The traditional name for the revolution in the Russian Empire, usually dated January 9, 1905 - June 3, 1907. The name "Russian" is traditional, but representatives of different nations empire. The reasons for the revolution are the aggravation of social problems and the "labor question"), as well as dissatisfaction with the policy of the autocracy, primarily on the part of the urban strata and national minorities. During the "spring of Svyatopolk-Mirsky" in 1904, the liberal community became more active and labor movement... A meeting of Russian factory workers, led by thousands of workers on Sunday, January 9, 1905, to a mass demonstration in order to come to To the winter palace and submit a petition with work requirements. These demands themselves were drawn up with the help of the socialists and included an 8-hour working day, a wage increase, the convocation Constituent Assembly- Parliament, which will adopt a constitution and limit the autocracy. The demonstration was shot and dispersed by the troops. This discredited the autocracy, became only an impetus for a long-overdue revolutionary process, the cause of which was the social economic crisis and lag political transformation from social change... Strikes broke out in protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities and heavy social conditions in which the workers ended up. On January 10, 1905, tens of thousands of workers went on strike in Moscow, then in Baku, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov, Lodz, Kovno, Vilno and other cities. In Riga, the troops again fired at the demonstrators. Nicholas II tried to understand the reasons for social protests with the help of N. Shydlovsky's commission, which was to include elected representatives of the workers, but it failed, as the workers put forward political demands. Ideas, and quickly spread among the population. But the penetration of opposition and revolutionary views into different social groups went unevenly, and therefore, until October 1905, the revolutionary movement developed in outbreaks that were scattered and suppressed one after another. Happened Act of terrorism(the greatest resonance was the murder of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich on February 4, 1905), uprisings in the army and navy (, strikes. Serious problems for the economy and the authorities created strikes on the railways in February-March 1905. The peasant movement grew. In the spring and summer, city-wide strikes took place in Lodz and Ivanovo-Voznesensk, where the first Soviet arose. Most well-known organization opposition was the Union of Unions, which united the newly formed trade unions of workers and public unions intelligentsia.
In May, the striking workers of Ivanovo-Voznesensk elected the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies, a body representing the interests of the proletarians. The council actually took over power in the city during the strike. The workers obeyed only him. In total, 55 Soviets arose in the country in 1905. The most influential was, which consisted of 562 deputies, mainly from factories, factories and revolutionary parties. Its first chairman was lawyer G. Khrustalev-Nosar. After the arrests, the last acting chairman was a Social Democrat. In December, the deputies of the Petersburg Soviet were arrested.
The growth of the peasant movement led to the creation of the All-Russian Peasant Union. At the end of the year, the Union as a whole in the country had 470 rural and volost branches, numbering about 200 thousand people. On November 3, 1905, a decree was adopted to terminate the payment of redemption payments from 1907. However, this measure did not calm the peasantry. Mass riots took place in Poland, Latvia, Georgia and other "national borderlands". They were accompanied by clashes with troops, armed attacks on government officials. Armenian-Azerbaijani interethnic clashes took place. The discrediting of the autocracy was facilitated by the defeat of c.
On June 14, 1905, the battleship crew revolted. The insurgent ship sailed along the Black Sea, but did not receive real support and on June 25, 1905, was forced to surrender to the Romanian authorities. The uprising showed that the armed forces are unreliable, but at the same time the opposition is unable to unite the efforts of scattered demonstrations.
The autocracy was ready to make minor concessions by introducing a legislative representative body, which Nicholas II announced on August 6, 1905. Opposition forces opposed this "Bulygin Duma", named after the Minister of Internal Affairs.
The diverse socio-political forces participating in the revolution united into a single stream thanks to the beginning of October 7, 1905, in which about 2 million people participated. At the same time, there was a surge in the peasant movement - if in January-April it covered about 17% of the counties, then in October - about 37%. In the conditions of the paralysis of the country's life, it was possible to convince Nicholas II to sign, proclaiming the introduction of civil liberties and elections in legislative assembly- the State Duma. On the basis of the manifesto "On measures to strengthen the unity and activities of ministries and main departments", a Council of Ministers was created, headed by the Prime Minister, who was personally responsible for the work of the entire government and was accountable to the emperor. The manifesto announced a political amnesty that allowed opposition leaders to return to the country. political parties, and these parties themselves get out of the underground.
