The oldest traces of human habitation on the territory of Russia were found in Siberia, the North Caucasus and the Kuban region and date back to about 3-2 million years BC. In the VI-V centuries BC. NS. Greek colonies appeared on the Black Sea coast, which later turned into the Scythian and Bosporan kingdoms.
Slavs and their neighbors
By the 5th century A.D. Slavic tribes occupy lands on the shores of the Baltic Sea, along the Dnieper and along the Danube, and in the upper reaches of the Oka and Volga. In addition to hunting, the Slavs are engaged in agriculture, and trade is gradually developing. The main trade routes are rivers. By the 9th century, several Slavic principalities were formed, the main ones being Kiev and Novgorod.
In 882, the Novgorod prince Oleg captures Kiev, and, combining the Slavic north and south, creates Old Russian state... Kievan Rus is considered both in Byzantium and in the neighboring western states. Under Oleg's successor Igor, the son of Rurik, an agreement is concluded with Byzantium to protect its borders from nomads. Baptism takes place in the year 988 under Prince Vladimir pagan Rus... The adoption of Orthodoxy strengthens ties with Byzantium, along with the new faith, Greek culture, science and art spread among the Slavs. In Russia, a new Slavic alphabet is used, chronicles are being written. Under Prince Yaroslav the Wise, the first set of laws of the Kiev state, "Russian Truth", was drawn up. Since the 30s of the XII centuries, the division of the united state into a number of independent principalities begins.
Yoke
From the beginning of the XIII century, the huge army of Genghis Khan Temuchin devastated Asia and Transcaucasia. Having conquered and imposed a tribute on the peoples of the Caucasus, the Mongol army first appeared in Russian history, defeating in 1223 the combined forces of the Slavic princes and Cumans on the Kalka River. After 13 years, the grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu, comes to Russia from the east and one by one defeats the troops of the Russian princes, in 1240 he takes Kiev, goes to Western Europe and, returning, founds his state on the lower reaches of the Volga - the Golden Horde, and imposes tribute on the Russian lands. From now on, the princes receive power over their lands only with the sanction of the khans of the Golden Horde. This period went down in Russian history as the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
Grand Duchy of Moscow
Since the beginning of the XIV century, in many respects, thanks to the efforts of Ivan Kalita and his heirs, a new center of Russian principalities, Moscow, has gradually been formed. By the end of the XIV century, Moscow had grown strong enough to openly oppose the Horde. In 1380, Prince Dimitry defeated the army of Khan Mamai at the Kulikovo field. Under Ivan III, Moscow ceases to pay tribute to the Horde: Khan Akhmat, during his "standing on the Ugra River" in 1480, does not dare to fight and retreats. The Mongol-Tatar yoke is coming to an end.
The time of Ivan the Terrible
Under Ivan IV the Terrible, (officially the first Russian tsar since 1547), the collection of lands lost as a result of Tatar-Mongol yoke and Polish-Lithuanian expansion, a policy of further expansion of state borders is also being pursued. The Russian state includes the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates. At the end of the 16th - the middle of the 17th centuries, with a great delay in comparison with the countries of Central Europe, serfdom was formalized.
In 1571 Moscow was burnt by the army Crimean Khan Devlet-Gireya. In the next 1572, the 120-thousandth Crimean-Turkish army, marching to Russia, was destroyed, which actually put an end to the centuries-old struggle of Russia with the steppe.
Time of Troubles and the first Romanovs
With the death of Ivan the Terrible's son Fyodor in 1598, the Rurik dynasty was interrupted. The Time of Troubles begins, the time of the struggle for the throne and the Polish-Swedish intervention. The Troubles ends with the convocation of a popular militia, the expulsion of the Poles and the election of Mikhail Fedorovich, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (February 21, 1613) to the kingdom. During his reign, Russian expeditions begin the development of Eastern Siberia, Russia goes to the Pacific Ocean. In 1654, Ukraine became part of the Russian state with the rights of autonomy. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the influence of the West increased.
Russian empire
Tsar Peter I radically reforms the Russian state, establishing an absolute monarchy headed by the emperor, to whom even the church is subject. The boyars turn into the nobility. The army and the education system are being modernized, and much is being arranged according to the Western model. As a result of the Northern War, the Russian lands captured by Sweden at the end of the 16th century were returned to Russia. At the mouth of the Neva, the port city of St. Petersburg was founded, where the capital of Russia was transferred in 1712. Under Peter the Great, the first Russian newspaper Vedomosti was published and a new calendar was introduced on January 1, 1700, where the new year begins in January (before that, the year was counted from September 1).
After Peter I, the Epoch begins palace coups, the time of noble conspiracies and frequent overthrow of objectionable emperors. Anna Ivanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna reign longer than others. Under Elizaveta Petrovna, Moscow University was founded. Under Empress Catherine the Great, the development of America begins, Russia conquers Turkey's access to the Black Sea.
Napoleonic Wars
In 1805, Alexander I entered the war with Napoleon I, who declared himself emperor of France. Napoleon wins, one of the conditions of the peace agreement is the termination of trade with England, to which Alexander I has to agree. In 1809, Russia seizes Finland, which belonged to the Swedes, which is part of the Russian Empire. Several years later, Russia resumed trade with England, and in the summer of 1812 Napoleon with an army of more than 500 thousand people invaded Russia. The Russian army, outnumbered by more than two times, retreats to Moscow. The people rose up to fight the invaders, numerous partisan detachments appeared, the war of 1812 was called the Patriotic War.
At the end of August, near Moscow, near the village of Borodino, biggest battle war. The losses on both sides were enormous, but the numerical superiority remained with the French. The head of the Russian army, Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, decides to surrender Moscow to Napoleon without a fight and retreat to save the army. Moscow, occupied by the French, was almost completely destroyed by fires. While retreating to the borders of Russia, Napoleon's army gradually melted, the Russians pursued the retreating French, and in 1814 the Russian army entered Paris.
The emergence of civil society
In the 19th century, under the influence of the liberal ideas of the West, a stable diverse group of educated people emerged, which itself created liberal and democratic values, later called the intelligentsia. Its most famous representatives were Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov.
After the end of the war, revolutionary ideas penetrated into Russia resulted in the failed Decembrist Uprising in 1825. Fearing new uprisings, the state tightens control over the political, economic and cultural life of the country.
In the course of long wars with the highlanders in the first half of the 19th century, Russia annexes the Caucasus, and - partly peacefully, partly by military means - the territories of Central Asia (Bukhara and Khiva Khanates, Kazakh zhuzes).
2nd half of the 19th century
In 1861, under Emperor Alexander II, serfdom was abolished in Russia. A number of liberal reforms were also carried out, accelerating the modernization of the country.
Late 19th - early 20th century
In the late 19th - early 20th century. Russia is actively developing the Far East, which causes concern for Japan, the government of the Russian Empire believes that a "small victorious war" against the background of growing revolutionary sentiments will improve the internal situation. Japan, however, defeated part of the Russian ships with a preemptive strike, lack of modern technical equipment Russian army and the incompetence of the higher officers completes the defeat of Russia in the war. Russia's position in the international arena is proving to be extremely difficult.
In 1914 Russia entered the First World War. The February Revolution of 1917 put an end to the monarchy: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the throne, power passes to the Provisional Government. In September 1917, the Russian Empire was transformed into the Russian Republic.
Soviet state
However, even after the revolution, it is not possible to restore order in the country, taking advantage of the political chaos, the Bolshevik party seized power under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, in alliance with the left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists. After the October Revolution on October 25 (November 7) 1917, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in the country. The Soviet Republic begins the liquidation of private property and its nationalization. In an effort to establish control, the Bolsheviks do not shy away from extreme measures, subjecting religion, the Cossacks and other forms of social organization to repression.
The peace concluded with Germany cost the Soviet state of Ukraine, the Baltic states, Poland, part of Belarus and 90 tons of gold, and served as one of the reasons for the civil war. In March 1918, the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, fearing the capture of the city by the Germans. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, the royal family was shot in Yekaterinburg, the bodies were thrown into the mine of a collapsed mine.
Civil War
During 1918-1922, supporters of the Bolsheviks were fighting against their opponents. During the war, Poland, the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) and Finland left Russia.
USSR, 1920-1930s
On December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Transcaucasian Federation) is formed. In 1921-1929, the New Economic Policy (NEP) was carried out. Joseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili) becomes the winner in the internal political struggle that erupted after Lenin's death in 1924. In the 1930s, Stalin carried out a "purge" of the party apparatus. A system of forced labor camps (GULag) is being created. In 1939-1940, Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, Moldavia, Western Karelia, and the Baltic States were annexed to the USSR.
The Great Patriotic War
On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began with a surprise attack by Nazi Germany. In a relatively short time, German troops were able to advance deep into the Soviet state, but they could not capture Moscow and Leningrad, as a result of which the war, instead of the blitzkrieg planned by Hitler, turned into a protracted one. The battles of Stalingrad and Kursk turned the tide of the war, and Soviet troops launched a strategic offensive. The war ended with the capture of Berlin in May 1945 and the surrender of Germany. The death toll in the course of hostilities and as a result of the occupation in the USSR reaches, according to historians, 26 million people.
Soviet- japanese war
As a result of the war with Japan in 1945, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands became part of Russia.
Cold war and stagnation
As a result of the war, the countries of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany) fell into the Soviet zone of influence. Relations with the West are sharply aggravated. The so-called Cold War begins - a confrontation between the West and the countries of the socialist camp, which reached its peak in 1962, when the USSR and the USA almost broke out nuclear war(Caribbean crisis). Then the intensity of the conflict gradually subsided, there was some progress in relations with the West, in particular, an agreement on economic cooperation was signed with France.
In the 70s, the confrontation between the USSR and the United States was weakened. Strategic nuclear arms limitation treaties are being concluded (SALT-1 and SALT-2). The second half of the 70s is called the "era of stagnation", when, with relative stability, the USSR is gradually lagging behind the advanced countries of the West in terms of technology.
Perestroika and disintegration of the USSR
With the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, a policy of perestroika was announced in the USSR, in order to solve the problems in social sphere and social production, as well as to avoid the impending economic crisis caused by the arms race. However, this policy leads to an aggravation of the crisis, the collapse of the USSR and the transition to capitalism. In 1991 the Commonwealth is created Independent States(CIS), which includes the RSFSR, Ukraine and Belarus.
« Who lives in Russia well? "(N. Nekrasov, production" Who Lives Well in Russia? ")
« Russia, where are you rushing ? " (N.V. Gogol, production of "Dead Souls")
- « Who is guilty? "(A. I. Herzen, production" Who is to blame? ")
- « What to do? "(I. G. Chernyshevsky, production" What to do ")
« Who to be? » (V.V. Mayakovsky, production "Who to be?")
Periodization of Russian history
Traditionally, Russian history is counted from 862 BC when the Vikings from Scandinavia came to Russia and became the princes of the Russian lands. Russian civilization is relatively young.
The history of Russia can be divided into 5 cycles:
9-13 centuries.
The heyday was reached under Yaroslav the Wise in the 12th century, when Kievan Rus became one of the leaders of medieval society. The cycle ended as a result of the feudal fragmentation of the state and the Tatar-Mongol invasion.
14th century - the beginning of the 17th century.
The center of the country was moved to Moscow, Moscow state... The cycle reached its peak under Ivan III and ended with a national catastrophe during the Time of Troubles.
The beginning of the 17th century - early 20th century
The third cycle began with the accession of the Romanov dynasty and reached heights during the reign of Peter I and Catherine II. Russian empire joined the ranks of the world powers. However, then conservative tendencies prevailed, there was a delay in the transition to an industrial society (almost a century compared to Europe). The end of this cycle is a series of national catastrophes: defeat in the war with Japan, in the First World War, the collapse of the Russian Empire and the civil war.
