Detailed solution paragraph § 23 on history for students in grade 8, authors V.N. Zakharov, E.V. Bees 2016
Page 144, Key questions before paragraph
How positions were approved Russian Empire on the Black Sea? What were the features administrative structure and economic development of Novorossiya?
The assertion of the positions of the Russian Empire on the Black Sea took place during the struggle for access to the Black Sea, during the wars with the Ottoman Empire.
Features of the development of the economy of Novorossia: fast development trade, the development of coal deposits and the development of metallurgy, the settlement of the territory by peasants. For this purpose, a fund of state lands was created to transfer to the settlers. The peasants remained free, although they settled on the lands of the landlords (worked for them for hire), the fugitives also became free farmers, and did not return to their owners.
Page 153 Questions after a paragraph
1. What was the territory of the Northern Black Sea region at the time of joining the Russian Empire? What were the first steps taken by the state to develop the newly annexed lands?
Northern Black Sea region By the time it became part of the Russian Empire, it was a vast steppe area with a small population. A significant settled population lived only in the Crimea.
The first measures of the state for the development of newly annexed lands are the attraction of migrants for the development of the steppe expanses, the strengthening of borders, the creation of government bodies, the laying of ports and new cities.
2. Tell us about the administrative structure of New Russia, the construction of cities.
Features of the administrative structure - the creation of the Yekaterinoslav viceroy and the provinces of Kherson and Tauride, the foundation of cities: Kherson, Nikolaev, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Odessa, etc.
3. Provide a description of the population of Novorossiya (ethnic composition, main occupations, social status). Explain what the position rural population New Russia differed from the position of the peasants in the central provinces of Russia.
Characteristics of the population of Novorossia:
Ethnic composition: Orthodox peoples of the Balkans (Serbs), Turkey, Austria, Ukrainians, Russians, Germans, Jews, Tatars.
Main occupations: border protection, agriculture
Social status: military, Cossacks, peasants
The position of the rural population of Novorossia differed from that of the peasants in the central provinces of Russia in that the majority of the peasants were free: out of 345,000 peasants, only 6,000 were serfs.
4. Crimea, the Northern Black Sea region in ancient times were the focus of maritime trade. What role did they play in the economic life of the Russian Empire?
Crimea, the Northern Black Sea coast began to play a role in the economic life of the Russian Empire and as trade territories, but both industry and agriculture developed here.
5. Tell us about the trip of Catherine II to the Crimea. For what purpose and how was it organized? What was the significance of this event?
Catherine II visited the Crimea to see for herself how great the successes in the arrangement of the newly annexed region were. The trip was organized as a holiday, with fireworks, illuminations. This event had great importance for Russia: mastered, new lands, expansion and strengthening of borders, international prestige (accompanied by the empress foreigners).
The Russian Empress Catherine II the Great was born on May 2 (Old Style April 21), 1729 in the city of Stettin in Prussia (now the city of Szczecin in Poland), died on November 17 (Old Style November 6), 1796 in St. Petersburg (Russia). The reign of Catherine II lasted more than three and a half decades, from 1762 to 1796. It was filled with many events in internal and external affairs, the implementation of plans that continued what was being done under Peter the Great. The period of her reign is often called the "golden age" of the Russian Empire.
By her own admission, Catherine II, she did not have a creative mind, but she was good at capturing any sensible thought and using it for her own purposes. She skillfully selected her assistants, not being afraid of bright and talented people. That is why Catherine's time is marked by the appearance of a whole galaxy of outstanding statesmen, generals, writers, artists, musicians. Among them are the great Russian commander Alexander Suvorov, Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, satirist writer Denis Fonvizin, the outstanding Russian poet, Pushkin's predecessor Gavriil Derzhavin, Russian historiographer, writer, creator of the "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Karamzin, writer, philosopher, poet Alexander Radishchev, outstanding Russian violinist and composer, founder of Russian violin culture Ivan Khandoshkin, conductor, teacher, violinist, singer, one of the founders of the Russian national opera Vasily Pashkevich, composer of secular and church music, conductor, teacher Dmitry Bortyansky.
In her memoirs, Catherine II described the state of Russia at the beginning of her reign as follows: “Finances were exhausted. The army did not receive a salary for 3 months. Trade was in decline, for many of its branches were given over to a monopoly. There was no proper system in state economy. The War Department was plunged into debt; the marine was barely holding on, being in utter neglect. The clergy were dissatisfied with the taking away of his lands. Justice was sold at a bargain, and the laws were guided only in cases where they favored the strong person.