The liberals proclaimed the creation of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets). Supporters of the resulting manifesto political system united in the Union on October 17 (Octobrists). However, even the Cadets, not to mention the socialists, considered the Manifesto of October 17 insufficient. At the same time, supporters of the autocracy decided that the manifesto had been wrested from the tsar under the threat of violence and should be canceled. They were called "Black Hundreds". They organized terror against the revolutionaries and pogroms of Jews, whom they considered to be the culprits of the outbreak of turmoil.
After the publication of the Manifesto, a political amnesty was carried out, and the revolutionary parties began to act more openly, although they did not finally come out of the underground. The repressions against them continued. The Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), which broke away from it in 1906, the more radical Union of Socialist Revolutionaries-Maximalists and the more moderate Party of Popular Socialists, continued to advocate the overthrow of the autocracy, the transfer of landlord land to the peasants and profound social transformations. The RSDLP, which also advocated socialism and democracy, strengthened its position in the labor movement, but the Social Democrats were weakened by the split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. Trade unions were also legalized.
Witte, appointed to lead the government, was struggling to cope with the situation. Opponents of the manifesto, right and left, quickly armed themselves. In October - December, 195 mass soldiers' demonstrations took place (in January - September - 76). There were murders of social and revolutionary activists on the one hand and government officials, officers and businessmen on the other. During the revolution, about 9 thousand people died from terrorist attacks. Jewish pogroms swept across the country. Peasants burned landlord estates and in individual cases put up armed resistance to the troops.
The socialist parties believed that it was necessary to continue the offensive against the autocracy, without stopping before an armed struggle. On November 15, 1905, in Sevastopol, under the leadership of a lieutenant, the crew of a cruiser and 12 more ships. But this time the insurgent ship was shot from guns and forced to surrender. Lieutenant Schmidt was executed.
The revolutionary parties were waiting for a new rise in the strike wave in order to start an uprising against the autocracy. In early December, the railway workers began new strike... In the capital, it was suppressed, and the Soviet of Workers' Deputies was arrested for calling not to pay taxes. But in Moscow, the workers' deputies, under the influence of the Bolsheviks, called for a general strike, which on December 8 grew into a. In December-January, uprisings took place in a number of cities and localities of the country: Novorossiysk, Rostov-on-Don, Chita, Donbass, Vladivostok and other places. The defeat of the December uprisings led to a significant weakening of the revolutionary parties and their authority. But it had an impact on the autocracy - at the height of the Moscow uprising, laws were passed that consolidated and concretized the provisions of the manifesto of October 17. Under the pressure of revolutionary uprisings, Nicholas II resigned himself to the fact that his power would be limited by parliament. On December 11, 1905, a decree was issued “On changing the regulations on elections to the State Duma”. In accordance with it, almost the entire male population of the country over the age of twenty-five (except for soldiers, students, day laborers and part of the nomads) received voting rights.
On February 20, 1906, the "Establishment of the State Duma" was published, in which its rights were determined: preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals, approval of the state budget, etc. advice. The change in the political system was enshrined on April 23, 1906 in the "Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire".
Armed uprisings continued in the future (for example, the Kronstadt uprisings of 1905 and 1906, the Sveaborg armed uprising of 1906). Reform was carried out state structure 1906, but the opposition to the First State Duma led to its dissolution and the July crisis of 1906. Some of the deputies signed the Vyborg Appeal of 1906, for which they were repressed. The Second State Duma turned out to be more oppositional than the first.
If in 1905 there were 13,955 strikes with 2.86 million strikers (about 60% of industrial workers), then in 1906 there were 6,114 strikes with 1.1 million participants (37.9% of industrial workers), and in 1907 there were 3,573 strikes. with 0.74 million members (32.1 industrial workers). By 1907, more than 600 trade unions had been formed, covering about 245,000 workers. In 1905, 3228 mass peasant uprisings were registered, and in 1906 - about 2600, but they already covered half of the counties of European Russia.
The suppression of the revolution was carried out under the leadership of P. Stolypin with the help of punitive expeditions to the countryside, field courts and other repressions. The terrorists also remained active. So, on August 12, 1906, the house of P. Stolypin was blown up, the Prime Minister was not injured, but 24 people died. Simultaneously, on November 4, 1906, were started.
