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Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 252n

“On approval of the national calendar preventive vaccinations and calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications «

“National calendar of preventive vaccinations”

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccines
Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life)	First vaccination against viral hepatitis B¹	Euvax B 0.5
Newborns (3-7 days)	Vaccination against tuberculosis 2	BCG-M
Children 1 month	Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1	Engerix B 0.5 Euvax B 0.5
Children 2 months	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1 First vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Euvax B 0.5
Children 3 months	First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First vaccination against polio 4	Infanrix Poliorix Pentaxim
	First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5	Act-HIB Hiberix Pentaxim
4.5 months	Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Second vaccination against polio 4 Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection	Infanrix Poliorix Pentaxim Prevenar 13
	Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5	Act-HIB Hiberix Pentaxim
6 months	Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1	Euvax B 0.5 Infanrix Hexa
	Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus Third vaccination against polio 6	Infanrix Poliorix Pentaxim Infanrix Hexa
	Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group) 5	Act-HIB Hiberix Pentaxim Infanrix Hexa
12 months	Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1	Measles Rubella
	15 months	Revaccination against pneumococcal infection	Prevenar 13
18 months	First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First revaccination against polio 6	Infanrix Poliorix Pentaxim
	Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) 5	Act-HIB Hiberix
20 months	Second revaccination against polio 6	OPV
6 years	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps	Priorix Measles Rubella
6-7 years	Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7	ADS-M
	Revaccination against tuberculosis 8	BCG-M
14 years	Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7
	Third revaccination against polio 6	Poliorix
Adults over 18 years old	Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination	ADS-M
Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated	Vaccination against viral hepatitis B 9	Engerix B 0.5 Euvax B 0.5 Engerix V 1,0
Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive), women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who do not have information about vaccinations against rubella	Vaccination against rubella, revaccination against rubella	Rubella
Children from 1 year to 18 years (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, utility and social sphere; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints through state border Russian Federation), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, with no information about measles vaccinations	Vaccination against measles, revaccination against measles	Measles
Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; students in professional educational organizations and educational organizations higher education; adults working individual professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60 years of age; persons subject to conscription military service; persons with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity	Flu vaccination	Vaxigrip Influvac Grippol+ Grippol quadrivalent Ultrix
	Pneumococcal	Pneumo 23 Prevenar 13
Children and adults according to epidemiological indications	Meningococcal	Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications Name of vaccination Categories of citizens subject to preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications and the procedure for their implementation Against tularemia Persons living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as those arriving in these territories - agricultural, drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; * Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of tularemia. Against the plague Persons living in areas enzootic for plague. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen. Against brucellosis In foci of goat-sheep type brucellosis, persons performing the following work: — on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where livestock diseases with brucellosis are registered; — for the slaughter of livestock suffering from brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it. Livestock breeders, veterinarians, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of brucellosis. Against anthrax Persons performing the following work: — livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, as well as slaughter, skinning and cutting of carcasses; - collection, storage, transportation and primary processing raw materials of animal origin; - agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition in anthrax-enzootic territories. Persons working with material suspected of being infected with anthrax. Against rabies WITH for preventive purposes vaccinate people who have high risk rabies infection: — persons working with the “street” rabies virus; — veterinary workers; huntsmen, hunters, foresters; persons performing work on catching and keeping animals. Against leptospirosis Persons performing the following work: — on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in areas enzootic for leptospirosis; — for the slaughter of livestock with leptospirosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals with leptospirosis; - on catching and keeping stray animals. Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis. Against tick-borne viral encephalitis Persons living in areas endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: — agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; — logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis. Against Q fever Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where diseases of cattle Q fever are registered; Persons performing work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas with Q fever. Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens. Against yellow fever Persons traveling outside the Russian Federation to countries (regions) enzootic for yellow fever. Persons working with live cultures of the yellow fever pathogen. Against cholera Persons traveling to cholera-prone countries (regions). The population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of complications of the sanitary and epidemiological situation regarding cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation. Against typhoid fever Persons engaged in the field of municipal improvement (workers servicing sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as organizations carrying out sanitary cleaning of populated areas, collection, transportation and disposal of household waste. Persons working with live cultures of typhoid pathogens. Population living in areas with chronic water epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to countries (regions) that are hyperendemic for typhoid fever. Contact persons in areas of typhoid fever according to epidemiological indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents on the water supply and sewer network), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened area. Against viral hepatitis A Persons living in regions disadvantaged by the incidence of hepatitis A, as well as persons at occupational risk of infection (medical workers, public service workers employed in enterprises Food Industry, as well as servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks). Persons traveling to disadvantaged countries (regions) where outbreaks of hepatitis A are registered. Contacts in foci of hepatitis A. Against shigellosis Employees of medical organizations (their structural divisions) infectious profile. Persons employed in the field Catering and public improvement. Children attending preschool educational institutions and those leaving for organizations providing treatment, rehabilitation and (or) recreation (as indicated). According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened area. Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal increase in the incidence of shigellosis. Against meningococcal infection Children and adults in areas of meningococcal infection caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the event of an epidemic caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Persons subject to conscription for military service. Against measles Contact persons without age restrictions from the outbreaks of the disease, who have not previously been ill, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles, or have been vaccinated once. Against hepatitis B Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against hepatitis B. Against diphtheria Contact persons from the outbreaks of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against diphtheria. Against mumps Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against mumps. Against polio Contact persons in foci of polio, including those caused by wild poliovirus (or if the disease is suspected): - children from 3 months to 18 years - once; — medical workers- once; - children arriving from endemic areas (disadvantaged) for polio in countries (regions), from 3 months to 15 years - once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if there are none); - faces without specific place residence (if identified) from 3 months to 15 years - once (if there is reliable data on previous vaccinations) or three times (if there are none); — persons who had contact with those arriving from endemic areas (disadvantaged) for polio of countries (regions), from 3 months of life without age limit - once; - persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliovirus without age restrictions - once upon hiring Against pneumococcal infection Children aged 2 to 5 years, adults from risk groups, including persons subject to conscription for military service. Against rotavirus infection Children for active vaccination to prevent diseases caused by rotaviruses. Against chicken pox Children and adults from risk groups, including those subject to conscription for military service, who have not previously been vaccinated and have not had chickenpox. Against hemophilus influenzae Children who were not vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae in the first year of life The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications 1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of work (services) on vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations). 2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers who have been trained on the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the rules of organization and technique of vaccination, as well as on the provision of medical care in an emergency or urgent manner. 3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the preventive vaccination calendar for epidemic indications is carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use. 4. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusing immunoprophylaxis are explained to the person to be vaccinated or his legal representative (guardians), and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation.” eleven 11 Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; No. 26, art. 3446; 2013, No. 27, Art. 3459; No. 27, art. 3477; No. 30, art. 4038; No. 48, art. 6165; No. 52, art. 6951. 5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic). 12 12 Order of the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 No. 252n “On approval of the Procedure for assigning a supervisor to a paramedic, midwife medical organization when organizing the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care, the individual functions of the attending physician in the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the prescription and use of medications, including narcotic drugs medications and psychotropic drugs" (registered Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation April 28, 2012, registration number № 23971). 6. It is allowed to administer vaccines on the same day using different syringes. different areas bodies. The interval between vaccinations against different infections when administered separately (not on the same day) should be at least 1 month. 7. Vaccination against polio according to epidemic indications is carried out with oral polio vaccine. Indications for vaccinating children with oral polio vaccine for epidemic indications are registration of a case of polio caused by wild poliovirus, isolation of wild poliovirus in human biosamples or from environmental objects. In these cases, vaccination is carried out in accordance with the decree of the main state sanitary doctor subject of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children subject to vaccination, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation.