The Empress formulated the tasks facing the Russian monarch as follows:
It is necessary to educate the nation, which should govern.
It is necessary to introduce good order in the state, to support society and force it to comply with the laws.
It is necessary to establish a good and accurate police force in the state.
It is necessary to promote the flourishing of the state and make it abundant.
It is necessary to make the state formidable in itself and inspire respect for its neighbors.
Based on the tasks set, Catherine II carried out active reformatory activities. Her reforms affected almost all spheres of life.
Convinced of the unsuitable system of government, Catherine II in 1763 carried out a Senate reform. The Senate was divided into 6 departments, losing the importance of the body that manages the state apparatus, and became the highest administrative and judicial institution.
Faced with financial difficulties, Catherine II in 1763-1764 carried out the secularization (conversion to secular property) of church lands. 500 monasteries were abolished, 1 million souls of peasants passed to the treasury. Due to this, the state treasury was significantly replenished. This made it possible to ease the financial crisis in the country, to pay off the army, which had not received a salary for a long time. The influence of the Church on the life of society has been significantly reduced.
From the very beginning of her reign, Catherine II began to strive to achieve the internal order of the state. She believed that injustices in the state could be eradicated with the help of good laws. And she decided to adopt new legislation instead of the Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich of 1649, which would take into account the interests of all classes. For this purpose, in 1767, the Legislative Commission was convened. 572 deputies represented the nobility, merchants, Cossacks. In the new legislation, Catherine tried to carry out the ideas of Western European thinkers about a just society. Having reworked their works, she compiled the famous "Order of Empress Catherine" for the Commission. "Instruction" consisted of 20 chapters, divided into 526 articles. It spoke about the need for a strong autocratic power in Russia and the class structure of Russian society, about legality, about the relationship between law and morality, about the dangers of torture and corporal punishment. The commission worked for more than two years, but its work was not crowned with success, since the nobility and the deputies themselves from other classes stood guard only for their rights and privileges.
In 1775, Catherine II carried out a clearer territorial division of the empire. The territory began to be divided into administrative units with a certain number of taxable (who paid taxes) population. The country was divided into 50 provinces with a population of 300-400 thousand in each, provinces into counties of 20-30 thousand inhabitants. The city was an independent administrative unit. Elected courts and "judicial chambers" were introduced to deal with criminal and civil cases. Finally, "conscientious" courts for minors and the sick.
In 1785, the "Letter of Letters to the Cities" was published. It determined the rights and obligations of the urban population, the system of governance in cities. Residents of the city every 3 years elected a self-government body - the General City Duma, the mayor and judges.
Since the time of Peter the Great, when all the nobility was obliged to lifelong service to the state, and the peasantry to the same service to the nobility, gradual changes have taken place. Catherine the Great, among other reforms, also wanted to bring harmony into the life of the estates. In 1785, the "Letter of Letters to the Nobility" was published, which was a set, a collection of noble privileges, formalized by law. From now on, the nobility was sharply separated from other classes. The freedom of the nobility from paying taxes, from compulsory service. Nobles could only be judged by a noble court. Only nobles had the right to own land and serfs. Catherine forbade subjecting nobles to corporal punishment. She believed that this would help the Russian nobility to get rid of the slave psychology and acquire personal dignity.
These charters have been sorted social structure Russian society, divided into five classes: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the bourgeoisie (" neuter gender people") and serfs.
As a result of the education reform in Russia during the reign of Catherine II, a system of secondary education was created. In Russia, closed schools, educational homes, institutes for girls, nobles, townspeople were created, in which experienced teachers were engaged in the education and upbringing of boys and girls. A network of non-estate two-class schools in the counties and four-class schools in provincial towns was created in the provinces. A classroom lesson system was introduced in schools (single dates for the beginning and end of classes), methods of teaching disciplines and educational literature were developed, and uniform curricula were created. By the end of the XVIII century in Russia there were 550 educational institutions from total number 60-70 thousand people.
Under Catherine, development began women's education, in 1764 the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, the Educational Society for Noble Maidens were opened. The Academy of Sciences has become one of the leading in Europe scientific bases. An observatory, a physics office, an anatomical theater were founded, Botanical Garden, tool workshops, printing house, library, archive. The Russian Academy was founded in 1783.
