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Thanks to the patience and perseverance of the craftswomen, old newspaper pages magically turn into completely unique things: unique panels, all kinds of amulets, Wall Clock, exquisite baskets and candy bowls, vases and flowerpots, chests and caskets - you can’t list everything. Thanks to social networks and the Internet interesting ideas fly around instantly Earth, encouraging aspiring newspaper spinners to take up the paper vine and improve their craft.
We advise beginners not to start their creative journey with large products. We understand that you probably have grandiose plans. My hands are itching to weave a large laundry box or an impressively sized basket for a trip to the forest to pick mushrooms. Did we guess right?
You can find it in our previous article detailed description process, starting with the manufacture of tubes and ending with their painting and processing before weaving.
So, preparatory stage behind: in front of you lie the tubes ready to work, and the outlines of the first basket that you want to weave with your own hands have already emerged in your head. Now you need to find a form for braiding. A plastic bucket, vase, flower pot, or deep plate is suitable for this.
Advice. It is better for beginners to start working by weaving an object. Weaving without a shape can cause difficulties at first; without support, it is easy to skew your product and get it asymmetrical. By using a supporting object, you can easily achieve even rows of tubes and control the quality of the braid.
And now we will tell you in detail how to make a basket from newspaper tubes for beginners, and we will reveal all the secrets of successful weaving and neat appearance finished product.
Master class on a round basket without a handle (weave according to shape)
In order for you to be able to decide on the required number of tubes and know in advance how many you need to prepare, we will give approximate calculations.For a small basket (about the size of a soup plate) you will need about 100-150 straws; for a medium-sized product, prepare about 200-300 of them. Large baskets can require more than 500-700 straws. It all depends on the type and density of weaving, as well as the length and thickness of the newspaper vine.
In this MK we will weave a medium-sized basket. It will require 200-230 tubes wound onto a 1.5 mm knitting needle, 8 - 10 mm wide.
And we’ll immediately give you one more piece of advice. There's no need to rush. Try to avoid gaps between rows of weaving, placing each row close to the previous one. Don't crush the tubes while working, but don't skimp on them either. If you see that they are wrinkled or disheveled, mercilessly cut them off and grow new ones.
To weave a round bottom, fold 4 tubes in pairs, making a cross. Bend another working one in half.
Start braiding the crosspiece with it, weaving the first row with a rope. In this way, complete two more rows.
On the fourth circle, separate the double posts and continue braiding them separately. Try to weave as tightly as possible to avoid gaps. Make three rows of weaving.
The distance between the posts should have increased by this time and become more than 2 cm - it’s time to introduce additional posts. Make a hole with scissors or an awl and insert an additional stand, dripping a little polymer glue for security. Don’t forget to check your steps with the step-by-step photos provided.
Braid the added posts with string until the bottom is the size you need. The bottom of the basket is ready.
Take the shape you have chosen, which will serve as a temporary basis for the future basket. In our case, this is a deep inverted plate. Place the weaving on the form and gradually bend the racks along it to move to the walls. Continue braiding the sides with rope.
Place something heavy on top of your workpiece to securely fix its position.
If it’s uncomfortable for you to work like this, turn the weave over. Weave the basket to the desired height and cut the working tubes.
Next, bend a “rope of 4 tubes” (in the last article we talked in detail about different ones).
Extend the cut working tubes for bending in a different color (in our case, blue), and glue 2 more blue tubes behind the posts.
Take the leftmost blue tube and place it behind the fourth post in the same way as weaving a simple rope. And if you were making a rope of three tubes, you would weave with three blue tubes, winding each of them behind the third stand, and not behind the fourth.
Take the left tube again, count 3 racks and wind it behind the free fourth one. Weave until the last free post. This point is illustrated by the photo below.
Now it's time to complete the craft. Take it now the far right tube. Having counted 3 racks from it, place it behind the fourth and tuck it inside the basket without moving it out. Continue weaving according to this pattern with the remaining working tubes, each time placing the rightmost one behind the 4th post inside the basket.
Tuck the ends into the weave, bring them out and cut them off from the front side.
All that remains is to lay the white posts. Take one of them, count three more from it and after the third stand, thread it under the blue pigtail, leading it out.