Little children in to a greater extent susceptible to diseases. From the first months of a baby’s life, everyone adapts internal organs and systems to new conditions. The immune system is just beginning to develop and cannot protect the body from the effects of pathogenic viruses and microorganisms.

IN environment There are many causative agents of severe infectious pathologies that can not only undermine health for many years, but also lead to death. To protect a child from potential infection, it is necessary to undergo routine immunization in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

Routine vaccination helps prevent the occurrence of serious diseases

How is the vaccination schedule for children compiled?

The vaccination calendar is approved by the Ministry of Health. Every year, a council of specialists, which consists of the country’s chief doctors, does a lot of work to adjust the vaccination plan.

Taking into account the epidemiological situation, the time frame for immunization is being revised. If necessary, changes are made to the list of permitted injection solutions (vaccines). In 2017, new important vaccinations were added (for example, against viral hepatitis).

The Russian national vaccination calendar has been compiled to increase the effectiveness and safety of vaccination. Based on this, it is recommended to immunize the youngest age group population, since children are more at risk of infection, and weak immunity is not able to protect the growing organism properly.

In all medical institutions, vaccination is carried out according to the approved schedule, this procedure is free and voluntary. For its implementation, only the written consent of the parents is required.

Vaccinations by age

The bulk of vaccinations are performed on children under the age of one and a half years; immunization begins from the first month of birth. Vaccination is the introduction of weakened bacteria, after which the production of immunoglobulin antibodies to the pathology of which they are the causative agents begins.

Vaccination will protect your child from infection by 90%; if infected, the disease will be mild. The risk of complications (death, disability) is reduced to zero. Today in Russia, children under 14 years of age are vaccinated against many diseases:

• Tuberculosis is an infection of bacterial etiology; the lesion is usually localized in the lungs and spreads to all internal systems.
• Diphtheria is a severe infectious pathology that affects the central nervous system, adrenal glands, lungs, trachea, and heart muscle.
• Whooping cough is an infection main feature- paroxysmal cough.
• Viral hepatitis B - the disease affects the liver, and later becomes a permanent form, in which cirrhosis of the organ develops.
• Tetanus – with this infection the central nervous system is affected, the patient often experiences convulsions and suffocation.
• Poliomyelitis is a disease characterized by the formation of paralysis, the development of which cannot be prevented.
• Measles is a viral disease characterized by the appearance of rashes on the mucous membrane of the throat and nose. Additionally, symptoms of poisoning are observed (fever, elevated temperature).
• Epidemic parotitis - the pathology occurs in an acute form, affects nervous system and salivary glands. In boys, the lesion can spread to the testicles, which will subsequently lead to infertility.
• Haemophilus influenzae infection is a dangerous disease; children under 1 year of age are most susceptible to infection. It manifests itself as purulent meningitis, otitis media, damage to the joints and cardiovascular system, and respiratory tract pathologies (pneumonia, bronchitis) may occur.
• Rubella - infection with the virus is manifested by thickening of the lymph nodes and the appearance of a rash.
• Flu is a serious disease and is highly contagious. Characterized by defeat respiratory system, feverish condition of the patient. IN running forms leads to death.

Young parents need to take the issue of vaccinating their baby as seriously as possible.

Parents must take responsibility for their child’s health, not skip scheduled vaccinations, and understand the danger that may threaten him without vaccination. If, due to the baby’s well-being or other important circumstances, it is not possible to visit the clinic in a timely manner, then it is necessary to notify the pediatrician about this. The doctor will prescribe next date immunization.

Babies under one year old

In the first year of a baby's life, it is diagnosed a large number of important injections. Some of them are combined so that instead of several you can make one. For example, DPT is a vaccine against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria.

Before vaccination, you should consult a doctor; a specialist should assess the child’s well-being.

Often a medical exemption is required for an indefinite period of time, or the doctor can develop a personal vaccination schedule. The vaccination schedule with the names of vaccines for children from birth to 1 year is shown in the table:

Age	Name of vaccination (more details in the article:)	Vaccine used	To whom is it given?
Newborns, children in the first days of life	1 vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Euvax V, Engerix V	All products are produced according to the instructions.
3 – 7 days from birth	Immunization against tuberculosis	BCG-m, BCG	Everyone gets vaccinated. Exceptions are children whose parents have serious pathologies (for example, HIV).
1 month	Vaccination 2 against viral hepatitis B	Euvax V, Engerix V	It is given to all children of this age group who have received their first injections.
2 months	Immunization 3 against viral hepatitis B	Euvax V, Engerix V
3 months	1 vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus	DTP, OPV	All children of this age.
3 – 6 months	1 immunization against Haemophilus influenzae	ActHib, Imovax polio Infanrix,	It is given to children who are at risk (oncohematological disease, HIV infection, anatomical abnormalities, weakened immunity).
4.5 months	1 vaccination against polio; 2 immunization against Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio	DTP, OPV, Imovax polio Infanrix, ActHib	It is carried out according to the child’s age group and the sequence of vaccination.
6 months	Vaccination 3 against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, viral hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae, polio	DPT, OPV, Imovax polio Infanrix, ActHib, Euvax V, Engerix V	Prescribed to all patients as planned.
12 months	Vaccination against rubella, measles, mumps, 4 immunization against viral hepatitis B	Euvax V, Engerix V, Priorix, ZhKV, ZhPV, Rudivax	Vaccination takes place according to schedule.

