USSR Central Intelligence Service
55°35′02″ s. sh. 37°31′04″ E d. HGIOL
The headquarters of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is located near the village of Bachurino in the Sosensky settlement of the Novomoskovsk district of Moscow, bordering the Yasenevo district. The complex of the Academy of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia is located in the Khlebnikovsky forest park (Moscow region, Mytishchi district).
The activities of the SVR of Russia are managed.
Story
In December 1991, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service proclaimed itself the official successor to the First Chief Directorate of the KGB of the USSR (PSU KGB of the USSR) and (CSR of the USSR).
The SVR of Russia emphasizes its historical role as a successor to the traditions of special services Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union: VChK SNK RSFSR - GPU NKVD RSFSR - MGB - KGB. As a result of the collapse of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth Independent States(CIS) the question arose of a radical reorganization of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (CSR USSR).
Also, the activities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia are regulated on the basis of:
Place of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia in the system of state bodies of Russia
Foreign Intelligence Service Russian Federation is a federal service, an executive body of Russia, the management of which is carried out directly by the President of the Russian Federation. This status of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service was established by Decree No. 1185 of 10/07/1992 by President Boris Yeltsin.
- political intelligence- searching for and receiving data of a preemptive nature about the foreign policy intentions of foreign powers, international and socio-political organizations, leading foreign political leaders; carrying out operations and activities that contribute to the goals of Russian foreign policy in international arena.
- economic intelligence- obtaining information on all issues of economic activity of foreign policy players and their economic and financial structures, market conditions for currencies, raw materials, precious metals, etc., of interest to Russia, as well as organizing and conducting events aimed at creating favorable environment for Russian foreign economic interests, for the development of effective foreign economic cooperation, the conclusion of profitable trade and economic transactions and agreements, etc.
- scientific and technical intelligence- obtaining data on foreign scientific and technological achievements with priority in the field of monitoring activities foreign states in the development of fundamentally new types of weapons to maintain modern level Russian scientific and technical thought, justified selection of the most promising areas of development and programs of national research centers, increasing the technological equipment of industry, etc.
Official Russian sources
The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR of Russia), according to the federal law of the Russian Federation, is designed to protect the security of the individual, society and the Russian state from external threats.
The SVR of Russia carries out intelligence activities in order to:
- providing the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly and the Government with the intelligence information they need to make decisions in the political, economic, military-strategic, scientific, technical and environmental fields;
- providing conditions conducive to the successful implementation of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of security;
- promoting economic development, scientific and technological progress of the country and military-technical security of the Russian Federation.
To this end, the Federal Law "On Foreign Intelligence" (January 10, 1996 No. 5-FZ) grants the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation powers, including confidential cooperation with persons who have given their consent to this.
In the process of intelligence activities, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service has the right to use overt and covert methods and means, without causing harm to life and health of people and causing damage environment. The procedure for using these methods and means is determined by the laws and other regulations of the Russian Federation.
Intelligence information is provided to the President of the Russian Federation, the chambers of the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive and judicial authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations designated by the President of the Russian Federation.
The leaders of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service are personally responsible to the President of the Russian Federation for the reliability, objectivity of intelligence information and the timeliness of its provision.
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Measures to Counter Terrorism" dated February 15, 2006, the National Anti-Terrorism Committee (NAC) was created, which included the director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service.
The general leadership of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation (including the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service) is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation.
Western sources
According to published assessments by British and American sources, the actual goals and objectives of Russia's foreign intelligence include: secret financing by Russian intelligence of European parties and foundations in order to "undermine the political integrity" of the European Union, introducing disagreements between EU members on the issue of sanctions against Russia and creating conditions to lift the sanctions Negative influence on NATO's Euro-Atlantic solidarity, influencing the election process in Western countries, blocking the deployment of US missile defense systems in Europe and creating conditions for a Russian energy monopoly. Among the far-right parties in Europe that came under suspicion of secret collaboration and funding through channels Russian intelligence, according to The Telegraph newspaper, there are the Hungarian nationalist party Jobbik, the Italian League of the North, the Greek Golden Dawn, the French National Front. According to the conclusions of Wilhelm Unge, chief counterintelligence analyst of Sweden, modern Russian intelligence officers are much more educated and usually younger than their Soviet predecessors. The goal of Russian intelligence officers, according to a Swedish analyst, is to acquire secret advanced technologies and recruit citizens of the host country.
Organizational structure
| External images | |
|---|---|
| Structure of the SVR | |
The structure of the Foreign Intelligence Service is adjusted depending on the changing situation and the tasks that arise before the organization. The head of the SVR is the director, who has a first deputy and four deputies in separate areas: for operations, for science, for personnel and for logistics.
In accordance with the law "On Foreign Intelligence" of January 10, 1996, built organizational structure The Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia, which includes operational, analytical and functional units (departments, services, independent departments). It includes a mining apparatus, analytical and operational-technical units, which are combined into departments and services.
In general, the structure of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, according to information from the official website, is as follows:
- Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- Group of consultants
- College
- First Deputy Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- Bureau of Public Relations and Media (Press Bureau)
- Director's office
- Protocol department
- Deputy Director for Human Resources
- Deputy Director for Science
- Directorate of scientific and technical intelligence (scientific and technical intelligence)
- Department of Opertechnics
- Office of Informatics
- Deputy Director of Operations
- Operational departments
- Deputy Director for Logistics
- Operation and Support Service
- Office of Analysis and Information
- Office of Foreign Counterintelligence
- Economic Intelligence Directorate
The Board of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia also functions, which includes deputy directors, heads of departments.
Management
Director
The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. In modern Russian history, the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia was headed by:
| № | Full name | Rank | Dates (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Primakov, Evgeny Maksimovich | Civil | 30.09.1991 - 09.01.1996 |
| 2 | Trubnikov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich | Colonel General, General of the Army (01/22/1998) |
10.01.1996 - 20.05.2000 |
| 3 | Lebedev, Sergei Nikolaevich | Colonel General (2000), General of the Army (07.2003) |
20.05.2000 - 09.10.2007 |
| 4 | Fradkov, Mikhail Efimovich | Civil (Reserve Colonel) | 09.10.2007 - 04.10.2016 |
| 5 | Naryshkin, Sergei Evgenievich | Civil (Reserve officer) | from 05.10.2016 - n. in. |
| External images | |
|---|---|
| Headquarters in Yasenevo | |
First Deputy Director
This position was held by:
- Trubnikov Vyacheslav Ivanovich (January 13 - January 10)
- Shcherbakov Aleksey Anatolyevich (January 10 - October 31), in the late 90s he combined with the post of State Secretary of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- Zavershinsky Vladimir Ivanovich (October 31 - July 11), since 2004 he has combined with the post of head of the 1st Service (political intelligence)
- Fadeev Dmitry Leonidovich ( - )
- Lavrentsov Viktor Fedorovich (c)
Deputy directors
Currently, the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia has the following deputies:
- Secretary of State - Balakin Alexander Nikolaevich
- Deputy Director - Maksimovich Mikhail Alexandrovich
- Deputy Director - Bocharnikov V.Yu.
- Deputy Director - Moryakov A.M.
- Deputy Director - Head of Service Gerasimov Sergey Alexandrovich
- Deputy Director - Head of Department - Smolkov A.N.
"Barrier"
The Zaslon unit (OSN Zaslon SVR) was created within the structure of the Center for Internal Security of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service in 1997 (in accordance with a secret decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 03/23/1997) and reached operational readiness in 1998. It included almost three hundred people who were previously engaged in special operations abroad. The division was headed by A. S. Kolosov.
"Barrier" is designed to forcefully respond to threats to the objects of the Service, Russian diplomatic missions abroad and to protect the heads of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service and the Russian Foreign Ministry during their visits to "hot spots".
In some media publications, "Barrier" was described as a reconnaissance and sabotage unit, similar to the "Separate Training Center" (OTC, Vympel group) that existed in the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, so according to the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper: "A similar unit already existed in the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, however, at the time afghan war it began to perform tasks unusual for intelligence, and in 1983 it was withdrawn from the PGU of the KGB of the USSR, transferred to another department of the committee, and a few years later completely collapsed.