Then take the next one and similarly place it under the braid after 3 posts from it.
And so on...
When all the racks are laid, all that remains is to trim and hide their ends.
Completing work on a wicker product involves priming it. To do this, you can use a solution of PVA with water in a 1:1 ratio or a composition of acrylic varnish + water in the same proportion. Carefully coat the basket with primer using a soft brush.
We want to warn you right away: PVA can turn yellow over time. To avoid this, it is better to cover wickerwork with a solution of acrylic varnish. The latter must be water-based; it can be distinguished from alkyd by the absence of odor.
After the basket has completely dried (this will take about a day), varnish it with acrylic varnish and leave it to dry again. Very thick varnish can be pre-diluted with water.
Do not be afraid that after such manipulation the product will turn a little white, this is temporary. After drying, the varnish will become transparent, and the craft will take on a finished look. You can give it a beautiful shine or an elegant matte texture depending on the varnish used. Let us remind you that it can be glossy, semi-gloss, matte or semi-matte - choose to your taste.
At the beginning of his creative path, be sure to weave such a basket for fruits or sweets. As you can see, it turns out very cute, which means you will not only be able to practice crocheting a paper vine, but will also make an excellent gift for all occasions.
If you still have questions, you should watch a detailed video from Lada Ligai. In it, she tells how she wove a pot-bellied mini-basket.
Oval basket with a simple handle (weave without shape)
Now let's look at how to weave a cute little oval basket. In this case, the bottom is woven in a different way.
You can find it in our previous article step by step photos and understandable.
We offer to watch the weaving process itself live in a video master class from Alena Bugrova. In his lesson, the author clearly and easily explains all the intricacies of weaving an oval basket from newspaper tubes.
On our own behalf we would like to add:
- This craft takes about 100 tubes;
- to obtain a color like in MK, you need to greatly dilute the “walnut” water stain with water;
- the distance between the posts here is approximately 2 centimeters;
- It is advisable to insert wire into several tubes for the handle so that it holds its shape.
Such a cute miniature basket ‒ great idea gift for any holiday. For example, you can weave it for Easter and fill it with dyed Easter eggs or sweets, present gift set people dear to you.
Folds for baskets
If you are a beginner and working on a basket for the first time, we recommend finishing the edge with simple folds. For small and medium-sized products, volumetric bends are suitable, for example, a rod or an isid with 3 or more tubes. We considered the technique of their implementation.You can also decorate the edge of the basket with a voluminous openwork braid. Her different kinds You can watch the weaving features in our recommended videos.
The first lesson from Alena Bugrova is devoted to making a spectacular braid from tubes with a plastic cord inside. Be sure to practice braiding it - such a decorative fold turns the basket into a real masterpiece.
The second detailed and understandable video tutorial from Lada Ligai is maximally adapted for beginners. It gradually reveals all the secrets of weaving a voluminous braid and its correct ending.
Don't be afraid to experiment with different folds. They are able to give the simplest product an elegant and festive look.
We design the handle
The simplest pen
In the photo it looks like this:
To make it, you need to take a bunch of 3-4 tubes, form a bend in the handle and attach the workpiece to the basket. Next, carefully wrap the entire handle with a moistened tube, periodically lubricating it with glue so that the winding fits tightly. For this job it is better to use polymer glue than PVA. It dries quickly and fixes, while the paper does not have time to get wet.
Instead of a bundle of tubes, you can take a thick wire (cable) and wrap it around several tubes at once. The process in the photo looks like this:
Handle design using chintz weaving
It looks like this:
To work, take moistened tubes and immediately increase their length. Mark their locations on the basket. Use an awl to make holes and insert tubes into them. Glue the ends while they dry, secure them with clothespins.
Give the tubes the desired bend. To make them better hold their shape, you can insert 1-0.9 mm thick wire into them in advance. Using a working tube, we braid these 3 main tubes with simple calico weaving.
Simple twisted handle
In the photo she looks like this:
It is also quite easy to do for a beginner. For small pens you need to take a bundle of 5-7 tubes, you can insert a wire into one of them. Next, they need to be laid, intertwined with rope and gradually twisted.
We present to you a detailed MK from Lada Ligai, in which each step is accompanied by a photo.
