Despite the presence of common features of urbanization as a global process, in different countries and regions, it has its own characteristics, which, first of all, is reflected in the different levels and rates of urbanization. According to the level of urbanization, all countries of the world can be divided into C large groups. But the main differences can be observed between more and less developed countries. In the early 1990s, the average level of urbanization in developed countries was 72%, while in developing countries it was 33%.
Conditional levels of urbanization:
Low level of urbanization - less than 20%;
The average level of urbanization - from 20% to 50%;
High level of urbanization - from 50% to 72%;
Very high level of urbanization - more than 72%.
Weakly urbanized countries - West and East Africa, Madagascar and some Asian countries.
Medium urbanized countries - Bolivia, Africa, Asia.
Highly urbanized countries - Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia, South America, CIS countries.
The pace of urbanization largely depends on its level. In most economically developed countries that have reached high level urbanization, the share of the urban population in Lately is growing relatively slowly, and the number of inhabitants in the capitals and other largest cities, as a rule, is even decreasing. Many of the citizens now prefer to live outside the centers major cities and in suburban and rural areas. But urbanization continues to develop in depth, acquiring new forms. IN developing countries, where the level of urbanization is much lower, it continues to grow in breadth, and the urban population is rapidly increasing. Now they account for more than 4/5 of the total annual increase in the number of urban residents, and absolute number city dwellers have already far exceeded their number in economically developed countries. This phenomenon, known in science as an urban explosion, has become one of the critical factors the entire socio-economic development of developing countries. However, the population growth of cities in these regions is far ahead of their real development. It occurs largely due to the constant "pushing out" of excess rural population to cities, especially large ones. At the same time, the poor usually settle on the outskirts of large cities, where belts of poverty arise.
Complete, as is sometimes said, "slum urbanization" has taken a very big sizes. That is why a number of international documents speak of an urbanization crisis in developing countries. But it continues to be largely spontaneous and disordered.
Economically developed countries are now characterized by urbanization "deeper": intensive suburbanization, the formation and spread of urban agglomerations and megacities.
In economically developed countries, on the contrary, great efforts are being made to regulate the process of urbanization and manage it. In this work, which is often carried out by trial and error, along with government bodies architects, demographers, geographers, economists, sociologists, representatives of many other sciences participate.
Almost all the problems of world population, as never before, are closely intertwined in the process of world urbanization. They appear in the most concentrated form in cities. The population and production are also concentrated there, very often to the extreme limits. Urbanization is a complex and diverse process that affects all aspects of world life. Let us note only some features of world urbanization on the threshold of the third millennium. Urbanization is still, continuing at a rapid pace in various forms in countries different levels development. In the unequal conditions of each country, urbanization occurs both in breadth and depth, at one speed or another.
The rate of annual growth of city dwellers is almost twice as high as the growth of the world's population as a whole. In 1950, 28% of the world's population lived in cities, in 1997 - 45%. Cities of different rank, significance and size in which suburbs, agglomerations, even larger urbanized zones are rapidly growing, practically cover the main part of humanity with their influence. critical role at the same time, big cities play, especially cities with millionaires. The last in 1950, there were 116, in 1996 - there were 230. The urban lifestyle of the population, urban culture are increasingly spreading in rural areas in most countries of the world. In developing countries, urbanization is mainly "in breadth" as a result of a massive influx of migrants from rural areas and small towns to big cities. According to the UN, in 1995 the proportion of the urban population in developing countries as a whole was 38%, including 22% in the least developed countries. For Africa, this figure was 34%, for Asia - 35%. But in Latin America city dwellers now make up the majority of the population - 74%, including in Venezuela - 93%, in Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Mexico, Colombia and Peru - from 70% to 80%, etc. Only in some of the least developed countries (Haiti, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras) and in the small island countries of the Caribbean, less than half of the city dwellers - from 35% to 47%.
A very large proportion of city dwellers is also characteristic of the most developed countries in the far west of Asia: Israel (91%), Lebanon (87%), Turkey (69%).