20 20 c. - 1991
The Russian Bolsheviks, with difficulty and by methods of violence, again gathered most of the disintegrated empire under the rule of a single center. Local civilization is reviving again, but for the first time not under the flag of Orthodoxy, but socialism. Soviet Union became a superpower. This cycle ended with economic and geopolitical weakening, internal national problems and then the collapse of the USSR.
Many people think that in the 20th century. the natural course of Russian history was interrupted by a catastrophe. Tens of millions of people died at the hands of fellow citizens and with their consent. There was a sharp degradation of morals and culture. Sometimes this situation is compared with the death of classical ancient culture.
Since 1991
Rejecting socialist ideology and overcoming economic crisis 90 years Russian Federation looking for a way to a better future.
(According to the book by Kononenko, B.I .: Culture. Civilization. Russia.)
Features of Russian history
Several times in the thousand-year history of Russia, a radical socio-political and economic transformation took place (the era of the reign of Peter I, socialism, reforms of the 90s of the 20th century).
Several times the country entered a dead end (Time of Troubles, socialism). The population often had to experience disasters. Wars and famines were repeated.
However, against the tragic background of the history of Russia, a high culture arose, stages of upsurges in spirituality were observed, and world successes in science were achieved.
East-West
Eastern and Western phases alternate in Russian history. Russians see their country as largely Asian, which needs to be civilized by following the European path.
Western historians see in Russia rather a type of Eastern society (a person rules, not a law; power is concentrated in the hands of one person; there is no understanding of personality as an absolute value).
but Russian civilization in general, it can be considered a hybrid: it includes elements of Europeanism and Asianism.
Eastern Slavs and Kievan Rus
East Slavs
In the 6-8 centuries. in the process of the final stage The great migration of peoples various tribes of the Eastern Slavs (for example, Vyatichi, Drevlyans, Krivichi, etc.) settled in a vast area from the Middle Dnieper in the south to Lake Ladoga in the north, from the Western Bug in the west to the Volga in the east.
Although the conditions for the effective development of agriculture in these areas were unsuitable due to the harsh climate (the fertile southern steppe regions were occupied by nomadic tribes - Cumans, Pechenegs, Turks, Khazars, etc.), the Eastern Slavs were mainly engaged in agriculture, as well as hunting, fishing and cattle breeding. Traded in honey, wax, furs.
At the head of the East Slavic communities were the prince with the squads. Their residences were fortified settlements - grads.
Religion Eastern Slavs there was paganism - they worshiped the natural gods (Perun - main god, god of thunder and lightning, Radegast - god of the sun).
Rus and Kievan Rus
The north-south water trade route ran along the Dnieper and Volkhov rivers "From the Varangians to the Greeks"... This route was chosen by the Vikings, a northern tribe of Scandinavians (Vikings) for trade with Byzantium. Large cities arose on it - Novgorod and Kiev.
In 862 in Novgorod the Varangians created the earliest union of the East Slavic lands - Rus, later called Kievan Rus.
The Varangians left traces in the Russian language - for example, the name Vladimir = Waldemar, Olga = Helga. The word "Rus", perhaps, comes from the Finnish "Ruotsi", which, according to one of the hypotheses, called the tribes of the Eastern Slavs.
The first ruler of Russia is the Varangian prince (Hrörekr, Roderick) who came to Novgorod. Founder of the first dynasty of Russian rulers - Rurikovich. Under the heir of Rurik, the prince Oleg, Kiev was annexed to his lands, which became the capital of the principality.
In 988 under the prince Vladimir was taken Orthodox Christianity borrowed from Byzantium. The sculpture of the pagan god Perun in Kiev was thrown into the Dnieper River.
After baptism, Slavic writing, created in the 9th century, penetrates into Russia. Cyril and Methodius.
Kievan Rus developed intensive trade and cultural ties with Byzantium. The Byzantine civilization left many traces in Russian society.
Kievan Rus reaches the top in half of the 11th century. at Yaroslav the Wise... At this time, it was part of the advanced European states, and its rich diplomatic and trade ties with Europe were strengthened. Yaroslav's sons married European princesses, daughters married European kings.
Under Yaroslav, the first set of laws of Ancient Rus was adopted - Russian Truth
.
In 1125, with the end of the reign Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus split into separate principalities.
The first written monument testifying to early history Russia, - chronicle Tale of Bygone Years , created by monks in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
At the initial stage of the development of Russia, the geographical position at the crossroads of Eurasian trade and migration routes played an important role. The history of that time is an almost continuous struggle between sedentary (mainly Slavic) and nomadic (mostly Asian) peoples. Kievan Rus blocked the path to the west for the hordes of nomads. A myth emerges about Russia as the "shield of Europe".
Period of feudal fragmentation
After the collapse of Kievan Rus, a system of separate, virtually independent principalities was formed. They developed around the large cities of Kievan Rus. The most significant: Novgorodskoe, Vladimir-Suzdalskoe, Smolenskoe, Chernigovskoe, later Tverskoe.
Novgorod land
Novgorod was the most developed and largest trade center. He had his own money, laws, army, management system ("boyar republic"). The most valuable architectural monuments arose here.
The famous prince was from Novgorod Alexander Nevskiy, who twice defended the land from enemies - from the Swedes (battle on the Neva River, 1240) and the Teutonic Knights (Battle on the Ice on Lake Peipsi, 1242).
Mongol-Tatar yoke
At the beginning of the 13th century. a large army of new nomads led by Genghis Khan approached the southeastern borders of Russia.
In 1237, in the lower reaches of the Volga River, the union of Mongol tribes was founded Golden Horde... From here the Mongols invaded the Russian lands, took Ryazan, Vladimir, Moscow, and ruined Kiev. From Russia, Mongol troops began a campaign to Central Europe.
For 240 years, the Russian lands were practically a protectorate of the Mongol empire and paid an annual tribute to it.
In 1380 the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy defeated the Tatars in battle on the Kulikovo field and marked the beginning of liberation.
Consequences of the invasion
Many cities were destroyed, crafts were forgotten, construction was stopped. The invasion caused a deep decline in culture, a long lag of Russia from Western Europe.
An uninvited guest is worse than a Tatar. (Russian folk proverb)
Moscow state
The Moscow princes used the advantageous position of Moscow in the center of the Russian principalities and, with the help of the Golden Horde, eliminated their rivals (the princes of the cities of Vladimir, Ryazan and Tver). Moscow began to claim the role of a center in the process of “gathering Russian lands”.
In the middle of the 15th century. The Horde broke up into the Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan and Siberian Khanates.
Ivan III
In 1462, Ivan III, “the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia,” ascended the throne. The centralization of the country and tranquility on its eastern borders are associated with the era of his reign. Ivan III annexed the appanage principalities: he suppressed separatism in Novgorod, conquered Yaroslavl, Tver, Pskov, Ryazan. During the reign of the heirs of Ivan III, the borders of the Moscow state continued to expand further.
Ideological platform of the Moscow State
- the ancient origin of the power of rulers from the Rurik dynasty
- the power of the sovereign from God himself, the ruler is a fighter for the true faith
- Moscow - "third Rome" (Moscow - spiritual center world Christianity)
After overcoming the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, a huge rise of culture... Stone Kremlin cathedrals grew, valuable monuments of painting (icons and frescoes by Andrei Rublev) and literature (chronicles, hagiography) arose.
Under Ivan III, the first central government("Orders" and institutions that decide questions of state affairs - for example, the Ambassadorial Prikaz, the predecessor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
Was written Code of Law
, a new set of laws.
A merchant class is formed (for example, the well-known old family of the Stroganovs), crafts and construction are developing. However, in the economic field, the life of people (the population numbered about 6.5 million) in the Moscow state developed unevenly - the ups were replaced by stagnation, crop failures and plague epidemics were frequent.
Ivan IV the Terrible
In 1533, the three-year-old Ivan IV (later nicknamed the Terrible) ascended the Moscow throne. Throughout his childhood and youth, when he could not actually rule, there was a struggle between boyar groups at court.
In 1547, 16-year-old Ivan, as the first Russian Grand Duke, was officially crowned king.
The personality of Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV grew up in an atmosphere of conspiracies and murders, without a mother, which greatly influenced his psyche. After the death of his beloved wife, he lost the last signs of humanity. The king, in a fit of anger, even killed his son.
Public administration reforms
The young tsar and his boyar assistants carried out a series of reforms.
Created the first Russian parliament – Zemsky Cathedral... A system of orders has been formed by the central authorities governing different areas the state.
The population paid cash and taxes in kind.
Trade development
Industry and trade relations with other countries, mainly with Persia and England, developed in Ivan the Terrible's Russia. English and Dutch merchants and entrepreneurs often arrived in Russia at that time.
Foreign policy and wars
A semi-regular army appears, and the tsar fights the enemies of Russia by military means. He manages to conquer the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates (their lands are turning into almost deserted spaces); later the Siberian Khanate was also defeated. Lands along the entire course of the Volga were annexed to Russia, and the colonization of the occupied territories took place. For the first time Russia turned into a multinational state (non-Slavic and non-Orthodox peoples lived in the newly annexed territories).
At the end of the 50s. 16th century started Livonian Wars(Livonia - today's Latvia and Estonia), which ended in fact with the defeat of Russia.
Repression
Gradually, the monarch's individual power was strengthened, and his suspicion deepened; the policy of repression has affected all segments of the population.
The king divided the state in two: the so-called. "Oprichnina", to which were numbered those whom he trusted (the territory of the "oprichnina" occupied a third of the country). Here the boyars, who became the executors of the policy of the tsarist terror, ruled in their own way, without constraining themselves with any laws. It was forbidden to talk about "oprichnina" in the presence of foreigners. The rest of the territory of Russia was called "Zemshchina".
Many thousands of people died during the terror. The most terrible evil was the defeat and depopulation of Novgorod.
Consequences of the reign of Ivan IV
Moscow Russia, led by the first tsar, expanded significantly, turned into a multinational state and began to be called Russia. A rigidly centralized monarchy was created.
Time of Troubles
(vague = strange, unclear; confusion - excitement, rebellion)
Time of Troubles or Troubles is the name of a stage in the history of Russia, when dynasties changed in difficult and unclear conditions.
After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584, his feeble-minded son became the heir to the throne. Fedor I, who entrusted the conduct of state affairs to his brother-in-law, the oprichnik Boris Godunov... The second son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitriy, died unexpectedly at the age of eight; Godunov was unofficially accused of killing him. After the death of Tsar Fyodor, the Zemsky Sobor elected Godunov as tsar. The Rurik dynasty was cut short.
The reign of Boris Godunov
The reign of Boris Godunov was haunted by failures - a terrible crop failure and famine, epidemics, invasions, uprisings, in which the people saw signs of God's wrath.
At the end of the 16th century. measures were taken to establish serfdom in Russia.
Impostors
In an atmosphere of general discontent and chaos, impostors appear who appear under the guise of the heirs of Ivan IV.
In Poland (at that time the Commonwealth), a young man declared himself the miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry. Boris Godunov was killed as a result of a conspiracy, and after the capture of Moscow by the Poles in 1605, an impostor was enthroned in Russia. He entered the history of Russia under the name False Dmitry I... The Russians learned that this was not a real Russian tsar, as various legends say, for example, by the fact that he did not sleep after dinner, as was customary in Russia, and did not go to the bathhouse. The conspirators soon got rid of the new king.
Then the royal throne passed from hand to hand, for some time it was again at the disposal of the Poles.
Only in 1613, with the help of the popular patriotic movement (led by the Novgorodians Minin and Pozharsky), the Russian throne was freed from the power of foreigners. Zemsky Sobor elected to reign Mikhail Romanov... The reign of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs begins.
Mikhail Romanov's board
With the first decades of power of the Romanovs, the tightening of serfdom is associated. The culmination of peasant resistance was uprising of the Don Cossack Stepan Razin (1667–1671).
Cossacks are former serfs who fled from their owners, free people living on the outskirts of Russia.
