Oceania- it is part of the world; geo-graphic, often geo-poly-li-ti-ch-r-gi-he of the world, which is predominantly out of hundreds of small islands and atolls in the central and western parts of Ti-ho-go oke-a-na. Oke-a-niya represents the largest-necked cluster of islands in the world, located in the west and central -in parts of Ti-ho-go oke-a-na, between sub-tro-pi-che-ski-mi shi-ro-ta-mi Se-ver-no-go and moderate-mi South-no-go-l-sha-ri. When the entire land is divided into a part of the world, Oke-a-nia usually merges with Av-stra-lia into a single part of the world "Av-stra-lia and Oke-a-niya ”, although sometimes you-de-la-is-Xia to the most-me-and-so part of the world.
Oke-a-niya - the world's largest cluster of islands and ar-khi-pelagov in the central and south-western parts of Ti ho-ho oka-a-na. Ost-ro-va and ar-hi-pe-la-gi Oke-a-nii ras-po-lo-ze-us on a huge ak-va-to-rii Ti-ho-go oke-a-na between 29 gr. with. NS. and 53 gr. NS. NS. and 130 gr. v. etc. and 109 gr. h. The whole of Oceania, except for two relatively large landmasses - New Guinea (829 thousand sq. km) and New Zealand ( 265 thousand sq. Km), one hundred and one without a small of 7 thousand islands. The total area of Oke-a-nii is only about 1.3 million square meters. km.
Rice. 1. Physical map of Oke-a-nii (Source)
Geo-gra-fi-che-ski Oke-a-niya under-de-la-et-Xia on:
1. Me-la-ne-ziyu.
2. Mik-ro-ne-ziyu.
3. By-li-not-ziyu.
Me-la-not-zia, ras-in-lo-feminine in the western part of Oke-a-nii, including New Guinea, ar-hi-pe-lag Bismar-ka, island D `An-tr-ka-hundred, ar-hi-pe-lag Lu-i-zi-a-da, So-lo-mo-no-you island-ro-va, island-ro-va San-ta- Cruz, New Hebri-dy, New Ka-le-do-niya, islands Lu-ai-o-te, islands of Fiji and a number of others. The total area of Me-la-ne-zii (black-island-ro-vie) is 969 thousand square meters. km, of which almost 6/7 comes to New Guinea - this mik-ro-ma-te-rik Me-la-ne-zii.
V By-l-not-ziyu(many-island-ro-vie), ras-ki-nouv-shu-yu-Xia from the edge of the south-for-pa-da to the eastern pre-de-l Oke-a -nii, enter-dyat islands: New Ze-lan-diya, Tonga, Samoa, Uo-l-lis, Horn, Tu-wa-lu, To-ke-lau, Cook, Tu-bu-ai , Societies, Tua-mo-tu, Mar-kiz, Ga-vai-ro-va, Easter Island, etc. The area of the Po-li-ne-zii without New Ze -land-diy - only 26 thousand sq. km, moreover, 17 thousand of them come to the Ga-vai islands.
Mik-ro-not-ziya(small-to-island-ro-vie) - for-ni-ma-yu-shchaya se-ve-ro-zapad-nyu part of the Oke-a-nii so-in-kup-ness stranded-chai-shikh island-ro-vov and ar-khi-pela-gov pre-imu-shche-ustvenno-but co-ral-lo-in-th, but also vol-ka-no-che-pro-is walk-de-niya. Important island groups of Mik-ro-ne-zii: Ka-ro-lin-skie, Mary-an-skie, Mars-shal-lo-vy islands and island-ro-va Gil-ber-ta. The total area of the islands of Mikro-ne-Zii is only about 2.6 thousand square meters. km, but the islands of the ro-va are scattered across a huge water-space with an area of 14 million square meters. km.
From the point of view of geology, Oke-a-niya is not a continent: only New Ka-le-do-niya, New Zealand, New Gui -neya and Tasmania have a con-ti-n-tal-n-tal pro-out-walk, formed in the place of gi-po-te-ti ma-te-ri-ka Gondwa-na. In the past, these islands represented a single land, one-on-one in the re-zul-ta-te sub-nyatya of the Mi-ro-vo- go oke-a-na significant-naya part of the top-of-the-sti appeared under the water.
