structure of the word. Morphemics"

Morphemics- a branch of linguistics that studies the system of morphemes of a language and the morphemic structure of words and their forms.

word formation- a section of linguistics that studies the formal semantic derivative of the words of a language, means and methods of word formation.

The basis of the word and its types.

Foundation (linguistics)- an invariable part of a word that expresses its lexical meaning.

In inflected words, the stem is defined as part of a word without an ending and a formative affix: pines -but, desert -I, eight -Oh, our -but, entertaining th,chita -l. In immutable words, the stem is equal to the word: high , dreaming . In some cases, the basis may be intermittent:

§ verb forms, containing a postfix -sya/ -ss

learning-ie-Xia ;

§ bases of indefinite pronouns containing postfixes -then/ -or/ -someday

how-Oh-then ;

§ stems of some compound nouns

cupboard-but-coupe ;

§ bases of complex numbers

sem-And-ten -And.

Depending on the structure, the bases are derivatives and non-derivatives. non-derivative are stems that consist of one morpheme - the root: city ,table , yellow th. Derivatives are the stems, which include two or more derivational affixes. It is usually a root combined with one or more suffixes: bread n -th; with one or more prefixes: flight ; with a suffix and a prefix at the same time: no-home-n -th). New words can be formed from both non-derivative and derived stems.

From derivative and non-derivative bases should be distinguished producing bases- bases from which new words are formed. For example, the non-derivative stem of the word forces -but is generating for the word strong th.

Change in the morphemic structure of a word

The word is historically changeable (its phonemic composition, meaning, morphemic appearance changes). Modern morphemic and word-formation structures may not coincide with historical correspondence, as evidenced by morphemic and word-formation analyzes of words.

The main reasons for such phenomena are the following processes:

simplification- a linguistic process, as a result of which a word with a derivative base becomes non-derivative. At simplification there is a transformation of a word with a complex structure into a single morpheme. In Russian, different parts of speech and different morphemic structures are subject to simplification. These can be historical suffix structures: after all-m-a - witches, prefixed in origin words: za-kon - law, suffix-prefix derivatives: on-rech-y-e, words formed by adding bases: vel-m-a. Reasons leading to simplification, this is: a change in the lexical meaning of the motivating word (the word porch was originally formed from the word wing), the disappearance of the motivating word from the vocabulary ( yard in the meaning of "persons surrounding the king"), the loss of words from the vocabulary (the word mitten was formed from the word varega), change in the sound composition of the word: word cloud came from the word envelop and used to be pronounced like cloud;

re-decomposition- the process, as a result of which there is a movement of boundaries between morphs. Redecomposition can occur if the word has historically been derivative and remains derivative, but other morphs are now distinguished in its composition. So, originally the word vehemence derived from the adjective hot (hotness), but now, after the disappearance of such an adjective, the structure of the word looks like hotness, and we consider the adjective as its producer hot;

complication of the base- this is a complication of the generating basis, as a result of which indivisible, non-derivative words become articulated, derivatives. This process is the opposite simplification. For example, the word umbrella it was in this form that it came to us from the Dutch language, but now we single out in given word both root and suffix: umbrella.

Historical changes in the morphemic structure of words

The morpheme composition of a word is not constant. In the course of the development of the language, changes could occur in it.
For example, the word sheet was formed from the adjective simple, the suffix -yn’-(a) was once distinguished in it. Thus, once this word consisted of three morphemes - a root, a suffix and an ending. Now, only two morphemes stand out in it - the root and the ending: prostyn’-a. Consequently, the morphemic structure of the word has become simpler. And this phenomenon - the merging of two morphemes into one, that is, the reduction in the number of morphemes in a word - is called simplification. Another example of simplification is the word sour cream.
But in the language you can find examples of the opposite phenomenon. It is called the complication of the morphemic structure of the word. As a result of complication, one morpheme begins to divide into two. Examples are the words umbrella and flask. Both of these words are loanwords, one from Dutch (zonnedek), the other from Polish (flaszka), so neither originally had a suffix. Later, these borrowings were perceived as diminutive and the words umbrella and flask were formed for them.
Finally, the third type of change in the morphemic structure of a word is re-decomposition. The number of morphemes remains the same, but the boundary between morphemes changes: one or more sounds go from one of the morphemes to another morpheme. For example: in the Old Russian language there were prefixes vn-, sii- and the corresponding prepositions vn, kn, son. If the root of the word began with a consonant sound, the prefixes v- and s- were used, for example: v-brother, s-brother, but if the root began with a vowel, then a variant of the prefix ending in -n- was used, for example: vn-imati , son-imati (cf. the colloquial verb imat 'grab; take'). In the same way, the use of prepositions in front of pronouns was distributed: to that, to that, to tem, but to him, to em, to remove them. Later, the consonant n went to the root. So, now we are highlighting morphemes with-him-a-t; in-him-ah-be. The root nim-, by analogy with these words, also appeared in those single-rooted verbs where it was not in this form in the Old Russian language: pri-im-a-t (other Russian pri-im-a-ti); behind-him-a-t (other Russian for-im-a-ti). Similar origin and combination of prepositions with pronoun forms in him, to him, with him, cf .: I greet him, but I am pleased with him.