Under Catherine II, the population of Russia increased significantly, hundreds of new cities were built, the treasury quadrupled, industry and Agriculture– Russia for the first time began to export bread. Under her rule, paper money was introduced for the first time in Russia. On her initiative, the first vaccination against smallpox was carried out in Russia (she herself set an example, became the first to be vaccinated).
Under Catherine II, as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774, 1787-1791), Russia finally gained a foothold in the Black Sea, the lands were annexed, called Novorossia: the Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, the Kuban region. She took Eastern Georgia under Russian citizenship (1783). During the reign of Catherine II, as a result of the so-called partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795), Russia returned the Western Russian lands torn away by the Poles.
For all the achievements in the development of the state, Catherine II was awarded the title of Great. The place of her reign in Russian history it is difficult to overestimate - she really deserves the title of Great.
7*. Prepare a message about G. A. Potemkin. What was unusual about the fate and activities of this man? Why did he not fit into the role of one of the favorites of Catherine the Great?
Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin came from a family of small estate nobles, his family, headed by his father, a retired second major, lived in the village of Chizhovo, Smolensk province. At first, Grigory Alexandrovich studied at the Smolensk Theological Seminary, then entered the gymnasium of Moscow University, showed his abilities, but soon dropped out of school because of its "monotonity". Energy and ambition pushed him to change his fate. After hesitating in choosing a further occupation, Grigory Alexandrovich decided to decide on military service. Having gone to Petersburg, he entered the Horse Guards, and soon became a sergeant-major. Among the guardsmen who participated in the coup of 1762, which made Catherine II the empress, he was noticed by the empress. She granted him a second lieutenant of the guard and gave 400 souls of serfs. At this time, Potemkin unsuccessfully tried to get close to the Orlov brothers, who then formed the support of Catherine, and held various minor positions at court.
Having failed to get closer to the Empress, the young ambitious officer went to the Russo-Turkish war in 1769, fought in the ranks of the 1st Army General-General A. Golitsyn, distinguished himself in the defeat of the troops of Moldavanchi Pasha and the occupation of Khotyn, was awarded the rank of General major. Golitsyn noted that "the Russian cavalry has not yet acted with such harmony and courage as under the command of Major General Potemkin."
P. Rumyantsev, who replaced Golitsyn, foresaw the future of Potemkin, gave him the opportunity to prove himself in military campaigns. The young general acted valiantly at Focsani, participated in the famous battles of Rumyantsev at Larga and Cahul. He was the first to break into the outskirts of Chilia, distinguished himself by bravery in battles with the enemy near Craiova and Tsimbry, and participated in the defeat of the troops of Osman Pasha near Silistria. His awards for valor in battle were the rank of lieutenant general, the Order of St. Anna and St. George, 3rd degree.
With his exploits and letters to Catherine, Potemkin again attracted her attention. Arriving at her call in February 1774 in St. Petersburg, he became the favorite of the Empress, pushing G. Orlov aside. According to some reports, Potemkin and Catherine secretly married, in July 1775 they had a daughter, Elizabeth, who, under the name of Elizabeth Grigoryevna Temkina, was brought up in the family of A.N. Samoilov, Potemkin's nephew.
Receiving the support of the empress in everything, Grigory Alexandrovich actually became her co-ruler, the closest assistant in all public affairs. He immediately took care of suppressing the uprising of E. Pugachev, organizing military operations against the rebels. Without staying too long in the capital, Potemkin set about a plan for the economic development and military fortification of southern Russia. Behind short term he was promoted to general-in-chief and appointed vice-president of the Military Collegium, became a member State Council, count, awarded the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called and St. George 2nd degree, granted the princely dignity of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1775, Potemkin liquidated the Zaporizhzhya Sich with decisive actions and laid the foundation for the Zaporizhzhya to the Cossack army subject to the Russian crown. In 1776 he became the governor-general of the Novorossiysk, Azov and Astrakhan provinces. The ruler of the south was considering a plan to fight Turkey up to the destruction of the Turkish state and the restoration of Byzantium. At the mouth of the Dnieper, Potemkin founded Kherson with a shipyard, supervised the construction of Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk), the development of the Kuban, and the actions of Russian troops in the Caucasus. In his hands was the control of the entire southern Russia from the Black to the Caspian Seas.
