Nikita Muravyov was born on July 30, 1796 in Moscow. Together with his brother Alexander, he received an excellent education at home, he was fluent in six languages, including Russian, which was rare among the educated nobility of that time. At the age of seventeen he graduated from Moscow University.
At the beginning of the war of 1812, he ran away from home to join the army, went through the entire military campaign of 1812-1814, and participated in hostilities against Napoleon I.
In June 1815, in a retinue of officers of the General Staff, he arrived in Paris. Here Muraviev met Benjamin Constant, Henri Gregoire, Abbé Siyers. Returning to Russia, he took up the study of political economy, economics, law, and history. He was dissatisfied with the socio-political situation in Russia and considered ways of transformation, was a supporter of the establishment republican government through a military uprising.
In 1816, Nikita took an active part in the creation of the Union of Salvation, was the author of the charter of this union.
In 1818, Muravyov, among the founders of the Union of Welfare, participated in the creation of the "Green Book" - the charter of this Union. In early 1820 he retired. After the formal dissolution of the Welfare Union (1821), Muravyov initiates the creation new organization- Northern Society, where his influence in 1821-1823 was extremely great.
After the split of this organization, Nikita Muravyov became the initiator of the creation of the Northern Society. In parallel with this, he served in the guard. Being with her in Minsk, the Decembrist developed the first draft of the future constitution. In addition to the old requirements, new important provisions appeared in it. The constitution of Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov was written for a country in which the feudal system, recruitment, military settlements would be destroyed. The monarchy was to become limited. This project was criticized by other Decembrist leaders.
Muravyov was the most influential member of the Northern society along with Nikolai Turgenev and some other young people. The Decembrist did not forget to keep in touch with Pavel Pestel. He, in turn, was the head of the Southern Society and even made Muravyov a member of its governing body, the Directory, despite some ideological differences.
He was the author of the draft Constitution of the new society, where he intended to preserve the monarchy, but left the emperor limited power, similar to the presidential one in the United States, and proposed the division of Russia into independent regions, connected common union. On the Senate Square and in general, Muravyov was not in St. Petersburg at the time of the uprising of the Decembrists - together with his wife they were at that time in the family estate, but he was arrested on a denunciation as one of the leaders of a secret society.
Nikita Muravyov was convicted in the first category, and sentenced to hard labor for a period of 20 years. Later, in August 1826, the term of hard labor was reduced to 15 years.
He was sent to Siberia in December 1826, followed in February 1827 by his wife, Alexandra Grigoryevna, who paved the way for other Decembrist wives. Ants served hard labor in the Nerchinsk mines, in 1835 he was transferred to a settlement in the Irkutsk province. was engaged agriculture, lectured, wrote socio-political essays and memoirs, which he destroyed in 1843 after the arrest of Mikhail Lunin.
Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov(July 19, 1795, St. Petersburg - May 10, April 1843, Urik village, Irkutsk province) - one of the main ideologists of the Decembrist movement, officer, member of the Three Virtues lodge, captain of the Guards General Staff.
Biography
The son of the writer and publicist Mikhail Nikitich Muravyov and Ekaterina Fedorovna (née Kolokoltsova). He received an excellent home education. Later he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Moscow University. From February 1812 - collegiate registrar in the Department of the Ministry of Justice. At the beginning of the war of 1812, he ran away from home to the active army, in which he was officially enlisted as an ensign of the retinue in the quartermaster's unit in July 1813. He went through the entire campaign of 1813-1814. Member of the battles of Dresden and Leipzig. August 1, 1814 transferred to the General Staff. Participated in hostilities against Napoleon I, who returned from the island of Elba (seconded to the duty general of the main headquarters of the Russian troops in Vienna A. A. Zakrevsky). In June 1815, in a retinue of officers of the General Staff, he arrived in Paris. Here Muravyov met Benjamin Constant, Henri Gregoire, Abbot Sievers.
Upon returning to Russia, Muravyov, together with the future Decembrists, listened to the political economy course of Professor K. F. German and independently studied literature on economics, law, and history. In 1816 he took an active part in the creation of the Union of Salvation, became one of the founders of the Union of Welfare (1818). Together with S. P. Trubetskoy and A. N. Muravyov, he participated in the creation of the charter of the Welfare Union - the Green Book. In January 1820, at the St. Petersburg meeting of the Union, he spoke in favor of establishing republican government through a military uprising. He retired early in 1820. He left for the south of Russia together with M.S. Lunin and met there with P.I. Pestel.