According to a number of Russian media, in 2003 "Zaslon" was used in Iraq and Iran. Oleg Fedoseev, one of the three employees of the Russian embassy in Iraq, who was kidnapped and killed in 2006, was called an employee of Zaslon.
According to the Zvezda TV channel, in early April 2015, Russian Zaslon fighters evacuated the US Embassy in the Yemeni capital Sana'a.
Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
The analytical center of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia was formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 29, 1992 No. 202 from the former All-Union Research Institute for Complex Problems under the State Committee for Science and Technology (VNII KP USSR). He had the status of a military unit.
In 2009, the institute was reorganized and reassigned to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.
Directors:
- Evgeny Mikhailovich Kozhokin (1994-2009)
- Leonid Petrovich Reshetnikov (2009-2017)
- Mikhail Efimovich Fradkov (since January 4, 2017).
Archive of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation
Departmental medals
Gallery
Notable collaborators
see also
Notes
- Kolpakidi A.I., Prokhorov D.P. GRU Empire. Essays on the history of Russian military intelligence. - M. : OLMA-PRESS, 2000. - T. 1. - 462 p. - 15,000 copies. - ISBN 5-224-00600-7, 5-224-00766-6.
- Spionage gegen Deutschland - Aktuelle Entwicklungen Stand: November 2008. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. (German)
- Federal Law "On Foreign Intelligence" dated January 10, 1996 No. 5-FZ (indefinite) . Retrieved April 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011.
- Federal Law of November 13, 1996 No. 150-FZ "On Weapons"
- RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal Law "On Foreign Intelligence"
- , Foreign Intelligence of the Russian Federation, p. 409.
- Names of intelligence in various periods of activity
- To the 85th anniversary of foreign intelligence from the INO VChK to the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (indefinite) (unavailable link). Retrieved September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006.
- Text of Decree No. 293 of 12/18/1991, page 1
USSR Central Intelligence Service
55°35′02″ s. sh. 37°31′04″ E d. HGIOL
The headquarters of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is located near the village of Bachurino in the Sosensky settlement of the Novomoskovsk district of Moscow, bordering the Yasenevo district. The complex of the Academy of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia is located in the Khlebnikovsky forest park (Moscow region, Mytishchi district).
The activities of the SVR of Russia are managed.
Story
In December 1991, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service proclaimed itself the official successor to the First Chief Directorate of the KGB of the USSR (PSU KGB of the USSR) and (CSR of the USSR).
The SVR of Russia emphasizes its historical role as a successor to the traditions of the special services of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union: VChK SNK RSFSR - GPU NKVD RSFSR - MGB - KGB. As a result of the collapse of the USSR and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the question arose of a radical reorganization of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (CSR USSR).
Also, the activities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia are regulated on the basis of:
Place of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia in the system of state bodies of Russia
The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is a federal service, an executive body of Russia, the management of which is carried out directly by the President of the Russian Federation. This status of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service was established by Decree No. 1185 of 10/07/1992 by President Boris Yeltsin.
- political intelligence- searching for and receiving data of a preemptive nature about the foreign policy intentions of foreign powers, international and socio-political organizations, leading foreign political leaders; conducting operations and activities that contribute to the goals of Russian foreign policy in the international arena.
- economic intelligence- obtaining information on all issues of the economic activity of foreign policy players and their economic and financial structures, the situation on the markets for currencies, raw materials, precious metals, etc., of interest to Russia, as well as organizing and conducting events aimed at creating a favorable environment for Russian foreign economic interests, for the development of effective foreign economic cooperation, the conclusion of profitable trade and economic transactions and agreements, etc.
- scientific and technical intelligence- obtaining data on foreign scientific and technological achievements with a priority in the field of monitoring the activities of foreign states in the development of fundamentally new types of weapons, in order to maintain Russian scientific and technical thought at the modern level, justified selection of the most promising areas of development and programs of national research centers , increasing the technological equipment of industry, etc.
Official Russian sources
The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR of Russia), according to the federal law of the Russian Federation, is designed to protect the security of the individual, society and the Russian state from external threats.
The SVR of Russia carries out intelligence activities in order to:
- providing the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly and the Government with the intelligence information they need to make decisions in the political, economic, military-strategic, scientific, technical and environmental fields;
- providing conditions conducive to the successful implementation of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of security;
- promoting economic development, scientific and technological progress of the country and military-technical security of the Russian Federation.
To this end, the Federal Law "On Foreign Intelligence" (January 10, 1996 No. 5-FZ) grants the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation powers, including confidential cooperation with persons who have given their consent to this.
In the process of intelligence activities, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service has the right to use overt and covert methods and means, without causing harm to human life and health and causing damage to the environment. The procedure for using these methods and means is determined by the laws and other regulations of the Russian Federation.
Intelligence information is provided to the President of the Russian Federation, the chambers of the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive and judicial authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations designated by the President of the Russian Federation.
The leaders of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service are personally responsible to the President of the Russian Federation for the reliability, objectivity of intelligence information and the timeliness of its provision.
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Measures to Counter Terrorism" dated February 15, 2006, the National Anti-Terrorism Committee (NAC) was created, which included the director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service.
The general leadership of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation (including the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service) is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation.
Western sources
According to published assessments by British and American sources, the actual goals and objectives of Russia's foreign intelligence include: secret financing by Russian intelligence of European parties and foundations in order to "undermine the political integrity" of the European Union, introducing disagreements between EU members on the issue of sanctions against Russia and creating conditions to lift sanctions, the negative impact on NATO's Euro-Atlantic solidarity, the impact on the election process in Western countries, the blocking of the deployment of US missile defense systems in Europe and the creation of conditions for the Russian energy monopoly. Among the far-right parties in Europe that have come under suspicion of secret cooperation and financing through Russian intelligence channels, according to The Telegraph newspaper, are the Hungarian nationalist party Jobbik, the Italian League of the North, the Greek Golden Dawn, the French National Front. According to the conclusions of Wilhelm Unge, chief counterintelligence analyst of Sweden, modern Russian intelligence officers are much more educated and usually younger than their Soviet predecessors. The goal of Russian intelligence officers, according to a Swedish analyst, is to acquire secret advanced technologies and recruit citizens of the host country.
Organizational structure
| External images | |
|---|---|
| Structure of the SVR | |
The structure of the Foreign Intelligence Service is adjusted depending on the changing situation and the tasks that arise before the organization. The head of the SVR is the director, who has a first deputy and four deputies in separate areas: for operations, for science, for personnel and for logistics.
In accordance with the law "On Foreign Intelligence" of January 10, 1996, the organizational structure of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service was built, including operational, analytical and functional units (departments, services, independent departments). It includes a mining apparatus, analytical and operational-technical units, which are combined into departments and services.
In general, the structure of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, according to information from the official website, is as follows:
- Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- Group of consultants
- College
- First Deputy Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- Bureau of Public Relations and Media (Press Bureau)
- Director's office
- Protocol department
- Deputy Director for Human Resources
- Deputy Director for Science
- Directorate of scientific and technical intelligence (scientific and technical intelligence)
- Department of Opertechnics
- Office of Informatics
- Deputy Director of Operations
- Operational departments
- Deputy Director for Logistics
- Operation and Support Service
- Office of Analysis and Information
- Office of Foreign Counterintelligence
- Economic Intelligence Directorate
The Board of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia also functions, which includes deputy directors, heads of departments.
Management
Director
The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. In modern Russian history, the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia was headed by:
| № | Full name | Rank | Dates (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Primakov, Evgeny Maksimovich | Civil | 30.09.1991 - 09.01.1996 |
| 2 | Trubnikov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich | Colonel General, General of the Army (01/22/1998) |
10.01.1996 - 20.05.2000 |
| 3 | Lebedev, Sergei Nikolaevich | Colonel General (2000), General of the Army (07.2003) |
20.05.2000 - 09.10.2007 |
| 4 | Fradkov, Mikhail Efimovich | Civil (Reserve Colonel) | 09.10.2007 - 04.10.2016 |
| 5 | Naryshkin, Sergei Evgenievich | Civil (Reserve officer) | from 05.10.2016 - n. in. |
| External images | |
|---|---|
| Headquarters in Yasenevo | |
First Deputy Director
This position was held by:
- Trubnikov Vyacheslav Ivanovich (January 13 - January 10)
- Shcherbakov Aleksey Anatolyevich (January 10 - October 31), in the late 90s he combined with the post of State Secretary of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- Zavershinsky Vladimir Ivanovich (October 31 - July 11), since 2004 he has combined with the post of head of the 1st Service (political intelligence)
- Fadeev Dmitry Leonidovich ( - )
- Lavrentsov Viktor Fedorovich (c)
Deputy directors
Currently, the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia has the following deputies:
- Secretary of State - Balakin Alexander Nikolaevich
- Deputy Director - Maksimovich Mikhail Alexandrovich
- Deputy Director - Bocharnikov V.Yu.