Main periods of Russian history February 13th, 2015
The history of any country can be divided into periods with significantly different quality of the state. There are six such large periods in the history of Russia.
1. Ancient Russia,IX -
XIIIcenturies
The period of Ancient Rus is often called the period of Kievan Rus. However, this is not entirely true. Kiev was the political center of Russia only until the last thirdXXIIv. In 1169 the great reign was transferred to Vladimir. In turn, in 1325 the residence of the metropolitan was moved to Moscow and Moscow became the political center. Accordingly, in the history of Ancient Rus, one can distinguish: the period of Kievan Rus - fromIXc to 1169, the period of Vladimir Rus - from 1169 to 1325 and the period of Muscovite Russia from 1325 - to the middle of the XVI century.
2. Tatar-Mongol yoke,XIII -
Xvcenturies
This period is characterized by the collapse and subsequent assembly of the Russian state. Historically, there have been several rival assembly centers, of which the main-
Grand Duchy of Moscow,The Grand Duchy of Tver and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Moscow won.
3. Muscovy,Xvi -
Xvicenturies
The end of the period of Muscovite Rus can be considered 1547, when IvanIV- Grozny was married to the kingdom. From this date, the period of the Muscovy began. The adoption of the royal regalia marked a fundamental change political system Rus - from the system of great and appanage principalities to autocracy.
4. Russian Empire,Xviii- StartXXcenturies
The next major stage in the history of Russia was the period of the Russian Empire. It began in 1721 after the victory in the Northern War, when Peter I took the title of emperor. Ended up - as a result of the February bourgeois revolution1917 yearand the abdication of the last emperor Nicholas II from the throne.
5. USSR, beginning - endXXv.
From 1917 to 1991, the period of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics lasted when, in my opinion, historical Russia reached its highest prosperity and power. Usually, the beginning of the Soviet period is considered the Great October Socialist Revolution, i.e. October 1917 However, from the formal point of view, the formation of the USSR took place on December 30, 1922, whenRSFSR , Ukrainian SSR , Byelorussian SSR andTranscaucasian SFSR united into a single state. The end of the Soviet period is on December 8, 1991, when the degenerates Yeltsin, Kravchuk and Shushkevich, as heads of the RSFSR, the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine, signed the Belovezhsky agreements on the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS.
6. Since 1991, the period of the Russian Federation began, in which we now live.
It is clear that this structuring is crude. It is also clear that within each period it is possible and necessary to single out sub-periods, and within sub-periods, sub-sub-periods, etc. That is, the given structuring has the property of self-similarity when the part is similar to the whole. It is quite possible that it also has a fractal dimension)).
Topic: Stages of study and periodization of Russian history
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Control theoretical question
Stages of study and periodization of Russian history.
Stages of the study of Russian history. Chronicle period. Nestor. The origin of historical science. V.N. Tatishchev. Norman theory and its criticism M.V. Lomonosov. The flowering of history in the 19th century. N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky. Soviet historical science and her distinguished names. Periodization of the history of Russia.
Stages of the study of Russian history.
Historiography is divided into several periods. The first one is prescientific. In this period, it is worth studying medieval philosophy, human perception of time, traditions, functions of history. Note that during this period, which lasted until the beginning of the 18th century, the main forms of historical narration were formed, such as chronicles - keeping records by year. It was this source that became the main one, it was he who studied historiography national history... When studying the annals, it is necessary to pay attention to the principles by which they were written, the forms and style in which the works were maintained. Particularly important is the principle of chronography, which allows one to compare events, refer them to certain dates, and link them in the concept of "earlier" - "later." The second source in this period, which historiographers were engaged in, is the lives of the saints. It is important to note here that the lives of the saints have stronger subjective shades than the chronicles - they turn into a kind of legends and stories. Another form of expression of historical consciousness that scientists are interested in is folklore. It is from him that you can learn about the ideas of the people about their heroes and enemies.
The second period of the historiography of Russian history begins in the eighteenth century and lasts until the beginning of the twentieth century. This time had a qualitative impact on the formation of history as a science and the study of the source base. This should include such changes as the secularization of science and the development of not church, but secular education. For the first time, translated sources brought from Europe begin to be processed, historical research as such stands out independently, and at the same time auxiliary disciplines are formed that help to study history. A qualitatively new stage in this period was the beginning of the publication of primary sources, which in many respects changed the attitude towards the history of their country, and primarily for the Russian intelligentsia. It is she, the intelligentsia, who initiates historical expeditions and research. The third stage is the development of historiography in the second third of the nineteenth century. Here such problems as relations between the Russian state and Western countries are studied, the first concepts of the development of national history appear.
The fourth stage - the second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth century. At this time, the methodological foundations of historiography were formed. The historiography of Russian history is affected by positivism, materialism, and neo-Kantianism. The range of studies is expanding, especially attention is paid to socio-economic problems in history. At the fourth stage, the question arises of the professional training of historical personnel.
The fifth stage is the Soviet historiography of Russian history, which is based on a class approach to the development of society, which, in turn, was reflected in the scientific approach.
Chronicle period.
The most wonderful phenomenon Old Russian literature there were chronicles. The first weather records date back to the 9th century; they were extracted from later sources of the 16th century. They are very short: notes in one, two lines.
As a phenomenon of a national scale, chronicle writing appears in the XI century. People became chroniclers of different ages, and not only monks. A very significant contribution to the restoration of the history of the chronicle business was made by such researchers as A.A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920) and A.N. Nasonov (1898-1965). The first major historical work was the Code, completed in 997. Its compilers described the events of the 9th-10th centuries, ancient legends. It even includes court epic poetry praising Olga, Svyatoslav and especially Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, in whose reign this Code was created.
The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, who by 1113 completed his work "The Tale of Bygone Years" and compiled an extensive historical introduction to it, must be attributed to the figures of the European scale. Nestor knew Russian, Bulgarian and Greek literature very well, being a very educated person. He used in his work the earlier Vaults of 997, 1073 and 1093, and the events of the turn of the XI-XII centuries. covered as an eyewitness. This chronicle provided the most complete picture of early Russian history and was copied for 500 years. It should be borne in mind that the ancient Russian annals covered not only the history of Russia, but also the history of other peoples.
Secular people were also engaged in chronicle writing. For example, Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. It was as part of the chronicle that such wonderful works of his as "A Teaching to Children" (c. 1099; later supplemented, preserved in the list of 1377) have come down to us. In particular, in the "Instruction" Vladimir Monomakh promotes the idea of the need to repulse external enemies. In total, there were 83 "paths" - campaigns in which he participated.
In the XII century. the chronicles become very detailed, and since they are written by contemporaries, the class and political sympathies of the chroniclers are very clearly expressed in them. The social order of their patrons is traced. Of the largest chroniclers who wrote after Nestor, one can single out the Kievite Pyotr Borislavich. The most mysterious author in the XII-XIII centuries. there was Daniel the Zatochnik. It is believed that he owns two works - "The Word" and "Prayer".
The "hagiographic" literature is very interesting, since in it, in addition to describing the life of canonized persons, a true picture of life in monasteries was given. Described, for example, cases of bribery for obtaining this or that church dignity or place, etc. Here we can highlight the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon, which is a collection of stories about the monks of this monastery.
The world famous work of Old Russian literature was "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", the date of which is dated to 1185. This poem was imitated by contemporaries, it was quoted by the Pskovites already at the beginning of the 14th century, and after the victory at Kulikovo Field (1380) in imitation of the "Word. .. "was written" Zadonshchina ". "Word ..." was created in connection with the campaign of the Seversky Prince Igor against the Polovtsian Khan Konchak. Igor, overwhelmed by ambitious plans, did not unite with the Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest and was defeated. The idea of unification on the eve of the Tatar-Mongol invasion runs through the entire work. And again, as in the epics, here we are talking about defense, and not about aggression and expansion.
From the second half of the XIV century. the Moscow chronicle is becoming more and more important. In 1392 and 1408. Moscow chronicle vaults are created, which are of an all-Russian character. And in the middle of the XV century. the “Chronograph” appears, which, in fact, represents the first experience of writing world history by our ancestors, and in the “Chronograph” an attempt was made to show the place and role of Ancient Rus in the world-historical process.
Chronicle writing as the leading genre of historical literature existed in Russia until the end of the XVII - early XVIII centuries It could not but experience the influence of certain aspects of European social thought. In the Russian chronicle of the 15th - 17th centuries. increased attention to human personality, motives of the activities of people, there are historical works that are not related to the form of presentation over the years. There are attempts to go beyond literary etiquette.
Nestor
The Monk Nestor the Chronicler was born in the 50s of the XI century in Kiev. As a youth, he came to the Monk Theodosius and became a novice. The Monk Nestor was tonsured by the successor of the Monk Theodosius, Abbot Stephen. Under him, he was ordained a hierodeacon. His high spiritual life is evidenced by the fact that he, along with other monastic fathers, participated in the exorcism of the demon from Nikita the hermit (later the Novgorod saint), who was deceived into Jewish philosophizing.
The monk deeply appreciated true knowledge, combined with humility and repentance. “There is great benefit from the teaching of books,” he said, “books punish and teach us the way to repentance, for from the words of books we gain wisdom and abstinence. These are rivers that water the universe, from which wisdom emanates. sorrows, they are the bridle of abstinence. If you diligently search in the books of wisdom, you will gain great benefit for your soul. For he who reads the books talks with God or holy men. "
In the monastery the Monk Nestor bore the obedience of the chronicler. In the 80s he wrote "Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed passion-bearers Boris and Gleb" in connection with the transfer of their holy relics to Vyshgorod in 1072 (Comm. May 2). In the 80s, the Monk Nestor compiled the life of the Monk Theodosius of the Caves, and in 1091, on the eve of the patronal feast of the Caves monastery, Abbot John instructed him to dig from the earth for transfer to the church the holy relics of the Monk Theodosius (commemorated on August 14).
The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation of the "Tale of Bygone Years" by the years 1112-1113.
"Behold the tales of bygone years, where did the Russian land come from, who in Kiev started the princes first, and where the Russian land began to eat" - this is how the Monk Nestor defined the goal of his work from the first lines. An unusually wide range of sources (previous Russian annals and legends, monastery records, Byzantine chronicles of John Malala and George Amartol, various historical collections, stories of the elder boyar Yan Vyshatich, merchants, soldiers, travelers), comprehended from a single, strictly church point of view, allowed the Monk Nestor to write the history of Russia as an integral part of world history, the history of the salvation of the human race.
The patriotic monk sets out the history of the Russian Church in the main moments of its historical formation. He speaks of the first mention of the Russian people in church sources - in 866, under the holy Patriarch Photius of Constantinople; tells about the creation of the Slavonic charter by the saints Equal to the Apostles Cyril and Methodius, about the Baptism of Saint Olga Equal to the Apostles in Constantinople.
The Chronicle of the Monk Nestor has preserved for us a story about the first Orthodox church in Kiev (under the year 945) about the confessional feat of the holy Varangian martyrs (under the year 983), about the "testing of faith" by the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Vladimir (986) and the Baptism of Rus (988). We are indebted to the first Russian church historian for information about the first metropolitans of the Russian Church, about the emergence of the Pechersk monastery, about its founders and ascetics. The time of the Monk Nestor was not easy for the Russian land and the Russian Church. Russia was tormented by the princely feuds, the steppe nomad-Polovtsians ravaged cities and villages with predatory raids, drove the Russian people into slavery, burned churches and monasteries.
The Monk Nestor died about 1114, having bequeathed the continuation of his great work to the monastic chroniclers of the Caves. Hegumen Sylvester, who gave a modern look to the "Tale of Bygone Years", Abbot Moses Vydubitsky, who extended it until 1200, and finally Abbot Lawrence, who wrote in 1377 the oldest surviving copy of the Tale of St. Nestor ( "Laurentian Chronicle").