After the formal dissolution of the Welfare Union (1821), Muravyov initiates the creation of a new organization - the Northern Society. His influence in society in 1821-1823 was extremely great. At the same time, Muravyov did not lose contact with Pestel, the head of the Southern Society, who introduced Muravyov to the governing body of the Southern secret society - the Directory.
In December 1821, Muravyov resumed his service in the General Staff, with the rank of lieutenant. In the winter of the same year, while in Minsk with the guards, Muravyov developed the first version of the constitution. In it, along with the abolition of serfdom, feudal system, recruitment and military settlements, there are ideas of preserving the monarchy, limited in action by the constitution. According to the project, a high property qualification was established, the liberation of the peasants was landless, and landownership was preserved. This version of the Constitution was criticized by Pestel, Ryleev, Shteingel, Thorson. In subsequent versions of the Constitution, Muravyov lowered the property qualification, stipulated the conditions for allocating land to peasants.
In December 1825, Muravyov was not in St. Petersburg: taking a leave of absence for family reasons, he and his wife left for the Oryol estate of the Chernyshevs, Tagino. The name of Muravyov, as one of the leaders of the secret society, was named in the denunciation of AI Maiboroda.
Arrested in the village of Tagino on December 20, 1825. Delivered to St. Petersburg to the main guardhouse on December 25, transferred on December 26 to Peter and Paul Fortress. After interrogation, on January 5, 1826, he presented to the Privy Committee a "Historical Review of the Society." Convicted on the 1st category. Upon confirmation on July 10, 1826, he was sentenced to hard labor for a period of 20 years; on August 22, 1826, the term of hard labor was reduced to 15 years. Sent to Siberia on December 10, 1826.
From January 28, 1827, he served his sentence in the Chita jail, from September 1830 - in the Petrovsky plant, where he gave a course of lectures on the history of Russia and military history, was an active participant in the Small Artel. In November 1832, the term of hard labor was reduced to 10 years. From the Petrovsky Plant he left for a settlement in the village of Urik, Irkutsk District, where, together with his brother, he was engaged in agriculture, built a mill. There is evidence that Muravyov wrote political essays and memoirs in Siberia, but after Lunin's arrest in 1841, he destroyed everything.
... they wanted to drag Nikita Muravyov into the case because of his kinship and friendliness with Lunin, believing that he was a participant in the composition of some of Lunin's letters [political pamphlets], and his mother Ekaterina Fedorovna cost a lot to shield her son. (S. P. Trubetskoy)
He died in the village of Urik on April 28 (May 10, old style), 1843. He was buried in the fence of the Urik Savior Church.
A family
Wife: from February 22, 1823 - Alexandra Grigoryevna, nee Chernysheva.
- Catherine (1823-1870);
- Michael (died in infancy);
- Elizabeth (born 1826 - 05/07/1844);
- Sophia (1828-1892) married to Bibikov Mikhail Illarionovich;
- Olga (born and died 1830);
- Agrafena (Agrippina) (b. and mind. 1831).
Compositions
- Draft Constitution (1821-1825)
- "The experience of the military campaign of 1799" (1817);
- “Thoughts on the History of the Russian State by N. M. Karamzin” (1818, published in 1954);
- "A Curious Conversation" (1820);
- "Historical Review of the Society's Progress" (1825)
Awards
- Order of St. Anne 4th degree;
- Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree.