- Deputy Director - Moryakov A.M.
- Deputy Director - Head of Service Gerasimov Sergey Alexandrovich
- Deputy Director - Head of Department - Smolkov A.N.
"Barrier"
The Zaslon unit (OSN Zaslon SVR) was created within the structure of the Center for Internal Security of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service in 1997 (in accordance with a secret decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 03/23/1997) and reached operational readiness in 1998. It included almost three hundred people who were previously engaged in special operations abroad. The division was headed by A. S. Kolosov.
"Barrier" is designed to forcefully respond to threats to the objects of the Service, Russian diplomatic missions abroad and to protect the heads of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service and the Russian Foreign Ministry during their visits to "hot spots".
In some media publications, "Barrier" was described as a reconnaissance and sabotage unit, similar to the "Separate Training Center" (OTC, Vympel group) that existed in the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, so according to the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper: "A similar unit already existed in the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, however, during the Afghan war, it began to perform tasks unusual for intelligence and in 1983 it was withdrawn from the PGU of the KGB of the USSR, transferred to another department of the committee, and a few years later completely collapsed.
According to a number of Russian media reports, in 2003 the Zaslon was used in Iraq and Iran. Oleg Fedoseev, one of the three employees of the Russian embassy in Iraq, who was kidnapped and killed in 2006, was called an employee of Zaslon.
According to the Zvezda TV channel, in early April 2015, Russian Zaslon fighters evacuated the US Embassy in the Yemeni capital Sana'a.
Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
The analytical center of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia was formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 29, 1992 No. 202 from the former All-Union Research Institute for Complex Problems under the State Committee for Science and Technology (VNII KP USSR). He had the status of a military unit.
In 2009, the institute was reorganized and reassigned to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.
Directors:
- Evgeny Mikhailovich Kozhokin (1994-2009)
- Leonid Petrovich Reshetnikov (2009-2017)
- Mikhail Efimovich Fradkov (since January 4, 2017).
Archive of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation
Departmental medals
Gallery
Notable collaborators
see also
Notes
- Kolpakidi A.I., Prokhorov D.P. GRU Empire. Essays on the history of Russian military intelligence. - M. : OLMA-PRESS, 2000. - T. 1. - 462 p. - 15,000 copies. - ISBN 5-224-00600-7, 5-224-00766-6.
- Spionage gegen Deutschland - Aktuelle Entwicklungen Stand: November 2008. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. (German)
- Federal Law "On Foreign Intelligence" dated January 10, 1996 No. 5-FZ (indefinite) . Retrieved April 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011.
- Federal Law of November 13, 1996 No. 150-FZ "On Weapons"
- RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal Law "On Foreign Intelligence"
- , Foreign Intelligence of the Russian Federation, p. 409.
- Names of intelligence in various periods of activity
- To the 85th anniversary of foreign intelligence from the INO VChK to the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (indefinite) (unavailable link). Retrieved September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006.
- Text of Decree No. 293 of 12/18/1991, page 1
The foreign intelligence of Russia today is represented by the foreign intelligence service of the Russian Federation. This is one of the key forces that ensure the security of the citizens of the Russian Federation and the country as a whole from threats coming from other states, organizations and individuals. The abbreviated name of the organization is the SVR of Russia.
Description of the department
The work of the service is to search for and report to the President of the Russian Federation, providing complete and correct information about military, economic and other foreign policy provisions and moods. Based on all the data received, decisions are made to ensure the safety of citizens and the entire country.
The received data is processed, the information is reported directly to the President of the Russian Federation, to whom the Federal Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia is subordinate. The President of the country has the right to remove and appoint the director of the service, who is responsible for the timeliness of the information provided, as well as their reliability.
The main law regulating the work of the special services was adopted in 1996. After the adoption of the law "On Foreign Intelligence", various amendments and changes were made to it from time to time. The date of foundation of the service in Russia can be considered the end of 1920.
History of foreign intelligence
Can't name today the exact date appearance of intelligence activities in Russia. Intelligence was modified, renamed, but it has always been. The history of Russian foreign intelligence (in a more or less modern form) dates back to around 1918.
It was then, after the victory in the October Revolution, that the need arose to protect the interests of the country in foreign policy at the proper level. For the then leadership of the country, the ability to have complete and reliable information about the situation in the world and the balance of power (enemies and allies) was a vital necessity.
It is clear that no negotiations would have made it possible to find out such data, so the task was set: to create a foreign intelligence unit under the leadership of the chairman of the Cheka, F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Yakov Davydov became the head of the unit. The primary task of the head was the development of a work plan for the state and a scheme for the activities of departments. Subsequently, the name and structure of the unit changed several times, but all the main functions of the special services were preserved.
November 1991 was the starting point for intelligence agency as an independent body. After the intelligence exit procedure from the KGB structure, the structure was renamed and reorganized. At the end of the winter of 1991, by decree of the President of the RSFSR, an independent organization was formed - the external intelligence service. At the same time, the old division did not undergo any significant changes, except for a name change.
Soon the service was renamed again, intelligence became known as the SVR of Russia. Yevgeny Primakov, who previously held a similar position in the Soviet Union, came to the post of director of the special service. Primakov was given the task of developing the type, states and system of work in a week. new organization. At the beginning of 1992, the President of the Russian Federation added positions to the staff, appointed deputy directors of the special services.
In fact, all the positions occupied by the CSR of the USSR simply moved to a new structure. Only Lieutenant General Ivan Gorelovsky became a newcomer, who took over the tasks of the administrative and economic direction.
For all the time of work, the department has changed more than 20 chapters and many names. In 1991, Yevgeny Primakov took over the post, in 1996 he was replaced in 2000 by the head of Russia's foreign intelligence service, Sergei Lebedev, appointed director of the Foreign Intelligence Service. In 2007, Mikhail Fradkov came to the position of director. Since October 5, 2016, the post has been occupied by Sergey Naryshkin.
Legislation
The Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is regulated by several laws and their amendments. The first and so far the main law “On Foreign Intelligence” appeared after the collapse of the USSR, in the summer of 1992. Today, a new document from 1996 is in force, with changes made in 2000, 2003, 2004 and 2007.
Additionally, the activities of the service are regulated by laws and additions to them: “On Defense”, “On the Status of Military Personnel”, “On State Secrets”, “On Operational-Search Activities” and some others. Also, the intelligence service is guided and operates in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Service tasks and tools
The main functionality that Russia's foreign intelligence performs today is:
- Creating an environment that will support successful execution political plans of the Russian Federation.
- Support and creation of favorable conditions for economic, military, scientific and other plans of the Russian Federation.
- Search, structuring and processing of information about issues related to the security of the country, plans for its development, intentions of other countries and individual organizations in relation to the Russian Federation.
- Support for the implementation of national security measures.
- A report to the president of the country with the most accurate information about the situation and intentions of the countries in relation to Russia. This report is transmitted personally by the director of foreign intelligence of Russia or his deputy.
- Eliminate the threat of terrorism and take countermeasures.
General leadership is carried out by the president, and all departments report to the director of foreign intelligence.
Service Permissions
The law gives the intelligence service the right to:
- establish contacts with persons to obtain the necessary information, including classified information;
- to classify data and staff;
- use any means that will not harm the life and health of people, the reputation of the country and the environmental situation.
Operational work and its quality are ensured by the structure of the special service.
The structure of the secret service
Today, Russia's foreign intelligence includes various services and departments that perform the functions of rapid response, analytics and information collection. Only the structure of the central apparatus of the service is relatively widely known. The rest of the units, including regional ones and in other countries, have a place to be, but are strictly classified. The management of the special service is represented by the director, board, deputies, as well as various departments and services that provide all the functionality of the work.