The Monk Nestor was buried in the Near Caves of the Monk Anthony of the Caves. The Church also honors his memory together with the Council of Fathers, who rest in the Near Caves on September 28 and on the 2nd Week of Great Lent, when the Council of all Kiev Caves Fathers is celebrated.
The origin of historical science.
History as a science began to emerge in Russia, as well as in Europe, in the 18th century. But in Russia, she got on her feet in more difficult conditions: in the country for a very long time, in comparison with Europe, there were no secular higher educational institutions who would train scientific personnel. In Europe, the first secular university appeared in the XII century, and in Russia the Academy of Sciences opened only in 1725, the first (Moscow) university in 1755. The first Russian researchers had to face the actual lack of a source base, which is the foundation of historical science ... When Peter 1 issued a decree on the need to write the history of Russia and ordered the Synod to collect manuscripts from dioceses, only 40 of them were submitted, and only 8 of them were of a historical nature.
The first attempt to write a systematic review did not belong to academics, and not even a historian by training. Its author was V. N. Tatishchev (1686-1750), who was a civil servant and widely educated person. This was the first systematized work on Russian history. In addition, Tatishchev created an instruction for collecting geographic and archaeological information about Russia, adopted by the Academy of Sciences. At the same time, assessing the contribution of Tatishchev to the formation of historical science, we note that he failed to comprehend the collected material, to connect it with a conceptual idea. His Russian history was a collection of chronicle data. The lack of literary processing and heavy language made Tatishchev's work difficult for the perception even by his contemporaries.
Tatishchev V.N.
Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev (1686-1750) was not a professional historian. He did not receive a historical education, because such in Russia did not yet exist. As V.O.Klyuchevsky wrote, "he became a professor of history for himself." Tatishchev was born into the family of a Pskov landowner. Among his relatives was Tsarina Praskovya, the wife of Ivan V. He graduated from the Engineering and Artillery School in Moscow. "The nestling of Petrov's nest", he was a participant in the Great Northern War, carried out a variety of orders from the emperor. He was on his assignments in Germany and Sweden, twice (1720-1722 and 1734-1737) managed state factories in the Urals, founded Yekaterinburg there, actively participated in the palace struggle during the accession of Anna Ioannovna in 1730, was the governor of Astrakhan (1741-1745 ).
Tatishchev in 1719 received the task of Peter I to compose a geographical description of Russia. Since then, he began to collect materials on Russian history. He compiled the first encyclopedic Dictionary- "Russian Lexicon", brought to the letter "k". Peru Tatishchev also belongs to the first scientific generalizing work on the history of our country - "Russian History from the Most Ancient Times". He began to write it in the 20s of the 18th century. The exposition was brought up to 1577. Tatishchev took the position of a rationalistic explanation of history. He was the first to attempt to reveal, from the point of view of science, the laws of the Russian historical process. “The main thing for science is for a person to know himself,” wrote Tatishchev. He believed that knowledge and enlightenment determine the course of history.
Tatishchev was the first to propose a periodization of the history of Russia from the point of view of state development: 1) "perfect autocracy" (862-1132); 2) "aristocracy, but disorderly" (1132-1462); 3) "restoration of autocracy" (from 1462).
Tatishchev's ideal was absolute monarchy... He tried to explain the reasons for the events through the activities of outstanding people. Tatishchev's work in many ways still resembles a chronicle, the material in it is arranged in accordance with the reigns of the princes. Until now, the value of Tatishchev's attempts to critically relate to the sources, many of which, later lost, survived only in the exposition of the historian, retain their value. The dispute about their reliability continues today.
Norman theory and its criticism by M.V. Lomonosov
Norman theory (Normanism) is a trend in historiography that develops the concept that the people-tribe Rus comes from Scandinavia during the expansion of the Vikings, who were called Normans in Western Europe.
Supporters of Normanism include Normans (Varangians scandinavian) to the founders of the first states of the Eastern Slavs: Novgorod, and then Kievan Rus. In fact, this is the adherence to the historiographic concept of the Tale of Bygone Years (the beginning of the XII century), supplemented by the identification of the chronicled Varangians as Scandinavians-Normans. Around the ethnicity of the Varangians, the main disputes flared up, at times intensified by political ideologization.
The Norman theory gained wide popularity in Russia in the first half of the 18th century thanks to the activities of German historians in Russian Academy sciences Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738), later Gerard Friedrich Miller, Strube de Pyrmont and August Ludwig Schlözer.
MV Lomonosov actively opposed the Norman theory, seeing in it the thesis of the backwardness of the Slavs and their unpreparedness for the formation of a state, proposing a different, non-Scandinavian identification of the Varangians. Lomonosov, in particular, argued that Rurik was from the Polabian Slavs, who had dynastic ties with the princes of the Ilmenian Slovenes (this was the reason for his invitation to reign). One of the first Russian historians mid XVIII Century N. Tatishchev, examining the "Varangian question", did not come to a definite conclusion regarding the ethnicity of the Varangians called to Russia, but made an attempt to unite opposing views. In his opinion, based on the Joachim Chronicle, the Varangian Rurik descended from the Norman prince, who ruled in Finland, and the daughter of the Slavic elder Gostomysl.
The flourishing of history in the 19th century N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Soloviev, V.O. Klyuchevsky.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) is rightfully recognized as the largest Russian noble historian. The son of a landowner in the Simbirsk province, Karamzin studied at home, then at a private boarding school in Moscow, attended lectures at Moscow University. After traveling to Europe, he published "Moscow Journal" (1791-1792), "Vestnik Evropy" (1802-1809), where he acted as a sentimentalist writer.
In 1801 he received an official order from Alexander 1 - to write the history of Russia and the post of historiographer. A remarkable writer for the rest of his life, "took his hair as a historian." Once in the civil service, Karamzin gained access to state archives, repositories of chronicles and other sources on Russian history. Based on the works of predecessors (VN Tatishchev, MV Lomonosov, MM Shcherbatov and others), NM Karamzin created a 12-volume "History of the Russian State". The exposition in it was brought up to 1612.
"The appearance of the" History of the Russian State "..., - wrote A.S. Pushkin, - made a lot of noise and made a strong impression ... Secular people rushed to read the history of their fatherland. Ancient Russia, it seemed, was found by Karamzin, like America by Columbus For some time they did not talk about anything else. "
"History of the Russian State" was written for a wide range of readers. Karamzin assessed the actions and deeds of real historical figures from the standpoint of common sense, explaining them by the psychology and character of each character.
As a rule, the material in the Karamzin work is arranged according to reigns and reigns. The periodization of Russian history was new. According to Karamzin, it was divided into the Most Ancient (from Rurik to Ivan III), a characteristic feature of which was the system of appanages. Middle (from Ivan 111 to Peter I) with autocracy and New (from Peter I to Alexander I), when civil customs changed dramatically.
This periodization is largely due to the concept of the historian. The main thought that pervades work is the need for a wise autocracy for Russia. "Russia was founded by victories and one-man command, perished from power diversity, and was saved by a wise autocracy," Karamzin wrote in another of his works - "A note on the ancient and new Russia"It should be noted that not every autocracy Karamzin considered a blessing for Russia. The people, in his opinion, had the right to revolt against princes and tsars who violated the principles of wise autocratic power. Karamzin condemned the tyranny of Ivan the Terrible, the activities of Anna Ioannovna, Paul I.
"The history of the Russian state" became for many years desk book on Russian history. Karamzin's work was written at the level of the world historical knowledge that era.
S.M.Soloviev
Sergei Mikhailovich Soloviev (1820-1879) is rightfully recognized as the most outstanding Russian historian of the 19th century. He was formed as a researcher in the era when the question of the abolition of serfdom was being decided. At the same time, a controversy unfolded between Westerners and Slavophiles about the ways of development of Russia.
According to his convictions and views, S.M. Soloviev belonged to the Westernizers. He was born in Moscow into the family of a priest. His whole life was connected with Moscow University, where he went from student to rector. Academician S.M. Soloviev was also the director of the Armory, chaired the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University, was a history teacher of the future Emperor Alexander III.
By his convictions, S.M. Soloviev was a moderate liberal. As a scientist, he developed under the influence of Hegelian dialectics and the idea of the "organic", i.e. the objective and regular nature of the development of the historical process. He believed that the historian must "understand ... the gradual course of history, the succession of phenomena, the natural, legal exit of some phenomena from others, following from the previous ones."
The main work of SM Solovyov's whole life is "History of Russia from Ancient Times" in 29 volumes.
Based on the ideas of Hegelian dialectics, S.M. Soloviev saw the reasons for the movement of Russian history in the interaction of three objectively existing factors. As such, he put forward "the nature of the country", "the nature of the tribe" and "the course of external events." Adhering to the comparative historical method, S.M. Soloviev saw the originality of the history of Russia and Western Europe, but not their opposite. In his opinion, nature was a mother for the West and a stepmother for Russia. In the east of Europe there are no natural boundaries in the form of mountain ranges and sea coasts, there is little population, the threat of nomadic invasions is constantly felt, the climate is sharply continental. On the territory of Eastern Europe, there was a centuries-old struggle between "forests" and "steppes", there was a process of development (colonization) of new territories, the transition from tribal to state principles.
According to S.M. Solovsv, the state played a huge role in the history of Russia - "the highest embodiment of the people." Objectively acting geographic and ethnic factors led to the emergence of the largest power in Eastern Europe. "The huge plain predetermined the formation of this state," wrote Soloviev. The course of external events was thus dictated by real objective tasks.
S.M. Solovsv considered the Peter's transformations to be the most important milestone in the history of Russia. It was with Peter I that he began a new Russian history. The scientist showed an organic connection, vital necessity, regularity and continuity of Peter's transformations with the previous course of the country's development.
From the standpoint of his time, S.M. Solovyov created an expressive, integral and most complete picture of the history of Russia. Until now, "The History of Russia from Ancient Times" retains significance as a generally recognized encyclopedia of Russian history.
V.O.Klyuchevsky
Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911) came from a family of a priest in the Penza province.
His whole life, like the life of S.M. Soloviev, was associated with Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1865. Klyuchevsky became Soloviev's successor at the Department of Russian History. His brilliant, full of wit, vivid in form and imagery, lectures won him immense popularity.
By his convictions, Klyuchevsky was a moderate liberal. He did not accept revolutionary views and put science in the first place, "which eternally abides and never falls."
Along with the lectures, V.O.Klyuchevsky became famous and famous for his historical works, among which the result of his research and lecturing activities - "The Course of Russian History", which was very popular during the author's lifetime and has not lost its significance today. The exposition in it was brought to the peasant and zemstvo reforms of the 1860s.
According to his philosophical views, V.O. Klyuchsvsky took the position of positivism. Positivism (from the Latin positivus - "positive") sought to reveal the entire totality of specific knowledge, facts, internal and external factors, the combination of which determines the course of the historical process.
Klyuchevsky believed that The World History develops within the framework of the "general laws of the structure of human society." At the same time, for each country, each "local history" is characterized by features caused by a combination of geographic, ethnic, economic, social, political factors. Moreover, for each period of history, a combination of factors generates a certain amount of ideas. The change in these ideas and worldviews is the driving force of history. The starting point in the history of each country is the natural and geographical factor. V.O. Klyuchsvsky believed that the development (colonization) of the territory played a decisive role in the history of Russia.
V.O. Klyuchevsky created a new general concept of Russian history, dividing it into periods, each of which represented a certain stage in the life of the country. VIII - XIII centuries V.O.Klyuchevsky characterized as Dnieper Rus, city, trade. XIII - first half of the XV centuries. - as the Upper Volga Rus, specific-princely, free-agricultural. Second half of XV - early XVII centuries - this is Great Russia, Moscow, Tsarist-boyar, military-agricultural. The time after the Troubles and before the great reforms V.O. Klyuchsvsky called "a new period of Russian history", the All-Russian, imperial-noble period of serfdom, agricultural and factory.
