The publication of the "provisions" on the peasant reform caused complete disappointment in the radical circles of the nobility. About halfness peasant reform In 1861, the well-known Russian revolutionary democrat N. Chernyshevsky, A. Herzen and N. Ogarev, who were in exile, spoke out, as well as the Belarusian revolutionary, poet and publicist Vikenty Konstantin Kalinovsky, who, taking advantage of peasant discontent, acting together with the Poles, raised in 1863 - 1864 in Belarus peasant uprising, trying to give it the status of a national liberation movement against Russian domination.
Peasant unrest in 1861 - 1863 caused an upsurge of anti-government protests by students. In 1861, Kazan students, immediately after the execution of peasants in the village of Bezdna, defiantly organized a memorial service for Anton Petrov and his dead associates, at which the democrat historian A. Shchapov delivered a speech. He expressed confidence that the bloody sacrifice in the village of Bezdna "will call the people to rebellion and freedom" and expressed the idea of introducing a constitutional system in Russia. The first street demonstrations of students were observed in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
At the same time, the activities of the nobility in opposition to the tsarist government, the core of which were revolutionary democrats headed by N. Chernyshevsky, intensified. From July 1861, the illegal printed leaflet Velikorus and other proclamations began to circulate. They demanded the liberation of the peasants with land, the introduction of a democratic system in the country and the provision of complete freedom and independence to the peoples of Russia. In September of the same year, the proclamation of Shelgunov and Mikhailov "To the Young Generation" printed in Herzen's London printing house appeared in Russia. She called on the youth to organize revolutionary circles and put forward a broad program of struggle for the overthrow of the autocratic system and the establishment of a democratic system. In the first half of 1862, the organizer of revolutionary students in Moscow, Zaichnevsky, wrote a proclamation "Young Russia", in which the slogan of creating " democratic republic Russian".
At the end of 1861 arose in Russia secret society"Land and Freedom", the ideological leader of which was the generally recognized head of the revolutionary-democratic camp N. G. Chernyshevsky. The Land and Freedom Society was associated with the emigrants Herzen and Ogarev; its leading core included close associates of Chernyshevsky - the brothers Nikolai and Alexander Serno-Solovyevich, N. Obruchev, A. Sleptsov, V. Kurochkin, N. Utin and others. the right of everyone to land, the self-government of peasant communities, the election of the government.
The government of Alexander II was forced to carry out repressions against the revolutionary-democratic camp. On July 7, 1862, N. Chernyshevsky was arrested, soon the same fate befell N. Serno-Solovyevich, a prominent revolutionary figure Armenian people M. Nalbandian and a number of other revolutionary figures accused of having links with "London propagandists". The publication of the Sovremennik magazine, which propagates revolutionary democratic ideas, was banned.
National liberation uprisings in Poland, Belarus and Lithuania in 1863-1864. revived the activities of "Earth and Freedom". The Society allied itself with the Red Party and issued proclamations calling for support for these uprisings. Herzen speaks in Kolokol in defense of the independence of Poland, and also speaks for the self-determination of the peoples of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
At the same time, in the Volga region, a group of Kazan students planned to raise an uprising in order to divert forces Russian troops from the suppression of the uprising in the western provinces, but their plan was revealed, and the participants in the "Kazan conspiracy" were shot.
Westerners and Slavophiles, frightened by the wide scope of peasant unrest and national liberation uprisings in a number of Russian colonies, united after the reform of 1861 in the liberal camp, dissociated themselves from the revolutionary democratic movement in the country and fully supported the reactionary policy of the tsarist government. The liberals actually took the position of "feudal lords". The Western liberal K. Kavelin publicly stated that representative government for Russia is a "meaningless dream", that the Russian people allegedly "have not grown up" to the constitution.
The Russian-Turkish war caused a rise in patriotic sentiments in society. This wave revived the liberal movement. Referring to the constitution drawn up for Bulgaria, the liberals asked questions: why does the government refuse to introduce a constitution in Russia? Does it really think that the Russian people are less ready for a constitution than the Bulgarian people?
The government forbade zemstvo leaders to come to all-Russian meetings and even gather in individual regions. Therefore, the Zemstvo began to hold secret congresses. They conspired no worse than the revolutionaries, and the police never found out about some congresses. In the late 1970s, an illegal "Zemsky Union".