The head of foreign intelligence of Russia is subordinate to the President of the country, and manages all divisions of the service. The Collegium of the Foreign Intelligence Service is another important link in the work of the special services. The board meets to solve the main problems and develop plans for intelligence activities, focusing on the current situation. The meeting includes all deputy directors, as well as the heads of each of the special service units.
For public relations, the structure of the service has its own department - the Bureau for Public Relations and Mass Media.
Famous Operations
History has many bright operations of our intelligence officers. Surely not all projects were widely publicized in the media since the service is secret. But those operations that have received wide publicity represent very effective projects:
- "Syndicate-2" - operation of the 20s. on the withdrawal from abroad of the active enemy of the USSR B. Sannikov.
- The operation to decipher the secret messages of the Japanese Foreign Ministry in 1923.
- Operation "Tarantella" 1930-1934, which was carried out in order to control the activities of British intelligence in relation to the USSR.
- Development and creation of the country's nuclear shield.
Thanks to successful operations, most of the employees have nominal awards from the government of the country.
Additional Information
Today, there is a misconception that two important structures that ensure the security of citizens and the country - the FSB and Russia's foreign intelligence - share their duties quite clearly. According to the majority, the SVR deals only with external information, while the FSB deals only with internal information.
In reality, things are a little different. Both services operate both domestically and internationally. The difference between them is not in where, but in how they work to protect the country from terrorist attacks and spies, and the SVR, if not completely, then for the most part, is itself a spy organization.
Today, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is considered one of the best intelligence agencies in the world. A rich history, a strict selection of specialists and many successfully completed tasks confirm this fact.
Any full-fledged state should have special services that are engaged in intelligence activities outside their countries. There is such a service in Russia. It is called the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR RF). For obvious reasons, this service is strictly classified, and therefore learn about it specific activity and the results achieved can only be outlined.
Stages of formation of the foreign intelligence service of Russia
It is generally accepted that the history of Russia's foreign intelligence service begins in the 1920s. It was then that a special unit was created in the structure of the Cheka, called foreign department(INO). Its main task was to create residencies and agent networks outside Soviet Russia. At that time, domestic foreign intelligence officers considered the White Guards who had taken refuge in various foreign countries to be their main enemy.
During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet foreign intelligence, for obvious reasons, began to act differently. At that time, its activities could be divided into two areas. The first direction was that the employees acted in the rear and headquarters of Nazi Germany and its allies, extracting important military information, and thereby contributing to the overall victory. The second direction of the Patriotic foreign intelligence in those years was the organization of sabotage behind enemy lines and the conduct of hostilities.
When did the Great Patriotic War and the Cold War broke out, Soviet foreign intelligence officers were active in Western countries, extracting valuable secret and operational information for the country. It was during this period that the country and the whole world were able to find out the names of some of the most prominent Soviet intelligence officers, such as, for example, Rudolf Abel.
In 1991, when the Soviet Union was living out its last days, and in its place new sovereign states were formed (including Russia), the Central Intelligence Service was formed, soon called the Foreign Intelligence Service. Simultaneously with the renaming, the tasks of the Russian foreign intelligence service also partly changed. It was announced that Russian Service From now on, foreign intelligence will no longer seek to penetrate into all countries, but will work only where there may be interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, at the same time it was stated that the new Russian foreign intelligence should no longer enter into confrontation with similar services of Western countries, but, on the contrary, cooperate with them in every possible way.
It is difficult to say to what extent and in what direction the guidelines, tasks and goals of the Russian foreign intelligence service have changed at the present time due to the secrecy of this service. However, the former SVR colonel Stanislav Lunev recently openly stated that the SVR is currently working against the United States much more actively than it was in the days of cold war. These words of a retired colonel can be found in the public domain. These same words were indirectly confirmed in 1996 by an employee of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service who fled to England and gave the Western intelligence services the coordinates of more than a thousand secret Russian intelligence agents.
Who is in charge of the Foreign Intelligence Service
During the entire existence of the Russian SVR (starting from the 20s of the last century), a total of 33 people were at the head of this organization. History has preserved some names of leaders, other names are known only to the narrowest circle. Some of the leaders lasted long enough in their leadership positions for a long time, others - literally a few months, or even weeks. Some of the leaders later went to other services or retired, some were arrested and shot.
At present, Sergey Evgenievich Naryshkin is at the head of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. Officially, his position is called Director of the SVR. This position corresponds to the rank of General of the Army. Only the President of Russia has the right to appoint the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service. The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service is accountable to him for his service, he can remove the Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service from his post. Army General Naryshkin is the thirty-fourth head of Russia's foreign intelligence. The headquarters of this federal service is located in the Moscow region, its press center is located in Moscow.
General information about the structure of the SVR
In its activities, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is guided by the federal law "On Foreign Intelligence". In accordance with the law, the structure of the SVR consists of:
- Extraction apparatus. The employees of this unit are entrusted with the task of collecting information of interest;
- analytical apparatus. Here employees are engaged in the analysis of the obtained information;
- Operational and technical services;
- support services;
- In addition, the structure includes a system that deals with the training of personnel.
According to the assurances of the leaders of the Foreign Intelligence Service, such a structure is not frozen. On the contrary, it is quite flexible and can change in connection with new tasks and changing situations.
More about the activities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia
- The political direction of Russian intelligence. The duty of the employees of this direction is to obtain all kinds of information relating to one or another aspect of the policy pursued by the governments of other countries. Foreign policy guidelines, intentions and draft laws of foreign governments are of interest to employees this direction primarily. In addition, Russian intelligence officers collect information about the plans and specific activities of foreign and international public and political structures(parties, social movements etc.), and, in addition, the plans, intentions and specific deeds of leading foreign politicians and public figures. Of course, all this is done in order to ensure the interests of Russia;
- Analytical and research direction. Here, the information received is processed, analyzed and summarized, analytical documents are prepared on a particular important issue concerning, first of all, all kinds of global international processes and phenomena. After processing, analytical conclusions are presented to the highest officials of the Russian state;
- Economic direction. Based on the name, the main interest of this service is everything related to the economy of other countries, foreign economic structures and financial institutions. Employees in this area are interested in what is happening in the commodity markets, in the currency and metal markets, etc. The task of economic intelligence officers also includes the creation of favorable conditions for Russia, under which Russia could achieve success in foreign economic activity;
- Scientific and technical direction. Here, employees are called upon to find proactive information about all sorts of technical as well as scientific innovations. Of primary interest are various innovations associated with the invention of new weapons;
- Foreign Intelligence Service. The first responsibility of this service is to ensure the safe stay of Russian officials and citizens abroad. The Foreign Intelligence Service counteracts the intelligence services of other countries, as well as criminal structures that can harm the country. Recently, this service also opposes organized international criminal communities (drug business, terrorism, illegal distribution of all types of weapons, human trafficking, etc.).
Powers of the Foreign Intelligence Service
The SVR has many specific powers that federal legislation has given it:
- The right to recruit agents, involving in the cooperation of persons who voluntarily agreed to this;
- Encrypt your employees without disclosing where and by whom they actually work;
- Issue special documents to encrypted employees, which indicate that they work in institutions and firms that are not related to the SVR;
- Carrying out intelligence activities, the service interacts with the federal executive authorities of all levels, if necessary;
- Ensures the safety of state secrets and prevents its leakage;
- Ensures the safe stay of Russian officials and other citizens of the Russian Federation during their stay outside of Russia;
- Maintains the security of persons admitted to state secrets during their foreign business trips;
- The Service has the right to interact with similar services of other states. The procedure for such interaction is stipulated in Russian federal laws;
- It has the right to create special educational institutions, institutions where the qualifications of its employees are improved, to establish research institutes, archives, to issue special printed publications;
- Provides own security in accordance with applicable law;
- The service can create all sorts of organizational structures if it believes that they will help it more effectively fulfill the duties assigned to the service.
All of these powers are legally enshrined in the federal law "On Foreign Intelligence".
Protection of employees of the Foreign Intelligence Service by law
The state provides protection for all categories of SVR employees. No one, except for the immediate superiors, has the right to interfere with the official activities of the SVR employees or interfere with the performance of their official duties. This is stated in the mentioned law "On Foreign Intelligence".