If you still don’t understand how to properly twist and round such a handle, there is only one way out - urgently watch a detailed video from a craftswoman.
Sturdy twisted basket handle
It is better to make it using a thick cable or willow rod.
For ease of perception, we suggest you watch 3 stages of working on the handle.
Part 1: You will learn how to correctly insert a willow rod into the wall of a basket:
Part 2: How to wrap it with paper vine:
Part 3: Features of fastening the handle with a beautiful connecting lock.
Openwork handle
Do you want to surprise everyone with something unusual and elegant look your basket? Then you urgently need to master openwork knitting handles.
For this method, each paper tube of the handle base must be reinforced with wire. You will learn the specifics of the work from our recommended video from Irina Chirkova.
Braid with 4 tubes
A similar pen looks like this:
It's very easy to do, step by step:
8 tube braid
The photo shows what a handle looks like, woven with an ordinary volumetric braid of 8 pipes.
If the thickness of the handle is not enough for you, then you can insert a cable, television wire, thick wire or a bunch of paper tubes inside. The thicker version will look like this:
The process of weaving such a braid is covered in detail in a video from Olga Ryzhkova.
Below are step-by-step photographs of attaching the handle to the basket and neatly decorating the lock:
Wooden handle
You can also use an ordinary thick branch as a handle. Take a walk to the nearest park and get the material absolutely free. The found branch must be sawed off to the desired shape, cleaned by removing the bark, and sanded for smoothness. If desired, you can paint the wood with stain and cover it with acrylic varnish.Look how beautiful and unusual such handles on baskets look.
Sew a cover for a basket
The last and optional stage of working on the basket is decorating it. You can decorate your wicker craft with catchy artificial flower, satin ribbons, a bright bow or sew a cute fabric cover.
Its function is not only to decorate the basket, but also to protect the walls from contamination and make it easier to care for. In addition, you can use it to cover weaving flaws in your first works, giving them an impeccable look.
In this video you will learn how to sew a cover for a round bottom basket.
If you've made a square bottom basket, see how to sew a fabric liner into it. It only requires three measurements and no complex calculations or templates. All the details are in the video.
Ideas for inspiration
Now that you are familiar with the basics of weaving simple products, we would like to offer you a photo selection of the works of different craftswomen. Here you will find not only an Easter basket made from newspaper tubes for beginner newspaper weaving enthusiasts, but also all sorts of options for all occasions.Round, oval, rectangular, with unusual bends and handles - look at them, get inspired and don’t be afraid to create your own masterpieces.
And even if your first basket does not turn out the same as in the picture, but you will make it yourself, with my own hands. And experience, accuracy and speed of weaving will definitely come with practice. The main thing is to always get to work with good mood and set the mood - and you will succeed!
In order to decorate your home, you can buy in stores a large number of all kinds of pleasant little things. But today many housewives prefer to create decorations with their own hands. The most luxurious decor is, of course, a creation made from wicker. But not every representative of the fair sex is capable of such art. And many difficulties are foreshadowed. You should choose the right branches for the item; not every twig is suitable for needlework. Then the twigs should be prepared for creativity in some way - properly soaked and dried.
There is a way to weave paper into something that is made from a stem. This type of creativity is much simpler and accessible to almost every woman.
We bring to your attention a skill lesson that will allow you to master different types of paper making.
Weaving for beginners: step-by-step algorithm
Before you start, you need to prepare the material. You can also take regular paper, but it is somewhat dense and it is difficult for a beginner to make a creation out of it, who is taking on such needlework for the first time. Not a bad option will become printing paper. It is quite soft and the thickness is quite suitable. But the ideal option is a newspaper or magazine. They can come with pictures in either black and white or color.
Preparing newspapers for the process
To make pasta from newspapers we will need the following materials and tools:
We begin to prepare the newspaper stem.
Step 1. Arm yourself stationery knife and cut the newspapers into strips approximately 10 centimeters wide. It is advisable to make the strips long, since the ease of interaction with them depends on this. The longer they are, the more convenient it is to make a thing out of them.
Step 2. Now take a knitting needle and wind the strips onto it spirally. This needs to be done quite tightly.