Live polio vaccine solution dripped into mouth

Children from one to three years old

When a child turns 1 year old, it is no longer necessary to visit the hospital every month. Parents need to follow the immunization schedule to ensure they don't miss anything. What vaccinations and how many stages of vaccination should still be available can be found out from your local pediatrician.

After two years (or a year and a half), the baby will begin to walk kindergarten, and immunization will be carried out on site at intervals of several months. Only written consent will be required from parents. The vaccination stages for children aged 1 to 3 years are listed below:

Schedule of routine vaccinations for children

Modern injection drugs are easily tolerated at any age. They help the body develop immunity against pathologies that killed thousands of people in the last century.

The vaccination plan is drawn up to ensure that the child is protected from dangerous diseases from the very first months of life. Not following it and refusing vaccination is irresponsible.

Full schedule of vaccinations for children (+ – vaccination; ++ – revaccination):

Dates	Tuberculosis	Hepatitis B	Haemophilus influenzae infection	Polio	Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP)	Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS-m)	Measles	Mumps	Rubella
1 day		+
3 – 7 day	+
1 month		+
2 months		+
3 months			+		+
4, 5 months			+	+	+
6 months		+	+	+	+
12 months		+					+	+	+
18 months			++	++	++
20 months				+
6 years							++	++	++
6 – 7 years						++
7 years	++
14 years				++		++
14 – 18 years old	++					++

Revaccination

Vaccinations against some diseases require revaccination of the child at an older age.

One vaccination is not always enough to form strong immunity to infections/viruses. Often it is necessary to repeat immunization two or three times - this is called a booster vaccination. Thanks to subsequent vaccination against the same infection, the body develops immunity to its pathogen.

Until the age of 14, children undergo several stages of revaccination. List of vaccinations:

• 6 years – measles/rubella/mumps;
• 7 and 13 – 14 years old – diphtheria/whooping cough/tetanus;
• 7 years – tuberculosis;
• annual immunization against influenza.

Vaccination according to epidemic indications

Immunization for epidemic indications is carried out in certain regions of the country. Data on the epidemiological situation are analyzed annually, after which a list of unfavorable regions is compiled. In such areas, vaccine prevention of the following diseases is carried out:

• brucellosis;
• anthrax;
• Q fever;
• tularemia;
• plague;
• leptospirosis;
• tick-borne encephalitis;
• flu.

Vaccinations 2018

« Vaccinations 2018 "is a vaccination calendar for 2018, which includes a schedule of all necessary preventive vaccinations for children included in national calendar . What vaccinations do children get? This list includes all the necessary vaccinations for children, for kindergarten, entering school, going to camp, etc. Vaccinations in 2018 year will include a standard list of vaccines, including: tetanus vaccination, BCG, DPT vaccinations and others.

A medical portal site especially for you, dear users, has collected the entire list of mandatory vaccinations for the year in one place, so that you don’t have to look for bits and pieces necessary information on different sites.

Our portal team asks you very much about two things:

Vaccinations 2018

National vaccination calendar for 2018 , includes much of the same vaccine as last year.

Vaccinations for 2018 year will include vaccination against the following diseases:

1. Hepatitis B
2. Tuberculosis
3. Diphtheria
4. Whooping cough
5. Tetanus
6. Rubella
7. Mumps (popularly known as “mumps”)

Child's age	Vaccine type
Newborn babies (in the first 12 hours after birth)	The first vaccination against the virus is given hepatitis B.
Newborn babies (in the first 3-7 days after birth)	Vaccination against tuberculosis - BCG (short for Bacillus Calmette - Guerin).
1 month	2nd vaccination against viral hepatitis B.
2 months	The first vaccine against pneumococcal infection in children. 3rd vaccination against viral hepatitis B.
3 months	First vaccination against diphtheria , whooping cough, tetanus - DTP vaccination + polio vaccination. The first vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae in children.
4.5 months	2nd vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus - DTP + polio vaccination. 2nd vaccine against hemophilus influenzae. 2nd vaccination against pneumococcal infection.
6 months	3rd vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus - DTP + polio vaccination. 3rd vaccination against viral hepatitis B. 3rd vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae.
12 months	Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps. 4th vaccination against viral hepatitis B .
15 months	Repeated vaccination against pneumococcal infection (1st is done in the second month).
18 months	First booster vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus - DTP + polio vaccine. Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection.
20 months	Second revaccination against polio.
6 years	Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps.
7 years	Revaccination against tuberculosis. Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus.
13 years	Vaccination against rubella (girls - in general, all women between the ages of 18 and 35 should get the rubella vaccine to avoid possible complications during pregnancy caused by rubella) . Vaccination against viral hepatitis B(for children who were not vaccinated at an earlier age).
14 years	3rd revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus. Repeated vaccination against tuberculosis. Third revaccination against polio.
Adults	Repeated vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - it should be done for adults every 10 years, from the moment of the last revaccination.