The same applies to persons who confidentially cooperate with the Foreign Intelligence Service. Any information about such persons, as well as all the nuances associated with cooperation, are state secrets and are never subject to declassification. If necessary, such persons, as well as members of their families, may be taken under special protection.
How can you become an employee of the SVR
To become a scout, you need to graduate from a special educational institution - the Academy of Foreign Intelligence. Requirements for future scouts are as follows:
- Age from 22 to 30 years;
- Higher humanitarian or technical education;
- Excellent physical health;
- The absence of triples and "unsuccess" during the last year of study at an educational institution where the candidate for intelligence officers received higher education;
- Outstanding ability to foreign languages;
- Excellent knowledge of the Russian language;
- High general educational, scientific, technical, political and general cultural training;
- sincere patriotism;
- Sincere and justified desire to work in intelligence;
- The ability to think logically both orally and in writing, as well as the ability to clearly express thoughts on paper;
- Lack of psychological shifts (extremism, adventurism, religious extremism).
After passing a medical and psychological examination, candidates for admission to the Academy appear before a special commission, which, as a result of an interview, determines how well the candidate speaks Russian, as well as what his abilities for foreign languages are. Based on the results of the interview, the commission issues a conclusion, which indicates the positive and negative aspects of the candidate. Then the candidate receives advice on how best to eliminate his negative properties, after which the decision of the commission on the admission of the candidate to study at the academy is announced, or the candidate is reasonably denied admission.
Current state of the Foreign Intelligence Service
According to domestic experts, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is currently at its best. In support of their words, they present the following arguments.
First, the SVR managed to avoid the reorganizations that other Russian power structures underwent. Secondly, the professionalism of Russian intelligence officers has risen to an extremely high level in recent years. At present, the SVR is a highly professional, law-abiding structure not influenced by any particular ideology, capable of performing tasks of the highest level.
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federal state autonomous educational institution higher professional education
"SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"
Humanitarian Institute
Department of History of Russia
by Organization public institutions Russia
topic: Foreign Intelligence Service RRussianFfederation
Lecturer Lushchaeva G.M.
Student II14-06B 151407196 Chashchin A.S.
Krasnoyarsk 2015
- Introduction
- 1. Structure of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation
- 2. Intelligence for the Elimination of Emergencies
- 3. Goals and tasks of the SVR
- 4. Powers of the SVR
- 5. History of the SVR
- 6. Symbols of the SVR
- Conclusion
- List of sources used
Introduction
The SVR of Russia is an agency responsible for identifying threats to national security. It has been in existence for over 90 years. During this period of time, she has done a lot for our state. Before Russian intelligence officers always stand important tasks for the security of our country.
This service has gone through a heroic combat path and is deservedly considered one of the best intelligence services in the world. She was made this way by unique people - known and unknown intelligence officers, professionals in their field with special qualities. Exploration at all times has been and remains a highly intellectual occupation that requires complete dedication, perseverance and determination in solving the most complex problems in various parts of the world.
1. Structure of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation
In accordance with today's intelligence doctrine, Russia's foreign intelligence abandoned globalism in the 90s.
If during the period of confrontation between West and East, intelligence was conducted in almost all countries of the world where the intelligence services of the United States and other NATO countries were present, at present, the SVR operates only in those regions where Russia has genuine, not imaginary interests.
Russia's SVR believes that it has no major or minor opponents. In addition, at present, intelligence is moving from confrontation with the special services of various countries to interaction and cooperation in areas where their interests coincide (the fight against international terrorism, drug smuggling, the problem of arms proliferation mass destruction etc.). Of course, this interaction is not comprehensive and does not exclude the conduct of reconnaissance on the territory of certain countries, based on the national interests of Russia.
Based on these principles and in accordance with the law "On Foreign Intelligence", adopted in December 1995, the current organizational structure of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service was built. It includes:
operational;
analytical;
Functional subdivisions (departments, services, independent departments).
The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation.
On October 9, 2007, Mikhail Efimovich Fradkov was appointed Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
A complete list of intelligence leaders throughout history from the moment of creation to the present is available on the SVR website.
To discuss emerging problems and develop an intelligence policy in relation to the current situation, the Collegium of the Foreign Intelligence Service, which includes deputy directors of foreign intelligence, heads of operational, analytical and functional units, regularly meets.
In accordance with applicable law, additional information about structural divisions and heads of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service cannot be published.
2. Intelligence for the Elimination of Emergencies
Intelligence in the system of civil defense and during the elimination of emergencies in peacetime (hereinafter referred to as intelligence in the interests of eliminating emergencies) is a set of measures taken by the command, headquarters, management bodies, services and formations of civil defense to obtain, collect and study information about the situation in the centers of destruction, areas of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes, identification of the epidemiological, sanitary-hygienic and epizootic state of areas, settlements.
Intelligence for emergency situations has several important features. One of them is that in connection with the possibility of an emergency, it must be carried out continuously, at any time of the year and day, in any weather. Its other feature is the versatility of tasks, both in peacetime and war time. The third feature is that intelligence in the interests of eliminating emergencies is organized on an interdepartmental basis, with the involvement of the forces and means of a number of ministries and departments. Unlike military intelligence, there are also advantages: one and the same territory; there is no opposition from the enemy; there is no need for secrecy.
Intelligence in the interests of liquidation of emergency situations, as a process, includes:
The activities of the governing bodies for its organization;
Direct actions of intelligence units to obtain the necessary information;
The work of the governing bodies for the collection, processing and study of the collected information, the preparation of conclusions;
Communicating data on the situation in terms of relevant to interested parties.
The purpose of intelligence in the interests of eliminating emergencies is to obtain the data necessary to make a decision on the ASDNR and measures to protect people, as well as timely notification of the population about possible (emerged) emergencies.
Intelligence tasks depend on the situation. Four groups of intelligence tasks can be distinguished:
1. In everyday peacetime conditions:
Continuous monitoring and laboratory control of the state of the environment and timely detection of radiation, chemical, biological (RCB) contamination of air, water, soil, etc.;
Identification of sources of dangerous RCB contamination of environmental objects and constant monitoring of them;
Identification of signs of an impending emergency threat.
2. In the event of an emergency in peacetime, reconnaissance is conducted continuously from the moment information is received about the occurrence of an emergency until the elimination of the emergency. When conducting reconnaissance, it is established:
The presence and nature of the threat to people, their location, ways, methods and means of salvation (protection), as well as the possibility of protection (evacuation of property);
The main characteristics of emergency hazards and ways of their spread;
Possibility of secondary manifestations of hazardous factors of emergencies, including those due to the peculiarities of the terrain, technology and organization of production at the facility of occurrence of emergencies;
Availability and location of the nearest means suitable for liquidation of emergency situations, possible technologies for their use;
The presence in the emergency zone of objects of increased danger (electrical installations under voltage, explosive, chemical substances etc.), the possibility and expediency of their neutralization or withdrawal from the emergency zone;
The state of building structures in the emergency zone, their features that affect the course of conducting ASDNR;
Possible ways of introducing forces and means for carrying out ASDNR and other data necessary for choosing a decisive course of action;
The need to provide emergency medical and psychological assistance to victims;
Sufficiency of forces and means involved in the ASDNR.
If necessary, depending on the situation, other necessary actions are taken.
Reconnaissance is carried out by the head of the liquidation of emergency situations, other persons on his behalf, as well as officials heading the ASDNR in the area of \u200b\u200bwork assigned to them.
When organizing intelligence, the head of the liquidation of emergency situations:
Determines the directions of intelligence and personally conducts it in the most difficult and responsible direction;
Establishes the number and composition of reconnaissance groups, sets tasks for them, determines the means used and the order of communication, as well as the special equipment and equipment necessary for reconnaissance;
Establishes security measures for personnel during reconnaissance and organizes control over their implementation;
Establishes the procedure for transmitting information obtained during reconnaissance.
3. When there is a threat of enemy attack:
Enhanced surveillance and laboratory control;
Control over the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the areas of deployment of civil defense forces and in areas of resettlement;
Clarification of the condition of roads in the directions of the introduction of military defense forces into the foci of destruction and on evacuation routes.