To prevent them from unwinding, moisten the edge of the newspaper strip with water and secure it.
So you need to prepare approximately 50 pieces. The quantity depends on how voluminous and complex the item is. The more complex and larger the item, the more newspaper “branches” you will need.
Step 3. Before you begin, it is better to coat the workpieces with varnish. But you need to choose it correctly. An unsuitable coating will ruin the paper stem. They can become, firstly, ugly, and secondly, tough and at the same time fragile, it is impossible to manage them. It is best to choose acrylic varnish; with it the item will become neat and tidy. beautiful view, and it’s easy to create.
You can choose transparent and then the newspaper text will become visible on the finished product. It looks original. You can also take paint.
If your creation becomes simple, then painting can be postponed until the final stage of work.
Step-by-step master class on creating a basket
You should start by making the bottom. It can be any shape - round, square, rectangular. It can also be continuous. The second option certainly looks much more beautiful.
We weave the bottom
Detailed algorithm for creating a white basket
Step 1. If you decide that the bottom of your basket is solid, then take thick cardboard and cut out two identical parts from it. This is our solid bottom.
We cut out two circles or squares from cardboard, depending on the shape of the bottom you plan to make for the basket. These two parts will be glued to each other, and between them you will need to glue the ends of the pasta to make it stronger and look neater.
Step 2. You should immediately mark with a pencil where you will attach the racks; they should be at the same wide distance from each other.
Step 3. We take the first part of the bottom, glue newspaper stands to it, and glue the second part on top.
If you want the basket to have a more beautiful bottom, then it is better to make it twisted. It should be noted that such a bottom only comes in a round shape.
We take our creations and by crossing the weave. Some paper vines need to be crossed with others. For example, 5 and 7. Vitje starts from the center. We take one and cross it with others in a circle. If you want to visually see how this is done, then find a corresponding video on the Internet.
Paper vine extension
It is worth noting that while working on a craft, you will have to grow paper pasta. This must be done carefully. In preparation for work, paper vines are wound onto a knitting needle. And it always turns out with ends of different thicknesses - one is thicker, the other is thinner. This is very good, because thanks to this we can grow our “branches”.
We extend the vine that has already been used as follows - insert a new pasta into it with a thin end, previously coated with glue. Now you need to carefully twist the paper at the junction.
To make the work process more understandable, you can use video recordings of master classes, of which there are many on websites for needlewomen.
Making a basket
Pattern of twisting in a circle
Let's look at the simplest method that a novice craftswoman can handle.
№1 . To make the basket even, you need to place an object inside it that is suitable in shape and size for the future creation. For example, a jar or, best of all, a box.
№ 2 . Now we begin to braid the box. We attach the racks to our bottom (using the method of extension, which was described in the previous paragraph of the master class) and lift them up.
№ 3 . In this position they need to be secured with a clothespin or stationery clip, in general, with what you have at hand.
№ 4 . Now we weave other paper straws to our racks. We weave the same way as we wove the bottom - we pass a “twig” between the posts.
It should be remembered that you need to weave the rows very tightly; if there are gaps between them, the body is weak, then everything may end up in the fact that the craft will simply fall apart and your work will be lost.
№ 5 . When you have woven a thing of the height you need, you need to secure it. We bend the edges of our vine and fasten them with paper clips.
№ 6 . Now you need to cover it with varnish or paint, if you did not do this at the stage of preparing them for the process.
For painting you can use:
- Paint.
- Stain.
It is better to take acrylic paint, just like varnish, if you decide to add some colors to your basket. You can use one color or several different ones, at your discretion. Instead of varnish or paint, you can also use stain. But it should only be alcohol-based. Under no circumstances use water-based stain to cover the product, it will only ruin the work - the basket will lose its shape and may simply get wet.
Square version of the basket, using a base
Step 7. Finally, all this beauty needs to be secured. This is done using PVA glue. We thoroughly saturate our basket with it and let it dry.
After all these manipulations, when the twisting is finished, you can decorate the finished creation. For example, attach beads, make an applique from ribbons, artificial flowers, and so on, whatever the master’s imagination is enough for.
If desired, you can add to the basket handles or lid.
Our master class on creating a basket is over. Now let's admire our creation.