In industrialized countries, urbanization "in breadth" has long exhausted itself. In the 21st century, most of them enter almost entirely urbanized. In Europe, city dwellers make up an average of 74% of the population, including in Western Europe - 81%, in some countries - even more: in Belgium - 97%, the Netherlands and Great Britain - 90%, in Germany - 87%, although in some countries of the city dwellers much less: in Austria, for example, - 56%, in Switzerland - 61%. High urbanization in Northern Europe: 73% on average, as well as in Denmark and Norway - 70%. It is noticeably smaller in the South and Eastern Europe, but, of course, with other indicators of urbanization, it is higher than in developing countries. In the US and Canada, the share of the urban population reaches 80%.
The concentration of the transport industry has worsened economic conditions life in big cities. In many areas, the population is now growing faster in small towns, on the outskirts than in the centers of agglomerations. Often the largest cities, primarily cities with millionaires, lose their population due to its migration to the suburbs, satellite cities, in some places in countryside where it brings the urban lifestyle. The urban population of industrialized countries is now practically not growing.
Back forward
Attention! Preview slides are for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested this work please download the full version.
Training and metodology complex: Textbook V.P. Maksakovskiy "Social and economical geography peace. Grade 10 "- the main textbook, V.N. Kholina, A.S. Naumov, I.A. Rodionov “Socio-economic geography of the world. Reference manual”, M: Bustard, 2008, atlas “Geography Grade 10”.
The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with the features and main features of urbanization in the world as a whole and its individual subregions.
Tasks:
Educational:
- To form students' understanding of urbanization as a worldwide process.
- Consider the features of the urbanization process, identify the causes and trends of its development.
- Consider the features of the distribution of the urban population in developed and developing countries.
Developing:
- Continue developing the skills and abilities of comparative analysis.
- Continue developing skills in working with primary sources of information.
- Strengthening the skills and abilities of working with a textbook and various types statistical material and atlas maps.
Educational:
- To instill the ability to listen to the teacher and their classmates.
Equipment: Map "Population density and the largest agglomerations of the world", political map world, statistical materials, multimedia presentation, computer, multimedia projector.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Checking previously studied material.
- Name the world religions and tell about their placement on Earth.
- How do you explain the territorial gap between the areas of origin and the areas of the modern concentration of the believing population of world religions?
- Work with the card - 1 person.
III. Explanation of new material.
We continue to study the population of the world. Today we will talk about cities and their role in modern world, consider the features of the urban population and its location in different parts of the world, recall the old and get acquainted with new terms.
People generally do not live in isolation. They are concentrated in settlements where houses, places of work, studies, shops, banks, etc. are compactly located in a limited area. Human settlements occupy a very small share of the Earth's area (about 1%), but have a huge impact on the economy and culture, being centers of innovation, in addition, 47% of the world's population lives in cities.
Question: Remember from the history course, when and where did the first cities appear, what caused the emergence of cities?
The main reason for the formation of the urban network was the division of crafts and Agriculture, as well as the appearance of an additional product that could be exchanged or sold. The most ancient cities arose along the banks of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates rivers as centers of trade.
In the Middle Ages the most big cities world were Nanjing (China, 470 thousand people), Cairo (Egypt, 450 thousand people), Vidzhavanagar (India, 350 thousand people), Beijing (China, 320 thousand people). Paris was the largest city in Europe (275 thousand people), Milan and Venice were almost twice behind it, and the population of London barely reached 50 thousand people.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century. the first millionaire city appeared - Beijing, London (860 thousand people), Paris (550 thousand people), Naples (430 thousand people), Constantinople (570 thousand people) became the largest cities in Europe, controlling strategic straits of the Mediterranean. In Asia, the population has sharply increased in the cities of Japan - Tokyo (690 thousand people), Osaka and Kyoto (380 thousand people each).
In world practice, there are no uniform criteria for identifying a city, so national statistics on the size and proportion of the urban population are not comparable. In some countries, cities include all administrative centers, regardless of the size of the population living in them, in others, in addition to the population indicator, population density, the availability of urban amenities, and the employment structure are taken into account. The number of inhabitants in the city also differs. So, for example, in Denmark, Sweden and Finland, a city includes a settlement with a population of over 200 people, in Canada - over 1 thousand people, in India - over 5 thousand people, and in Japan - over 30 thousand people. Yes and by appearance locality, called "city", it is also impossible to make an unambiguous decision.
Question: So what do all urban settlements have in common, what unites them?
Slide 2.