In 1878, the government, concerned about the strengthening of the revolutionary movement, issued an appeal to society calling for help in the fight against "a gang of villains". But the appeal contained no promises to change policy and resume reforms, and therefore it did not find public support.
Zemstvo leaders, having gathered at a congress in Kyiv, tried to agree with the revolutionaries on joint actions. They made the renunciation of terrorist acts an indispensable condition. The negotiations were not successful, and the Zemstvo developed its own own plan actions. The Kharkov Zemstvo was the first to speak, declaring that without change domestic policy government, no assistance from society is possible for him. The Minister of the Interior immediately ordered a ban on discussing and adopting such statements at Zemstvo meetings.
Therefore, the vowel of the Chernigov Zemstvo, I. I. Petrunkevich, who began to read the draft address addressed to the tsar, was rudely interrupted by the chairman. Petrunkevich did not obey and, supported by the assembly and the audience in the choirs, continued reading. Then the chairman called the police and with their help closed the meeting. It was one of the first political speeches Ivan Ilyich Petrunkevich (1844-1928). Subsequently, he became one of the most prominent and most respected figures in the liberal movement. After an incident in the zemstvo assembly, Petrunkevich was exiled to the city of Varnavin, Kostroma province.
The Tver, Poltava and Samara provincial zemstvo assemblies also made demands for a constitution. The Tver Zemstvo declared that the Russian people should enjoy the same benefits of constitutional freedoms that the Bulgarian people received.
In 1879, an illegal zemstvo congress was held in Moscow, which was attended by about 30 representatives from 16 zemstvos. It was decided to start widespread propaganda in the zemstvos and the publication of literature abroad. Shortly thereafter, the program of the Zemsky Union was printed in Austria-Hungary, which included three main points: freedom of speech and the press, guarantees of the inviolability of the person, and the convening of a Constituent Assembly.
In the summer of 1877, the St. Petersburg mayor F. F. Trepov, during a visit to the prison, noticed that one of the prisoners did not take off his cap when he appeared. It was Bogolyubov, a demonstrator in front of the Kazan Cathedral, who had been sentenced to hard labor. The enraged Trepov ordered him to be whipped. The prisoners raised a fuss, but they were quickly subdued, and Trepov's order was carried out. By law, he could not demand that the hat be removed in front of him. Corporal punishment in this case was also illegal. But the mayor was sure of his impunity.
January 24, 1878 young populist Vera Zasulich came to Trepov at the reception and shot him with a revolver. Trepov was seriously wounded, but survived. At the time of the assassination attempt, Zasulich was not a member of any revolutionary organization. The public did not know about the connection between the assassination attempt and the Bogolyubov incident. Trepov was portrayed by conservative newspapers as a victim of the call of duty. The government, hoping for the same success as in Nechaev's story, sent the Zasulich case to a jury trial.
The case was heard on March 31, 1878. In the hall there were many people from high society, headed by A. M. Gorchakov, the Minister of Foreign Affairs. At first, the mood of the public was not in favor of the defendant, but in the course of the proceedings it changed dramatically. The jurors found Zasulich not guilty, and the court, presided over by A.F. Koni, dismissed the case. The audience gave an ovation. Upon leaving the hall, the police tried to arrest Zasulich in order to send him into administrative exile. But the youth beat her back, and that same evening she fled abroad.
Vera Ivanovna Zasulich (1849-1919) at the end of her life she became a principled opponent death penalty and political assassinations. She defended her opinion, not being afraid of the wrath of the Bolsheviks who came to power. But then, in 1878, her shot had a dual effect. On the one hand, in the most dramatic form, he drew the attention of society to the fact that the authorities commit lawlessness at every step. But on the other hand, he shook the negative attitude of society towards terror. The extreme revolutionaries, who had long insisted on terror, decided that the public sympathized with him.
The split in "Earth and Freedom". At the end of the 1970s, a tense internal political situation developed in Russia. The students were worried. The voice of the supporters of the constitution grew louder and louder. After Zasulich's shot, a wave of terrorist attacks swept across the country. The executions of terrorists increased the general tension and caused new assassination attempts. There were signs of a revolutionary situation.