4. After an enemy attack:
Determining the types of use of weapons, areas and objects of impact;
Identification of the RCB situation at strike targets and in hazardous areas;
Search for people in need of help (in buildings, structures, etc.), determining their condition and ways to help them;
Clarification of the situation in the areas of location of the civil defense forces and resettlement;
Determination of the state of the road network and road structures on the routes of the entry of civil defense forces and the evacuation of the population;
Identification of the situation at potentially hazardous facilities, the state of power and communication lines, railway, highway and water communications, utility networks and the amount of ASDNR on them;
Conducting surveillance and search for victims during the ASDNR.
Depending on the specific conditions the scope and content of reconnaissance tasks in the interests of liquidation of emergencies may change.
Intelligence objects in the interests of liquidation of emergency situations are: types of weapons of a potential enemy and the consequences of their use; production and natural springs occurrence of emergencies; environmental objects (air, water, soil, vegetation, etc.); cities, settlements, individual buildings and structures, areas of terrain in the centers of destruction, zones of catastrophic flooding and disaster areas; shelters, PRU and other places of accumulation of people in need of assistance; routes for advancing emergency response forces to the sites of the ASDNR; routes of evacuation of the population; disabled communications and facilities of utility services (water, energy, heat supply, sewerage, etc.); areas of resettlement of the evacuated population and the location of emergency response forces.
Basic requirements for intelligence: continuity, activity, purposefulness, timeliness, sufficiency, completeness and accuracy of intelligence data.
Types of intelligence. Depending on the scope of action, reconnaissance in the interests of eliminating emergencies is divided into: ground, air and river (sea). The main type is ground reconnaissance.
According to the depth of control and goals, a distinction is made between overview and detailed reconnaissance.
According to the specifics of the identified tasks, reconnaissance can be general and special.
General intelligence organized by the OU GO and the RSChS in order to obtain data on the situation that is necessary for the development and adoption by the relevant chiefs of decisions on the organization of the protection of the population and the conduct of the ASDNR.
In the course of conducting reconnaissance, the following are established:
a) in peacetime: place, time and nature of the emergency; indicative data on the victims and those in need of assistance, the nature of the destruction, flooding and contamination of the area; approximate boundaries of the disaster area within which it is necessary to take measures to protect and rescue the population; estimated volume of rescue and other urgent works;
b) after an enemy attack: type of weapon; coordinates of nuclear and conventional strikes; strike time, basic parameters; the nature and degree of destruction of settlements, hydraulic structures, nuclear power facilities, chemical dangerous objects and etc.; approximate boundaries of zones (regions) of dangerous RCB contamination, flooding and increased fire danger; indicative data on population losses; estimated amount of ASDNR; the state of the routes for the advancement of emergency response forces to the places of work and the removal of the evacuated population.
Special Intelligence is carried out in order to obtain complete data: on the nature of RCB contamination of the area, water sources, food, etc.; about the nature of the destruction; about the fire situation; about the medical, epidemiological, veterinary and phytopathological situation; on the volume, nature and methods of carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work.
Special intelligence is organized by departmental authorities, chiefs of rescue services, etc.
The main types of special intelligence are: radiation, chemical, engineering, fire, medical, biological, veterinary, phytopathological intelligence. All these types of intelligence are closely related.
The main methods of intelligence are: observation (visual with optical instruments; technical with technical means express information); direct inspection; search (using special devices and service dogs); laboratory research; photography (air and ground); video documentation; television surveillance; study of urban development plans, technical documentation utility networks, project documentation buildings and structures; survey of local residents.
The choice of reconnaissance method depends on the conditions of the situation and the nature of the tasks to be performed. In this case, reconnaissance is often carried out by combined methods.
The composition of the forces and means of reconnaissance includes:
Institutions of a network of observation and laboratory control;
Intelligence units of formations and units of the defense forces;
Intelligence territorial and organizations of the NASF;
Reconnaissance formations of rescue services;
Chemical and radiometric laboratories of the administrative bodies for civil emergency situations and military units civil defense;
reconnaissance aircraft and civil aviation helicopters;
Links of river (sea) reconnaissance;
Reconnaissance units on railway vehicles;
Space vehicles.
The forces and means of the military command, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and special departmental structures can be involved in the performance of intelligence tasks.
Reconnaissance assets: transport (carrier), special devices and laboratories (by types of special intelligence), surveillance devices, means of documenting and processing information, means of communication and information transmission, means of protection, robotic complexes.
In the process of organizing intelligence the following main tasks are solved:
Definition of goals, objectives and objects of intelligence;
Distribution in accordance with this available forces and means;
Definition of tasks for reconnaissance formations;
Preparation of reconnaissance formations for action and bringing to them the tasks of conducting reconnaissance;
Organization of support for the actions of reconnaissance formations and interaction in the performance of assigned tasks;
Organization of management of the actions of reconnaissance formations and control;
Organization of collection and processing of intelligence information, timely report to their superiors.
3. Goals and tasks of the SVR
The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (SVR of Russia) is integral part security forces and is designed to protect the security of the individual, society and the state from external threats.
The SVR carries out intelligence activities in order to:
· providing the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly and the Government with the intelligence information they need to make decisions in the political, economic, military-strategic, scientific, technical and environmental fields;
· providing conditions conducive to the successful implementation of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of security;
· assistance to economic development, scientific and technical progress of the country and military-technical security of the Russian Federation.
To achieve these goals, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Foreign Intelligence" provides the Foreign Intelligence Service with a number of powers. Including, the establishment on a confidential basis of cooperation relations with persons who voluntarily agreed to this, and the implementation of measures to encrypt the personnel.
In the process of reconnaissance activities, the Foreign Intelligence Service can use overt and covert methods and means that should not harm the life and health of people and cause damage to the environment. The procedure for using covert methods and means is determined by federal laws and regulatory legal acts of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation.
The general leadership of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation (including the Foreign Intelligence Service) is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation.
Intelligence information is provided to the President of the Russian Federation, the chambers of the Federal Assembly, the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive and judicial authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations designated by the President.
The heads of the Foreign Intelligence Service are personally responsible to the President of the Russian Federation for the reliability, objectivity of intelligence information and the timeliness of its provision.
The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is a member of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee (NAC) (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Measures to Counter Terrorism" dated February 15, 2006) and a member and presidium of the "Interdepartmental Commission for Combating Extremism in the Russian Federation" (Decree President of the Russian Federation "On the Interdepartmental Commission for Combating Extremism in the Russian Federation" dated July 29, 2011).
The Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation takes part in meetings of the Meeting of the Heads of the Security Agencies and Intelligence Services of the CIS Member States on Intelligence Activities.
On the Meeting of the Heads of Security Agencies and Intelligence Services of the CIS Member States on Intelligence Activities
December 2000 is the starting point for the Conference of Heads of Security Agencies and Intelligence Services of the CIS Member States on Intelligence Activities. Then, at the Moscow meeting of the heads of the intelligence services of the Commonwealth countries, the Agreement “On the principles and main directions of cooperation between the security agencies of the intelligence services of the CIS member states in the field of intelligence activities” (the updated Alma-Ata Agreement) was signed, the participants of which were the special services of all CIS countries, with the exception of Turkmenistan, and approved the “Regulations on the Meeting of the Heads of Security Agencies and Intelligence Services of the CIS Member States on Intelligence Activities”.
In accordance with the Regulations, the Meeting is a permanent advisory body. The participants of the Conference are the heads of the security agencies and intelligence services that have concluded the Agreement. The main form of work is the meetings of its participants, held on a regular basis on the territory of the Conference participating states, at which topical issues of multilateral cooperation are discussed, recommendations are prepared for the implementation of the provisions of the Agreement. The results of the discussion of the issues included in the agenda are advisory in nature.
The decisions made made it possible to use the principle of multilateral partnership, which most fully met the interests of the development of positive integration trends of the Commonwealth. Meetings of heads of security agencies and intelligence services of the CIS member states began to be held annually both in Russia and other Commonwealth countries (Sochi, Alma-Ata, Minsk, Kyiv, Chisinau, Baku, Dushanbe, Moscow will receive guests for the sixth time).