Potemkin was the first to understand the significance of annexing Crimea to Russia. He wrote to Catherine: “Crimea is tearing our borders with its position ... Suppose now that Crimea is yours and that this wart on your nose is no longer there - all of a sudden, the position of the borders is beautiful ... There are no powers in Europe that Asia would not be divided among themselves, Africa, America. Acquisition of the Crimea can neither strengthen nor enrich you, but only bring you peace." On April 8, 1782, the Empress signed a manifesto, definitively securing the Crimea for Russia. Potemkin's first steps towards the realization of this manifesto were the construction of Sevastopol as a military and sea port of Russia and the creation of the Black Sea Fleet (1783).
Pushed back from Catherine by other favorites, Grigory Alexandrovich did not lose her support in state and military affairs. He continued to be active in creating merchant and military fleets on the Black Sea, F. Ushakov came to the fore under him.
Potemkin did a lot of diplomatic work. In 1784, Catherine promoted her assistant to field marshal general, appointed him president of the Military Collegium and governor-general of the Crimea, called the Tauride Region. As president of the Military Collegium, Potemkin took care of the development and strengthening of the Russian army, carried out a number of transformations in military service and equipment of personnel (abolished pigtails and curls, introduced comfortable uniforms and shoes for soldiers, etc.). In 1787, Grigory Alexandrovich accompanied the Empress on a trip to the south, all the way to Sevastopol, at parting in Kharkov, she, pleased with everything she saw in the south, bestowed on him the title of "Highest Prince of Tauride."
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. the indefatigable Potemkin led the 1st, Yekaterinoslav, army (2nd Ukrainian, was entrusted to Field Marshal Rumyantsev), at the same time, His Serene Highness Prince Tauride led the actions of the Black Sea Fleet. In June 1788, Potemkin with his army approached Ochakov, tried for several months to break the garrison of the fortress by blockade and bombing, but the Turks did not give up. On December 1, the commander gave the order to prepare for the assault on the fortress. On December 6, the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Potemkin took Ochakov by storm, receiving trophies - three hundred cannons and mortars, 180 banners and many prisoners. For this success, he awarded the order St. George 1st degree; in honor of Potemkin, the empress ordered to knock out gold medal. For victories on the Dnieper estuary, he was also awarded a sword decorated with diamonds, which was sent to him on a golden platter with the inscription: "To the Commander of the Yekaterinoslav Land and sea power like a builder of warships."
In the fact that Suvorov shone during these years, the role of Potemkin was great. From the very beginning of the war, he singled out Suvorov among all the generals and entrusted him with the most responsible affairs. In carrying out his war plan, Potemkin gave Suvorov complete independence in choosing methods of action. The commander-in-chief did not forget about rewarding the ambitious commander with awards. Suvorov wrote about him in 1789: "He is an honest man, he good person, is he great person: my happiness is to die for him.
In February 1791, Potemkin went to St. Petersburg, where he organized a magnificent celebration in honor of Catherine in the Tauride Palace, which was actually their farewell. He unsuccessfully tried to get her out of the influence of the Zubov brothers and experienced moral devastation. After the battle at Machin, where Repnin utterly defeated the army of Yusuf Pasha, peace negotiations began with Turkey, and Potemkin returned to the south to dictate his terms of peace to Constantinople. But by this time his health was already greatly weakened, in Iasi he felt unwell, the sick expressed a desire to leave for Nikolaev and died on the way. With great solemnity, Potemkin was buried in the Kherson he had built. Suvorov wrote about him:
He plays chess with one hand
With the other hand he conquers the nations,
With one foot he strikes friend and foe,
With another he tramples the shores of the universe.
The unusual fate of this man lies in the fact that from small landed nobles, an humble family, who could not read until the age of 16, advanced to top level power thanks to energy, initiative, courage and, most importantly, the desire to serve Russia and make their Patronymic a prosperous power. He did not fit into the role of one of the favorites of Catherine the Great because the scale of his personality was much broader than the role of the favorite, because he was driven by motives for achieving not personal goals, but the goals of the welfare of the state.
In 1783, Russia announced the annexation of the Crimea. There immediately began the construction of the fortress city of Sevastopol - the Russian naval base on the Black Sea. The Crimean Khanate was liquidated.
In the 80s. 18th century Russia's position in Transcaucasia and the Caucasus began to strengthen. Turkey and Persia also stepped up their expansion into Georgia. Georgia at that time was going through a period feudal fragmentation and was not single state. The kingdoms were in constant conflict with each other. The small Georgian people needed a strong patron. July 24, 1783 in the Georgievsk fortress ( North Caucasus) an agreement was concluded between the Georgian king of Eastern Georgia (Kakheti and Kartalinia) Erekle II and Russia on patronage. The Georgievsky treaty was signed, according to which Eastern Georgia, exhausted under the blows of the Turks, passed under the protection of Russia while maintaining autonomy. Russia guaranteed Eastern Georgia territorial integrity and inviolability of borders.