But the village remained calm. And this drove the propagandists from "Lands and freedom". Among them grew disillusionment with their work. One of them, Alexander Solovyov, in the spring of 1879 appeared in "main circle" and declared that he wanted to kill the king. After a heated debate, the leadership "Lands and Freedom" voted against the assassination by a majority vote. But on April 2, Solovyov nevertheless tracked down the tsar during a walk on Palace Square and rushed at him with a revolver. Alexander did not lose his head and ran, making zigzags. Solovyov fired five times, but wounded only a policeman who came to the rescue. The captured terrorist shared the fate of Karakozov (in 1866 he shot at Alexander II and then was hanged).
Illustration. Solovyov's assassination attempt on Palace Square.
"Land and Freedom" turned into terrorist organization. Some of its members protested, referring to the program. Then the supporters of terror demanded its revision. We decided to meet at a congress in Voronezh in order to look for a compromise. But by this time "disorganization group" became so isolated that she gathered for her own convention - secret not only from the police, but also from the rest of the "Lands and Freedom".
A.I. Zhelyabov
Supporters of terror gathered in Lipetsk in June 1879. The most striking figure among them was A. I. Zhelyabov. He said that socialists, in principle, should not demand political transformation and civil liberties. This is the business of the liberals, but in Russia they are flabby and powerless. Meanwhile, the lack of freedom hinders the launch of agitation among the peasants. This means that the revolutionaries must also take upon themselves this task - to break despotism, in order then to prepare for the social revolution. The participants in the Lipetsk congress decided not to break with "Land and freedom" but conquer it from within.
But at the Voronezh congress, Zhelyabov failed to gain the upper hand, and a compromise was reached. Without revising the program, they decided to intensify the fight against the government, responding with terror to the executions of revolutionaries. Only Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov (1856-1918) strongly protested against terror.
The son of a small estate nobleman, he once graduated from a military gymnasium here, in Voronezh, but then refused military service, studied at the Mining Institute, participated in a demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral. When the compromise resolution was adopted, Plekhanov stood up and said: “In that case, gentlemen, there is nothing more for me to do here.” left the congress.
The compromise did not strengthen the organization. Each side interpreted it differently. In August of the same year, at the St. Petersburg congress, the factions finally split. "Villagers" headed by Plekhanov created an organization "Black redistribution". She tried to organize propaganda among the peasants and workers, but in the conditions of the war that unfolded between the government and the terrorists, nothing came of it. In 1880 Plekhanov was forced to go abroad.
Plekhanov at a meeting of the organization.
« People's Will and its program. Zhelyabov's supporters united in an organization "People's Will". The Narodnaya Volya were justly dissatisfied with the existing order in the country, but were unscrupulous in the means to achieve their goals. The organization was led Andrey Ivanovich Zhelyabov (1851-1881), a native of serfs, and Sofya Lvovna Perovskaya (1853-1881), the daughter of an important official, the former governor of St. Petersburg. They were brave, determined people. Under their leadership "People's Will" became a well-conspired, ramified and disciplined organization. Led it Executive committee who had almost unlimited powers. Local circles and groups obeyed him.
She considered her main task a political coup and the seizure of power. This was to be followed by socialist revolution. It was supposed to convene constituent Assembly and propose to him a program of measures for the transfer of land to the peasants, and factories and plants to the workers.
The tactics of seizing power, chosen by the Narodnaya Volya, consisted in intimidation and disorganization of power through individual terror. Gradually, an uprising was being prepared. No longer relying on the peasants, the Narodnaya Volya tried to organize students and workers and infiltrate the army. In some military academies and schools, and then in the troops stationed in the provinces, officers' circles of the People's Will appeared. In addition to the ideological side "People's Will" attracted young officers with their usual discipline and unity of command.
Since the autumn of 1879, the Narodnaya Volya launched a real hunt for the king. They were not embarrassed by the number of possible victims, even accidental ones. Twice they laid mines under the rails, lying in wait for the royal train. Once the explosive mechanism did not work, another time the wrong train was derailed by mistake.