Types of affixes by function.

Word-formative, formative and syncretic affixes

Word-forming prefixes, suffixes and postfixes are called, which serve to form new words: language - parent language; soup - soup; to achieve - to achieve.

Form-building are such affixes that serve to form the form of a word: smart - smarter, smarter (with the help of -ee-, -eysh- simple forms of comparative and superlatives adjective name); throw - throw, brew - brew (suffixes -a-, -i-, -iva- form the specific forms of verbs); run - ran (with the help of the suffix -т- the infinitive form is formed, -l- is the past tense form of the verb); chitajut - reading, read - reading (suffixes -usch-, -vsh- form forms of real participles).

In some cases, it is difficult to draw a line between these two types of affixes, for example: in which cases the postfix -sya is formative, and in which cases it is word-formative. In order not to be mistaken in the function of such affixes, it is necessary to refer to the explanatory dictionary.

Syncretic affixes are such morphemes that simultaneously perform formative and word-forming functions, for example: write - rewrite, sign (when prefixes are added, the lexical meaning of the word and its form also change: write - non-sov. form, rewrite - sov. form). Inflections can also be syncretic, cf.: spouse - spouse. Spouse. 1. The same as the husband. 2. pl. Husband and wife. Spouse (obsolete, now official and simple). The same as the wife (in 1 character). (Quoted by: Ozhegov, S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov. - M., 1972 - P. 717.). With the help of inflection -a, not only a new word is formed, its form also changes. This morpheme indicates that it is a feminine noun, is in nominative case singular.

Affixes regular and irregular, productive

And unproductive

Regular affixes are reproduced constantly in the composition of words and form certain word-forming or formative models, for example: suffixes -tel-, -n-(th) (teacher, teacher; frosty, cold); prefixes not-, from- (ugly, not bad, expound); inflections -y, -eat, -ish (chitaju, readajesh).

Irregular affixes rarely found in words, for example:

suffix -k- with the meaning of action, distinguished only in the word fight, inflection -m, found only in the words ladies, eat, create.

So, speaking of the regularity / irregularity of affixes, we mean how often or rarely they occur in words at the present time.

When determining the productivity / unproductivity of affixes, we pay attention to their different productivity in the formation of new words or forms.

Productive are such affixes that serve to form numerous groups of words in modern Russian, for example, the suffixes -ist-, -nick-, denoting a male person by occupation (driver, defender); suffixes -sk-, -n- in the formation of relative and quality adjectives(Gorno-Altai, harmful); prefixes without-, not- (safe, timid).

There is a close relationship between the concepts of regular / irregular, productive / unproductive affixes: all irregular affixes are unproductive, and regular ones can be both productive and unproductive.

The vocabulary of modern English is replenished mainly through word formation and borrowings. Productive ways of word formation in modern English are:

• 1) Phrasing.
• 2) Affixation.
• 3) Abbreviations.
• 4) Conversion.
• 5) The formation of verbs by adding post-verbal derivational elements (Nikishin http://www.pglu.ru).

First, consider productive ways of forming new words.

1. Compounding is one of the most ancient, universal and widespread ways of word formation in the English language. The word formation process is a fusion of two bases - homonymous word forms, for example, "carryback" (transfer of losses to an earlier period), "think-tank" (collective brain).

In cases where words are combined that end and begin with the same vowel or consonant, one of them is omitted:

"net" + "etiquette" = "netiquette" (unwritten generally accepted rules for communicating or posting information on the Internet).

The number of complex derivative units is increasing. The main productive suffix is ​​the suffix - "er": "page-turner" (extremely interesting book); "all-nighter" (something that lasts all night, such as classes during a session).