The development of the newly annexed lands - Novorossiya - began.
Russia's efforts to develop the South, the construction of its navy irritated Turkey and the major European powers. In 1787, Turkey demanded that Russia return the Crimea and recognize supreme power Ottoman Empire over all Georgia. On the part of Russia, a refusal followed. Immediately, the Turkish landing force attacked Kinburn at the mouth of the Dnieper. The second Russian-Turkish war(1787-1791).
5 thousand Turkish soldiers landed near Kinburn, which was defended by A.V. Suvorov. The Russian commander gave the enemy the opportunity to come close to the fortress, and then, with a sudden blow from the flanks and rear, he launched a counterattack. The Turks fought fiercely, they were supported by naval artillery. Suvorov was wounded twice, but continued to lead the battle. A combined bayonet strike completed the job. The defeat of the Turks was complete.
On the next year G.A. Potemkin took Ochakov by storm, captured Ackerman and Bendery.
In 1789, Suvorov defeated the Turks near the town of Fokshany and on the Rymnik River in Moldova. The commander was awarded the title of Count of Rymnik. As a result of this victory, the Turkish land army was liquidated.
On the left bank of the Danube, there was a powerful fortress of Izmail, which ensured the military presence of the Turks in the region. This one of the best fortresses in Europe was built and strengthened by French and German engineers. The fortress had a powerful garrison. On an 8-meter shaft above a deep 12-meter ditch stood 250 guns. Russian troops have been fighting for Ishmael for several weeks to no avail. Potemkin sent Suvorov there.
In 10 days, he carefully prepared for the assault: he organized the training of soldiers, ordered the construction of 40 assault ladders and about 50 thousand fascines (tightly tied bundles of brushwood) to fill the moat, and placed his batteries around the fortress. On December 11, at 3 o'clock in the morning, Russian columns approached the fortress. Thick fog covered their movement. The assault on the fortress Suvorov led immediately from four sides. The attackers managed to capture the rampart and capture the cannons. The column, led by Major General M. I. Kutuzov, was one of the first to break into the fortress. The battle went on for more than six hours. The Turks fought desperately for every street, every house, but their resistance was broken.
Operations at sea developed successfully. The Black Sea Fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov defeated the Turks in battles near the mouth of the Danube and the Kerch Strait and transferred its actions to western shores Black Sea, where at Cape Kaliakria he utterly defeated the Turkish squadron.
According to the peace treaty signed in Iasi at the end of 1791, Russia received the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester. Turkey finally recognized the Crimea and Eastern Georgia for Russia, renounced claims to the rest of the Georgian lands.
Russia established itself on the Black Sea coast. The international prestige of the country has grown.
Annexation of Crimea under Catherine II
The foreign policy of Catherine II The foreign policy of Catherine II was quite successful. Thanks to the successes of the empress in this area, Russia gained unprecedented prestige in Europe.
The development of Novorossia and the Crimea On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine the Great signed a Manifesto on the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the Russian state and the formation of the Tauride Region under the control of Prince G. A. Potemkin.
Prince Potemkin The most influential person in Russia of his time. An outstanding organizer and business executive, founder of the Black Sea military and merchant fleet, as well as the cities of Kherson, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, etc. He forced Catherine II to annex Crimea to Russia.
Causes of the war: The reason for this war was that Turkey did not want to put up with the loss of undivided dominance in the Black Sea. Russia was also preparing for war, which did not consider the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty of 1774 to be final. As a result, the second Russo-Turkish war began in the reign of Catherine II.
With the advent of the Russian administration in 1783, the slave trade was abolished in the Crimea, and public administration European type. The government resettled here from the central and Ukrainian provinces of state peasants. Specialists worked in the Crimea to arrange gardens and parks.
The accession of Crimea to Russia was of great progressive importance: the economy and culture, trade began to develop rapidly, the development of a huge array of fertile Crimean territories began. Behind a short time new ports and cities sprang up in the Black Sea steppe. The Russian fleet has firmly established itself in the Black Sea.
Military exploits The Russian troops of Suvorov entered the territory of Crimea, and the city of Sevastopol was founded near the ruins of ancient Chersonese. In July 1789 he defeated the Turks at Focsany, and in August 1789 on the Rymnik River.