Vaccination calendar 2018

What is a vaccination schedule?

Vaccination calendar - this is a list approved by the Ministry of Health, which indicates the entire list of required vaccines, depending on the age of the patient.

It is worth noting that in Russia the national calendar of preventive vaccinations was approved on June 27, 2001 by Order No. 229 of the Ministry of Health.

National vaccination calendar for 2018

According to vaccination calendar for 2018 Newborn babies receive 2 types of vaccinations:

Vaccination against viral hepatitis B- it is done in the first 24 hours after the birth of the child.

BCG vaccination (against tuberculosis)- this vaccination is given to newborns during the first 3 to 7 days.

Should newborns be vaccinated? This complex issue, to which each family responds differently. There are a lot of reviews and opinions on this matter on the Internet, despite the fact that the opinions are often diametrically opposed. If you vaccinated your child at birth, we VERY ask you to leave it - this infection, which can affect both animals and people. Tetanus primarily affects the nervous system with the appearance of severe cramps and tonic muscle tension. Most common causes of death in patients with tetanus are: paralysis of the respiratory muscles and, as a result, respiratory arrest, paralysis of the cardiac muscle - cardiac arrest.

Whooping cough- an infectious disease transmitted by airborne droplets. The main symptom of whooping cough is an attack of severe spasmodic cough, which often results in hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Whooping cough is especially dangerous for children up to one year old, as it can cause apnea (stopping breathing). Children most often affected by whooping cough are from 5 to 7 years of age.

Contraindications to DTP vaccination.

Contraindications for DTP are the same as for other vaccines. Get vaccinated ABSOLUTELY impossible only in cases: if the child has a progressive disease of the central nervous system and the child has previously had seizures (if the seizures were not associated with fever).

How is DPT made?

DTP vaccination is done according to calendar of preventive vaccinations 2018. Thus, vaccination against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria is done in 4 stages: most often at 2, 3, 4 and 12 months.

BCG vaccination 2018

BCG- vaccination against tuberculosis. The vaccine is used for active specific prevention of tuberculosis and is given in the first 3-5 days after the birth of the baby.

How long does it take for immunity to develop after BCG?

In general, anti-tuberculosis immunity is formed in a child during the first year of life. How to understand that a child’s immunity has developed? - if immunity has formed successfully, then a scar will appear on the shoulder at the site where the vaccine was administered, as in the picture below:

Scar after BCG vaccination

Who is the BCG vaccine absolutely contraindicated for?

• in children with immunodeficiency (HIV-positive parents, etc.)
• if the brother or sister of the child who is to be vaccinated has previously had severe complications from BCG vaccination
• children with congenital enzyme metabolism disorders
• for severe genetic diseases in a child, for example, Down syndrome
• for severe diseases of the nervous system, for example, cerebral palsy.

How long does it take to develop immunity after BCG vaccination?

Immunity after a vaccine lasts on average for 5 years.

Since BCG is on the list vaccinations for 2018 year, then parents should under no circumstances refuse this vaccination, since no one is insured against infection with tuberculosis and tuberculosis should not be considered a “disease of the poor.”

Vaccination against polio

The polio vaccine is included in . It is worth distinguishing between 2 types of vaccinations:

What is polio and why is it dangerous?

Polio is an acute infectious disease that affects the gray matter of the spinal cord and causes a disorder in the nervous system, most often leading to paralysis and paresis (decreased muscle function as a result of damage to the corresponding nerve pathway).

A child paralyzed as a result of complications of polio

Is polio vaccination required?

The answer to this question YES! For example, a child will not be accepted into kindergarten until he is vaccinated against polio, since this vaccine is included in the mandatory list of vaccinations 2018.

How many times is the polio vaccine given?

All vaccinations and revaccinations against polio are done 6 times according to vaccination calendar this occurs at: 3 months, 4.5, 6, 18, 20 months and again at 14 years.