Most of the islands of the Oke-a-nii have a vol-can-ni-ch-k-ni-r-out-walk: some of them are peaks us of large underwater vol-cans, some of them still show you-so-so-so-ko-ku-ni-che-sky activity ( for example, Ha-vai-skie islands).
Other islands have a co-ral-lo-voe pro-out-wandering, yav-la-yas atoll-la-mi, which-rye sfor-mi-ro-va -went to re-zul-ta-te-ra-zo-va-nia co-ral-lo-v-ek in-a-circle-la-ziv-shih-under the water of the vol-can-no (for example, the island of Gil-ber-ta, Tua-mo-tu).
Rice. 4. Po-li-ti-che-card of Oke-a-nii (Source)
Many countries of Oke-a-nii (for example, New Ze-lan-diia, Nauru, Ki-ri-ba-ti) are part of the Union of Friendship, that, including, from-ra-same-but on their flag. Many other countries of the regi-o-na yav-la-yut-sya for-wi-si-mi-ter-ri-to-ri-mi-mi.
Rice. 5. Flags of some countries of Oke-a-nii (Source)
3. Oceania: population
Ko-ren-us-mi-te-la-mi Oke-a-nii yav-la-yut-sya-li-not-ziy-tsy, mik-ro-not-ziy-tsy, me-la- not-ziy-tsy and pa-pua-sy.
Po-li-not-ziy-tsy, pro-zhi-va-u-si in the countries of Po-li-not-zii, have a mixed ra-co-type: in their outward sti pro-smat-ri-va-sya features of ev-ro-peo-id-noy and mon-go-lo-id-noy races, and in a lesser degree-ne-ni - av-stra-lo -id-noy. The most large-ny-ro-dy Po-li-ne-zii - ha-vai-tsy, sa-mo-an-tsy, ta-i-tyane.
Mik-ro-not-ziy-tsy live in the countries of Mik-ro-ne-zii. The most large-n-ro-dy-ka-ro-lin-tsy, ki-ri-ba-ti, marshall-tsy.
Me-la-not-ziy-tsy pro-live in the countries of Me-la-ne-zii. Ra-so-yy type - av-stra-lo-id-ny, with a small mon-go-lo-id-ny element, they are close to the pa-pua-sam of New Gui-nei ... Me-la-not-ziy-tsy speak in Me-la-not-ziy-language languages.
Pa-pua-sy na-se-la-yut the island of New Gui-nea and some paradise-islands of In-do-ne-zii.
Many languages of Oke-a-nii are on the verge of disappearing. In their day-to-day life, they are increasingly being used by the English and French languages.
In New Ze-lan-diia and on the Ha-vai islands, most of the n-se-le-niya are ev-ro-pei-tsy, the share of which is also you -ka in New Ka-le-donia (34%) and in French Pole-ne-zia (12%). On the islands of Fiji, 38.2% of the population is represented by le-no-do-fi-jiy-ts-mi -tracted workers-bot-niks, brought to the island of bri-tan-ts-mi in the 19th century.
In the last time in the countries of Oke-a-nii, the share of exits from Asia is growing -pin-tsev). For example, on the Northern Mari-an-islands, the share of phi-lip-pin-ts is 26.2%, and ki-tai-ts - 22.1%.
On-se-le-nie Oke-a-nii in the main -tism).
The most numerous countries: Papua - New Guinea, New Zealand.
Rice. 6. Pa-pua-sy of New Gwi-nei (Source)
4. Oceania: general characteristics of the economy
Most of the Oke-a-nii countries have a very weak eco-no-mi-ku. Os-no-woo eco-no-mi-ki most of the countries of the region-gi-o-na are composed of agriculture (production of copra, palm oil, fruit, fish).
Mountain-to-by-va-yu-shchaya industrial-laziness in-lu-chi-la development in Papua New Guinea, New Ka-le-don-nii, New Ze-lan-diy.
In the last time, many countries, having a unique and very beautiful nature, pay attention to the development of riz-ma.
Rice. 7. Hotels on the island of Bo-ra-Bo-ra (Source)
A SOURCE
http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/geografy/10-klass/tema-4/obschiy-obzor-okeanii
http://vimeo.com/99350244
http://nsportal.ru/sites/default/files/2014/01/16/okeaniya_urok_z2.ppt
http://country.in.ua/australia/oceaniya.html
There are no states in the modern world that, like Australia, can boast that their area is an entire continent. The "green continent" (as they often say about the Australian Union) is the only country completely isolated from neighboring powers by the waters of the oceans on all sides. In the direction to the southeast of Eurasia, the continent occupies a fairly favorable EGP. Australia is characterized by isolation and remoteness from everything modern world, however, this fact does not in the least prevent the country from being considered one of the most highly developed in the world.