Despite the numerical superiority of the Turkish fleet, the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral F.F. Ushakov inflicted major defeats on it in the battles of Fidonisi (1788), in the Kerch naval battle of 1790, at Tendra (1790) and at Cape Kaliakria (1791).
Results of the war In 1791, a peace treaty was concluded in Iasi. According to the Yassy peace treaty: a) the Ottoman Empire recognized the Crimea as a possession of Russia; b) Russia included the territories between the Bug and Dniester rivers, as well as Taman and Kuban; c) Turkey recognized the Russian patronage of Georgia, established by the Treaty of St. George in 1783.
Russia and Poland. After the death in 1763 of the Polish king August III, a struggle began in Poland between the magnates - supporters of different candidates for the throne. With the support of Russia, Stanislav Ponyatovsky, who during his diplomatic service in St. Petersburg was the favorite of Catherine II, then the wife of the heir to the throne, became king.
only a unanimous decision was accepted. As a result, the work of the Seimas was paralyzed and political life Poland was in chaos. On the eve of the election of the king in 1764, a group of magnates ensured that decisions were taken by majority vote. But Poland's neighbors - Russia and Prussia - sought to preserve the "liberum veto", which allowed them to control the country, torn apart by the struggle of gentry groups.
Russian military pressure forced Poland to return to the old order. The issue of the rights of "dissidents" (not Catholics) was used as a pretext for bringing in troops. Russia and Prussia achieved equal rights for Orthodox and Protestants with Catholics. In response, opponents of the equality of dissidents and "liberum veto" united in the city of Bar in a confederation and entered into a struggle with the Russian troops. The Confederates were supported by France, which fought with Russia for influence in Poland.
Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 France was pushing for a war against Russia and Turkey. The Turks, concerned about the growth of Russian influence in Poland, demanded that Russia withdraw its troops from Poland. Having been refused, the Port at the end of 1768 declared war on Russia.
Compared with the first half of the XVIII century. the balance of power changed not in favor of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire was in decline state structure and the army were archaic. On the contrary, the size and experience of the Russian army increased significantly.
The campaign of 1769 did not bring success to Russia, since fighting were passive. Successes came in 1770. In a stubborn eight-hour battle on the river. Large (tributary of the Prut) Russian army under the command of P.A. Rumyantseva put the Turkish troops to flight and inflicted heavy losses on the Crimean cavalry.
In the next battle on the river. Kagul Rumyantsev, having only 27 thousand soldiers, attacked and defeated the 150 thousandth Turkish army. The victory was achieved thanks to skillful maneuver, skillful artillery actions and the courage of soldiers in bayonet combat. Then Rumyantsev's troops captured the important Turkish fortresses of Izmail, Kiliya and Brailov. 2nd Army P.I. Panina occupied Bendery.
Taking advantage of the crowding of Turkish ships, Spiridov sent fireships - torch ships - at them. The entire Turkish squadron was destroyed.
In 1770-1771. Rumyantsev's troops crossed the Danube several times. The 2nd Russian Army occupied the Crimea. The Turks went to negotiations. However, relying on the support of France, they refused to grant independence to the Crimea, which Russia insisted on. In 1773 fighting resumed. In 1774, Russian troops numbering about 24 thousand people under the command of A.V. Suvorov defeated the 40,000th Turkish corps at Kozludzha. Turkey was forced to continue negotiations.
July 10, 1774 in Bulgarian village Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi peace was signed. Russia received a strip of the Black Sea coast between the mouths of the Dnieper and the Southern Bug with the fortress of Kinburn, Kerch and Yenikale in the Crimea, Kuban and Kabarda. Crimea was recognized as independent from the Ottoman Empire. Moldova and Wallachia actually came under Russian patronage. Turkey also paid an indemnity of 4 million rubles.
First partition of Poland. Russia's successes in the war against Turkey worried the European powers. In an effort to destroy the Austro-Turkish alliance, the Russian government agreed to the partition of Poland, which was offered to Catherine by Austria and Prussia.
In 1772, the three powers, having committed undisguised aggression, divided part of the Polish lands. Austria annexed Galicia, Prussia - Pomerania and part of Greater Poland, Russia - Eastern Belarus and the Polish part of Livonia. Poland lost a territory of 3800 sq. miles with a population of 4 million people.