When should you not get vaccinated?

Vaccination is not done if the child has severe immunodeficiency of various etiologies.

IMPORTANT! So that a child with an immunodeficiency does not have contact for at least 14 days with a child who has received a live polio vaccine!

Paid vaccination

Vaccination calendar 2018- a list of vaccines is provided for a limited list of diseases that, in the opinion of the Ministry of Health, are most important. These vaccinations can be done for free in clinics, or they can be done for a fee in private clinics (by choosing, for example, the country of the vaccine manufacturer - England, Belgium, France).

Along with the list of required vaccinations 2018, there is also a list of vaccines that are given at the request of the patient, these include:

• Vaccination against chickenpox- it should be done for adults and children over 10 years of age who have not had chickenpox. The vaccine can be given between the ages of 1 and 50 years.
• Hepatitis A vaccination- this vaccination can be done from the 1st year. For children it is carried out in 2 stages, adults receive a double dose in one procedure.
• Vaccination against cervical cancer- done from 10 years to 26. The effectiveness of vaccination against cervical cancer is as much as 100%, due to the immunization of the woman’s body to the human papillomavirus.

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A person faces questions about vaccination almost at the beginning of his life, when 12 hours after the first cry of a newborn he is already offered the first vaccination against hepatitis. Since vaccinations for newborns are carried out exclusively with the consent of the parents (in the maternity hospital you sign a document in which you agree to vaccination or refuse it), many questions arise.

To do or not to do? Could there be complications? What if I refuse vaccination, what might this mean in the future? To prevent such questions from arising in your head one after another, you need to understand this serious matter and decide on your actions even before the baby is born.

Why are vaccinations given?

With the help of vaccination, it is possible to carry out mass prevention of dangerous infectious diseases. Mankind, thanks to this method, has already coped with the smallpox epidemic and other dangerous diseases, and also prevented new pandemics. According to WHO, immunization saves about 3 million children's lives around the world every year.

The essence of vaccination is as follows: a vaccine is introduced into the body. It can represent weakened or killed strains of microbes, purified proteins, or a synthetic drug. As a response, antibodies begin to be produced that “remember” the pathogen and in the future protect the body from its invasion.

Relative (temporary) and absolute (cannot be done under any circumstances) contraindications are developed for vaccines. Mandatory vaccinations for children under one year of age are approved by the Ministry of Health and are included in the national vaccination calendar. Each of them has its own routes and scheme of administration (subcutaneous, oral, intramuscular). It happens that one vaccine is enough to develop lasting immunity, and sometimes repeated administrations (re-vaccination) are necessary.

Tuberculosis is the disease of the century, but you can reduce the risk of the disease

What diseases are children vaccinated against?

According to the national calendar, vaccination against the following diseases is provided:

1. Tuberculosis. This bacterial infection, caused by Koch's shelf, is thought to lead to the largest number deaths around the world. The lungs are affected first, but the infection can spread to other organs.
2. Poliomyelitis. A viral infection that targets the nervous system. The disease leads to paralysis lower limbs and disability, in severe cases - to death.
3. Hepatitis B. A viral infection that destroys the liver. The risk of getting hepatitis B is 100 times greater than the risk of getting AIDS. Chronic development disease can lead to liver cirrhosis or cancer.
4. Diphtheria. Known as the "choking disease". Its causative agent secretes a strong toxin that destroys the nerve sheath and damages red blood cells (blood elements), and also forms a film on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, causing difficulty breathing.
5. Whooping cough. Business card illness - paroxysmal cough accompanied by spasms. Every tenth child who contracts whooping cough is subsequently treated for pneumonia. In children under one year of age, there is a high mortality rate when infected. The only preventive measure is vaccination.
6. Tetanus. Toxins affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems. In 25% of cases the outcome is fatal (in developed countries). In developing countries, mortality reaches 80%.
7. Measles. The virus also affects nervous tissue, its main complications: pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, blindness. According to WHO, measles kills about 2 million children worldwide every year.
8. Rubella. A viral disease characterized by skin rashes and enlarged lymph nodes. It is easily tolerated by children, but causes a number of complications in adults. For pregnant women, the infection is most dangerous: when the fetus is infected, many defects develop, and miscarriage often occurs.
9. Mumps (mumps). The disease is characterized by swelling salivary glands, which prevents the patient from chewing. Treatment is only symptomatic: antipyretics, bed rest, diet. Meningitis may develop against the background of the disease, diabetes, prostatitis.