Geographical position of the mainland
The waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans wash its shores. About 99% of the territory of the Commonwealth of Australia is located on the mainland. Islands, including Tasmania, occupy the remainder of the area covered by state sovereignty. About 7.7 million sq. km allow Australia to enter the top ten major countries in the world, confidently occupying the 6th line in the corresponding rating. Russia is ahead of it, Republic of china, North American states - USA, Canada, and Brazil.
It will take about a week to cross Australia by car from east to west and from south to east. After all, the length of the mainland is almost 4.5 thousand kilometers, and the width is slightly more than 3 thousand kilometers. In the central part of the continent passes
Australia is an economically developed country
The EGP of Australia deserves special attention. The pros and cons of its remoteness from other modern states are significantly reflected in all spheres of the country's life. Australia's relatively close proximity to the powers in the south of Asia and Oceania has a positive effect on the maintenance of international relations and trade partnerships of this state with world leaders. The continent is a full-fledged member of many influential international organizations, including the UN, IMF and others.
But the fact that the country does not have land borders is an obstacle to the implementation of many trade projects and maintaining economic ties with other powers. In addition, it is the costs of transporting products from Australia that make up most logistics costs.
It should be noted right away that Australia is undoubtedly highly developed, modern country, the economy of which is exemplary for many of today's powers that are in the stage of transition to a market economy. GNP indicators allow it to occupy leading positions in the global division of labor. At the same time, the main specialized Union is the agrarian and raw materials sector.
Climatic features of the continent and a brief history of its settlement
The characteristic of Australia's EGP allows us to analyze the profitability of its location relative to other states and to understand how the location of the mainland influenced the formation of such a successful and leading country in many respects. The "green continent" stretches across several climatic zones. If we consider their sequence from north to south, then it will look like this:
- Subequatorial (in the northern regions of the mainland).
- Tropical (occupies the central part of the country).
- Subtropical ( southern regions Australia).
- Moderate (Tasmania Island).
Back in the 17th century, seafarers were interested in the peculiarities of Australia's EGL. The mainland was discovered in 1606 by the Dutchman Willem Janszon, although most historians believe that the discoverer of the continent is James Cook, who proclaimed the English kingdom the owner of the Australian lands. For the first time, his ships docked to the coast in 1770.
The Parliament of England did not hesitate in appropriating parts of the mainland and Oceania. The law on the formation of a settlement of prisoners on its territory finally extended the ownership of Europeans to wild lands until recently.
During the period from 1788 to the 50s of the XIX century, about 340 thousand people arrived in Australia, half of whom were convicts, and the second - free migrants. Thus, the population of the country was formed and the Anglo-Australian nation was formed.
Government and economic and geographical position of Australia
The main features of the EGP of Australia determined its administrative and political division. Federal state, which it is, is part of the Commonwealth of Great Britain and includes 6 states, including:
- Western Australia;
- South Australia;
- Victoria;
- Queensland;
- Tasmania;
- N.S.W.
The Queen of Great Britain is officially considered the head of the Australian continent. The Governor-General, acting on behalf of the monarch, is appointed at the insistence of the local government.
In 1931, Australia received almost complete freedom and sovereignty. How in internal affairs and in the country's activities at international scene, Australia has gained sufficient autonomy.
Oceania in the economic and geographical position of Australia
Oceania has a significant place in Australia's EGP. It can be briefly characterized as a complex of islands of various origins. The largest and most developed is Tasmania, and the Ashmore and Cartier islands are uninhabited. Located in tropical and equatorial latitudes, the air temperature in these areas varies within + 23-30 ° С. A large number of precipitation on the islands (up to 15,000 mm per year) contributes to the presence of a rich flora and fauna. However, the same cannot be said for Australia. It is called the driest continent in the entire globe.
Minerals on the continent
Deserts play a huge role in Australia's EGP. Vast sandy expanses that extend over 2.5 km from the coast Indian Ocean to the Great Dividing Range, are considered uninhabitable and have not been used by humans for a long time. Heat air, which is about + 35 ° C by average annual indicators, and the almost complete absence of precipitation did their job - until the middle of the last century, about 35% of the mainland was empty and was considered useless.