Signs of an urban settlement:
- a significant number of the population employed mainly outside agriculture.
- the nature of residential development - the predominance of high-rise buildings, a large number of institutions.
- more high density population;
- historical status of the city - the most small city Yugoslav Hum. The number of permanent residents is 25 people, but has the status of a city since the 13th century.
- administrative functions;
- level of amenities.
Question: What functions does modern city. To answer this question, read the text of the textbook on page 74.
Slide 3.
The main functions of cities:
- production of goods and services;
- control;
- inter-district exchange;
- transport centers;
- cultural.
According to the features of the functions performed, the cities are divided into multifunctional and single-functional.
Among the most important socio-economic processes modern society refers to urbanization.
Question: From the 9th grade geography course, remember what urbanization is. Find the definition in the textbook test, write it in your notebook.
There are 3 stages in the global process of urbanization:
- The initial stage (local) - XIX century. The process of urbanization began in Europe and North America; . So, among the inhabitants of England and Wales in the middle of the 19th century. city dwellers were 50% (in the world - 6.3%), and at the beginning of the 20th century. – already 75%. Due to urbanization in the West, the proportion of city dwellers worldwide has increased from 5.1% to 13.6%.
- Planetary stage - the first half of the XX century. This stage is characterized by an acceleration in the growth of the urban population and the spread of urbanization to almost all regions of the world; For 50 years of the 20th century. the number of citizens increased by 0.5 billion. This stage is characterized by the development of mainly large cities (100 thousand people or more). If in 1800 there were 65 of them, in 1900 - 360, then in 1950 - 950.
- The global stage is the second half of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by an even greater acceleration in the growth rate of the urban population, the development of large cities, the transition from a point city to an agglomeration (a territorial grouping of cities and rural settlements), as well as the formation of megalopolises (the merger of urban agglomerations), which leads to the spread of the urban lifestyle to the countryside. Modern urbanization is characterized by the predominant development of large (over 500 thousand inhabitants) and cities with a population of one million and is one of the factors in the globalization of the world.
Modern urbanization as a global process has common features that are characteristic of most countries.
The task: In the text of the textbook (p. 75-76) identify the main features of urbanization.
slide 4.
- Rapid urban population growth, especially in the least developed countries.
Growth in the share of the urban population and the number of urban agglomerations, 1700–2015:
Question: Comment on example 1 on page 76 and the data in table 3 on page 77 of the textbook. Which regions of the world are characterized by the highest rates of urbanization. Comment on the slide.
For many centuries, even millennia, Africa remained predominantly rural mainland. True, cities appeared in North Africa a very long time ago. Suffice it to recall Carthage, the major urban centers of the era of the Roman Empire. But in Africa south of the Sahara, cities began to appear already in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, mainly as military strongholds and trading (including slave) bases. During the colonial division of Africa at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. new urban settlements arose mainly as local administrative centers. However, the term itself urbanization in relation to Africa until the end of modern times, it can be applied, apparently, only conditionally. After all, back in 1900, there was only one city on the entire continent with a population of more than 100 thousand inhabitants.
In the first half of the XX century. The situation has changed, but not so radically. Back in 1920, the urban population of Africa numbered only 7 million people, in 1940 - 20 million, and only by 1950 increased to 51 million people.
But in the second half of the 20th century, especially after such an important milestone as the year of Africa, a real urban explosion began on the continent. This is illustrated primarily by data on urban population growth rates. Back in the 60s in many countries they reached phenomenally high rates of 10-15, or even 20-25% per year! In 1970-1985. the urban population on average increased by 5-7% per year, which meant doubling it in 10-15 years. And in the 80s, these rates remained at about 5% and only in the 90s began to decline. In Africa, the number of townspeople and the number of cities began to increase rapidly. The share of the urban population in 1970 reached 22%, in 1980 - 29%, in 1990 - 32%, and in 2000 - 38%. Accordingly, the share of Africa in the urban population of the whole world increased from 4.5% in 1950 to 10.7% in 2000.
As in the rest of the developing world, the urban explosion in Africa is dominated by the growth of large cities. Their number increased from 80 in 1960 to 170 in 1980 and more than doubled thereafter. The number of cities with a population of 500,000 to 1 million has also noticeably increased.