Muravyovs (Decembrists) Muravyovs - Decembrists: 1) Alexander Mikhailovich (1802 - 1853). As a cornet of the cavalry guard regiment, he belonged to the Northern Society; by the commission of inquiry he was assigned to the fourth category of participants on December 14 and the supreme criminal court was forced to exile in hard labor for 15 years; then this period was reduced to eight years. In 1834, his term in hard labor ended, but he did not want to leave before his brother Nikita, and only in 1836, together with the latter, was he settled in the village of Urike, near Irkutsk. Later he lived in Tobolsk, serving in the office of the provincial government. With significant cash., he opened a women's school in Tobolsk. See his notes in Schiemann: "Ermordung Pauls und Thronbesteigung Nicolaus I". - 2) Nikita Mikhailovich M. (1796 - 1844), brother of the previous one. He was married to Countess Chernysheva, who followed him to Siberia. He was the captain of the guards general staff; On December 14, he was assigned to the first category of participants by the commission of inquiry and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Criminal Court, which was replaced by a link to hard labor. Since 1816, Nikita M. took part in Masonic lodges; then he founded a secret political society - the Union of Salvation or the Union of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland, which included Freemasons from different lodges, and for which Pestel wrote a charter in 1817. In 1818, the Salvation Union became the Welfare Union. In 1821, when the Northern and Southern societies were formed, Nikita M. became the head of the first. At first, sympathizing with the republican system, M. was then the most prominent representative of the monarchical-constitutional aspirations of the Northern society. According to the constitution of M., preserved in various editions, Russia was to receive federal structure. The emperor is "the supreme official Russian government"; legislature belongs to the "Supreme Duma" and the "House of People's Representatives". All citizens are equal before the law. Ranks and estates are destroyed. See Dovnar-Zapolsky's "Memoirs of the Decembrists" for different editions of the constitution of M., and V.E. Yakushkin " Government and projects state reform in Russia"; detailed analysis at V.I. Semevsky "Political and social ideas of the Decembrists". - 3) Alexander Nikolaevich M. (1792 - 1864) - brother of Nikolai Nikolaevich M.-Karsky, Mikhail Nikolaevich M.-Vilensky and spiritual writer Andrei Nikolaevich M.; founder, together with Nikita Mikhailovich M. secret political society Union of Salvation and one of the editors of the charter of the Union of Welfare. Served in general staff, retired as a colonel; in 1826, assigned to the fourth category of Decembrists, exiled to Verkhneudinsk, in next year took the post of Irkutsk mayor; then he was successively the chairman of the Tobolsk provincial government, the governor of Arkhangelsk and Nizhny Novgorod (in his last position, he contributed to the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod nobility was one of the first to respond to the Highest Rescript on November 20, 1857), and finally, the first present in one of the Moscow departments of the Senate. - 4) Artamon Zakharyevich M. (1794 - 1846); participated in the campaigns of 1812-14, commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment; belonged to the Southern society; was referred by the commission of inquiry to the first category of members of secret societies. The report of this commission says that Artamon M. expressed an ardent desire to go to Taganrog to kill Emperor Alexander and was hardly restrained by his comrades, according to whom, however, he was "furious more in words than in reality." Dr. N.A. Belogolovy, in excerpts from "From the Memoirs of a Siberian", published in "Russian Vedomosti" in 1896, writes that "he was an unusually cheerful and good-natured person; his laughing eyes jumped, and a rolling, infectious laughter constantly filled his small house" in the village Malaya Razvodnaya, near Irkutsk, where he lived after his release from hard labor. In Siberia, "everyone loved him for his selfless and active kindness: he not only platonically sympathized with any other person's misfortune, but did everything possible to help: in the village he soon became a common benefactor; claiming to know medicine, he himself looked for sick peasants and treated them helping them not only with medicines, but also with food, money, - with everything that he could. - 5) Ippolit Ivanovich M.-Apostol (1805 - 1826), ensign of the retinue in the quartermaster's department; belonging to the Southern Society, he was a participant in the uprising of six companies of the Chernigov regiment, which released his arrested brother Sergei and moved to Belaya Tserkov. When, on January 3, 1826, they were defeated by a detachment of hussars with horse artillery, and Sergei M. fell wounded, Ippolit, believing that he was killed, did not want to outlive his brother and shot himself. - 6) Sergei Ivanovich M.-Apostol (1796 - 1826), brother of the previous one. He was brought up in Paris with his brother Matvey, then completed a course at the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers; participated in the campaigns of 1813-14; in 1816 he was transferred to the Semyonov regiment, after which he was disbanded and transferred to the second battalion of the Chernigov regiment. From that time on, Sergei M. became one of the leaders of the Southern Society and gained extraordinary popularity among the soldiers, which, by the way, explains the rebellion of the Chernigov regiment, which brought Sergei M. July 13, 1826 to the gallows. His biographer Balas writes in "Russian Antiquity" in 1873: "Sergei Ivanovich's extraordinary meekness, combined with courtesy, liveliness and wit, was, in the words of contemporaries, brilliant and alluring in him. An exalted and bright mind, deep religiosity, excellent spiritual qualities acquired feelings of love and devotion to him. Friendliness and wit made him the soul of society. " - 7) Matvey Ivanovich M.-Apostol (1783 - 1886). He studied in the Corps of Communications, but the course, due to the beginning Patriotic War, did not finish. Served in the Semenov regiment; in 1821 he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1816 he was an active member of the Welfare Union; had relations with the North and Southern Societies. Arrested among the Decembrists, he was sentenced to death, first commuted to penal servitude, then exile to a settlement; since 1836 he lived in Yalutorovsk. Subsequently, the rights of the state were returned to him. Three years before his death, A.P. dictated. Belyaev his "Memoirs" concerning his stay in Siberia (see "Russian Antiquity", 1886, No. 8). - For literature, see the article "Decembrists", vol. XV, 772 - 3.