In 1907, strike and peasant activity declined, the revolutionary forces gradually found themselves isolated. The end of the revolution is considered the dissolution of the Second State Duma and the illegal change in the electoral legislation (the Third June coup of 1907). Despite partial defeat, thanks to the revolution, Russia gained a representative branch of power, economic strikes were allowed, civil liberties expanded, and redemption payments were canceled.
The experience of the revolution in Russia influenced the world social democratic movement, which appreciated the success of the strike struggle, and also contributed to the rise of the anti-imperialist and democratic movement in Asia.
The reason for the first Russian revolution (1905-1907) was the aggravation of the internal political situation. Social tension was provoked by the remnants of serfdom, the preservation of landlord ownership, the lack of freedoms, the agrarian overpopulation of the center, the national question, rapid growth capitalism, the unresolved peasant and workers' question. Defeat in and the economic crisis of 1900-1908 made the situation worse.
In 1904, the liberals proposed to introduce a constitution in Russia, limiting the autocracy by convening representatives of the people... made a public statement of disagreement with the introduction of the constitution. The impetus for the beginning of the revolutionary events was the strike of the workers of the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. The strikers put forward economic and political demands.
On January 9, 1905, a peaceful march was scheduled to the Winter Palace with the aim of submitting a petition to the Tsar, which contained demands for democratic changes in Russia. This date is associated with the first stage of the revolution. The demonstrators, led by priest G. Gapon, were greeted by the troops, and fire was opened on the participants in the peaceful procession. The cavalry took part in dispersing the procession. As a result, about 1,000 people were killed and about 2,000 were injured. This day was named. The senseless and brutal reprisals intensified the revolutionary mood in the country.
In April 1905, the 3rd Congress of the Left Wing of the RSDLP took place in London. Questions about the nature of the revolution, the armed uprising, the Provisional Government, and the attitude towards the peasantry were resolved.
The right wing - the Mensheviks, who gathered at a separate conference - defined the revolution as bourgeois in character and driving forces. The task was set to transfer power into the hands of the bourgeoisie and create a parliamentary republic.
The strike (general strike of textile workers) in Ivano-Frankovsk, which began on May 12, 1905, lasted more than two months and attracted 70 thousand participants. Both economic and political demands were made; the Council of authorized deputies was created.
The workers' demands were partially met. On October 6, 1905, a strike began in Moscow at Kazan railroad, which became All-Russian on October 15. Demands were made for democratic freedoms, an eight-hour working day.
On October 17, Nicholas II signed, which proclaimed political freedoms and promised freedom of elections to the State Duma. Thus began the second stage of the revolution - the period of the highest upsurge.
In June, an uprising began on the battleship of the Black Sea flotilla "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky". It was held under the slogan "Down with the autocracy!" However, this uprising was not supported by the crews of the other ships of the squadron. "Potemkin" was forced to go into the waters of Romania and surrender there.
In July 1905, on the instructions of Nicholas II, a legislative body - the State Duma - was established and a regulation on elections was developed. Workers, women, military personnel, students and youth were denied the right to participate in the elections.
On November 11-16 there was an uprising of sailors in Sevastopol and on the cruiser "Ochakov", headed by Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt. The uprising was suppressed, Schmidt and three sailors were shot, more than 300 people were convicted or exiled to hard labor and settlements.
Under the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and liberals, the All-Russian Peasant Union was organized in August 1905, advocating peaceful methods of struggle. However, by the fall, the members of the union announced that they had joined the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. The peasants demanded the division of the landlords' lands.
On December 7, 1905, the Moscow City Council called for a political strike, which grew into an uprising led by. The government transferred troops from St. Petersburg. The fighting took place on the barricades, the last centers of resistance were suppressed in the Krasnaya Presnya area on December 19. The organizers and participants in the uprising were arrested and convicted. The same fate befell the uprisings in other regions of Russia.
The reasons for the decline of the revolution (the third stage) were the brutal suppression of the uprising in Moscow and the people's belief that the Duma was able to solve its problems.
In April 1906, the first elections to the Duma were held, as a result of which two parties entered it: the constitutional democrats and the socialist revolutionaries, advocating the transfer of the land of the landowners to the peasants and the state. This Duma did not suit the Tsar, and in July 1906 it ceased to exist.