Find videos on how to create from paper, the video will be a good help and will help you understand the principle of operation better. Study them carefully.
other methods
The product is manufactured alternative way weaving
It's a good idea if you decide to use more advanced techniques, e.g. rope or spiral.
But a novice master is unlikely to cope with such a task. If you have already tried the above, then you should try yourself in a more complex technique. Spiral and rope weaving are more time-consuming, but they are worth the effort you put in.
Rope technique, in general, is similar to weaving in the most in a simple way, which was discussed in the previous section. Only instead of one tube, each new layer is woven with two types of vines, which are also woven crosswise, but in different sides from the racks.
Spiral weave- this is a method where new tubes are not woven between the racks; only the racks themselves are involved in the process, attached to the bottom and periodically extended as needed. The racks are intertwined with each other with a slight offset.
Other newspaper crafts
In fact, there are a great many crafts made from newspaper tubes. You can create whatever your heart desires. Although everyone thinks that few crafts can be made from paper vines. Actually this is not true. You can bring a lot of ideas to life.
Creating the bottom of a craft using circular weaving
What can be woven from newspaper tubes:
- Vase.
- A basket with handles.
- Candy bowl.
- Stand.
- A box.
- Box.
- Cup.
- Decorative Mug.
- A birdcage.
- Tray.
- Flowerpot.
- Frame.
- Candlestick.
- Figurines.
And much more.
Use the site "Country of Masters" to find ideas and lessons. There you can see examples of work. Perhaps you will like something and want to repeat what has already been done. Or maybe examples of the masters’ works will inspire you to create something exclusive.
When you master different techniques for weaving from newspaper tubes, new ideas will naturally arise in your head and you will be convinced that you can make anything your imagination can come up with from paper tubes.
Crafts made from newspaper tubes can become not only a decoration for your home, but also a great gift to any of your loved ones. Things made with your own hands are highly valued; they are special, unique, inimitable and have a special energy. Crafts self made have always been and remain in fashion. They will never become outdated.
Almost all of us have unnecessary newspapers and various magazines and other printed paper products. Many people try, of course, to get rid of all this, but they shouldn’t do this.
The fact is that you can make a variety of crafts with your own hands from old newspapers, and you can make various things that are necessary in the house or well decorate the interior of your room.
The newspaper is very easy to process and you don’t need to make any Herculean efforts to make any useful thing. Therefore, to make crafts from newspapers with your own hands, you can involve children as assistants, who will have a great desire and interest in doing something interesting and useful.
On this moment One of the most interesting and popular areas of DIY newspaper crafts is considered to be weaving crafts from newspaper tubes.
It should be noted that this lesson is not as easy as it might seem at first glance. Here you need to clearly understand all the subtleties and nuances of weaving, and if you study all this well, then you can do a lot of different and fun things that will appeal to both children and adults.
So, for example, you can make a variety of decorative boxes, caskets, baskets, vases and decorative saucers, in general, for anything that your imagination allows.
This article also presents many bright and colorful photos of crafts made from newspaper tubes.
However, before starting creative process it is necessary to prepare the starting material from which the weaving process will begin.
How to make a vine from newspaper?
Many wicker elements can be combined very well with the interior of almost any room, so most owners of country or private houses would be especially happy to decorate their premises in this style.
However, the vine that is used for weaving can cost significant financial costs, but in this case you can turn your attention to cheaper and more accessible material - these are ordinary old newspapers, from which you can make wicker crafts, while the cost of the outlay will be minimal.
So, before you start, you need to make a large number of blanks, from which some kind of work will later be made. interesting craft. Therefore, first the newspaper must be cut crosswise into strips of the same size, after which we take a knitting needle and wind a newspaper strip onto it, resulting in a thin and beautiful tube, and so on until a large number of blanks are collected.
Souvenir basket made from newspaper
One of the most basic crafts made from newspaper tubes is a rectangular or square basket. This design is not particularly difficult; almost anyone can do it.
To make this product you will have to use a rectangular or square piece of cardboard, you will also need glue and scissors.
So, several tubes need to be glued onto the prepared cardboard form, and the distance between them should not exceed more than 2 cm.