Annexation of Crimea. The declaration of independence of Crimea from Turkey was the first step towards its subjugation to Russia. In 1777, Russian troops invaded the Crimea and ensured the election of the Russian protege Shagin Giray to the khan's throne. However, his power was unstable. In 1783, after difficult negotiations with Potemkin, Shagin Giray handed over the khanate to Russia and abdicated. For this diplomatic success, Potemkin was awarded the title of "Prince of Taurida".
The annexation of Crimea marked the beginning of the economic development of the Black Sea steppes. New cities and ports grew up: Yekaterinoslav, Nikolaev, Sevastopol, Kherson. The construction of the Black Sea Fleet began. In 1787, a solemn journey of Catherine II to Novorossia and the Crimea took place. On the way, she observed a prosperous land. True, Potemkin's ill-wishers assured that the prosperous villages that travelers saw floating along the Dnieper were theatrical scenery. This is how the expression "Potemkin villages" arose, meaning a demonstration of non-existent successes. However, successes in the development of Novorossiya were quite real.
Declared war on Russia. The Turks tried to capture the fortress of Kinburn with a sudden blow, but was repulsed by the troops of A.V. Suvorov.
In 1788, Russian troops captured Ochakovo - a powerful fortress, considered "the key to the Black Sea." During its assault, the Russians lost 2.5 thousand people, the Turks - 9.5 thousand killed and 4 thousand prisoners.
In 1789 A.V. Suvorov with 25 thousand Russian and Austrian soldiers utterly defeated the 30 thousandth Turkish group near Focsani, and then won an outstanding victory at the river. Rymnik. Here, 25,000 Russians and Austrians put to flight the 80,000 Turkish army. Surprise played a decisive role: Suvorov's troops passed 100 versts in two and a half days and attacked the Turks, who believed that the Russians were still far away. The Turks lost 17 thousand people. Russian losses were negligible: 45 killed and 133 wounded.
In August 1790, the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov in the battle near Fr. Tendra. The Turks lost 4 battleships. Dominance at sea passed to Russia.
The main event of the 1790 campaign was the capture of the Izmail fortress, which was considered impregnable. Suvorov managed to take the fortress, although his troops were numerically inferior to the garrison of Ishmael. Arriving at the fortress, the siege of which dragged on, Suvorov immediately organized intensive preparations for the assault, which took nine days. On December 7 (18), Suvorov sent an ultimatum to the commandant of the fortress, demanding surrender in a day: "24 hours for reflection for surrender and - freedom; my first shots - already captivity; assault - death." According to legend, the commandant replied: "The Danube will flow back rather than the walls of Ishmael will fall." On the morning of December 11 (22), the assault began.
The Turks lost 26 thousand people, 9 thousand were captured. In the Russian army, 4 thousand people were killed, 6 thousand were wounded, two-thirds of the officers were out of order.
Turkey, with the support of England, still tried to continue the war, but in the summer of 1791 F.F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet at Cape Kaliakria. Turkey asked for peace. In December 1791, the Iasi peace treaty was concluded. He confirmed the transfer of Crimea to Russia, Russian patronage of Georgia. The Dniester became the border of Russia. However, Bessarabia, Moldavia and Wallachia had to be returned to Turkey so as not to aggravate relations with the European powers, dissatisfied with the strengthening of Russian positions on the Danube.
Second and third partitions of Poland. In 1791 Poland adopted new constitution. The election of the king was abolished, the "liberum veto" was destroyed, access to the Sejm was opened for the city elite. However, some magnates, dissatisfied with the restriction of their privileges, turned to Russia, the guarantor of the inviolability of the old order, for help.
In 1792 the Russian army occupied Warsaw. Following the Prussian troops entered Poland. In 1793, the second partition of Poland took place. Prussia captured Gdansk (Danzig), Torun and Greater Poland with Poznan, Russia - central Belarus with Minsk and Right-Bank Ukraine.
The new partition caused an uprising in the spring of 1794, led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a participant in the American War of Independence. The rebels won several victories over regular armies subjugating powers. However, the forces were unequal. In October 1794, Suvorov stormed the suburbs of Warsaw - Prague - and entered the Polish capital. The uprising was put down. Kosciuszko was taken prisoner.
The last Polish king, Stanislaw Poniatowski, left for Russia.
Having freed Ukrainians and Belarusians from cruel religious oppression, Russia at the same time extended more cruel serfdom to the annexed territories and destroyed the city liberties that existed in Poland.