In the summer of the same year, the uprising of sailors in Sveaborg and Kronstadt was suppressed. On November 9, 1906, with the participation of the Prime Minister, a decree was drawn up on the abolition of redemption payments for land.
In February 1907, the second elections to the Duma took place. Subsequently, its candidates, according to the tsar, turned out to be even more "revolutionary" than the previous ones, and he not only dissolved the Duma, but also created electoral law, reducing the number of deputies from among the workers and peasants, thereby accomplishing a coup d'état that put an end to the revolution.
The reasons for the defeat of the revolution include the lack of unity of purpose between the actions of the workers and peasants in organizational issues, the lack of a single political leader of the revolution, as well as the lack of assistance to the people from the army.
The first Russian revolution 1905-1907 is defined as bourgeois-democratic, since the tasks of the revolution are the overthrow of the autocracy, the elimination of landlord ownership, the destruction of the estate system, the establishment of a democratic republic.
Causes: 1) the main reason revolution was the preservation of feudal-serf survivals, which slowed down further development countries; 2) unresolved work issue; 3) the national question; 4) difficult conditions of service for soldiers and sailors; 5) anti-government sentiment of the intelligentsia; 6) defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.
The nature revolution of 1905-1907 was bourgeois democratic.
The main tasks of the revolution: 1) the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment constitutional monarchy;
2) solution of agrarian and national issues;
3) the elimination of feudal-serf survivals. The main driving forces revolution: workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie. The working class took an active position during the revolution and used various means in its struggle - demonstrations, strikes, armed uprising.
The course of revolutionary events. Ascending stage, January - October 1905 The events in St. Petersburg began the revolution: the general strike and Bloody Sunday. On January 9, 1905, workers were shot who went to the tsar with a petition to improve their lives. The petition was drawn up by members of the "Meeting of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg" under the leadership of G.A. Ha-pona. Bloody Sunday shook the whole country. IN different areas country riots began. Gradually, strikes and demonstrations acquired a political character. The main slogan was: "Down with the autocracy!" The revolutionary movement also captured the army and navy. In June 1905 there was an uprising of sailors on the battleship Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The peasantry took part in revolutionary unrest. The rebellious peasants destroyed the landowners' estates, seized warehouses and grain barns.
The culmination, the highest upsurge of the revolution, October - December 1905 In the autumn and winter of 1905, the revolutionary movement reached highest point... Moscow became the center of revolutionary action at this time. Here a political strike began, which grew into an all-Russian political strike.
Nicholas II was forced to October 17, 1905 to sign the Manifesto"About the improvement state order", According to which: 1) the State Duma was to be convened; 2) the population of the country was provided with democratic freedoms - of speech, assembly, press, conscience; 3) universal suffrage was introduced.
In December 1905 g. a strike began in Moscow, which grew into an armed uprising. Presnya became the center of the uprising. To suppress it, a Guards Semyonovsky regiment was sent to Moscow. This prompted the Moscow Council of the RSDLP to decide to end the uprising, after which the uprising gradually declined.
Descending stage, January 1906 - June 1907 The labor movement has declined, and the intelligentsia is also tired of revolutionary instability. Although it was at this time that the peak of the peasant movement was observed, the seizure of the landowners 'land, the arson of the landowners' estates.
On April 23, 1906, new "Basic Laws" were adopted: 1) the tsar received the right to "emergency legislation" without the approval of the State Duma; 2) the State Council became the upper chamber, which approves all decisions of the Duma; 3) the decisions of the Duma did not receive legal force without the consent of the tsar.
Revolution of 1905-1907 had an unfinished character. However: 1) to some extent limited the autocracy; 2) led to the establishment of legislative representation; 3) proclamation political freedoms, the creation of political parties; 4) the peasants, during the revolution, achieved the abolition of redemption payments (1906).
28. The beginning of Russian parliamentarism: the first State Dumas
The Manifesto of October 17, 1905 was a major step along the way political reforms... The Council of Ministers was formed as a permanent body. The ministers were responsible for their actions before the king. The Council of State was preserved, but now it is
received the rights of the upper house of the Duma. Half of its members were appointed by the emperor, half were elected from the nobility. The State Council had the right to disapprove of bills proposed by the Duma. The documents received the force of laws only after their approval by the tsar. Between sessions of the Duma, the tsar could single-handedly issue decrees, which were then submitted for approval by the Duma. Its legislative rights were limited. Nevertheless, the empire ceased to be a classic autocratic monarchy. Opportunities for the convocation and work of the Duma were created. For all its limitations, this was the first ever experience of Russian parliamentarism.