Next, you need to bend each tube upward at the edge of the cardboard, but you need to do this so that the cardboard form is at the bottom and the tubes protrude upward. After which the base of the frame is ready and you can start weaving.
The weaving itself looks like this: from the very bottom horizontally we install the workpiece between the vertical elements and so on until the very top. If the tube runs out, then put it on its tip. new straw pre-lubricated with glue and continue the weaving process further.
Note!
Upon reaching the required height, everything that is unnecessary needs to be firmly fastened somewhere, and glued somewhere well. For a longer service life of the product, it is coated with a special varnish.
Thus, from ordinary newspaper tubes you can make a rather interesting and beautiful basket, which will certainly be useful in the house.
At the same time, when you gain experience and skills in the weaving process, you can make new crafts from newspaper tubes, more complex and simple in shape.
In this case, you can use tubes to make almost any thing that may be needed in the house, for example, a wall shelf for storing small and light items or souvenirs.
Children's crafts
A very fun and exciting activity with paper can also be found for kids. IN in this case We will talk about an interesting style of working with paper like papier-mâché.
This activity will not leave any child indifferent, and the child will learn certain subtleties of working with paper, scissors and glue. And most importantly, the child will like it and it will be educational.
Note!
So, first you need to take main element when creating paper crafts, this is a plate that will be the basis of the future product.
The plate itself is pre-lubricated with Vaseline, then small pieces of a white napkin soaked in water are placed on it; this process must be done until the napkin covers the entire plate, only after that it is recommended to use newspaper.
The newspaper also needs to be torn into small pieces with a diameter of 3-4 cm, but no more.
All pieces of newspaper soaked in water must be placed on the top layer of a napkin; this operation must be done in several layers; it is recommended to carry out no more than 7 layers.
After each layer, it is necessary to smooth the entire surface with a brush to evenly distribute the newspaper pieces. The last layer is applied with a white napkin, after which everything must be smoothed and leveled again with a brush, and only then the product must be left to dry for one or two days.
Note!
After complete drying, the product can be removed from the mold. It is clear that during the process there could be unevenness along the edges, but this can be carefully corrected with scissors.
And the finished product can be painted in different colors, or apply some kind of design, and finally, a thin layer of transparent varnish can be applied to the finished papier-mâché style plate.
The result will be an interesting and original craft with your own hands from newspapers, which can be installed in the most visible place.
Picture from magazines
Almost every home has old illustrated magazines; some people get rid of them by throwing them in the trash, while others store them and take them to a waste paper collection point.
But you shouldn’t rush into this, as you can make paper crafts from such magazines. In this case, the only thing that may be required is to cut out various pictures from a magazine and paste them on a piece of paper, resulting in a simple picture that is filled with a certain meaning.
Photos of crafts made from newspaper tubes
Chapter 2
Basics medical knowledge and rules providing first aid
2.1. First aid for acute heart failure and stroke
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diseases of the cardiovascular system among the world's population are one of the main risk factors that negatively affect human health. This fully applies to the population of our country, including the younger generation. Thus, according to statistics, among students finishing school, every fourth has a deviation in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Let's remember briefly about her.
The cardiovascular system -
this is a single anatomical and physiological system that provides blood circulation (Fig. 1) in the body and blood supply to organs and tissues, necessary for the delivery of oxygen, as well as nutrients and
Rice. 1. Human blood circulation diagram:1 -
capillaries of the head, upper torso and upper extremities; 2 - brachiocephalic trunk;
3 - pulmonary trunk; 4 - left pulmonary veins;
5 - left atrium; 6 - left ventricle;
7 - celiac trunk; 8 - left gastric artery; 9 - capillaries of the stomach; 10 - splenic artery; 11 - capillaries of the spleen; 12 - abdominal aorta; 13 - splenic vein; 14 - mesenteric artery;
15 - intestinal capillaries; 16 - capillaries of the lower torso and lower extremities 17 - mesenteric vein; 18 - inferior vena cava 19 - renal artery; 20 - kidney capillaries 21 - renal vein; 22 - portal vein; 23 - liver capillaries; 24 - hepatic veins; 25 - thoracic duct; 26 - common hepatic artery;
27 - right ventricle; 28 - right atrium; 29 - ascending aorta; 30 - superior vena cava; 31 - right pulmonary veins 32 - lung capillaries.
removal of metabolic products. Thanks to the circulatory function, the cardiovascular system participates in gas and heat exchange between the body and environment, in the regulation of physiological processes and coordination of various functions of the body.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels.