During one of the searches, the police found a plan Winter Palace. The royal dining room was marked with a cross on it. However, the gendarmes did not guess to inspect the palace and check all the people working in it. On February 5, 1880, a ceremonial dinner in honor of the Bulgarian prince was to take place in this dining room. All gathered for the solemn exit royal family, and only one person somewhere hesitated. Alexander, who loved punctuality, began to get angry when suddenly terrible force the explosion rocked the building. Narodnaya Volya Stepan Khalturin, who worked in the palace as a cabinetmaker, laid a huge charge of dynamite in the basement under the dining room and left the palace in advance. Eight soldiers were killed.
|
A) April 1866 B) 1869 - 1872 D) 1874-1875 G) 1872-1876 K) 1863-1866 |
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
1) A.I. Zhelyabov
2) V.G. Plekhanov
3) N.V. Tchaikovsky
4) M.F. Frolenko
5) A.D. Morozov
6) S.G. Nechaev
7) N.G. Chernyshevsky
8) A.D.Mikhailov
9) N.A.Ishutin
10) V.N. Figner
11) S.L. Perovskaya
12) A.I. Herzen
Answer: _________
2) Capitalism in Russia is an alien phenomenon, implanted "from above".
4) Russia is a constitutional monarchy. Guarantee of rights and freedoms.
6) The cell of socialism in the country is the peasant community.
Answer: _________________
1) N. Bukharin
2) P. Tkachev
3) A. Herzen
4) M. Bakunin
5) P. Lavrov
6) N. Ogarev
Answer: _________________
13. 1,4,5,8,10,11
View document content
“Test on the topic “Ideology of revolutionary populism””
Test on the topic "The ideology of revolutionary populism"
1. One of the reasons for the strengthening of the revolutionary movement in Russia after the peasant reform of 1861. became
a) obtaining personal freedom by serfs
b) the dissatisfaction of the nobles with the decision to free the peasants from serfdom
c) the preservation by Alexander II of many figures of the pre-reform period in leading government posts
d) the disappointment of the peasants who remained in the position of temporarily liable
2. The ideological leader of the revolutionary movement in Russia in the late 50s - early 60s of the XIX century N.G. Chernyshevsky spoke in his articles
a) for the expansion of the rights and freedoms of citizens
b) for freedom entrepreneurial activity
c) for the preservation of the old order
d) for the peasant revolution, the creation of a revolutionary organization
3. The ideologist of the propaganda trend in populism was
a) M. Bakunin
b) P. Lavrov
c) P. Tkachev
d) A. Herzen
4. The set of rules created by S.G. Nechaev and which the revolutionaries were to be guided by was called
a) "Catechism of the Revolutionary"
b) "Constitution"
c) "Russian Truth"
G) " Russian word»
5. The founder of the society "People's Punishment" in Moscow was
a) S.N. Nechaev
b) I.I. Ivanov
c) N.G. Chernyshevsky
d) N.A. Ishutin
6. The “going to the people” of the populist revolutionaries failed in
7. As a result of the split in 1879, Lands and Freedoms arose
a) "Northern Society" and " Southern Society»
b) Massacre of the People and the Big Society of Propaganda
c) "Union of Salvation" and "Union of Prosperity"
d) "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Repartition"