The First State Duma was elected on the basis of the electoral law on December 11, 1905. 25 million people received the right to vote. Farm laborers, women, soldiers, sailors, students, workers employed in small enterprises did not participate in the elections. The age (25 years) and property qualifications were introduced. The elections were multi-stage, and the rights of voters were unequal. The voice of the landowner was equal to 3 votes of the bourgeoisie, 15 votes of peasants and 45 votes of workers.
On April 27, Nicholas II solemnly opened the State Duma. The main victory in the elections was won by the Cadet Party, which won more than a third of all seats. The Trudoviks, who expressed the interests of the peasantry, won a fourth of the mandates. Fifteen Social Democrats were elected to the Duma. Moderate liberal S.M. Muromtsev was elected chairman of the Duma. The general mood of the Duma members was opposition to the government.
A week after the start of work, the Duma adopted an appeal to Nicholas II. The deputies demanded the introduction of general elections, the creation of a ministry responsible to the Duma, the abolition of Goremykin, and rejected these demands. The Duma demanded the resignation of the government. The situation has escalated.
The agrarian question caused great controversy in the Duma. The Trudoviks proposed to transfer all the lands to a "national land fund". The bodies were supposed to dispose of the fund local government... This meant the nationalization of the land and the elimination of landlord ownership. The Duma adopted a more moderate draft law proposed by the Cadets, according to which the peasants could
buy to get landlord lands. The Duma members were sure that the tsar would make concessions. That did not happen.
July 9, 1906 new minister Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin dissolved the State Duma. Some of the deputies left for Vyborg. They adopted the Vyborg Appeal, in which they called on the people not to pay taxes, not to give soldiers to the army. Goremykin was forced to resign. Stolypin became the new chairman of the Council of Ministers. The drafters of the appeal were prosecuted and lost the opportunity to get into the next Duma.
In November 1906, an election campaign for the Second State Duma began. The Cadets received only about 20% of the seats, the Black Hundreds and Octobrists 10%. The left forces won a big victory:
the Social Democrats won 12.5% of the seats, and the Trudoviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, about 30%. As a result, candidates from government parties formed an insignificant fraction in the Duma.
The Second Duma was opened on February 20, 1907. The agrarian question again became central. The government's proposals were not supported. A real opportunity was created for the adoption of the Trudoviks' draft. They demanded the elimination of landlord ownership. In the conditions of the recession of revolutionary events, the government decided to go on the offensive.
On June 1, 1907, Stolypin demanded to expel deputies from the Social Democratic faction from the Duma, accusing them of preparing a military conspiracy. The Duma demanded proof. Without waiting for the results of the investigation, on June 3, 1907, Nicholas II announced the dissolution of the Duma and the introduction of a new electoral law. The change in the law was carried out in violation of the Manifesto of October 17 and was perceived as a coup d'etat.
The Social Democratic faction was arrested. New elections were scheduled for November 1. There were no unrest and demonstrations in this regard. Under the new electoral law, the majority in the Duma was secured to nobles and entrepreneurs. The representation of peasants and national minorities was declining. Even Stolypin agreed that the new electoral law was shameless.
The first Duma experiments were unsuccessful. Neither the government nor the two Dumas were able to find a reasonable compromise. The coup d'état on June 3, 1907 marked the end of the first Russian revolution
P. A. Stolypin's reforms
After the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. the most far-sighted politicians understood that in order to prevent a social explosion, it was necessary to reform many aspects of the life of society, first of all to resolve the peasant problem. The reform was initiated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1906-191) P.A. Stolypin. P.A. Stolypin, a former governor of Saratov and later minister of the interior, was appointed prime minister at the age of 44. He was an authoritarian reformer. Stolypin was convinced that without the stabilization of the situation in the country, without "pacifying" the people, even by means of harsh measures, the planned reforms are doomed to failure. For his tough policy in liberal and radical circles, he earned the reputation of a "hangman".
November 9, 1906 a decree was issued, which: 1) provided the peasants with the right to freely leave the communities, securing the ownership of the part of the communal land due; 2) the peasant could receive land in the form of a separate plot (cut), to which he could transfer his estate (farm).