Heart - this is an organ circulatory system, contractions of which create energy for blood movement. The shape of the heart is close to conical with a rounded top and base. Heart weight ranges from 200-400 g.
There are four cavities in the heart: the right atrium and ventricle and the left atrium and ventricle. The atria are separated by the interatrial septum, the ventricles by the interventricular septum. These partitions provide separate blood flow through the systemic and pulmonary circulation, i.e., they prevent the mixing of arterial and venous blood. The atria are separated from the ventricles by atrioventricular valves, with the help of which the directed movement of blood in the heart is carried out (Fig. 2).
The superior and inferior vena cava flow into the right atrium, and the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. The pulmonary trunk departs from the right ventricle, and the aorta from the left. The openings of each of these large vessels are separated from the cavities of the ventricles of the heart by the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve, respectively.
The walls and septa of the heart are represented mainly by the cardiac muscle - the myocardium, which has a complex layered structure. In this case, the fibers of different layers of the myocardium are located at an angle to each other, which increases the efficiency of heart contractions. The thickness of the walls of the left ventricle, which does most of the work, is 5-7 mm.
Blood vessels - these are elastic biological tubes of various diameters that form a closed system through which blood circulates from the heart co to all organs and tissues of the body and back to the heart.
R 
is.2. Valves of the heart and great vessels (top view, atria not shown):
1 - place of closure of the semilunar valves of the pulmonary valve; 2 - place of closure of the semilunar valves of the aortic valve; 3 - place of closure of the leaflets of the right atrioventricular valve; 4 - fibrous ring; 5 - right atrioventricular valve; 6 - muscular layer (myocardium); 7 - left atrioventricular valve; 8 - line of closure of the leaflets of the left atrioventricular valve; 9 - semilunar valves of the aortic valve;
10 - semilunar valves of the pulmonary valve.
In accordance with the direction of blood movement, the circulatory system is divided into arteries and veins, between which there is a microcircular bed connecting them (arterioles, venules and capillaries).
Arteries carry blood from the heart to the tissues. They branch into smaller and smaller vessels and finally turn into arterioles, which in turn turn into capillaries. The capillaries turn into venules, from which small veins begin; they gradually merge with each other and become larger. Blood flows to the heart By the largest veins.
From the heart, which is the center of the cardiovascular system, the systemic and pulmonary circulations originate.
The pulmonary circulation begins with the pulmonary trunk, extending from the right ventricle of the heart.
Contracting, the right ventricle ejects venous, waste blood into the pulmonary artery and further into the lungs. In the capillaries of the lungs, oxygen enters into an unstable combination with the hemoglobin of red blood cells, and carbon dioxide enters the air of the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. The path of blood from the right ventricle through the capillaries of the lungs to the left atrium is called the pulmonary circulation.
From the left atrium, blood enters the left ventricle, where it begins big circle blood circulation The left ventricle, contracting, throws blood into the aorta - the largest artery of our body, which branches into smaller arteries that turn into dense capillary networks (Fig. 3).
Blood, washing all tissues, gives them oxygen, takes nutrients from the intestines, gives them to tissues, and is also saturated with carbon dioxide and other waste products of cells. Gradually, the capillaries merge into two large vena cava, through which blood enters the right atrium, closing the systemic circulation. Venous blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle, from where it is again sent through the pulmonary circulation, etc.
Having remembered the purpose and functioning of the cardiovascular system, let's consider the issue of heart failure.
Heart failure is a pathological condition characterized by circulatory failure due to a decrease in the pumping function of the heart.
The main causes of heart failure can be heart diseases: rheumatic defects, heart attacks, myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium during various diseases as a result of damage to the myocardium by infectious agents), as well as prolonged overload of the heart muscle, leading to its overwork.
According to the speed of manifestation they distinguish acute heart failure, occurring almost suddenly or within a few hours,
Rice. 3. Diagram of the relationship of both halves of the heart with the systemic and pulmonary circulation.