But this is especially clear distinguishing feature African urban explosion can be illustrated by the growth in the number of million-plus cities. Cairo became the first such city in the late 1920s. In 1950 there were only two of them, but already in 1980 there were 8, in 1990 - 27, and the number of inhabitants in them increased from 3.5 million to 16 and 60 million people, respectively. According to the UN, at the end of the 90s there were already 33 agglomerations in Africa with a population of more than 1 million people, which concentrated 1/3 of the entire urban population. Two of these agglomerations (Lagos and Cairo) with a population of more than 10 million people have already entered the category of super-cities. In 11 agglomerations, the number of inhabitants ranged from 2 to 5 million people, in the rest - from 1 to 2 million people. Approximately half of all millionaire agglomerations are now located in Tropical Africa. In 2001, there were already 43 millionaire agglomerations.
Considering the process of urban explosion in Africa, one must take into account the fact that it is with cities that industrial and cultural development countries, the deepening of the processes of ethnic consolidation and other positive trends. However, along with this, the urban environment is accompanied by many negative phenomena. This is because Africa is not just urbanizing in breadth(but not deep into, as in developed countries), but the so-called false urbanization characteristic of those countries and regions where there is virtually no or almost no economic growth. According to the World Bank, in the 1970s and 1990s, the urban population of Africa increased by an average of 4.7% per year, while GDP per capita decreased by 0.7% annually. As a result, for the most part African cities never became engines of economic growth and structural transformations in the economy. On the contrary, in many cases they began to act as the main centers of the socio-economic crisis, becoming the focus of acute social contradictions and contrasts, such as unemployment, housing crisis, crime, etc. The complexity of the situation is aggravated by the fact that cities, especially large ones, continue to to attract the poorest rural residents, who are constantly replenishing the stratum of the marginalized population. Statistics show that the top ten cities in the world with the lowest quality of life are nine African cities: Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, Khartoum, Bangui, Luanda, Ouagadougou, Kinshasa, Bamako and Niamey.
The urban explosion in Africa is very typical of the hypertrophied role of capital cities both in the population and in the economy. The following figures speak of the degree of such hypertrophy: in Guinea, the capital concentrates 81% of the total urban population of the country, in Congo (Brazzaville) - 67, in Angola - 61, in Chad - 55, in Burkina Faso - 52, in several other countries - from 40 to 50%. The following indicators are also impressive: by the beginning of the 1990s, the share of capitals in industrial production accounted for: in Senegal (Dakar) - 80%, in Sudan (Khartoum) - 75%, in Angola (Luanda) - 70%, in Tunisia (Tunisia ) - 65, in Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) - 60%.
Despite many common features urban explosion in Africa, it is characterized by quite significant regional differences, especially between North, Tropical and South Africa.
IN North Africa has already reached a very high (51%) level of urbanization, exceeding the world average, and in Libya it reaches 88%.
Egypt already has more than 30 million urban dwellers, and Algeria has 17 million. Since North Africa has been the scene of urban life for a very long time, urban growth here has not been as explosive as in other subregions of the continent. If we keep in mind the material appearance of cities, then in North Africa a long-formed type of Arab city prevails with its traditional medina, kasbah, covered bazaars, which in the XIX-XX centuries. were supplemented by quarters of European buildings.
IN South Africa
the level of urbanization is 48%, and the decisive influence on this indicator, as you might guess, is exerted by the most economically developed and urbanized Republic of South Africa where the number of citizens exceeds 20 million people. Several millionaire agglomerations have also formed in this subregion, the largest of which is Johannesburg (5 million). The material appearance of the cities of South Africa reflects both African and European features, and social contrasts in them - even after the elimination of the apartheid system in South Africa - are still very tangible.
IN Tropical Africa the level of urbanization is lower: in West Africa it is 40%, in Eastern - 26, in Central - 35%. The average figures for individual countries are approximately the same. It is symptomatic that in the continental part Tropical Africa there are only three countries where the proportion of the urban population exceeds 50% - these are Djibouti (81%), Gabon (81) and Congo (Brazzaville) (63%). But here are the least urbanized countries such as Rwanda (6%), Burundi (9%), Uganda (14%), Burkina Faso (15%), Ethiopia (18%). There are also countries in which the capital concentrates 100% of the total urban population: Bujumbura in Burundi, Praia in Cape Verde. And in terms of the total number of citizens (more than 50 million), Nigeria occupies the uncompetitive first place in all of Africa. Yu.D. Dmitrevsky once noted that many cities in Tropical Africa are characterized by a division into native, business and European parts. Many of the cities of Tropical Africa are extremely crowded. Most a prime example of this kind - Lagos, which, according to this indicator (about 70 thousand people per 1 km 2), occupies one of the first places in the world.