8. How did the authorities react to the “going to the people”?
a) rendered all possible assistance to the populists
b) deep sympathy was expressed for the populists
c) all-Russian raid and show trials
d) were skeptical about what was happening
9. Match the term with its definition
| Definition |
|
| A) revolutionary way of development B) political demands B) radical D) conspiracy D) nationalism | 1) views aimed at preserving national identity or ensuring national independence 2) methods applied illegal organization to keep their existence and activities secret 3) change requirements political regime 4) the path of development of society, involving a sharp, abrupt transition to a new socio-political system 5) decisive action |
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
10. Match Date to Event
| A) April 1866 B) 1869 - 1872 D) 1874-1875 G) 1872-1876 K) 1863-1866 | 1) the beginning of the propaganda activities of the populists, "going to the people" 2) the assassination of Emperor Alexander II as a result of an assassination attempt by members of the "Narodnaya Volya" 3) the organization "Land and Freedom" arose in St. Petersburg 4) the activities of the society "People's Punishment", founded by S.N. Nechaev in Moscow 5) the activities of the revolutionary organization under the leadership of N.A. Ishutin 6) the "Northern Union of Russian Workers" appeared in St. Petersburg 7) publication abroad of the magazine "Forward!" 8) the "South Russian Union of Workers" was formed in Odessa 9) the formation in St. Petersburg of a circle of "Tchaikovites" 10) a member of the "Hell" group D.V. Karakozov made an attempt on Alexander II |
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
11. Establish a correspondence between ideologists and the direction in populism
For each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write it down in the table with the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
12. Position in chronological order developments
A) the formation of a circle of "Tchaikovites" in St. Petersburg
B) the assassination of Emperor Alexander II
C) the emergence in St. Petersburg of the organization "Land and Freedom"
D) the activities of the revolutionary organization under the leadership of N.A. Ishutin
D) "going to the people"
E) an attempt on Alexander II by a member of the "Hell" group D.V. Karakozov
13. Name historical persons who are the organizers and leaders of the organization "Narodnaya Volya"
1) A.I. Zhelyabov
2) V.G. Plekhanov
3) N.V. Tchaikovsky
4) M.F. Frolenko
5) A.D. Morozov
6) S.G. Nechaev
7) N.G. Chernyshevsky
8) A.D.Mikhailov
9) N.A.Ishutin
10) V.N. Figner
11) S.L. Perovskaya
12) A.I. Herzen
Answer: _________
14. Name the provisions that are the main ideas of revolutionary populism
1) The abolition of serfdom (reform).
2) Capitalism in Russia is an alien phenomenon, implanted "from above".
3) The future of Russia is socialism, bypassing capitalism.
4) Russia is a constitutional monarchy. Guarantee of rights and freedoms.
5) The power of the king is not limited. The monarch takes into account the opinion of the people.
6) The cell of socialism in the country is the peasant community.
7) General state control over all spheres of society.
8) Russia special way historical development.
Answer: _________________
15. Name the historical figures who are the ideologists of revolutionary populism
1) N. Bukharin
2) P. Tkachev
3) A. Herzen
4) M. Bakunin
5) P. Lavrov
6) N. Ogarev
Answer: _________________
818.19 Test No. 1 "Revolutionary Populism"
A Choose one correct answer:
1. The ideology and movement of the raznochintsy intelligentsia in Russia in the second
half of the 19th century - this is:
1) reformism 3) socialism 2) Marxism 4) populism
2. The strengthening of the revolutionary movement after the reform of 1861 was
due to:
1) elimination of estate partitions
2) weakening of the political regime in post-reform Russia
3) the moderation of reforms and the inconsistency of the authorities in their
carrying out
4) an increase in the number and influence of "raznochintsy"
3. The foundations of the ideology of populism were laid in the 50s:
1) M. A. Bakunin, P. L. Lavrov
2) P. N. Tkachev, M. A. Bakunin
3) A. I. Herzen, N. G. Chernyshevsky
4) G. V. Plekhanov, S. L. Perovskoy
4. One of the reasons for the strengthening of the revolutionary movement in Russia after
peasant reform of 1861. became
1) obtaining personal freedom by serfs
2) the dissatisfaction of the nobles with the decision to free the peasants from serfdom
dependencies
3) the preservation by Alexander II in leading government posts of many
figures of the pre-reform period
4) the disappointment of the peasants who remained in the position of temporarily liable
5. The ideological leader of the revolutionary movement in Russia in the late 50s early
60s of the XIX century N.G. Chernyshevsky in his articles spoke
1) for the expansion of the rights and freedoms of citizens
2) for freedom of entrepreneurial activity
3) for the preservation of the old order
4) for the peasant revolution, the creation of a revolutionary organization
6. The ideologist of the propaganda trend in populism was
1) M. Bakunin 2) P. Lavrov 3) P. Tkachev 4) A. Herzen
Part B.
11. Establish a correspondence between ideologists and direction in
populism
Ideologist
A) M.A. Bakunin
B) P.L. Lavrov
B) P.N. Tkachev
Direction
1) propaganda
2) conspiratorial
3) rebellious
2. Arrange the events in chronological order
A) highlighting the main ideological directions in the ideology of populism:
propagandistic, rebellious, conspiratorial
B) the assassination of Emperor Alexander II
C) the emergence in St. Petersburg of the organization "Land and Freedom"
D) the abolition of serfdom
3. Name the provisions that are the main ideas of the revolutionary
populism
1) The abolition of serfdom (reform).