The annual meetings of the Conference allow:
In principle, assess the emerging international situation, issues of regional security, identify threats affecting the Commonwealth and each of the participating countries, discuss actual problems requiring closer coordination of actions;
To accumulate and develop the experience of cooperation between sovereign intelligence services, to prove in practice the evidence of mutually beneficial partnership, to conduct a constructive exchange of views on ways to further improve the mechanisms and organizational forms of interaction.
The Tribune of the Conference is considered by its participants as a convenient platform for expressing the position of their departments on the issues included in the agenda, as well as for making their own initiatives and specific proposals.
The statements (memorandums) adopted at the end of the meetings formulated the approaches developed by the Meeting to the problems discussed, outlined the forms and methods for their solution based on further deepening of interaction between partner services.
The meetings held were invariably in the field of view of the top leadership of the participating countries. The practice of receiving heads of delegations by the president of the state where the meeting is held has developed. The forums are attended by representatives of the political leadership and power structures receiving side. The heads of state are reported on the results of the meetings, the decisions taken and the agreements reached.
The bilateral and multilateral contacts of the heads of special services held within the framework of the Conference are productive and rich. They make it possible to exchange views on a wide range of issues, discuss "acute" and "delicate" issues, provide partners with up-to-date information on certain topics of interest to them, and agree on holding joint events in various areas operational activities. Bilateral meetings are also useful in terms of establishing personal contacts with the newly appointed heads of partner intelligence services, clarifying their positions on a wide range operational, political and organizational issues.
In combination with the work of other forums in the line of the Security Councils, counterintelligence and other special agencies and defense departments, the activities of the Conference make it possible to create an integral picture in the multifaceted process of ensuring the security of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Today it can be stated that on the Conference platform, in full accordance with the basic principles of the CIS - equality, independence and maximum consideration of the interests of each participant, a reliable mechanism is being formed mutually beneficial cooperation designed to become an important part of interstate relations.
In a difficult period of significant changes in foreign policy and the world economy, the globalization of challenges and threats, the intelligence services are faced with the task of improving the quality and effectiveness of work in all their main areas of activity. Combining efforts allows more rational use of available resources and achieve better results. The meeting is the best platform to give additional impetus to the cooperation processes.
4. Powers of the SVR
The powers of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service are defined by Article 6 federal law"Foreign intelligence". In order to achieve the goals of intelligence activities, the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation are granted the following powers:
1. Establishment on a confidential basis of cooperation relations with persons who voluntarily agreed to this;
2. Implementation of measures to encrypt the staff and organize its activities using other departmental affiliation for these purposes;
3. Use for the purpose of secrecy of documents that encrypt the identity of staff members, departmental affiliation of units, organizations, premises and Vehicle foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation;
4. Interaction with federal executive authorities engaged in counterintelligence activities and federal state security agencies of the Russian Federation;
5. Conclusion with federal executive authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations of the Russian Federation of agreements necessary for the implementation of intelligence activities;
6. Organization and provision within its competence of the protection of state secrets in institutions of the Russian Federation located outside the territory of the Russian Federation, including determining the procedure for the implementation of physical and engineering protection of these institutions, measures to prevent leakage through technical channels of information constituting a state secret;
7. Ensuring the safety of employees of institutions of the Russian Federation located outside the territory of the Russian Federation, and members of their families in the host state;
8. Ensuring the safety of citizens of the Russian Federation sent outside the territory of the Russian Federation, who, by the nature of their activities, have access to information constituting a state secret, and members of their families who are with them;
9. Interaction with the intelligence and counterintelligence services of foreign states in the manner prescribed by this Federal Law;
10. Creation of special educational institutions, institutions for advanced training, research organizations and archives, issue of special editions;
11. Ensuring one's own security, that is, protecting one's forces, means and information from illegal actions and threats;
12. Creation of organizational structures (divisions and organizations) necessary for the functioning of the foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation. In order to carry out its activities, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation may, under its own licensing and certification, acquire, develop (with the exception of cryptographic means of protection), create, operate information systems, communication systems and data transmission systems, as well as means of protecting information from leakage through technical channels.
5. History of the SVR
intelligence russia peaceful attack
The 1990s were tragic for the USSR. In December 1991, the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A new period in the history of Russia has begun. Changed her international position, its connections with foreign countries. The new situation required new approaches in the international arena.
Foreign intelligence, as one of the policy instruments in the current situation, could not remain in its former form. It was necessary to rethink the intelligence doctrine, to develop a new concept of conducting intelligence activities, corresponding to the prevailing realities.
Intelligence does not formulate its own tasks, they are determined by the country's leadership, based on national interests. Intelligence is conducted in those and only those regions where Russia's interests are present.
The main tasks and activities of foreign intelligence in the 90s.
The activities of the Foreign Intelligence Service are regulated by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Foreign Intelligence", which entered into force on December 8, 1995.
According to the law, "foreign intelligence of the Russian Federation is an integral part of the security forces of the Russian Federation and is designed to protect the security of the individual, society and the state from external threats using the methods and means specified by the Law."
The need for intelligence activities is determined higher authorities legislative and executive power, based on the impossibility or inexpediency of ensuring the country's security in other ways.
In accordance with the intelligence doctrine, Russia's foreign intelligence in the 90s abandoned globalism. If during the period of confrontation between the West and the East, foreign intelligence was conducted in almost all countries of the world where the intelligence services of the United States and other NATO countries were present, then at present the SVR operates only in those regions where Russia has genuine, not imaginary interests.
Russia's SVR believes that it has no major or minor opponents. In addition, intelligence is currently moving from confrontation with the special services of various countries to interaction and cooperation in areas where their interests coincide (the fight against international terrorism, drug smuggling, the problem of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc.).
Of course, this interaction is not comprehensive and does not exclude the conduct of reconnaissance on the territory of certain countries, based on the national interests of Russia.
Currently, exploration is carried out in five main areas:
political;
economic;
defense;
· scientific and technical;
ecological.
In the field of political intelligence, the SVR faces the following tasks:
· receive proactive information about the policy of the main countries in the international arena, especially in relation to Russia; protection of the national interests of the country;
· monitor the development of crisis situations in the "hot spots" of the planet, which could pose a threat to the national security of the country;
· obtain information about the attempts of individual countries to create new types of weapons, especially nuclear ones, capable of posing a threat to the territory of Russia and the CIS countries;
· through its channels to provide active assistance to the implementation of Russia's foreign policy.
In the field of economic intelligence, the Foreign Intelligence Service is faced with the task of protecting Russia's economic interests, obtaining secret information about the reliability of our country's trade and economic partners, the activities of international economic and financial organizations that affect Russia's interests, and ensuring the country's economic security.
In terms of scientific and technical intelligence, the tasks of the Foreign Intelligence Service have practically remained the same. They consist in obtaining the latest achievements in the field of science and technology, especially military technologies, which can help strengthen the defense capability of our country.
The structure of foreign intelligence.
On November 25, 1991, the Decree of the President of the USSR approved the "Regulations on the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR". PGU KGB (foreign intelligence) was separated from the Committee of State Security and transformed into an independent service. Intelligence, thus, withdrew from the law enforcement system. On December 13, 1991, for the first time in the practice of Russian foreign intelligence, the Bureau for Public Relations and Funds was created. mass media. The CSR of the USSR lasted until December 18, 1991.
By Decree of the President of Russia dated December 18, 1991, the Central Intelligence Service was renamed the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation.
In 1992, the law "On Foreign Intelligence" was adopted, and the "Regulations on the Foreign Intelligence Service" were approved. Foreign intelligence has become a legitimate form of state activity, its powers have been fixed, its place in the security system of Russia has been determined, and direct subordination to the president of the country has been established. In December 1995, approved new edition law on foreign intelligence.
The organizational structure of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, built in accordance with this law, includes operational, analytical and functional units.
In general, the structure of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service is as follows:
Heads of foreign intelligence
On September 30, 1991, Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov was appointed Director of Foreign Intelligence (at that time PGU of the KGB of the USSR). From December 1991 to January 1996 E.M. Primakov - Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation.
By decree of the President of Russia on January 10, 1996, Vyacheslav Ivanovich Trubnikov was appointed Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service, who headed the Foreign Intelligence Service until May 2000. Army General.