VO Klyuchevsky and his colleagues gave a vivid and multifaceted picture of Russian history. Subsequently, they will be accused of not understanding the laws of Russia's development. And the last stage in the development of pre-revolutionary historiography ( end of XIX- the beginning of the XX centuries) will be called the era of the crisis of bourgeois science, which failed to see in the history of the country the laws of its socialist transformation.
Soviet historical science and its outstanding names.
Soviet historiography
Soviet historical science in the difficult conditions for the development of historiography in post-revolutionary Russia as a whole successfully performed its social functions. New historical materials were identified and collected, attempts were made to re-read the past, and discussions were held. New archives, museums, scientific centers were created. Socioeconomic issues and the movement of the popular masses were studied especially successfully.
However, the dominance in the theoretical sphere of only one concept significantly constrained the creativity of scientists. It was easier for those who were involved in the more ancient stages of the country's development. As for Soviet history, the assessments decreed from above could not but triumph. Historical materialism has become the only philosophy of history.
The materialist understanding of history is based on the doctrine of socio-economic formations. The class struggle was recognized as the driving force of history.
Society in its development goes through a consistent, regular change of certain stages and phases, taking shape on the basis of a certain level of economic development. K. Marx and F. Engsls called these stages socio-economic formations. A socio-economic formation is a historically defined type of society, representing a special stage in its development (primitive communal system, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist). The economic basis of each formation is determined by the dominant mode of production material wealth... However, there are no absolutely pure formations. In each of them, along with the dominant mode of production relations, remnants of the old are preserved and the beginnings of new production relations arise. They are usually called lifestyles. For example, under the dominance of feudal production relations, primitive communal and slave-owning relations (structures) are preserved and at a certain stage the capitalist structure of the economy emerges. Socio-economic formations make it possible to trace the progressive development of mankind from stage to stage as a whole.
Periodization of the history of Russia.
1. Old Russian state (IX-XIII centuries)
2. Specific Russia (XII-XVI centuries)
Novgorod Republic (1136-1478)
Vladimir principality (1157-1389)
Principality of Lithuania and Russia (1236-1795)
Principality of Moscow (1263-1547)
3. Russian kingdom (1547-1721)
4. Russian Empire (1721-1917)
5. Russian Republic (1917)
6. RSFSR (1917-1922)
7. USSR (1922-1991)
8. Russian Federation (since 1991)
Control test tasks
1. Match names Russian historians with their main works:
1. V.N. Tatishchev A. Russian History
2. M.V. Lomonosov B. Ancient Russian history
3. N.M. Karamzin V. History of the Russian State
4.S.M. Soloviev G. History of Russia since ancient times
- The primacy in the collection and critical analysis of historical sources in Russia belongs to historians:
- V.N. Tatishchev.
- G.F. Miller.
- M.V. Lomonosov.
- N.M. Karamzin.
3. Relate historians and the era in which they lived:
1. V.N. Tatishchev A. The era of revolutionary upheavals
2.S.M. Soloviev B. The era of Peter the Great
3. M.V. Lomonosov V. The era of "palace coups"
4. M.N. Pokrovsky G. The era of bourgeois reforms
Control analytical task
Please comment main idea text by G.V. Plekhanov:
“When people begin to ponder over their own social order, you can say with confidence that this system has outlived its time and is preparing to give way to a new order, the true nature of which will again become clear to people only after it plays its historical role. Minerva's owl will fly out again only at night. "
The main idea of the text is that society learns all the advantages and disadvantages of the social system only when it is replaced by another system and that there is no point in looking for an ideal legislation or social system that will be applicable at all times and for all peoples. Everything has an expiration date. Everything changes and is good in its place in due time.
Literature
1. Vernadsky V. I. Works on the history of science in Russia. Moscow: Nauka, 1988.464 p.
2. Vladimirova O.V. History: a complete reference / O.V. Vladimirova .- M.: AST: Astrel; Vladimir: VKT, 2012.-318
3. Ziborov VK Russian chronicle of the XI-XVIII centuries. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University, 2002.
4. Kireeva R.A. The study of Patriotic historiography in pre-revolutionary Russia from the middle. 19th century to 1917. M., 1983
5. Merkulov V. I. Where do the Varangian guests come from ?. - M., 2005 .-- S. 33-40. - 119 p.
6. Tikhomirov MN Russian chronicle writing. - M .: Nauka, 1979.
7. Yukht A. I. State activity of V. N. Tatishchev in the 20s - early 30s of the XVIII century / Otv. ed. doct. ist. Sciences A. A. Preobrazhensky .. - Moscow: Nauka, 1985. - 368 p.
IV century AD - Education of the first tribal union Eastern Slavs (Volynians and Buzhanians).
V century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (glades) in the middle Dnieper basin.
VI century - The first written news about "Rus" and "Rus". The conquest of the Slavic tribe of Dulebs by the Avars (558).
VII century - Resettlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
VIII century - The beginning of the expansion of the Khazar Kaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the Polyans, Northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.
Kievan Rus
838 - The first known embassy of the "Russian kagan" to Constantinople ..
860 - Hike of the Rus (Askold?) To Byzantium ..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with the capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in the annals.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - The capture of Kiev by the Vikings Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation Slavic alphabet Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Hike of the Slavs to Constantinople (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - The unification of Novgorod and Kiev under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kiev.
883-885 - Submission by Prince Oleg of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichs. Formation of the territory of Kievan Rus.
907 - Hike of Prince Oleg to Constantinople. The first treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
911 - The conclusion of the second treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
912-946 - The reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Uprising in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of the Caucasus.
915 - Agreement between Prince Igor and the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople.
943-944 - 2nd campaign of Prince Igor against Constantinople. Prince Igor's treaty with Byzantium.
944-945 - Hike of the Rus to the Caspian coast of the Transcaucasus.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Constantinople and her baptism.
957-972 - The reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to Volga Bulgaria, Khazars, tribes of the North Caucasus and Vyatichi. Defeat of the Khazar Kaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to Danube Bulgaria. The defeat of the Bulgarians at the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaropolk (980x).
977-980 - Internecine wars for the possession of Kiev between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vladimir the Holy (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of the Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult uniting the gods of various tribes.
985 - Hike of the Grand Duke Vladimir with the allied torcs to the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Rus. The first evidence in the assertion of the power of the Kiev princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Campaigns of the Grand Duke Vladimir to the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Foundation of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Damned. Wars for the Grand Duke's throne.
beginning of the XI century. - resettlement of the Polovtsians between the Volga and the Dnieper.
1015 - The assassination of princes Boris and Gleb by order of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - The defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Suppression of the uprising in the Crimea.
1019 - Defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Damned in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the Battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Conquest by Yaroslav the Wise of the Baltic tribes of the Livs and Chudi.
1030 - Foundation of the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. Unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the laying of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev in honor of this event (completed in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise against the Yatvyags (Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War between the Russians and the Lithuanians.
1041 - Hike of the Rus to the Finnish Yam tribe.
1043 - The campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich to Constantinople (the last campaign to Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Foundation of the male Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) of the Russians, appointed to office without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - Board of the Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs." supreme power Of the Kiev prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsians at the borders of the Pereyaslavl principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of the "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated Russian manuscript book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Russia.
1066 - The raid on Novgorod by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. The defeat and seizure of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - A new Polovtsian raid on Russia led by Khan Sharukan. Campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta river. The uprising of the townspeople in Kiev, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kiev together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - The death of the Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle at Nezhatina Niva with the outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - Board of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - The war between the Russians and the Polovtsy. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsy on the river Stugna (1093).
1095-1096 - The internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lyubech Congress of Princes. Securing the principalities to the princes on the basis of patrimonial rights. Fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Murom principality from Chernigov.
1100 - Vitichevsky Congress of Princes.
1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsians. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsians.
1107 - The capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - The campaign of the Russian princes against the Polovtsians. Defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - The first edition of the "Tale of Bygone Years" (Nestor). The uprising in Kiev of dependent (enslaving) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. The charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - Board of the Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up "Charters of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of court law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - The second edition of the "Tale of Bygone Years" (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsians.
1118 - The conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - Board of the Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal principality.
1126 - The first election of a mayor in Novgorod.
1127 - Final division of the Polotsk principality into appanages.
1127 -1159 - The reign of Rostislav Mstislavich in Smolensk. The heyday of the Smolensk principality.
1128 - Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan principality from the Murom-Ryazan principality.
1130 -1131 - Campaigns of the Russians to the Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns to Lithuania. Clashes between the Muromo-Ryazan princes and the Polovtsians.
1132-1139 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kiev Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, Charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of traffickers, the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich. Svyatoslav Olgovich's invitation to Novgorod. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to the vechem.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Unrest in Kiev and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - Board of the Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Galician principality by uniting several appanage principalities.
1146 - Board of the Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the Kiev throne (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - continued until 1161.
1146-1154 - The reign of the Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich with interruptions: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than six months). Strengthening the internecine struggle between the Suzdal and Kiev princes.
1147 - The first chronicle mention of the city of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts of the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Yugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "St. George's in the Field" (Yuryev-Polsky).
1152 - Foundation of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and Kostroma.
1154 - Foundation of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - Board of the Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about six months).
1155-1157 - Board of the Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kiev and Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kiev and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - Revolt of Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrey Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. The victory of the Novgorodians over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kiev and Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - The capture of Kiev by the troops of the Grand Duke Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir. Rise of Vladimir Rus.
Rus Vladimir
1169-1174 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrey Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrey Bogolyubsky. The first mention of the name "nobles" in the chronicle.
1174-1176 - Board of the Grand Duke Mikhail Yurievich. Civil strife and uprisings in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Collision of the Rus with the Estonians.
1180 - The beginning of civil strife and the collapse of the Smolensk principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led by Vsevolod Big nest on the Volga Bulgars. Successful campaign of the princes of Southern Russia against the Polovtsians.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsians.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Attack of Novgorodians on German merchants in Novotorzhka.
1189-1192 - 3rd Crusade
1191 - Hikes of Novgorodians to the pit with a coreloi.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of Novgorodians against Ugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of Novgorodian liberties by the princes. Vsevolod Big Nest's hike to Chernigov.
1198 - The conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians. The Teutonic Order of the Crusaders is relocated from Palestine to the Baltic States. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality by uniting the Galicia and Volyn principalities. Rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great. Foundation of the Riga fortress by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Swordsmen for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - The seizure of the Russian possessions in the Baltic states by the Order of the Swordsmen. The struggle of the Order with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov principality from Vladimir principality... The unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich ("Vyachko"), the grandson of Prince Davyd Rostislavich of Smolensk.
1209 - The first mention of Tver in the annals (according to V.N. Tatishchev, the city of Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. The defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa river near the town of Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - Board of the Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to the Volga Bulgaria, the seizure of lands in the lower reaches of the Oka. Founding of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against the Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - the capture of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan
1221 - Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the Riga fortress.
1223 - Defeat of the coalition of the Polovtsians and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River. Yuri Vsevolodovich's campaign against the crusaders.
1224 - The capture by the knights-sword-bearers of Yuriev (Dorpat, present-day Tartu) - the main Russian fortress in the Baltic States.
1227 - The campaign led. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. Death of Genghis Khan, the proclamation of the great khan of the Mongol-Tatars Batu.
1232 - Hike of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes to the Mordovians.
1233 - An attempt of the knights-sword-bearers to take the fortress of Izborsk.
1234 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans at Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the sword-bearers to the east.
1236-1249 - The reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - defeat by the great khan Baty of the Volga Bulgaria and the tribes of the Volga region.
1236 - the defeat of the troops of the Order of the Swordsmen by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. Death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to North-Eastern Russia. The ruin of the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - the defeat of the troops of the Teutonic Order by Daniil Romanovich Galitsky. Merging of the remnants of the Order of the Swordsmen and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - The defeat of the army of the princes North-Eastern Russia in the battle on the river Sit (March 4, 1238). Death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersk and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich ..
1239 - Devastation by the Tatar-Mongol troops of the Mordovian lands, the Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities.