Whooping cough is very dangerous for children under one year of age

Vaccination calendar

Below is a table of vaccinations that are mandatory offered by the state for prevention purposes. It is advisable for every mother to have such a list of vaccinations in order to remember when the baby should be taken to the manipulation room.

Age	Graft
Newborns (after 12 hours of life).	I vaccination against hepatitis B.
On days 3-7, counting from birth.	Vaccination against tuberculosis.
At 1 month.	II vaccination against hepatitis B.
At three months.	I vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP), as well as polio.
4.5 months.	II vaccination with DTP, as well as against polio.
At 6 months.	III vaccination with DTP, as well as against polio. III vaccination against hepatitis B.
At 1 year.	For measles, rubella, mumps IV vaccination against hepatitis B (for those at risk).
At 18 months.	I revaccination with DTP, as well as against polio.
At 20 months.	II revaccination against polio.
At 6-7 years old.	Repeated vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps.
At 7-8 years old.	Repeated vaccination against tuberculosis. II revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus.
At 13 years old.	Rubella vaccination (for girls).
At 14 years old.	III vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus. Repeated vaccination against tuberculosis (if necessary). III vaccination against polio.
Adults.	Every 10 years - revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus.

In addition to mandatory vaccinations, the child may be offered additional ones, for example, against Haemophilus influenzae (which leads to serious diseases such as purulent meningitis and pneumonia) and against pneumococcal, as well as influenza. They are given to those children who are at risk.

The most good results are achieved when the vaccination schedule is maximally followed and all of them are given to the child at the right time. However, due to various circumstances, vaccinations for newborns are postponed to a later time (for example, the baby is ill). It's not scary. The main thing is that there is a break of at least a month between them.

On the other hand, too much delay behind the schedule could lead to the start of a whole course of vaccinations. For example, if the first vaccination against hepatitis B was given, and then for 5 months it was not possible to get a second one, a course of three vaccines begins again with the first.

Often several vaccinations for newborns are combined “in one bottle”. It is very comfortable. For example, the drug Infanrix Hexa contains 6 vaccines: against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio, hepatitis B virus and against Haemophilus influenzae infection. And Infanrix Penta has a composition of 5 components: in fact, all of the above, except for the vaccine against hemophilus influenzae infection.

Routes of administration

Most newborn vaccinations are given intramuscularly. For example, from hepatitis and DPT. However, today it is not recommended to administer the vaccine in gluteal muscle(it has been proven that immunity is not developed so productively). Increasingly, the injection site is chosen to be the thigh or shoulder.

Many vaccines are given intramuscularly in the shoulder.

The polio vaccine is administered intramuscularly if it is part of a combination drug, or orally in the form of drops when taken separately. And the tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) is administered intradermally into the shoulder, usually on the day of discharge from the hospital.

Paid or free?

The state has a free immunization program, and all vaccines are certified and approved for use. However, some decide to get vaccinated not in public clinics, but in private ones, while purchasing imported vaccines for a considerable amount.

Although all vaccinations are of high quality, they may differ in the degree of purification and preservatives used. In some, the microbes are alive but weakened, while others are made from a dead microbe. There are situations when the time has come to get vaccinated (for example, the second DTP), but it is not available in clinics. Then parents may be offered to buy the vaccine at the pharmacy.

All these options have the right to exist, however, when making paid vaccinations, it is worth considering some details.

If the vaccine is purchased at a pharmacy

1. First of all, you come with your child to see the pediatrician. He examines the baby, and only after the doctor has given the go-ahead for the vaccination, do you buy it.
2. Vaccines are stored strictly at a certain temperature and are transported ONLY WITH COLD. Therefore, before you buy it, take a cooler bag from the vaccination office. The pharmacy can also provide such a bag. Vaccine brought without compliance temperature conditions(even if you carried it 5 minutes to the clinic in winter) is considered theoretically spoiled, and not a single nurse has the right to give such a vaccination.
3. When you purchase a vaccine at a pharmacy, you will be issued a certificate for it, which you leave at the clinic.

If the vaccine is given at a paid center

Everything is simpler here, since vaccines are available locally, and you pay for both the vaccine and the doctor's examination at once. The main responsibility lies with the employees of this establishment. But before vaccination, make sure you have medical center good reputation regarding compliance with the rules for storing vaccinations and the qualifications of health workers.