During the reign of Catherine II, Russia achieved impressive foreign policy successes: it conquered the Crimea, reached the shores of the Black Sea, and took possession of a significant part of the lands of the Commonwealth. However, all these successes were paid for at an exorbitantly high price - the blood of thousands of Russian soldiers and the enormous expenditure of economic resources. It was during this period that the Russian foreign policy finally acquired an imperial, predatory character.
nobility coup peasant war
Crimea was part of Kievan Rus in the 12th century, and in the 13th - in the Galicia-Volyn principality.
In 1745, Elizaveta Petrovna signed a decree on the beginning of the settlement of this territory. In 1752, the first foreign settlement was founded - New Serbia. B 53 - Slavic-Serbia. In 1762, Catherine II issued an order to settle in the territory of Novorossia and created a special office. In 1775, the Novorossiysk Territory was formed. In the same year, the Zaporozhian Sich was abolished.
In 1772, the Karasuu treatise was concluded on the formation of a Tatar free region, free from Ottoman Empire. The Kuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty of 1774 recognized the Crimean Khanate as independent of the Turkish sultan. According to the peace treaty, Kerch, Yenikali, Kinburn, Kabarda to the North departed to Russia. Caucasus. Russia received the right to have a navy on the Black Sea. Russian merchant ships could pass through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. The Danubian principalities (Wallachia, Moldavia, Bessarabia) formally remained with Turkey, but in fact Russia kept them under its protection. After gaining Crimean Khanate"independence" Russia withdrew its troops from there. But the Turkish authorities continued to incite the Crimean authorities against the proteges of Russia, and in 1776 Russian troops were again brought into the Crimea. Devlet Giray raised an uprising, supported by the Turks. Intending to restore real Crimean independence, but the uprising was crushed. He was replaced by the Russian henchman Shagin Giray. In 1782, uprisings began again, and under the protection of the Russian garrison, he fled. And in 1783 he renounced the Crimea in favor of Russia. Crimea was transformed into the Tauride region.
After the fall of Ochakov in 1788, the entire interfluve actually began to be controlled by the Russian military authorities, especially after the Khadzhibey fortress, near modern Odessa, fell by the winter of 1789/90. The movement of Russian troops to the Bug-Dniester interfluve, the departure of the Muslim population from here led to serious changes internal management edge. Along with its centralized military administration, there was a certain peculiarity associated with which units occupied certain regions of southern Transnistria. Since soon the main forces of the Russian army went to the west, Cossack regiments settled in these places, which led the local government. In March 1790, on the territory from Dubossary to Yagorlyk, Don Cossack regiments were temporarily placed, which had orders to guard the border with Poland. South of the Don Cossacks settled other Cossacks, called the Black Sea. Thus, in fact, the territories of Lower Transnistria became part of the Russian Empire even before the Treaty of Jassy in 1791 formally joined Russia.
Since the Dniester became a border river, a number of fortresses and fortifications were built along it: New Dubossary, Grigoriopol, the Middle Fortress, later called Tiraspol, and Ovidiopol. Soon the Tiraspol district was formed, which initially entered the Yekaterinoslav governorship, and then,
since 1795, in the Voznesenskaya province. After the death of Catherine II and the accession to the throne of Paul I, the Novorossiysk province was established in 1796, which included Voznesenskaya, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride provinces.
- Russian policy in the management of Novorossia and Crimea:
- These areas did not apply. serfdom. The runaway serfs did not return from there.
- Freedom of religion.
- Exemption of the indigenous population from military service.
- Tatar murzas were equated with the Russian nobility (“Charter to the nobility”). Thus, Russia did not interfere in the conflict between the local aristocracy and the common people.
- The right to buy and sell land.
- Benefits for the clergy.
- Freedom of movement.
- The Polish magnates received land in Novorossiya and resettled their serfs there. They settled in Odessa and Kerson. But their total number was small. The Bulgarians also moved there, which is the reason for the progress in agriculture. Under Catherine II, Russian merchants received the right to move to Novorossia.
- Foreign settlers did not pay taxes for 5 years.
- A city building program was planned, the population was transferred to a settled way of life.
- The Russian political elite and the nobility were given lands with a term for development. Otherwise, a fine was paid.
- The Old Believers moved there
- Wallachian law was equated with Russian legislation.
- In 1818, the Charter of Bessarabia was adopted, in fact. Constitution By the 22nd years. In the 19th century, the population of Novorossia was 1.5 million people.