1240 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars to South Russia. The ruin of the city of Kiev (1240) and the Galicia-Volyn principality. The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva river ("Battle of the Neva") ..
1240-1241 - The invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, the capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
Construction of the Koporye fortress (now the village of the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - The expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, the liberation of Pskov and other cities. The invasion of the Mongol-Tatars on Eastern Europe... The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Salt (11.04.1241), devastation of Poland, fall of Krakow.
1242 - Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle at Lake Peipsi ("Battle on the Ice"). Conclusion of peace with Livonia on the condition of its renunciation of claims to Russian lands Defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the battle of Olomouc. Completion of the "Great Western March".
1243 - Arrival of the Russian princes to the headquarters of Batu. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich "the oldest" Formation of the "Golden Horde"
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galitsky) - the last battle of Daniel Romanovich Galitsky in the struggle for the possession of the Galician principality.
1246-1249 - Board of Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - Death of Great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrei Yaroslavich.
1252 - The ruinous "Nevryuev army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - Board of the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - the reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - the foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the "Golden Horde". The fight between Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongolian census of the population of Russia, the creation of a Basque system for collecting tribute. The uprising of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "clerks".
1261 - Establishment of the Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Uprising of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax farmers, tribute collectors. Instruction of the collection of tribute to the Russian princes.
1263-1272 - Board of the Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa received the khan's label for the possession of Kafa (Feodosia) in the Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. The formation of colonies in Cafe, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Map (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - Joint campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovites to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - The siege of Pskov by the Livonians, the conclusion of peace with Livonia and the stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - The reign of the Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - the campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army to Lithuania
1272-1303 - The reign of Daniel Alexandrovich in Moscow. The founding of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 Second Mongolian population census of Rus.
1276-1294 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - The invasion of the Tatars led by Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War of Novgorod with Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - Board of the Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - The construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians led by the Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Accession of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Annexation of the Pereyaslavl principality to Moscow.
1303-1325 - The reign of Prince Yuri Daniilovich in Moscow. The conquest of the Mozhaisky appanage principality by Prince Yuri of Moscow (1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - Board of the Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver (1319x). Construction (1310) of the Korela fortress (Kexholm, present-day Priozersk) by Novgorodians. The reign of the Grand Duke Gediminas in Lithuania. Accession to Lithuania of the Polotsk and Turovo-Pinsk principalities
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1312-1340 - the reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde. Rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - Board of the Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the head of the Neva river.
1324 - Hike of the Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - The tragic death of Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow in the Golden Horde. Victory of Lithuanian troops over Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the Metropolitan See from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Theognost.
1326-1328 - Board of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver (1339s).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive army of the Mongol-Tatars.
Rus Moscow
1328-1340 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Vladimir to Moscow.
The division by Khan Uzbek of the Vladimir principality between the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilyevich of Suzdal.
1331 - The unification of the Vladimir principality by the Grand Duke Ivan Kalita under his rule ..
1339 - The tragic death of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver in the Golden Horde. Construction of a wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Board of the Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich the Proud 1345-1377 - Board of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Accession of Kiev, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Joining the Suzdal principality of Nizhny Novgorod, Unzhi and Gorodets. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Crusades of the Swedish king Magnus I to the Novgorod lands and his defeat. Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Novgorod. Bolotov Treaty (1348).
1353-1359 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexey - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1355 - Partition of the Suzdal principality between Andrey (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - submission by Olgerd to the Bryansk principality
1358-1386 - The reign of Svetoslav Ioannovich in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - seizure of power in the Golden Horde by temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - Board of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), the subordination of the Kiev land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Coming to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. Aggravation of relations between Moscow and Tver and Lithuania. Erection of the white-stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd's first campaign against Moscow ("Lithuanian").
1370 - Olgerd's 2nd campaign against Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign to Tver.
1377 - The defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab-Shah (Arapsha) on the Pyane River Unification of Mamai uluses to the west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the river Vozha.
1380 - Mamai's campaign to Russia and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. Defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh's campaign to Moscow and the devastation of Moscow. The ruin of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - The beginning of the minting of a coin in Moscow.
1383 - Accession of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Proclamation of independence from the Metropolitan's court. Unsuccessful campaign of Dmitry Donskoy on Murom and Ryazan. Krevo union Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of the coalition of the Vladimir princes to Novgorod. Novgorod payments of indemnity. The defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Russia.
1389-1425 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the approval of the Horde.
1392 - Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality on Lithuania.
1397-1398 - Campaign of the Moscow army to the Novgorod lands. The annexation of the Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and the Komi lands) to Moscow, the return of the Dvinskaya land to Novgorod. The conquest of the Dvina land by the Novgorod army.
1399-1400 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who took refuge in Kazan 1399 - the victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - The reign of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich in Tver, the strengthening of Tver 1404 - the capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Accession of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - War of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vitovt Keistutovich.
1408 - Emir Edigei's trip to Moscow.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jagaila and Vitovt defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418 - Popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Coin minting begins in Novgorod.
1422 - Peace of Meln, an agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland with the Teutonic Order (concluded on September 27, 1422 on the shore of Lake Melno). The Order finally abandoned Samogitia and the Lithuanian Zanemania, preserving the Klaipeda region and Polish Pomorie.
1425-1462 - Board of the Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - The reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to strengthen the significance of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuania to Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition of the Tver and Ryazan principalities of vassal dependence on Lithuania 1430 - death of Vitovt of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - Internecine war in Russia between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, who represented the "Russian" party, and Sigismund, who represented the "Lithuanian" party.
1428 - The raid of the Horde troops on the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, the ruin and plunder of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1432 - Court in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (at the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Approval of the Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - The capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri Zvenigorodsky.
1437 - Hike of Ulu-Muhammad to the Zaoksky lands. Belevskaya battle on December 5, 1437 (defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II's refusal to accept the Union of Florence with the Roman Catholic Church. Hike of Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) to Moscow.
1438 - the separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the disintegration of the Golden Horde.
1440 - Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Casimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - The Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Muhammad) raid on Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - the separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. Hike of Tver residents to Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to the Moscow service of Kasim Khan, the brother of the Kazan Khan. Blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of the Russian clergy as Metropolitan Jonah at the Council. The signing of the 25-year peace of Pskov and Novgorod with Livonia.
1449 - Treaty between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark and Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - The first mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Annexation of the Suzdal principality to Moscow. Hike Makhmut, son of Kichi-Muhammad, to Moscow. He burned down the townships, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1456 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army near old Rusa. Yazhelbitsky Treaty of Novgorod with Moscow. The first limitation of the Novgorodian liberties. 1454-1466 - Thirteen Years War of Poland with the Teutonic Order, culminating in the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 Final division of the Kiev Metropolis into Moscow and Kiev. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize the metropolitan Gregory sent from Rome and the decree to continue to appoint the metropolitan by the will of the grand duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - The truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Recognition of Moscow's sovereignty by Pskov.
1462 - Death of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.
Russian state (Russian centralized state)
1462-1505 - Board of the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilievich.
1462 - Ivan III stopped issuing Russian coins with the name of the Horde Khan. Ivan III's statement on the rejection of the khan's label for the great reign ..
1465 - The Scriba detachment reaches the Obi River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate ..
1468 - Campaign of the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat to Ryazan.
1471 - 1st campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod, defeat of the Novgorod army on the Sheloni river. Hike of the Horde to the Moscow frontiers in the Zaokskaya strip.
1472 - The annexation of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - The annexation of the Rostov principality to Moscow. Conclusion of a 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - the capture of the Crimea by Turkish troops. The transition of the Crimean Khanate to a vassal dependence on Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod.
Elimination of the independence of Novgorod.
1480 - "The Great Standing" on the Ugre River by Russians and Tatar troops... Refusal of Ivan III to pay tribute to the Horde. End of the Horde yoke.
1483 - Hike of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals to the Irtysh to Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob to the Yugorsk land. The conquest of the Pelym principality.
1485 - Annexation of the Tver principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. Capture of Kazan (1487), acceptance by Ivan III of the title "Grand Duke of Bulgar". Khan Mohammed-Emin, a protege of Moscow, was erected on the Kazan throne. Introduction of a local land use system.
1489 - Hike to Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Accession of the Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - "Campaign to the Wild Field" of 60-thousandth Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to strike the flank
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the "end of the world" in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium in a row "from the creation of the world." September - the decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the date of the beginning of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" in a letter to Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the Narva river.
1492-1494 - 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession of Vyazma and the Verkhovsk principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Concession by Denmark of its possessions in Finland in exchange for the termination of the Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - the separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. The collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - The war between Moscow and Sweden.
1496-1502 - reign in Kazan by Abdyl-Letifa (Abdul-Latifa) under the protectorate of Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Ivan III Code of Law. First Russian Embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Hike of the Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty in the Northern Trans-Urals and in the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsk principalities. Joining the Seversk land to Moscow.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20-thousandth army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further into the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - War of Russia with Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Accession to Moscow of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula). Truce with Lithuania and the annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel to Russia (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian performance in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian war (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - Board of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - The first raid of the Crimean Tatars to the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Liquidation of the independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War of Russia with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francysk Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - "The Russian Bible".
1512 - "Eternal Peace" with Kazan. Unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Accession to the Moscow principality of Volotsk inheritance.
1514 - The capture of Smolensk by the troops of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and the annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian army to Vilno (Vilnius).
1518 - Coming to power in Kazan of Moscow's protege of Khan (Tsar) Shah-Ali
1520 - Conclusion of an armistice with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - The campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Mohammed-Girey (Magmet-Girey), the Khan of the Crimea and the Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. The siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Complete annexation of the Ryazan principality to Moscow. The seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of the Crimean khans Gireyi (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - The arrest of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Vasily Shemyachich. The annexation of the Novgorod-Seversky principality to Moscow.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian war.
1523 - Anti-Russian demonstrations in Kazan. Campaign of Russian troops to the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Construction of the Vasilsursk fortress on the Sura river. Capture of Astrakhan by Crimean troops.
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace talks between Moscow and Kazan. The proclamation of Safa-Girey by the Kazan king.
1529 - Russian-Kazan peace treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - The campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - The reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (from 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the minor Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuiskys, from 1544 - Glinskys)
1544-1546 - The annexation of the lands of the Mari and Chuvashes to Russia, a campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich accepts the royal title (wedding to the kingdom). Fires and riots in Moscow.
1547-1549 - Political program of Ivan Peresvetov: the creation of a permanent streltsy army, support royal power against the nobles, the seizure of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops to Kazan Crimean Khan's campaign to Astrakhan. Construction of a protege of Crimea in Astrakhan
1549 - The first news about the Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convening the first Zemsky Cathedral.
1550 - Code of Laws (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clergy). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subordination of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - Unsuccessful campaign of the 120-thousandth army of the Prince of the Nogai Horde Yusuf to Moscow ..
1554 - the 1st campaign of the Russian governors to Astrakhan.
1555 - Cancellation of feeding (completion of the labial and zemstvo reform) Recognition by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate by Ediger of vassal dependence on Russia
1555-1557 - The war between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors to the Crimea.
1556 - The capture of Astrakhan and the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. The transition to the rule of Russia of the entire Volga region. Adoption of the "Code of Service" - regulation of the service of nobles and the norms of local salaries. The disintegration of the Nogai Horde into the Big, Small and Altyul Hordes ..
1557 - The ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda swear allegiance to the Russian tsar. Recognition of Ismail by the prince of the Great Nogai Horde of vassal dependence on Russia. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the Russian tsar.
1558-1583 - Livonian war of Russia for access to the Baltic Sea and for the lands of Livonia.
1558 - The capture of Narva and Dorpat by the Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. D. Ardashev's hike to the Crimea. Transition of Livonia under the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - The victory of the Russian army at Ermes, the capture of the Fellin castle. A. Kurbsky's victory by the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government of the Chosen Rada, A. Adashev's disgrace. Transfer of Northern Livonia to Swedish citizenship.