Before any vaccination, the child is examined by a doctor

Contraindications

Vaccination is contraindicated if:

• have an allergy to yeast products;
• critical body weight of newborns;
• ARVI or acute respiratory infections during an exacerbation;
• meningitis;
• autoimmune diseases;
• signs of immunodeficiency are observed.

Preparing for vaccination

• Before vaccination with DPT you need to have fresh clinical tests blood and urine, and also undergo an examination by a neurologist.
• If a child is prone to allergies, an action plan is chosen in advance with the doctor. Most often in this case, they are prescribed antihistamines 2 days before vaccination and in the next 2 days.
• Buy an antipyretic “just in case.”

On the day of vaccination

• Do not introduce new foods into your baby’s diet on this day;
• do not plan events that involve crowds of people or emotional reaction child;
• do not scare the baby with the aunt who is giving injections;
• if the baby is already talking and asking about the injection, tell him the truth, but at the same time assure him that it can be tolerated and is very important for health;
• After vaccination, stay for 15 minutes in the clinic so that if an unexpected reaction develops, you will receive immediate help;
• Assure your baby of your love and support.

During the discussion, we saw what vaccinations are given to newborn children. We also learned from which serious illnesses they can save. The world's leading doctors and health experts clearly believe that vaccination is necessary because it helps prevent the epidemic nature of many infections. Now the decision is up to you: whether your children need vaccinations.

The vaccination calendar is a list of mandatory vaccinations, which indicates which vaccine should be administered and at what age. Currently in Russia there is Russian calendar preventive vaccinations, approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 of June 27, 2001.

The national vaccination calendar provides for vaccination against the following diseases:

• Hepatitis B is an infectious viral disease that affects the liver. It can become chronic with the formation of liver cirrhosis.
• Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease that most often affects the lungs.
• Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease of a viral nature, accompanied by the formation of irreversible paresis and paralysis.
• Diphtheria is an acute infectious bacterial disease that affects Airways, heart, nervous system, kidneys and other organs. Before the use of the diphtheria vaccine, the disease was fatal in most cases.
• Whooping cough is an acute infectious bacterial disease accompanied by paroxysmal cough.
• Tetanus is an acute infectious bacterial disease characterized by damage to the central nervous system. Causes the development of convulsions and suffocation (asphyxia).
• Measles is an acute viral disease manifested by symptoms of intoxication (fever, etc.), rash and damage to the mucous membrane of the nose and pharynx. Measles can be accompanied by severe complications.
• Rubella - viral infection, which is characterized by the appearance of a rash and enlarged lymph nodes. Rubella is especially dangerous in the first half of pregnancy, as it can lead to miscarriage or severe fetal malformations.
• Mumps (mumps) is an acute viral disease that affects the salivary glands and nervous system. In boys, the testicles are often involved, leading to infertility.

Russian calendar of preventive vaccinations

When using inactivated vaccines, one injection is not enough to create protective immunity. Typically, a course of vaccination is required, consisting of 2-3 injections, followed by revaccination, that is, additional “feeding” of the immune system.

• The very first vaccination is carried out when the newborn turns 12 hours. The child is vaccinated against hepatitis B.
• C 3 By 7 day The child is vaccinated against tuberculosis with a vaccine called BCG.
• As soon as the child turns one month(30 days), a second vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out.
• At three months the child must be vaccinated against four diseases at once: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio. However, in reality, he will receive only two vaccinations (or even one - “tetracocine”): the first - against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (for example, with the DPT vaccine) and the second - against polio.
• At four o'clock half a month do the same as at three.
• At six months the same as at four and a half. In addition, they are vaccinated against hepatitis B for the third time.
• When a child turns one year, it's time to get vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps (one vaccine).
• IN one and half year revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus is given, and the polio vaccine is also administered.
• IN 20 months- another revaccination against polio.
• The following vaccinations only need to be done V 6 years. The child is given another dose of vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps.
• AT 7 years: first revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG), second revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (DT).
• IN 13 years Vaccinations are done selectively. If your child has not been vaccinated against hepatitis B on time, the time to do so is now. Only girls are given the rubella vaccine at age 13.
• At 14 years- another revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, polio, tuberculosis.
• Adults should be revaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus every ten years from the date of the last vaccination.

What are they vaccinated with?

Immunization within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations is carried out with vaccines of domestic and foreign production, registered and authorized for use in the prescribed manner in accordance with the instructions for their use.