On May 20, 2000, Sergei Nikolaevich Lebedev was appointed Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. Military rank-- army General. He headed the SVR until October 2007.
On October 9, 2007, by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Mikhail Efimovich Fradkov was appointed Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service.
Foreign intelligence at the present stage.
On April 4, 1993, in Alma-Ata, the heads of intelligence agencies of the CIS countries signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of foreign intelligence. In accordance with it, the intelligence services of these republics refused to conduct intelligence activities in relation to each other and agreed to exchange intelligence information on issues affecting their national interests. The Baltic Republics do not participate in this agreement.
After 1991, there was a significant reduction in the central and foreign intelligence apparatus, by about 30-40%. Over 30 residencies were closed, mostly in Africa, South-East Asia, in Latin America.
At the same time, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service expanded the geography of partnership and cooperation with the special services of various countries, including England, the USA, Germany, South Korea, Argentina, etc., on issues affecting common interests (terrorism, drug trafficking, WMD proliferation, ecology).
For the first time in the practice of foreign intelligence, the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, starting in 1992, began to make open foreign intelligence reports (“A new challenge after the Cold War: the proliferation of WMD”, “Russia - the CIS: does the position of the West need to be adjusted?”, “ non-proliferation treaty nuclear weapons. Problems of extension” and others.
The leaders of the SVR regularly speak at briefings for Russian and foreign journalists, give them interviews, which was not typical of foreign intelligence in the past.
This does not contradict the law on foreign intelligence. It provides for measures to protect information about the intelligence service, its personnel and agents, which constitute a state secret.
The materials presented to the mass media about the activities of the Foreign Intelligence Service must not contain information constituting a state or other secret protected by law. Information affecting the privacy, honor and dignity of citizens, which became known to intelligence in the course of its activities, is not subject to disclosure. Information about the personnel affiliation to intelligence of this or that citizen of Russia or a foreigner who assisted intelligence is not commented on.
At present, it is too early to talk about specific operations of the Foreign Intelligence Service in the 1990s. In accordance with the Law on State Secrets, certain information on this subject can only be declassified after fifty years. However, it can be said that by the mid-1990s, foreign intelligence had managed to overcome organizational difficulties caused by changes in its structures, functions, and operating conditions, and was successfully solving the tasks it faced.
6. Symbols of the SVR
The emblem of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is a golden double-headed eagle with raised spreading wings, crowned with two small crowns and above them - one large crown connected by a ribbon.
In the claws of an eagle are a diagonally crossed silver sword and a flaming torch. On the chest of the eagle is a round shield, bound with silver, with a radial notch and twelve golden fasteners.
The field of the shield is blue (cornflower blue). In the field of the shield is a silver five-pointed shining star, in the center of which is a blue image the globe with golden parallels and meridians.
The flag of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation is a rectangular panel, which depicts a four-pointed blue (cornflower blue) cross with expanding ends and with equally divided white-red corners between the ends of the cross. The white halves of the corners adjoin the vertical ends of the cross.
In the center of the cloth is a heraldic sign - the emblem of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is two to three. The ratio of the height of the emblem to the width of the flag is one to two.
The banner of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation consists of a double-sided panel, a staff, a pommel, a staple, a drain and banner nails. A set with a banner may also include banner ribbons, pantaler and a banner case. The banner's cloth is rectangular, red, with a blue (cornflower blue) border and a narrow white outer border. The banner's cloth and border are sheathed with golden braid. A golden braided ornament runs along the blue border, golden stars are embroidered on the white border.
On the front side of the banner, in the center, is the main figure State Emblem Russian Federation: a golden double-headed eagle with spread wings.
The eagle is crowned with two small crowns and above them - one large crown connected by a ribbon.
In the right paw of the eagle is a scepter, in the left is an orb. On the chest of the eagle is a red shield, on which is depicted a silver rider in a blue cloak on a silver horse, striking a black dragon overturned and trampled on his horse with a silver spear.
7. Director of the SVR
Fradkov Mikhail Efimovich - Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation.
Born on September 1, 1950 in the Kuibyshev region. Graduated from the Moscow Machine Tool Institute, Academy of Foreign Trade.
Since 1973, he worked in the apparatus of the economic adviser to the USSR Embassy in India. At the end of a business trip abroad in 1975, he worked for more than 15 years at leadership positions in the system of the USSR State Committee for Foreign Economic Relations (GKES) and the Ministry of Foreign economic ties USSR. Since 1991 - Senior Advisor to the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN in Geneva. Since October 1992 - Deputy Minister, First Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation. From April 1997 to March 1998 - Minister. In May 1999, he was appointed Minister of Trade of the Russian Federation.
Since May 2000 - First Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, in charge of economic security issues. In March 2001, he headed the Federal Tax Police Service. In March 2003, he was appointed Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Union. On March 5, 2004, he was approved by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.
Candidate of Economic Sciences, has the diplomatic rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
Speaks English and Spanish.
Married. Wife - Elena Olegovna, an engineer-economist by education, is not currently working.
Has two adult sons.
Conclusion
Foreign intelligence was active in all regions in which there were political, economic and other interests of the USSR. great attention focused on identifying the position of the main Western countries in relation to our country. Thanks to the coordination of intelligence efforts with the special services of the socialist countries, she obtained the most important information on all issues of interest to the authorities.
Foreign intelligence made an important contribution to the information support of the agreements between the USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia with the FRG, and to the signing of the Helsinki agreements on cooperation in Europe.
Scientific and technical intelligence was actively conducted. The developments of the latest models of equipment in developed countries were regularly transferred to the national economy of the country, and many of them were introduced.
Intelligence tracked negative trends for the USSR in the development of the situation in various regions of the world, signs of a crisis in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and other regions of the world. The information received through intelligence channels allowed the country's leadership to be aware of events in advance and take necessary measures to prevent negative consequences for the USSR.
We have told you about the main episodes of the 80-year history of Russia's foreign intelligence. Of course, many facts and events were not included in our story, and it is not yet time to talk about even more of them.
Leafing through the heroic and sometimes tragic pages of the country's main secret service, one can conclude that foreign intelligence officers have something to be proud of. At all times and in all circumstances, scouts, often at the risk of their lives, performed their duty, ensuring the peaceful life of our people.
A special place in the history of intelligence is occupied by the repressions of the 1930s, which inflicted serious damage on its ranks.
Never in the past, and even more so today, have our scouts prepared aggression. They have never faced such challenges. If the scouts took risks, sacrificing their lives, it was only to protect our country from enemy invasion.
List of sources used
1. Bondarenko A. Yu. Intelligence without Fiction and shots. M.: Kuchkovo field, 2009. 288 p.
2. Blagodarov K. On the demographic situation and health care reform in Russia / K. Blagodarov // Business Tuesday. - 2006. - No. 2, 452 p.
3. Vyalkov A.I. On the tasks of the Ministry of Health of Russia for the development of health care in the Russian Federation for the medium term / A.I. Vyalkov // Health care of Russia: Federal reference book. - M.: Rodina PRO, 2003. 460 p.
4. Dolgopolov N. Legendary scouts / N. Dolgopolov - M .: Young Guard 2015. - 59 p.
5. Antonov V. S., Karpov V. N. Masters of intelligence and counterintelligence M.: Veche, 2009, 368 p.
6. Gulbin G.K. Genderology and feminology: Textbook / G.K. Gulbin. - Tomsk: Publishing House of TPU, 2005. - 168 p.
7. Denisov I.N. General medical practice (family medicine): development prospects // Zdravookhranenie. - 2003. - No. 12, 76 p.
8. Naigovzina N.B., Kovalevsky M.A. The healthcare system in the Russian Federation: organizational and legal aspects. M., 2003. 225 p.
9. Novoselov V. P. Administrative and legal problems of healthcare management in the subjects of the federation. - Yekaterinburg, 2002. 160 p.
10. On the main indicators of the development of healthcare and the social and labor sphere in January-September 2007 / Monitoring the situation in the healthcare sector and social development// Analytical information. - 2007. - No. 10.
11. Satyshev V.E. Administrative law of Russia: a course of lectures. - M: Omega-L, 2006. 50 p.
12. Semenov V.Yu. Health Economics / V.Yu.Semenov. - M.: MTsFER, 2004. - 648 p.
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