Biographical Dictionary. 2000 .
See what "Muravyovs (Decembrists)" is in other dictionaries:
1) Alexander Mikhailovich (1802 1853); being a cornet of the cavalry guard regiment, he belonged to the northern society; the commission of inquiry was assigned to the fourth category of participants on December 14 and the supreme criminal court was sentenced to exile to ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
1) Alexander Mikhailovich (1802-53); being a cornet of the cavalry guard regiment, he belonged to the northern society; was assigned to the fourth category of participants on December 14 by the commission of inquiry and was sentenced by the supreme criminal court to exile to hard labor ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Rus. revolutionaries who raised an uprising in December 1825 against the autocracy and serfdom (they were named after the month of the uprising). D. were noble revolutionaries, their class. limitedness left a seal on the movement, to a swarm of slogans it was ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
Meaning of ANTS (DECABRISTS) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia
ANTS (DECABRISTS)
Muravievs - Decembrists: 1) Alexander Mikhailovich (1802 - 1853). As a cornet of the cavalry guard regiment, he belonged to the Northern Society; by the commission of inquiry he was assigned to the fourth category of participants on December 14 and the supreme criminal court was forced to exile in hard labor for 15 years; then this period was reduced to eight years. In 1834, his term in hard labor ended, but he did not want to leave before his brother Nikita, and only in 1836, together with the latter, was he settled in the village of Urike, near Irkutsk. Later he lived in Tobolsk, serving in the office of the provincial government. Having significant funds, he opened a women's school in Tobolsk. See his notes in Schiemann: "Ermordung Pauls und Thronbesteigung Nicolaus I". - 2) Nikita Mikhailovich M. (1796 - 1844), brother of the previous one. He was married to Countess Chernysheva, who followed him to Siberia. He was the captain of the guards general staff; On December 14, he was assigned to the first category of participants by the commission of inquiry and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Criminal Court, which was replaced by a link to hard labor. Since 1816, Nikita M. took part in Masonic lodges; then he founded a secret political society - the Union of Salvation or the Union of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland, which included Freemasons from different lodges, and for which Pestel wrote a charter in 1817. In 1818, the Salvation Union became the Welfare Union. In 1821, when the Northern and Southern societies were formed, Nikita M. became the head of the first. At first, sympathizing with the republican system, M. was then the most prominent representative of the monarchical-constitutional aspirations of the Northern society. According to the constitution of M., preserved in various editions, Russia was to receive a federal structure. The emperor is "the supreme official of the Russian government"; Legislative power belongs to the "Supreme Duma" and the "House of People's Representatives". All citizens are equal before the law. Ranks and estates are destroyed. See Dovnar-Zapolsky's "Memoirs of the Decembrists" for different editions of the constitution of M., and V.E. Yakushkin "State power and projects of state reform in Russia"; detailed analysis by V.I. Semevsky "Political and social ideas of the Decembrists". - 3) Alexander Nikolaevich M. (1792 - 1864) - brother of Nikolai Nikolaevich M.-Karsky, Mikhail Nikolaevich M.-Vilensky and spiritual writer Andrei Nikolaevich M.; founder, together with Nikita Mikhailovich M. of the secret political society Union of Salvation and one of the editors of the charter of the Union of Welfare. Served in the General Staff, retired as a colonel; in 1826, assigned to the fourth category of the Decembrists, he was exiled to Verkhneudinsk, the next year he took the post of Irkutsk mayor; then he was successively the chairman of the Tobolsk provincial government, the governor of Arkhangelsk and Nizhny Novgorod (in his last position, he contributed to the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod nobility was one of the first to respond to the Highest Rescript on November 20, 1857), and finally, the first present in one of the Moscow departments of the Senate. - 4) Artamon Zakharyevich M. (1794 - 1846); participated in the campaigns of 1812-14, commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment; belonged to the Southern society; was referred by the commission of inquiry to the first category of members of secret societies. The report of this commission says that Artamon M. expressed an ardent desire to go to Taganrog to kill Emperor Alexander and was hardly restrained by his comrades, according to whom, however, he was "furious more in words than in reality." Dr. N.A. Belogolovy, in excerpts from "From the Memoirs of a Siberian", published in "Russian Vedomosti" in 1896, writes that "he was an unusually cheerful and good-natured person; his laughing eyes jumped, and a rolling, infectious laughter constantly filled his small house" in the village Malaya Razvodnaya, near Irkutsk, where he lived after his release from hard labor. In Siberia, "everyone loved him for his selfless and active kindness: he not only platonically sympathized with any other person's misfortune, but did everything possible to help: in the village he soon became a common benefactor; claiming to know medicine, he himself looked for sick peasants and treated them helping them not only with medicines, but also with food, money, - with everything that he could. - 5) Ippolit Ivanovich M.