But the discovered deposits of minerals have radically changed the situation. Work on the extraction of valuable resources continues to this day. Deposits of gold, coal, uranium, iron ore, manganese and lead allowed Australia to “soar” to the top of the world's rankings in terms of mineral wealth. Today Australia is one of the largest producers and suppliers of natural raw materials.
In conclusion about Australia
So, in a fairly short period of time, the state has passed the most difficult path of development. The EGP of Australia allowed the state to go from a colonial appendage of the British Empire to an independent country with high level life of the population. A huge role in this belongs to the flow of immigrants from the European part, because it was their fate that the task of raising and developing the newly formed state fell to. Highly qualified specialists, including representatives of workers' specialties and engineers, have made their most valuable contribution to the formation of the modern Australian Union.
The EGP of Australia, despite its separation from the rest of the world, has remained the best producer of food and agricultural products for a century. More than 60% of all the country's products are exported. The sectors of dairy production, industry, winemaking and brewing are also considered developed in the country.
Oceania became known to Europeans in the 16th century, from the time of the first travel around the world F. Magellan. A special chapter in the history of its discovery and research is made up by the voyages of Russian seafarers. Only in the 19th century. the islands of Oceania were visited by 40 Russian expeditions, which collected valuable scientific information. A great contribution to the study of Oceania was made by N.N., who described the life and life of the peoples inhabiting the islands.
Exploring natural conditions on the cards, we can draw the following conclusions:
a) a change in air pressures over the ocean space leads to the emergence, which sweep all living things into the ocean;
b) frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity lead to the formation of waves and the disappearance of islands in the depths of the ocean.
The flora and fauna are very peculiar, and this is due to the isolation of the islands. The world's poorest plants and animals on the coral islands. Representatives of the most ancient plants grow here, such as tree ferns, reaching from 8 to 15 meters in height.
In the animal kingdom of the islands there are no large animals and Poisonous snakes... Swifts are very richly represented, flightless bird kiwis, petrels, albatrosses, seagulls, weed hen, etc. Feral domestic cats breed on many islands.
The modern political map of Oceania has developed as a result of the stubborn struggle of the colonial powers for the division of islands and archipelagos among themselves. Until the early 60s. XX century there was only one thing in Oceania independent state — New Zealand created by colonists from England.
The natives of Oceania are the Papuans and Polynesians, Micronesians, Malanesians. They retain their language and culture, although European influence very large. Among the non-European population are Indians, Malays, Chinese, Koreans, Japanese.
The role of Oceania countries in the world is insignificant. They With low level development of the economy and life of the population.
A long colonial period in the history of Oceania hindered its economic development, therefore, the manufacturing industry in most of its countries is poorly developed and does not even meet the needs domestic market... A significant part of production is engaged in the processing of agricultural products, mainly coconut, coffee, spices, there are enterprises that produce clothes and shoes. Traditional crafts are developed, the products of which are intended for tourists and for export.
Among the countries of Oceania by level economic development stands out New Zealand, which belongs to the developed capitalist countries. New Zealand has a subtropical and temperate climate. Large, per capita land resources. Its population is 4/5 Anglo-Landowners and 12% - Maori aborigines, who have preserved their language and culture to this day. New Zealanders are city dwellers, in countryside only 14% of the population lives. Its economy was formed by the significant influence of the metropolis (), therefore, initially, the leading place in its manufacturing industry was occupied by the processing of agricultural raw materials. After the end of World War II, conditions were created on the island for the restructuring of the manufacturing industry. Its explosive growth began based on the use of the latest technologies... At present, the leading place in it is occupied by the old traditional industries: food, textile and forestry. However, all greater importance acquire non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and some other industries. The bulk of the manufacturing industry is concentrated on the North Island in cities and towns. On the less industrially developed South Island Until recently, it was concentrated in Christchurch (food, textile, etc.), and now the first non-ferrous metallurgy plant in New Zealand has been built in Bluff.
New Zealand is rich in unique natural landscapes: snow-capped mountains with glaciers, fjords, canyons, mountain lakes, waterfalls, volcanoes and geysers, a kind of vegetation. About 10% of the country's territory is proclaimed national parks... The tourism industry is well established, but its capabilities are hampered by the country's remoteness.
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