Among the complex units, a significant proportion are words formed with the help of particles and adverbs, this is especially true for adjectives and verbs:

"laid-back" (relaxed), "buttoned-down" (conservative), traditional, "turned-on" (agitated), "switched-off" (disconnected, not feeling anything).

One of the most common multicomponent models has recently become a model with the word line, which is on the verge of compound words and phrases:

"straight-line responsibility" (direct responsibility);

"dotted-line responsibility" (responsibility divided between two);

"bottom-line" (final);

"top-of-the-line" (the best).

This model is limited in use to situations of informal communication by representatives of business circles.

Very often, with a similar method of formation, neologisms have a satirical connotation, especially in the press:

"... that they taste the same in Peking as they do in London or New York, and so it was that world burgernomics was born by McDonald's"

(http://www.independent.co.uk).

In this case, the author of the article wants to draw the reader's attention to the significant development of the McDonald's restaurant chain, the industry fast food where there are laws and phenomena. And like other economic laws, they operate in the same way in different countries:

(... that they taste the same in Beijing as they do in London or New York, that's how McDonald's created the world's hamburgernomics).

In general, multicomponent units used in informal communication are more typical for the American version, for example:

"to nickel-and-dime" (to give great attention little things),

"meat-and-potatoes" (basic),

"nuts-and-bolts" (basic),

"quick-and-dirty" (bar, cafe where you can have a quick bite).

2. Affixation is another productive way of forming new words in the English language. On the different stages development of society, the language prefers different ways of word formation and, in particular, different affixes. The popularity of certain word-building means is determined by the needs of society at a certain point in its development.

For example, in the 80s and 90s of the XX century. a huge number of words appeared in the English language, formed with the help of the suffixes -ist, -ism, which became unusually productive in the field of political correctness to denote different ways verbal and non-verbal discrimination: "alphabetizm", "sexist".

Negative connotations have the following suffixes:

eer ("profiteer" (speculator), "racketeer" (racketeer));

ster ("funster" (clown, wimp); "schoolster" (teacher, bad teacher));

nik ("neatnik" (cleansing), "noodnik" (bore));

hop ("to jobhop" (change jobs often));

er ("do-nothinger" (loafer, gimp)) (Zemskaya, 1992).

The "ness" suffix continues to be one of the most productive in modern English ("hawkishness" (aggressiveness)).

Affixes are characterized by the following common features:

All affixes are semantically relevant morphemes that have more or less lesser degree abstract meaning.

The affix must have a sign of free identification, i.e. taken as part of a word.

Affixes should be used to form words from stems of different origin; borrowed affixes must generate new words based on the language that borrowed them.

affixes must have a certain frequency of use; at the same time, the data of neologism dictionaries can serve as evidence of their productivity and belonging specifically to the category of affixes (and not components of compound words).

3. Abbreviation is the most productive among the irregular ways of forming morphological neologisms, which reflect the tendency to rationalize the language, to save language efforts. Despite the fact that abbreviations make up only a small percentage of the total number of neologisms, their number is growing.

Of the four types of abbreviations (abbreviations, acronyms, truncations, mergers), truncated words predominate, for example:

anchor< «anchorman» (обозреватель новостей, координирующий теле- или радиопрограммы).

The word is limited in use to the American version (in the British version it corresponds to "presenter", "lib"< «liberation»).

A feature of truncations is their limited use in colloquial speech. Truncation is most typical for various types of slang (school, sports, newspaper). Among the examples cited above, newspaper clippings predominate. So, "upmanship" often appears on the pages of English newspapers and is used in advertisements, in recommendations on how to achieve success:

“Upmanship is the art of being one up on all the others. hospital management:

My Doc is better'n yours."

(Levashov, 2007).

Among the cuts great place occupied by abbreviations and acronyms. "VCR" (video-cassette recorder), "TM" (transcendental meditation), "PC" (personal computer), "MTV" (Music Television). As a rule, abbreviations are spelled. When an abbreviation occurs only in writing, it is read as a full word. What is new is the absence of dots after each letter of the abbreviations, which makes them closer to acronyms. Acronyms are pronounced like full words:

"IMHO" (in by humble opinion) (In my humble opinion) youth slang;

"CAD" (computer-aided design) (Computer-aided design) in medicine.

The acronyms used in the field of education deserve special attention: “TEFL” (Teaching English as a Foreign Language); everyone knows the international organization of teachers of English as a foreign language "IATEFL" (International Association of Teachers English as a Foreign Language) and the American organization "TESOL" (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages); in the field of security environment: "UNEP" (United Nations Environmental Program).

4. Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another. So, for example, now on the Internet you can often see "E-mail me / us to ..." Understanding the meaning of such a neologism is not difficult. The syntactic context makes it possible to determine whether the word belongs to transitive verbs, and knowing the meaning of the word "E-mail" (electronic mail), we translate: Send messages by e-mail to the address ...

Conversion as a way of creating new words has significantly reduced its activity and is inferior to all other types of word formation.

Among converted nouns, there is an increasing tendency to form from verbs with postpositions: "rip-off" (fraud) (from "to rip-off" (fraud)). Significant amount new nouns are formed by conversion from adjectives, for example:

"collectbles" (objects to be collected, especially obsolete or rare);

"cool" (self-control, restraint) is often used in the phrases "to lose one`s cool", "to keep one`s cool" (to lose control, restrain).

Especially productive is the formation of nouns from adjectives ending in - "ic", for example: "acrylic", "transuranic, tricyclic". Nouns can be formed from verb phrases, for example: “work-to-rule” (performance by workers with demands to comply with all clauses of the employment contract).

When nouns are formed from adjectives at the semantic level, the seme “quality” is muted and the seme “subject” is added, which becomes the center of the meaning of the substantiated unit: “acrylic” (acrylic) (synthetic material).

Thus, during the conversion, the content of the concept is enriched.

In terms of territorial dimension, the new converted units are limited mainly to the American variant and, to a lesser extent, to the British variant of the English language (Zemskaya, 1992).

Ways of education are unproductive plural representing the remnants of ancient paradigms or borrowed from other languages, for example: suppletive forms with alternating vowels (man - men, tooth - teeth), archaic suffix -en (ox - oxen), some individual singular and plural suffixes in borrowed nouns (antenna - antennae, stratum - strata, nucleus - nuclei, etc.); in addition, for some nouns, the plural form is homonymous with the singular (sheep, fish, deer, etc.). The singular number of nouns is in most cases unmarked (has a "zero exponent").

There are a number of suffixes that are used in non-productive word formation:

• -hood - neighborhood, childhood
• -ment - judgment, development
• -ance - importance, appearance
• -ence - dependence, difference
• -ly - slowly, lively
• -ity - curiosity, clarity.

Unproductive prefixes include: -in- and its phonetic variants - im-, il-, ir-, resulting from regressive assimilation with the initial consonant of the root. The prefix in is of Romanesque origin; occurs mainly in the composition of borrowed words; gives meaning to negation:

"incorrect" (wrong, incorrect) - "correct" (correct); "improbable" (incredible, implausible) - "probable" (probable, plausible); "illegal" (illegal) - "legal" (legal);

"irregular" (non-standard) - "regular" (standard).

En is a prefix of Romance origin; in combination with the stems of nouns and adjectives forms verbs:

"enlarge" (increase), "enslave" (enslave), "enrich" (enrich);

sometimes gives them the meaning of inclusion in something: “enchain” (put on a chain, shackle), “encircle” (surround).

Some linguists distinguish so-called dead prefixes in English. These include the prefixes for- and a- of Germanic origin. In Old English, the prefixes for- and a- had a meaning: for- the meaning of destruction, cancellation, a- amplifying meaning. In modern English, the prefixes for- and a- have lost their meaning and merged with the root; for example, "forgive" (forgive), "forbid" (prohibit), "arise" (arise, appear), "awake" (wake up, awaken).

In some cases, they even partially retain the Latin inflection forms (formula pl. formulae, memorandum pl. memoranda).

Likewise, to unproductive ways include changes in stress at the root of the word. Verb converted to noun (See Appendix)

conclusions

After analyzing the information provided, we can conclude that neologisms appear in the language constantly as a result of the development of science, technology, culture, public relations etc.

New words appear in the language in two ways: they either come by borrowing, or they are formed in the language itself in productive ways.

It should be noted that new words are perceived as neologisms only until the concepts they express become familiar, after which they are firmly included in the vocabulary and are no longer perceived as new.

In English, there are productive and unproductive ways of forming words.

Productive ways of word formation in modern English are: 1) Composition. 2) Affixation. 3) Abbreviations. 4) Conversion. 5) The formation of verbs by adding post-verbal derivational elements.

Unproductive ways of word formation include:

one). Vowel alternations at the root. 2). Change of accent.