2) Capitalism in Russia is an alien phenomenon, implanted "from above".
3) The future of Russia is socialism, bypassing capitalism.
4) Russia is a constitutional monarchy. Guarantee of rights and freedoms.
5) The power of the king is not limited. The monarch takes into account the opinion of the people.
6) The cell of socialism in the country is the peasant community.
7) General state control over all spheres of society.
8) Russia has a special path of historical development.
4. Name historical figures who are ideologists
revolutionary populism
1) N. Bukharin 2) P. Tkachev 3) A. Herzen
4) M. Bakunin 5) P. Lavrov 6) N. Ogarev
5. Read the passage from the text and determine which
direction in populism does it say?
The peasantry is incapable of independently carrying out
revolution. The revolution must take the form of a coup,
committed by a highly conspiratorial organization
revolutionaries, whose members went through a rigorous selection and
subject to iron discipline. But first this
Option 1
Part A
1. Temporarily liable peasants had to
A) pay dues or serve corvee in favor of his former owner
B) work for free for the state 2 times a week
c) take part in public works in his county
2. What did the circular about "cook's children" prescribe
A) forbade admission to the gymnasium of children of lower social strata
B) open special schools for the children of low-paid workers
C) allowed manufacturers to hire children from the age of 6
3. What are segments
4. Who is the global mediator
A) a representative of the landowners participating in the development of the peasant reform
B) a representative of the peasant community participating in dispute resolution
C) the person who drew up the charter, resolving disputes between the landowner and the peasants
5.Zemsky institutions were created
A) in provinces and uyezds B) only in uyezds C) only in volosts
6. Zemstvos were supposed to
A) carry out political power on the ground B) to control the activities of government officials
B) asking questions local government, improvement, medicine, education
7. What was the name of one of the first workers' organizations that arose in 1878 in St. Petersburg
A) "Northern Union of Russian Workers" B) "Union of Salvation"
C) "Emancipation of labor"
8. During the period of reforms “from above”, the conservatives considered their main tasks
A) disrupt reforms by any means
B) adjust the reforms in the interests of the landlords
C) cooperate with representatives of the radical movement
9. During what time of the peasants of the emperor was the temporarily obligated state of landlords abolished?
A) Alexander II B) Alexander III B) Nicholas II
10. The main political demands of Land and Freedom were
A) setting constitutional monarchy B) convocation Zemsky Cathedral
C) the establishment of a democratic republic
11. The leaders of "Land and Freedom" believed that mass peasant uprisings would take place in 1863, since this year
A) the deadline for signing the statutory letters between the landowners and peasants was expiring
B) a temporarily obligated state of peasants was introduced
C) the assassination of Alexander II was planned
12. In 1866, D. Karakozov made an attempt on Alexander II in St. Petersburg. What organization did Karakozov belong to?
A) to Ishutin’s circle B) to the organization “Land and Freedom” C) to the “Northern Union of Russian Workers”
13. When the populists undertook "going to the people"
A) 1861 B) 1874 C) 1881
14. Which active participant in the populist movement expressed the idea of replacing the state in a revolutionary way with free autonomous societies
15. The strengthening of the revolutionary movement after the reform of 1861 was due to
A) the weakening of the political regime in post-reform Russia
B) the moderation of reforms and the inconsistency of the authorities in their implementation
C) the elimination of class partitions
16. Which direction of social thought belonged to B. Chicherin, K. Kavelin, who defended the introduction of a constitution, democratic freedoms and the continuation of reforms
A) liberal B) conservative C) radical
17. Which organization was engaged in terrorist activities in Russia
A) "Black Repartition" B) "Narodnaya Volya" C) "Northern Union of Russian Workers"
18. Agreement between the landowner and the peasant, which fixed the size of the redeemed allotment and the terms of the redemption
A) "Deed of Gift" B) "Charter" C) "Land Agreement"
19. A prominent ideologue of conservatism under AlexanderII was
A) A. Herzen B) M. Katkov C) S. Muromtsev
20. What is the name of the Russian artist, the author of the painting "Menshikov in Berezov"
A) V. Serov B) M. Vrubel C) V. Surikov
Part B
1. Read passages from the poems and give written answers to the questions.
Are you ready? Well! Now watch! And now from all sides
Go to towns and villages Other fighters go to battle ...