1563 - The capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV The seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Break of vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Publication of "The Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - Introduction of the oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of the oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven Years Danish-Swedish War for domination of the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stettin of 1570 largely restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Big Zasechnaya Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Oryol was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia with Sweden. Construction of the Terki fortress (Tersk town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance to the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky by order of Ivan the Terrible. Conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks to Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a single Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita
1570 - Punitive campaigns of Ivan the Terrible to Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The ruin of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Giray. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Reval Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey to Moscow. The capture and burning of Moscow. The flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Aleksandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov ..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet-Girey. A new campaign of the Crimean Tatars to Moscow. Victory of the governor M.I. Vorotynsky on the Lopasna river. The retreat of Khan Devlet-Girey. The abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. Execution of the leaders of the oprichnina.
1574 - Foundation of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Kasimov khan, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Russia".
1576 - Foundation of the city of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pärnu), Wenden, Paidu, etc.) Election of the Turkish protege Stephen Batory (1586+) to the Polish throne.
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Reval.
1579 - Capture of Polotsk by Stephen Bathory, Velikiye Luki.
1580s - The first news of the Cossack towns on the Yaik.
1580 - the 2nd campaign of Stephen Batory to the Russian lands and the capture of Velikiye Luki by him. The capture of Korela by the Swedish commander De la Gardie. The decision of the church council to ban churches and monasteries from acquiring land.
1581 - The capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by the Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of the "reserved" years. The assassination of his eldest son Ivan by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.
1581-1582 - The siege by Stephen Bathory of Pskov and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - Campaign of the Cossack Ataman Ermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsk truce between Russia and the Commonwealth for 10 years. Transfer to the possession of Poland of Livonia and Polotsk. Resettlement of part of the Don Cossacks in the Grobni tract in the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on calendar reform and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts) against Moscow The introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar Disorders" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyusskoe truce between Russia and Sweden for 10 years with the concession of Narva, Yama, Koporye, Ivangorod. Completion Livonian War, which lasted (intermittently) 25 years.
1584-1598 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich 1586 - the election of the king of the Commonwealth of the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vasa (1632+)
1586-1618 - The annexation of Western Siberia to Russia. Founding of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali remains in the upper reaches of the Ishim, Irtysh and Tobol rivers.
1587 - Renewal of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Foundation of the Tsaritsyn fortress at the port between the Don and the Volga. Establishment of the patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - The city of Saratov was founded.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vasa came to power in Sweden. The beginning of the struggle of Sigismund with another contender for the throne and relative Karl Vasa (future King of Sweden Karl IX)
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, the uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of landowners performing military service and living on their estates (the emergence of "white lands"). Decree on the prohibition of the peasant exit. The final anchoring of the peasants to the land.
1595 - Peace of Tyavzin with Sweden. The return to Russia of the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan. Recognition of Swedish control over Russian Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on enslaving slaves (life of their condition without the possibility of paying off the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on the five-year period for the search for fugitive peasants (class years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty. Adoption of the Babinovskaya road as the official government route to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdynskaya road).
Time of Troubles
1598-1605 - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - The beginning of active construction of cities in Siberia.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and the limited release of peasants.
1604 - The construction of the fortress of Tomsk by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars. The appearance in Poland of the impostor False Dmitry, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries to Moscow.
1605 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - Board of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code, allowing the peasant exit.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I.Shuisky. Overthrow and assassination of False Dmitry I. Proclamation of V.I.Shuisky as tsar.
1606-1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I.Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto "Tsar Dmitry!"
1606 - The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on "voluntary serfs", on a 15-year period of searching for runaway peasants and on sanctions for accepting and keeping runaway peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government troops led by D.I.Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation of the Tushino camp near Moscow ..
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. The advance of the Swedish troops to Novgorod. The entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). The beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Metropolitan Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) was named Patriarch in the Tushino camp. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushino (24.06) Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. The death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. The entry of the Poles into Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum ("Seven Boyars").
1611 - The defeat of the Lyapunov militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. Captivity of Patriarch Filaret, V.I.Shuisky and others.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of the new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The liberation of Moscow, the defeat of the Polish troops. Death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov.
1613-1645 - The reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Liquidation of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Stolbovskiy peace with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulinskoe truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk lands with 29 cities to Poland. Refusal of the prince of Poland Vladislav from the claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov) as patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - The beginning of the penetration of the Russians into Eastern Siberia. Hike to the Lena river and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian Diocese.
1632 - Organization of "foreign system" troops in the Russian army. The founding of the first iron-making plant in Tula by A. Vinius. The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. The foundation of the Yakutsk prison (in its present place since 1643) 1630-1634 - The Swedish period of the Thirty Years War, when the Swedish army, having invaded Germany (under the command of Gustav II Adolf), won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lutzen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Hike of the Cossacks I. Perfiliev and I. Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the rivers Yana and Indigirka 1635-1648 - Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years War, when France entered the war, the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition was determined. As a result, the plans of the Habsburgs collapsed, political hegemony passed to France. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - The capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don.
1638 - The transition of the hetman Y. Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, with an army to the territory of Russia. The beginning of the formation of the Sloboda Ukraine (regions of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and the Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Hike of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Hike of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lama (Sea of Okhotsk, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Ermak.
1639 - Foundation of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don ("Azov sitting").
1642 - End of defense of the Azov fortress. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the return of Azov to Turkey. Registration of the noble military estate.
1643 - Liquidation of the Kod principality of the Khanty on the right bank of the Ob. Cossack sea voyage led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan from Indigirka to Kolyma. The exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Lake Baikal (K. Ivanov's campaign) The discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M. de Vries, who took Sakhalin Island for part of Hokkaido ..
1643-1646 - Campaign of V. Poyarkov from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of Okhotsk.
1645-1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Abolition of salt tax and return to direct taxes due to riots. Census of the draft and partially non-tax population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk notch line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - Sailing S. Dezhnev from the mouth of the Kolyma river to the mouth of the Anadyri river through the strait separating Eurasia from America. "Salt Riot" in Moscow. Revolts of townspeople in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convocation of the Zemsky Sobor for the adoption of a new Code, abolition of collection of arrears. The beginning of the uprising of B. Khmelnitsky against the Poles in Ukraine ..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final registration of serfdom (the introduction of indefinite search for fugitives), the elimination of "white estates" (feudal possessions in cities, exempt from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search by denunciation of intent against the tsar or his insult ("The word and deed of the sovereign") Deprivation of the British trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants ..
1649-1652 - E. Khabarov's campaigns to the Amur and Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Sloboda Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumy, Kharkov).
1651 - The beginning of the church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Foundation of the German settlement in Moscow.
1651-1660 - Hike M. Stadukhin along the route Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of Okhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamskaya notch line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and church authorities.
1653 - Decision of the Zemsky Sobor to accept the citizenship of Ukraine and to start a war with Poland. Adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a unified trade duty, a ban on the collection of travel duties in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, restriction of peasant trade by trade from carts, an increase in duties for foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - Approval of Nikon's reforms by the church council. The emergence of the Old Believers, led by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of the schism of the Church. Approval of the Pereyaslav Rada of the Troops of the Zaporozhye Treaty (01/08/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernigov, Podolia, Volhynia) to Russia with the preservation of broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, election of the hetman, independent foreign policy, non-jurisdiction to Moscow, payment of tribute without the intervention of Moscow collectors). The capture by Russian troops of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk
1655 - The capture of Minsk, Vilno, Grodno by the Russian troops, access to Brest. Sweden's invasion of Poland. The beginning of the first Northern War
1656 - Taking of Nyenskans and Dorpat. Siege of Riga. Truce with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of the hetman of Ukraine I. Vyhovsky.
1658 - Nikon's open conflict with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the issue of copper money (the issuance of salaries in copper money and the collection of taxes in silver). Termination of negotiations with Poland, resumption of the Russian-Polish war. The invasion of the Russian troops into Ukraine Hadyach agreement of the hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky with Poland on the annexation of Ukraine as an autonomous "Russian principality" to Poland.
1659 - The defeat of the Russian troops near Konotop by the hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal of the Pereyaslavl Rada to approve the Gadyach agreement. Removal of Hetman I. Vygovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Y. Khmelnitsky. Rada's approval of a new treaty with Russia. The defeat of the Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Yu. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden. Refusal of Russia from the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovski peace in 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish war, division of the lands of the Hungarian kingdom.
1662 - "Copper revolt" in Moscow.
1663 - Foundation of the city of Penza. The split of Ukraine into hetmans of the Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine
1665 - Reforms of A. Ordin-Nashchekin in Pskov: the establishment of merchant companies, the introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's position in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - P. Doroshenko's hetmanate in the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Deprivation of the patriarch by Nikon and the condemnation of the Old Believers by the church council. The construction by the rebellious Ilim Cossacks of a new Fort Albazin on the Amur (since 1672 it was accepted into the citizenship of Russia) ..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian Flotilla. New trade charter. Exile of Archpriest Avvakum to Pustozersky prison for "heresy" (criticism) of the country's rulers. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz (1667-1671). A. Ordin-Nashchekin's conclusion of the Andrusov armistice with Poland. Implementation of the partition of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Russia).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising schismatic monks ("The Solovetsky Sitting").
1669 - Transition of the hetman Right-bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko under the rule of Turkey.
1670-1671 - The uprising of peasants and Cossacks led by the Don chieftain S. Razin.
1672 - First self-immolation of schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of "wild fields" to servicemen and clergy in the "Ukrainian" regions. Russian-Polish treaty on assistance to Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire for the Right Bank Ukraine ..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against Hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns on Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian Embassy Mission to Beijing. The refusal of the Qin government to view Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russo-Turkish war for the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1676 - The occupation by Russian troops of the capital of the Right-Bank Ukraine, Chigirin. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Turkey receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - The victory of the Russian troops over the Turks at Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish agreement on the extension of the armistice with Poland for 13 years. Agreement of the parties on the preparation of "eternal peace". The capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to courtyard taxation instead of row tax.
1681-1683 - Seitovskaya uprising in Bashkiria due to violent Christianization. Suppression of the uprising with the help of the Kalmyks.
1681 - Abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisarai peace treaty of Russia with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition for Russia of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sophia Alekseevna and Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of parochialism. The beginning of the Strelets riot in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the rifle riot. Execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran zasechnaya line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland. The accession of Russia to the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, the Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with the obligation of Russia to march on Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. V. Golitsin's Crimean campaigns.
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinsk fortress (present-day Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy Range - the Ude River to the Sea of Okhotsk. Overthrow of the government of Princess Sophia Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. Organization of "kumpans" to finance the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh river.
1695-1696 - Uprising of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.
Russian empire
1689 - 1725 - Reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - The Azov campaigns.
1699 - Reform of city government.
1700 - Russian - Turkish Armistice Treaty.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform of Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. The Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - The years of life of M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. The beginning of the poll census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on Possessional Peasants.
1721 - Peter I took the title of ALL-RUSSIAN EMPEROR. RUSSIA BECAME EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - Reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - The 1714 law of succession is repealed. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish war.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - The opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkova).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years War.
1757 - Institution of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass riots of registered peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - Reign of Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility."
1762 - 1796 - The reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - The invention of I.I. Polzunov steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree allowing landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. Establishment of the Free Economic Society.
1767 - Decree prohibiting peasants from complaining about landlords.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliivshchyna".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish war.
1771 - "Plague Riot" in Moscow.
1772 - The first partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasant War led by E.I. Pugacheva.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on the freedom to organize industrial enterprises.
1783 - The annexation of the Crimea. Treaty of St. George on the protectorate of Russia over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Uprising of Srym Datov in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Certificate of honor to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian - Swedish war.
1790 - The publication of "Travels from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by AN, Radishchev.
1793 - Second partition of Poland.