-Apostol (1805 - 1826), ensign of the retinue in the quartermaster's department; belonging to the Southern Society, he was a participant in the uprising of six companies of the Chernigov regiment, which released his arrested brother Sergei and moved to Belaya Tserkov. When, on January 3, 1826, they were defeated by a detachment of hussars with horse artillery, and Sergei M. fell wounded, Ippolit, believing that he was killed, did not want to outlive his brother and shot himself. - 6) Sergei Ivanovich M.-Apostol (1796 - 1826), brother of the previous one. He was brought up in Paris with his brother Matvey, then completed a course at the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers; participated in the campaigns of 1813-14; in 1816 he was transferred to the Semyonovsky regiment, after which he was disbanded and transferred to the second battalion of the Chernigov regiment. From that time on, Sergei M. became one of the leaders of the Southern Society and gained extraordinary popularity among the soldiers, which, by the way, explains the revolt of the Chernigov regiment, which led Sergei M. on July 13, 1826 to the gallows. His biographer Balas writes in "Russian Antiquity" in 1873: "Sergei Ivanovich's extraordinary meekness, combined with courtesy, liveliness and wit, was, in the words of contemporaries, brilliant and alluring in him. An exalted and bright mind, deep religiosity, excellent spiritual qualities acquired feelings of love and devotion to him. Friendliness and wit made him the soul of society. " - 7) Matvey Ivanovich M.-Apostol (1783 - 1886). He studied in the Corps of Communications, but the course, due to the outbreak of World War II, did not finish. Served in the Semenov regiment; in 1821 he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1816 he was an active member of the Welfare Union; had relations with the Northern and Southern societies. Arrested among the Decembrists, he was sentenced to death, first commuted to penal servitude, then exile to a settlement; since 1836 he lived in Yalutorovsk. Subsequently, the rights of the state were returned to him. Three years before his death, A.P. dictated. Belyaev his "Memoirs" concerning his stay in Siberia (see "Russian Antiquity", 1886, ¦ 8). - For literature, see the article "Decembrists", vol. XV, 772 - 3.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is MURAVIEV (DECABRIST) in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- ANTS (DECABRISTS)
1) Alexander Mikhailovich (1802?53); being a cornet of the cavalry guard regiment, he belonged to the northern society; was assigned by the commission of inquiry to the fourth category of participants ... - DECABRISTS in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
organizers of the failed armed rebellion in Russia in December 1825, representatives of the second stage of the Russian revolutionary movement. (Contrary to popular belief, the first ... - ANTS
The Muravyovs are a Russian noble and count family, descended from the Ryazan son of the boyar Vasily Alanovsky, whose son, Ivan Muravey, received 1488 ... - DECABRISTS
- DECABRISTS
Russian revolutionaries who raised an uprising in December 1825 against the autocracy and serfdom (they got their name from the month of the uprising). D. were noble revolutionaries, ... - ANTS RUSSIAN NOBILITY AND COUNTRY
- ANTS DECABRISTS in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
1) Alexander Mikhailovich (1802-53); being a cornet of the cavalry guard regiment, he belonged to the northern society; was assigned by the commission of inquiry to the fourth category of participants ... - DECABRISTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
see Conspiracy... - DECABRISTS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
DECABRISTS, Russian. noble revolutionaries who raised in December. 1825 uprising against autocracy and serfdom. Ch. arr. officers, members of Masonic lodges, participants ... - DECABRISTS in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
? see Conspiracy... - DECABRISTS in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
- DECABRISTS in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
Russian noble revolutionaries who raised an uprising in December 1825 against the autocracy and serfdom. Mostly officers, participants in the Patriotic War of 1812 and ... - DECABRISTS in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