And talk about the future They go to the tormented people,
A vibrant verb. They go to hungry villages;
(N. Ogarev) Into the battle for the people's salvation. (P. Lavrov)
About what period in the history of Russian populism in question in poetry? name the exact date the beginning of this period.
2. Match the program settings with the names of the populists: M.A. Bakunin, P.L. Lavrov, P.N. Tkachev
A) “Go, go “to the people”, but not with your shabby propaganda, but with direct revolutionary agitation and remember the words of the great teacher: “The passion for destruction is at the same time a creative passion” ... Our people deeply and passionately hate the state, hates all his representatives in whatever form they appear before him"
B) “The first effort to prepare for a social revolution in Russia should be the organization of a revolutionary minority that understands the tasks of workers’ socialism ... And under the influence of their people, who have known them for a long time, have long been close to them, the masses will go to battle, which will have the opportunity to take place on the basis of workers’ socialism.”
C) “The immediate, immediate goal of the revolution should be nothing else than to seize government power and turn the given, conservative state into a revolutionary state. It is easier and more convenient to carry out this through a state conspiracy ... But anyone who recognizes the need for a state conspiracy must thereby recognize the need for a disciplined organization based on the centralization of power ... "
3. Which of the following was part of the zemstvo reform?
A) the elective nature of zemstvos
B) zemstvos were elected on the basis of property qualification
C) provincial officials could be appointed only with the consent of the zemstvos
D) in a number of provinces it was decided not to create zemstvos
D) zemstvos maintained hospitals, schools, roads
E) at the head of all zemstvos was the central zemstvo
G) peasants were not elected to zemstvos
4. Read the passage from document two half of XIX century and indicate the year of its adoption
“1. The protection of the throne and the fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject. The male population, without distinction of status, is subject to military service.2. Monetary redemption from military service and a hunter's notice is not allowed<...>17. Total service life in ground forces, for those entering by lot, is determined at 15 years, of which 6 years of active service and 9 years in reserve.
5. What changes social structure Russian society occurred in the 2nd half of the 19th century
A) strengthening the dominant position of the nobility in society
B) involvement of peasants in market relations
C) strengthening the stratification of the peasantry and the nobility
D) loss by peasants political role in the country
D) wide participation of the nobility in entrepreneurship
E) the emergence of new classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
Test in the history of Russia, the second half of the 19th century, Grade 8
Option 2
Part A
What two types of economy developed in the agricultural sector of Russia after the reform of 1861
A) medium and small farming
B) private farms and state agricultural enterprises
C) large landlord and small peasant
2. What rights did the reform of 1861 preserve for the landlords?
A) ownership of their land
B) ownership of a fourth of their former possessions
C) ownership of all people who worked on the estate of the landowner
3. In what year was the Regulation on zemstvo institutions published
A) 1864 B) 1874 C) 1881
4. What changes did you expect military reform
A) universal military service was introduced
B) a 25-year service life has been preserved
B) announced recruitment kits
5. What was the procedure for making redemption payments by peasants according to the reform of 1861
A) immediately all 100% of the value of the received allotment
B) immediately 20-25% of the cost of the received allotment, and 75-80% paid by the state
C) 100% of the value of the received allotment with an installment plan of 50 years
6. What was the function of the Zemstvos
A) solution of administrative and cultural issues of local importance
B) in the performance of police functions in the field
C) in the leadership of military units on the ground
7. What is the date of signing the Manifesto on the liberation of the peasants
8. What did the peasants receive according to the Manifesto
A) personal freedom B) equal rights with the nobility C) equal rights with all classes
9. Who followed the implementation of the peasant reform in the field
A) mediators B) governors C) nobles
10. What are segments
A) the land that was allocated to the peasants under the reform of 1861.