Thus, the decree did not specifically destroy the peasant communities, but untied the hands of the peasants who wanted to manage independently. Thus, it was planned to create in the village a layer of strong homely owners, alien to the revolutionary spirit, and in general to increase productivity Agriculture... The decree, adopted in the interim, immediately came into effect as an "emergency".
Big role assigned to the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture(since 1908 - the Ministry of Agriculture), which organized the correct demarcation of the land locally.
It was planned to develop medicine and veterinary medicine, provide social assistance peasants.
To resolve the issue of land scarcity, the resettlement of peasants from zones with an acute shortage of land to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and other regions were organized. The settlers were also freed for long time from taxes, they gave out a cash allowance of 200 rubles. for one family.
The preconditions for the revolution were formed for decades, but when capitalism in Russia passed to its highest stage (imperialism), social contradictions escalated to the limit, resulting in the events of the first Russian revolution 1905-1907.
Causes of the first Russian revolution
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a noticeable decline began to be observed in the Russian economy. This resulted in increased public debts, which led to a breakdown in monetary circulation. Added fuel to the fire and crop failure. All these circumstances showed the need to modernize the existing authorities.
After the abolition of serfdom, representatives of the most numerous class received freedom. Integration into existing realities required the emergence of new social institutions which were never created. Political reason there was also the absolute power of the emperor, who was considered incapable of ruling the country alone.
The Russian peasantry gradually accumulated discontent due to the constant decrease in land allotments, which justified their demands for the provision of land plots by the authorities.
Dissatisfaction with the authorities grew after military failures and defeat in Russo-Japanese War, but low level the life of the Russian proletariat and peasantry was expressed in dissatisfaction with the small number of civil liberties. In Russia by 1905 there was no freedom of speech, press, personal inviolability and equality of everyone before the laws.
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In Russia there was a multinational and multi-confessional composition, however, the rights of many small peoples were infringed upon, which caused periodic popular unrest.
The harsh working conditions in factories and factories aroused discontent among the proletariat.
The course of the revolution
Historians divide the First Russian Revolution into three stages, which are reflected in the table:
The peculiarity of the revolution was its bourgeois-democratic character. This is reflected in its goals and objectives, which included the limitation of autocracy and the final destruction of serfdom.
The tasks of the revolution also included:
- creation of democratic foundations - political parties, freedom of speech, press, etc .;
- reduction of the working day to 8 hours;
- the establishment of the equality of the peoples of Russia.
These requirements covered not one estate, but the entire population of the Russian Empire.
First stage
On January 3, 1905, the workers of the Putilov plant began a strike due to the dismissal of several workers, which was supported by large factories St. Petersburg. The strike was led by the "Meeting of Russian factory workers in the city of St. Petersburg," headed by priest Gapon. IN a short time a petition was drawn up, which they decided to hand over personally to the emperor.
It consisted of five points:
- The release of all those who suffered for strikes, religious or political beliefs.
- Declaration of freedom of the press, assembly, speech, conscience, religion and personal integrity.
- Equality of all before the law.
- Mandatory free education for all citizens.
- Responsibility of ministers to the people.
On January 9, a march to the Winter Palace was organized. Probably, the march of the 140,000-strong crowd was perceived as revolutionary, and the ensuing provocation pushed the tsarist troops to open fire on the demonstrators. This event went down in history as "Bloody Sunday".
Rice. 1. Bloody Sunday.
On March 19, Nicholas II addressed the proletariat. The king noted that he would grant forgiveness to the protesters. However, they themselves are to blame for the shooting, and if such demonstrations are repeated, the shootings will be repeated.
From February to March, a chain of peasant riots begins, which occupied approximately 15-20% of the country's territory, which began to be accompanied by unrest in the army and navy.
An important episode of the revolution was the mutiny on the cruiser Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky on June 14, 1905. In 1925, director S. Ezeinstein will shoot the film "Battleship Potemkin" about this event.
Rice. 2. Film.
Second phase
On September 19, the Moscow press put forward demands for economic change, which were supported by factories and railroad workers. As a result, the largest strike began in Russia, which lasted until 1907. More than 2 million people took part in it. Soviets of workers' deputies began to form in the cities. The wave of protests was picked up by banks, pharmacies, shops. For the first time, the slogans "Down with the autocracy" and "Long live the republic" were heard.