Demographic projections provide an opportunity to trace the urban explosion in Africa through 2010, 2015 and 2025. According to these forecasts, in 2010 the urban population should increase to 470 million people, and its share in general population- up to 44%.
It is estimated that if in 2000-2015. If the urban population grows at an average rate of 3.5% per year, then the proportion of urban residents in Africa will approach 50%, and the proportion of this continent in the urban population of the world will increase to 17%. Apparently, in 2015 the number of millionaire agglomerations will increase to 70. At the same time, Lagos and Cairo will remain in the group of supercities, the number of their inhabitants will increase to 24.6 and 14.4 million, respectively. Seven cities will have from 5 to 10 million residents (Kinshasa, Addis Ababa, Algiers, Alexandria, Maputo, Abidjan and Luanda). And in 2025, the urban population of Africa will exceed 800 million people, with its share in the total population of 54%. In North and South Africa, this share will increase to 65% and even 70%, and in the now least urbanized East Africa, it will be 47%. By the same time, the number of millionaire agglomerations in Tropical Africa may increase to 110.
Answer the questions:
Why is the shift of the population to the coasts of the oceans and seas in Africa less pronounced than in Foreign Asia?
Why is the Congo River not used to export industrial products from the Copper Belt?
Why is Cairo called "the diamond button that fastens the delta"?
Why is Senegal called the "Peanut Republic"?
Are the following statements correct:
Most African countries gained independence in the second half of the 20th century. (yes, 1960 went down in history as the year of Africa, since then 17 African countries became independent)
Africa is the region with the highest birth rate and highest death rate in the world.(yes, formula natural increase for Africa: 37 - 15 = 22. In all other regions, these figures are lower).
African countries are characterized by high rates of urbanization.(yes, the rate of urbanization is the highest in the world; the population of some cities doubles every 10 years).
Nigeria's main mineral is bauxite.. (no, oil, 98% of Nigeria's exports are oil)
Africa's largest country in terms of population... (Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa) (Nigeria).
The most important types of minerals in North Africa are .... .(coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, natural gas, phosphorites) (iron ore, oil, natural gas, phosphorites).
The least developed countries in Africa are … . (Algeria, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Somalia, South Africa).(Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Somalia)
The main export crops of Tropical Africa are ... . (wheat, millet, cotton, citrus, peanut, coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, sisal) (peanut, coffee, cocoa, natural rubber, sisal)
2. Show on the map the following cities mentioned in the text and on the maps:
Cairo - Egypt; Kinshasa - Zaire (DRC); Addis Ababa - Ethiopia;
Nairobi - Kenya; Lagos - Nigeria; Dakar - Senegal;
Luanda - Angola; Johannesburg - South Africa.
3.Explain the meaning of the following terms and concepts:
"Monoculture"- (monocultural or mono-commodity specialization) - a narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export.
« Natural economy » - a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are in the common possession of the tribe, and limited resources are distributed in accordance with long-standing traditions; fundamental economic decisions are made by the council of elders.
"Apartheid"- an extreme form of racial discrimination; means the deprivation or significant limitation of political, economic and civil rights any group of the population up to its territorial isolation in special places.
4.Indicate which of the following countries are the main producers and exporters of cocoa: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Angola . (Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria).
Identify the countries to which the following statements apply:
A country located on an island with an area of 600 thousand km²(Madagascar)
Countries located "inside" the territory of South Africa. (Lesotho, Swaziland)
A landlocked country on the middle course of the Niger River. (Mali, Niger).
Country whose capital is Nairobi. (Kenya)
A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in less than 4% of its territory total area . (Egypt)
The copper belt stretches from Zambia to the southeastern part of .... (Zaire) or (DRC)
… - the largest producer and exporter of oil in Africa, a member of OPEC. (Nigeria).
South Africa produces … all African manufacturing products.(more than 2/5).