B) land that was cut off from the landowners in favor of the peasants
C) part of the peasant allotment, which turned out to be “superfluous” in comparison with the norm established in 1861
11. What was the purpose of "going to the people"
A) to train the peasants in various specialties B) to cause a revolutionary explosion in the village
C) explain to the peasants the meaning of the abolition of serfdom
12. Which active participant in the populist movement expressed the idea of replacing the state in a revolutionary way with free autonomous societies
A) P. Tkachev B) P. Lavrov C) M. Bakunin
13. What was the name of the first populist organization in Russia
A) "Land and Freedom" B) "Emancipation of Labor" C) "Narodnaya Volya"
14. A movement that unites supporters of the parliamentary system, civil and economic freedoms
A) socialism B) liberalism C) conservatism
15. The main provisions of revolutionary populism were
A) an immediate socialist revolution based on the peasant community
B) support for reforms "from above"
16. In what year was the 1st "Land and Freedom" formed
A) 1856 B) 1860 C) 1861
17. What organizations did the Land and Freedom split into in 1879
A) "Black Repartition" and "Narodnaya Volya"
B) "Narodnaya Volya" and "People's Punishment"
C) "Black redistribution" and "Emancipation of labor"
18. Which organization prepared and carried out the assassination attempt on Alexander II
A) "Black redistribution" B) "Narodnaya Volya" C) "Emancipation of labor"
19. What did the reform of the judiciary introduce
A) estate of the court B) publicity of legal proceedings
C) the mandatory presence of jurors at all meetings
20. Why zemstvos were not introduced in Siberia and the Arkhangelsk province
A) noble land ownership here was insignificant
b) the area had a small population
B) it required additional costs
Part B
1. Read the extract from the document and answer the questions
“The attitude towards the accused was twofold. AT higher spheres, where they always abhorred Trepov, they found that she was Bogolyubov’s undoubted mistress and still a “scoundrel”, but they treated her with some curiosity ... The middle class treated differently. There were enthusiastic people in him who saw in Zasulich a new Russian Charlotte Korda; there were many who saw in her shot a protest for desecrated human dignity - a formidable ghost of public anger ... ”(A.F. Koni)
State the accused's first and last name.
2. The economic program of S. Yu. Witte included
A) the introduction of excise duties on vodka, tobacco
B) the introduction of a state monopoly on the production and sale of vodka
C) the introduction of the golden ruble
D) government support Agriculture
D) protection of Russian industry from foreign competition
E) wide attraction of foreign capital
3. Which of the following was included judicial reform
A) separating the police from the investigation
B) competitiveness of the parties during litigation
C) punishment with rods of persons found guilty
D) publicity of the court
E) Periodic change of judges
E) the creation of a special court for the nobility
G) the introduction of the jury
I) the Emperor became the highest court
4. Read an extract from a document from the second half of the 19th century and name the event in question
“In the spring of 1874, the youth who had accepted the program of the movement went to railways from centers to provinces. Everyone has it young man one could find a fake passport in the name of some peasant or tradesman behind the top, and peasant clothes in a bundle ... the propagandist made acquaintances among the nearest peasants or workers, at first without a specific goal, then little by little he began to talk with them on revolutionary topics and give them for reading or in the property of various revolutionary books.
5. Read an excerpt from a contemporary diary and name the reform referred to in the excerpt.
“When they read the manifesto in the Stublenskaya church, the people began to resent our priest, that he had read the manifesto incorrectly, they said that the land should remain their property, and not the property of the landowner, and that there should be no corvée.”
Answers
Option 1
Part A
1.A
2.A
3.B
4.B
5.A
6.B
7.A
8.B
9.B
10.B
11.A
12.A
13.B
14.B
15.B
16.A
17.B
18.B
19.B
20.V
Part B
1) "Going to the people" 1874
2) A) Bakunin
B) Lavrov
B) Tkachev
3) A, B, D, D, G
4) 1874
5) B, C, E
Option 2
Part A
1.B
2.A
3.A
4.A
5 B
6.A
7.B
8.A
9.A
10.B
11.B Part B
12.B 1) Vera Zasulich
13.B
14.B 2) B,C,D,E
15.A
16.C 3) A, B, D, E, G
17.A
18.B 4) "Going to the people"
19.B
20.A 5) Abolition of serfdom / Peasant reform