April 27, 1906 is considered the date of the beginning of parliamentarism. Satisfying the demands of the people, the first work in Russian history The State Duma.
Stage Three
Unable to stop and overcome revolutionary activity, Nicholas II had only to accept the demands of the protesters.
Rice. 3. Portrait of Nicholas II.
The main body of laws was drawn up on April 23, 1906 Russian Empire, which was amended according to revolutionary requirements.
On November 9, 1906, the Emperor signed a decree allowing peasants to receive land for personal use after leaving the community.
June 3, 1907 - the date of the end of the revolution. Nicholas II suspended the manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma and the adoption of a new law on elections to the State Duma.
The results of the revolution can be called intermediate. There were no global changes in the country. Apart from the reform of the political system, there was no solution to other issues. Historical meaning this revolution was that it became a dress rehearsal for another, more powerful revolution.
What have we learned?
Speaking briefly about the First Russian Revolution in an article on history (grade 11), it should be noted that it showed all the shortcomings and mistakes of the tsarist government and gave a chance to solve them. But for 10 years, most of the unresolved issues remained hanging in the air, which led to February 1917.
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At the beginning of the twentieth century, a revolutionary situation was brewing. The authorities could no longer rule the rebellious people in the old way, and the masses did not want to remain in their plight. However, the government made every effort to maintain the existing order. The army, the police, the Cossacks, the nobility, the church remained loyal to the autocracy, but a split was outlined in this environment as well. The rightists advocated an unlimited monarchy, for the suppression of all revolutionary uprisings. Representatives of the new liberal views saw the need for changes in existing policies.
On the eve of 1905, the liberals became noticeably more active. Two illegal organizations and the first zemstvo congress, held in. The congress adopted a program that reflected the views of the Union of Liberation and the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists.
The defeat in the country further inflamed the situation in the country, and for years the suppressed protest broke free.
The first Russian revolution took place in three stages. The beginning of the first is considered to be January 9, 1905. The shooting of workers in St. Petersburg triggered a wave of strikes that swept across the country. Hundreds of thousands of workers were on strike. Clashes with the police took place everywhere. The striking workers created their own governing bodies - the Soviets of Workers' Deputies.
In the spring, the peasants entered the struggle. The Russian peasant, who was distinguished by great patience, no longer wanted to endure. With pitchforks and scythes, peasant detachments smashed landlord estates.
In the summer, the army enters the revolutionary struggle. The uprising on the battleship Potemkin went down in history as the first experience of military disobedience.
As a result of the past unrest, the tsar issued a decree establishing the State Duma.
However, the developed project angered the people even more. The estate and property qualification did not allow representatives of the lower strata to get into the Duma.
In the fall, the second stage of the revolutionary struggle begins. A wave of protest spreads across the country and becomes more violent. An all-Russian strike swept across the country, which affected 120 cities in the country. One and a half million workers took part in the riots. They were supported by officials and employees, and representatives of the noble intelligentsia.
Struck by the scale of the unrest, the authorities decide to publish the famous "Manifesto of October 17". The king made concessions.
During the first Russian revolution in Russia, three political directions... Some stood for the old order, expressed conservative views and united in monarchist associations. The Union of the Russian People, the Union of the Russian People, the People's Monarchist Party and other monarchist organizations, as best they could, supported the old foundations.
Liberal movement in the revolution included two large parties, which were created precisely as a result of the first Russian revolution. The Cadet Party (Constitutional Democrats) and the Octobrist Party (in another way they called themselves the "Union of October 17") advocated reforms in Russia, but they chose different methods of struggle.
The revolutionary camp was led by two parties of the RSDLP and the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). The Social Revolutionaries defended the ideology of the populists and in 1905 did not yet represent a real force. The Social Democratic Party, which later became known as the Bolshevik Party, was the main driving force the first Russian revolution.
After the government issued a decree on changing the regulations on elections to the State Duma and preparations for the elections, the intensity of the revolutionary struggle began to decline. The third stage of the revolution begins, which after the last elections moves to the Duma. On July 3, 1907, during a meeting, the entire Social Democratic faction was arrested, and the Duma was dissolved. This event marked the end of the first Russian revolution.