And chronic, developing over several weeks, months, years.
Acute heart failure most often manifests itself in patients with acute myocardial infarction (heart disease caused by insufficient blood supply), after physical overload in people with certain heart defects, with hypertension, with myocarditis.
Chronic heart failure in the early stages of development is characterized by rapid fatigue, muscle weakness, a feeling of lack of air, and chilliness.
Heart failure can occur when the left side of the heart is overloaded (left ventricular failure) or when the right side of the heart is overloaded and damaged (right ventricular failure).
Left gastric failure is manifested by a decrease in cerebral circulation (dizziness, darkening of the eyes, fainting). With right gastric insufficiency, the neck veins swell, the fingers, tip of the nose, ears, chin become blue, and slight jaundice and swelling of varying degrees appear. *
First aid for acute heart failure are provided according to its clinical manifestations and causes.
In general, it is necessary to lay the patient on his back, turn his head to one side, provide him with air access, and be sure to call a doctor.
Stroke - This acute disorder blood circulation in the brain, causing death of brain tissue. The main causes of stroke can be: hypertension (a disease characterized by increased blood pressure (BP), for middle-aged people, pressure 140/90 is considered elevated), atherosclerosis (a disease characterized by a decrease in the distensibility (elasticity) of large and medium-sized arteries and a narrowing of the lumen between them, and as a result - deterioration of the cardiovascular system), blood disease.
Stroke is divided into hemorrhagic(hemorrhage in the brain, under the membranes and in the ventricles of the brain) and ischemic(thrombosis of cerebral vessels, non-thrombatic softening of the brain matter in pathology of the carotid and vertebral arteries).
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs as a result of the rupture of a pathologically altered blood vessel in the brain. It usually develops suddenly, often during the day after mental or physical stress. There is a sudden loss of consciousness, up to coma (a state of deep depression of the central nervous system, characterized by loss of consciousness and reaction to external stimuli, a disorder in the regulation of vital functions of the body), the patient falls. There is a flow of blood to the face (facial hypermia), sweat on the forehead, increased pulsation of blood vessels in the neck, hoarse, loud, bubbling breathing; Blood pressure rises, the pulse is sharp, and sometimes vomiting occurs. The eyeballs are often tilted to the side. Paralysis of the upper and lower limbs on the side opposite to the site of cerebral hemorrhage and speech impairment.
Passively raised paralyzed hand falls like a whip. Foot the legs on the side of paralysis are turned outward.
Ischemic stroke (cerebral infarction) occurs more often with atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, decreased blood pressure, increased blood clotting properties, as a result of blockage of a cerebral vessel by a thrombus.
Ischemic stroke is often preceded by cerebrovascular accidents. Headache, dizziness,
staggering when walking, weakness or numbness of the limbs, fainting, and sometimes pain in the heart area.
With an ischemic stroke, paralysis of the limbs develops gradually, often at night during sleep or in the morning. Brief loss of consciousness often occurs. The patient's face is pale, the pulse is weak, blood pressure is low, cardiac activity and breathing are weakened.
The course of a stroke has three options:
1. Favorable when impaired body functions are gradually restored.
2. Intermittent, when the patient’s condition periodically worsens.
3. Progressive, with gradual deterioration and death.
First aid for stroke. First of all, the patient must be placed comfortably on the bed and the clothing that makes breathing difficult should be unbuttoned. Turn your head to the side so that your tongue does not fall back. Clear the oral cavity and respiratory tract of mucus and vomit. Place a heating pad at your feet. Call an ambulance immediately.
Evacuation of a patient is allowed only in a lying position and only with a medical worker.
In conclusion, let’s briefly look at the concept of “terminal states”.
Terminal states - conditions related to the final stage of life, characterized by a reversible state of extinction of body functions.
In terminal conditions, there can be no talk of first aid. In such cases, only emergency resuscitation is necessary - reviving the dying person.
To do this, it is necessary to urgently perform cardiac massage and artificial respiration.
Questions and tasks
1. Give the concepts of heart failure, stroke and name possible reasons their occurrence.
2. Name what first aid for acute heart failure and stroke includes.