1794 - The uprising in Poland led by T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - The third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - The reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov.
1799 - Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns.
1801 - 1825 - Reign of Alexander I.
1803 - Decree "on free farmers".
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance of Russia with England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation State Council.
1812 - The annexation of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - The invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War. August 26 - Battle of Borodino. September 2 - abandonment of Moscow. December - The expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan annexed to Russia.
1813 - 1814 - Overseas trips Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists "Union of Salvation".
1819 - The uprising of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - A round-the-world expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in the tsarist army. Creation of a "union of prosperity".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern Secret Society" and "Northern Secret Society".
1825 - 1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - The uprising of the Decembrists in the Senate Square.
1828 - Accession to Russia of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan.
1830 - Military uprising in Sevastopol.
1831 - Uprising in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction of a railway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1849 - Helping the Russian army to suppress the Hungarian uprising in Austria.
1853 - Creation of the Free Russian Printing House by Herzen in London.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854 September - 1855 August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - The reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - The Aigun Treaty on the border with China is signed.
1859 - 1861 - The revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing Treaty on the Border with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
1861, February 19 - Manifesto on the emancipation of the peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemskaya and judicial reform.
1868 - The Kokand Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - Reform of city government.
1873 - Khiva Khan recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - Introduction of universal conscription.
1876 - Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of the secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish war.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - The split of "Land and Freedom". Creation of the "Black Redistribution".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - The reign of Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco - Russian alliance.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - Japanese War.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - The first Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - The First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - Stolypin's agrarian reform.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - The Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - the Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - Stolypin's assassination.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - The First World War.
1917, February 18 - A strike at the Putilov factory. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. June - July - a crisis of power. August - Kornilov revolt. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.
Russian Republic and RSFSR
1918, July 17 - assassination of the deposed Emperor and royal family.
1917, July 3 - The July actions of the Bolsheviks.
1917, July 24 - Announcement of the composition of the second coalition composition of the Provisional Government.
1917, August 12 - Convocation of the State Conference.
1917, September 1 - The declaration of Russia as a republic.
1917, September 20 - Formation of the Pre-Parliament.
1917, September 25 - The composition of the third coalition composition of the Provisional Government is announced.
1917, October 25 - Appeal of V. I. Lenin on the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
1917, October 26 - Arrest of members of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 26 - Decrees on Peace and Land.
1917, December 7 - Establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission.
1918, January 5 - Opening of the Constituent Assembly.
1918 - 1922 - Civil War.
1918, March 3 - Peace of Brest.
1918, May - Uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
1919, November - Defeat of A.V. Kolchak.
1920, April - Transfer of power in the Volunteer Army from A.I. Denikin to P.N. Wrangel.
1920, November - The defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel.
1921, March 18 - The signing of the Riga Peace Treaty with Poland.
1921 - X Congress of the Party, resolution "On the unity of the Party."
1921 - The beginning of the NEP.
1922, December 29 - Union Treaty.
1922 - "Philosophical parachute"
1924, January 21 - Death of V.I. Lenin
1924, January 31 - Constitution of the USSR.
1925 - XVI Party Congress
1925 - Adoption of the resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) regarding the party's policy in the field of culture
1929 - Year of the "great turning point", the beginning of collectivization and industrialization
1932-1933 - Hunger
1933 - Recognition of the USSR by the United States
1934 - First Congress of Writers
1934 - XVII Party Congress ("Congress of the Winners")
1934 - Inclusion of the USSR in the League of Nations
1936 - Constitution of the USSR
1938 - Clash with Japan at Lake Hassan
1939, May - Clash with Japan near the Khalkhin-Gol River
1939, August 23 - Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
1939, September 1 - The beginning of World War II
1939, September 17 - Invasion of Soviet troops into Poland
1939, September 28 - Signing of an agreement with Germany "On friendship and border"
1939, November 30 - The beginning of the war with Finland
1939, 14 December - Exclusion of the USSR from the League of Nations
1940, March 12 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Finland
1941, April 13 - Signing of a non-aggression pact with Japan
1941, June 22 - The invasion of the Soviet Union by Germany and her allies
1941, June 23 - The Headquarters of the High Command was formed
1941, June 28 - The capture of the city of Minsk by German troops
1941, June 30 - Establishment of the State Defense Committee (GKO)
1941, August 5-October 16 - Defense of Odessa
1941, September 8 - The beginning of the blockade of Leningrad
1941, September 29-October 1 - Moscow conference
1941, September 30 - The beginning of the implementation of the Typhoon plan
1941, December 5 - The beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive in the battle of Moscow
1941, December 5-6 - Defense of Sevastopol
1942, January 1 - Accession of the USSR to the Declaration of the United Nations
1942, May - The defeat of the Soviet army during the Kharkov operation
1942, July 17 - The beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
1942, November 19-20 - The beginning of the implementation of Operation Uranus
1943, January 10 - Start of Operation Ring
1943, January 18 - The end of the blockade of Leningrad
1943, July 5 - The beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive in the Battle of the Kursk Bulge
1943, July 12 - The beginning of the Battle of the Kursk Bulge
1943, November 6 - Liberation of Kiev
1943, November 28-December 1 - Tehran Conference
1944, June 23-24 - The beginning of the Jassy-Chisinau operation
1944, August 20 - Operation Bagration begins
1945, January 12-14 - Beginning of the Vistula-Oder operation
1945, February 4-11 - Yalta Conference
1945, April 16-18 - Start of the Berlin operation
1945, April 18 - Capitulation of the Berlin garrison
1945, May 8 - Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany
1945, July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam Conference
1945, August 8 - Announcement of the warriors of the USSR to Japan
1945, September 2 - The surrender of Japan.
1946 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the magazines" Zvezda "and" Leningrad ""
1949 - Testing of atomic weapons of the USSR. Leningrad business ". Test of the Soviet nuclear weapons... Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. 1949 Formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1950-1953 - Korean War
1952 - XIX Party Congress
1952-1953 - "the doctors' case"
1953 - Test of the hydrogen weapon of the USSR
1953, March 5 - Death of I. V. Stalin
1955 - Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization
1956 - XX Party Congress, debunking the personality cult of I. V. Stalin
1957 - Completion of construction of the nuclear-powered ship "Lenin"
1957 - Launch of the first satellite into space by the USSR
1957 - Establishment of Economic Councils
1961, April 12 - Yu.A. Gagarin's flight into space
1961 - XXII Party Congress
1961 - Kosygin reforms
1962 - Unrest in Novocherkassk
1964 - Removal of N. S. Khrushchev from the post of first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
1965 - Construction of the Berlin Wall
1968 - Introduction of Soviet troops to Czechoslovakia
1969 - Military clash between the USSR and China
1974 - Start of construction of BAM
1972 - A.I. Brodsky expelled from the USSR
1974 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn expelled from the USSR
1975 - Helsinki Agreement
1977 - New Constitution
1979 - Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
1980-1981 - Political crisis in Poland.
1982-1984 - Management of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yu.V. Andropova
1984-1985 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee K.U. Chernenko
1985-1991 - Management of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee M.S. Gorbachev
1988 - XIX Party Conference
1988 - The beginning of the armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan
1989 - Election of the Congress of People's Deputies
1989 - Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
1990 - Election of M.S.Gorbachev President of the USSR
1991, 19-22 August - Creation of the State Emergency Committee. Attempted coup
1991, August 24 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (on August 29, the Russian parliament bans the activities of the Communist Party and seizes party property).
1991, December 8 - the Belovezhskaya agreement, the abolition of the USSR, the creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25 - M.S. Gorbachev resigns from the post of President of the USSR.
Russian Federation
1992 - The beginning of market reforms in the Russian Federation.
1993, September 21 - "Decree on gradual constitutional reform in the Russian Federation." The beginning of the political crisis.
1993, October 2-3 - clashes in Moscow between supporters of the parliamentary opposition and the police.
1993, October 4 - the seizure of the White House by military units, the arrest of A.V. Rutskoi and R.I. Khasbulatov.
1993, December 12 - Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Elections to the first State Duma of the Russian Federation for a transitional period (2 years).
1994, December 11 - The entry of Russian troops into the Chechen Republic to establish "constitutional order".
1995 - Elections to the State Duma for 4 years.
1996 - Elections for the post of President of the Russian Federation. B.N. Yeltsin gains 54% of the vote and becomes President of the Russian Federation.
1996 - Signing of an interim agreement on the suspension of hostilities.
1997 - completion of the withdrawal of federal troops from Chechnya.
1998, August 17 - economic crisis in Russia, default.
1999, August - Chechen fighters invaded the mountainous regions of Dagestan. The beginning of the II Chechen campaign.
1999, December 31 - B.N. Yeltsin announced the early resignation of his powers as President of the Russian Federation and the appointment of V.V. Putin as the acting president of Russia.
2000, March - the election of V.V. Putin as the President of the Russian Federation.
2000, August - the sinking of the Kursk nuclear submarine. 117 crew members of the Kursk nuclear submarine were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage, the captain was posthumously awarded the Hero's Star.
2000, April 14 - The State Duma decided to ratify the Russian-American START-2 treaty. This treaty presupposes further reductions in the strategic offensive arms of both countries.
2000, May 7 - Official entry by V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, May 17 - Approval of M.M. Kasyanov as the chairman of the government of the Russian Federation.
2000, August 8 - Terrorist act in Moscow - an explosion in the underground passage of the Pushkinskaya metro station. 13 people were killed, one hundred were wounded.
2004, August 21-22 - A detachment of more than 200 militants invaded Grozny. For three hours they held the city center and killed more than 100 people.
2004, August 24 - In the skies over the Tula and Rostov regions, two passenger planes, taking off from the Moscow Domodedovo airport to Sochi and Volgograd, were simultaneously exploded. 90 people were killed.
2005, May 9 - Parade on Red Square on May 9, 2005 in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory Day.
2005, August - Scandal with the beating of the children of Russian diplomats in Poland and the "retaliatory" beating of Poles in Moscow.
2005, November 1 - A successful test launch of the Topol-M missile with a new warhead was carried out from the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
2006, January 1 - Municipal reform in Russia.
2006, March 12 - The First Unified Voting Day (change in the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation).
2006, July 10 - Chechen terrorist "number 1" Shamil Basayev was killed.
2006, October 10 Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
2006, October 13 - Russian Vladimir Kramnik was proclaimed the absolute world chess champion after defeating Bulgarian Veselin Topalov in a match.
2007, January 1 - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki autonomous regions merged into a single subject of the Russian Federation - the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2007, February 10 - President of Russia V.V. Putin pronounced the so-called. "Munich speech".
2007, May 17 - At the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II and First Hierarch of the ROCOR, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Laurus signed the "Act of Canonical Communion", a document that ended the division between the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.
2007, July 1 - Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged into Kamchatka Krai.
2007, August 13 - Accident of the train "Nevsky Express".
2007, September 12 - The government of Mikhail Fradkov resigned.
2007, September 14 - Viktor Zubkov is appointed the new Prime Minister of Russia.
2007, October 17 - The Russian national football team led by Guus Hiddink defeated the England national team with a score of 2: 1.
2007, December 2 - Elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
2007, December 10 - Dmitry Medvedev was nominated as a candidate for President of the Russian Federation from the "United Russia".
2008, March 2 - The elections of the third president of the Russian Federation have passed. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev won.
2008, May 7 - Inauguration of the third President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.
2008, August 8 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 11 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 26 - Russian President Dmitry A. Medvedev signed a decree recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
2008, September 14 - A Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed in Perm.
2008, December 5 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II died. Temporarily the place of the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church is occupied by the Locum Tenens of the Patriarchal throne, Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad.
2009, January 1 - The Unified State Exam has become mandatory throughout Russia.
2009, January 25-27 - Extraordinary Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church elected a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Cyril became it.
2009, February 1 - Entronization of the newly elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill.
2009, July 6-7 - US President Barack Obama's visit to Russia.