Decembrists pl. Participants in the noble revolutionary liberation movement, which ended in December 1825 with an uprising against the autocracy and ... - DECABRISTS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
pl. Participants in the noble revolutionary liberation movement, which ended in December 1825 with an uprising against the autocracy and ... - DECABRISTS in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
pl. Participants in the noble revolutionary liberation movement in Russia, which ended in an uprising on December 14, 1825 ... - ANTS (RUSSIAN NOBILITY AND COUNTRY) in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
descending from the Ryazan boyar son Vasily Alapovsky, whose children, Esip Pushcha and Ivan Ant, were transferred in 1488 to ... - SERAPHIM VYRITSKY in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox Encyclopedia "TREE". Seraphim (Ants) (1866 - 1949), hieroschemamonk, Vyritsky wonderworker, reverend. Memory 21... - YAKUSHKIN IVAN DMITRIEVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Yakushkin (Ivan Dmitrievich) - one of the outstanding Decembrists. He was born in November 1793. At home, his teachers were retired officers and ... - STEINGEL VLADIMIR IVANOVICH (SHTEINGEL) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Shteingel or Shteingel (Baron Vladimir Ivanovich) - Decembrist. Born in 1783 in the city of Obve, Perm viceroy, where his father ... - Muraviev Nikita Mikhailovich in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov Nikita Mikhailovich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - MURAVYEV ARTAMON ZAKHARIEVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov Artamon Zakharyevich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - MURAVEV ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov Alexander Nikolaevich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - MURAVYOV ALEXANDER MIKHAILOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov Alexander Mikhailovich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - MURAVYEV-APOSTLE SERGEY IVANOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - MURAVIEV-APOSTLE MATVEY IVANOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov-Apostol Matvey Ivanovich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - MURAVYOV-APOSTOL IPPOLIT IVANOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Muravyov-Apostol Ippolit Ivanovich - see the article Muravyovs - Decembrists ... - GORBACHEVSKY IVAN IVANOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Gorbachevsky, Ivan Ivanovich - Decembrist (1800 - 1869); his father served as treasurer in Mogilev-provincial, was akin to Archbishop Georgy Konissky. … - BORISOVS (ANDREI AND PETER) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Borisov brothers - Andrei (born in 1798) and Peter (born in 1800) Ivanovichi - Decembrists who belonged to the society ... - BESTUZHEV ALEXANDER ALEKSANDROVICH (MARLINSKY) in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Bestuzhev, Alexander Alexandrovich, is an outstanding writer, known under the pseudonym of Marlinsky. He came from an old noble family; born October 23, 1797 ... - RAEVSKII in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Vladimir Fedoseevich is a Decembrist poet. R. in the family of one of the richest landowners of the Kursk province. He received his initial education at the Moscow University ... - ODOEVSKY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
1. Alexander Ivanovich, prince - Decembrist poet. He received a good education at home. He served as a cornet of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. On the basis of literary interests ... - EXTRA PEOPLE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
whole category designation literary images. It entered the circulation of Russian literary speech simultaneously with such popular works by Turgenev as "Rudin", "Noble ... - GRIBOEDOV in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Alexander Sergeevich is a famous Russian playwright. Comes from an ancient noble family, whose ancestor, Jan Grzybowski, came from Poland in ... - SOUTHERN SOCIETY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
secret revolutionary organization of the Decembrists in Ukraine in 1821-25. The members are mostly officers. It was created on the basis of the Tulchinsk Council of the Union of Welfare. … - SALVATION UNION in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the first secret political organization of the Decembrists in 1816-17. According to the charter (1817) the name is "Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland". Founders: A. N. ... - SOUTHERN SOCIETY OF DECABRISTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Society of Decembrists, the largest organization of Decembrists in Ukraine. It was created in March 1821 on the basis of the Tulchin Council of the Union of Welfare. Headed… - SCHEGOLEV PAVEL ELISEEVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Pavel Eliseevich, Soviet literary critic, historian. From 1895 he studied ...
Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov was a member of the Salvation Union and the author of the draft Russian constitution. He was distinguished by crystal honesty, courage and was a favorite of members of a secret society.
Mikhail Nikitich Muravyov, the father of Nikita and Alexander, entered the history of Russia as a man of the Enlightenment, encyclopedically educated, spoke several languages, a great connoisseur of literature, history, philosophy, writer and poet. The enlightened house of Muravyov was the center of everything sublime and best in society and literature. Recognized classics converged here - Derzhavin, Dmitriev, Karamzin, Olenin, Lvov, Gnedich. The hospitable house of the Muravyovs, always open to friends and relatives.
N. M. Muraviev.
Portrait by P. F. Sokolov. 1824
Nikita MikhailovichMuravyov was born on July 30, 1795. Educated at home and at Moscow University. Participant foreign trips Russian army 1813-1814. Returning to Moscow, in 1816 he was one of the foundersoil of the Union of Salvation, in 1818-1821 he was one of the leaders of the Union of Welfare. He was the ideologist and chief leader of the Northern Decembrist Society. In 1821-1825 he drafted the future state structure Russia, the so-called Muravyov Constitution, which was supposed to be presented to the People's Council.
Muravyov proposed the establishment constitutional monarchy, equality of citizens before the law, the elimination of estates, freedom of speech, press, religion, the abolition of serfdom and thepeasants with two tithes of land per yard while maintaining landlord ownership of the land, a high property qualification for occupation of the state. posts. With this document, Muravyov laid the foundation for the tradition of Russian liberalism.Lunin wrote about Nikita Muravyov:
"This man alone was worth the whole academy".
Pushkin and Muraviev
Muravyov Nikita Mikhailovich was interested in the history of the Fatherland and in his “Thoughts on the History of the Russian State” Karamzin criticized the historiographer from the standpoint of advanced ideas preached by the early Decembrists and the young Pushkin.Pushkin was familiar with the future Decembrist in his lyceum years and later (before being deported to the south) met him in the Arzamas literary society, of which they were members, and with mutual acquaintances - the Turgenev brothers, Karamzin and in the salonmother of Nikita MikhailovichEkaterina Fedorovna Muravieva. Meetings with Muravyov at "gatherings" of members of the Union of Welfaretvia are reflected in the surviving stanzas of the burned tenth chapter of "Eugene Onegin":
Famous for their sharp ornateness,
The members of this family gathered
At restless Nikita,
At cautious Ilya...
I read my Noel Pushkin,
Melancholic Yakushkin,
It seemed to silently uncover
Regicide Dagger...
Muravyov's characteristic, on full of anxious reflections, coincides with the assessment of the “young Jacobin” in the verses of K. N. Batyushkov, who knew him closely:
Your spirit is restless, restless,
He is eager to reap laurels ...
In Pushkin's "Autobiographical Notes", the critic of "History ..." Karamzin is named "a young man, intelligent and ardent."
Artist: Orest Kiprensky. 1813
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In February 1823, Nikita Mikhailovich marries Alexandra Grigoryevna Chernysheva from a very noble and wealthy count family. Three months after the wedding, on April 22, 1823, Muravyov received the next rank of staff captain and at the same time began to act as divisional quartermaster of the 2nd Guards Infantry Division, that is, chief of staff under Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich. It looks like the ruler of the secret society is starting to cool down.
to his affairs. S. Trubetskoy also confirmed this: “Nikita Muravyov, it seemed to me, shared the same reluctance with me, he had just married then.” This is not entirely true: Muravyov's ideas about the strategy and tactics of the struggle have changed.
Young cornet Alexander Muravyov
Younger brother Sasha recalled this many years later: “At meetings that took place periodically, an account was given of the success of the society, necessary measures, accepting new members, there were reports of new abuses committed by the government. Often Nikita Muraviev, with a noble and expressive face, a thoughtful and soft smile, in an unusually attractive conversation, discussed his draft constitution, explaining the constitution of the United States of America.
"It is not enough to love the good, sometimes you need to express it. If it does not bring any benefit now, it will remain a guarantee for the future"- so, in a letter from Siberia to his mother, one of the representatives of the Decembrist "anthill", Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov, designated his credo. Forty years old, who had become gray-haired by the time these lines were written, he knew too well the price of what he was talking about, sacrificing not only his prosperous fate, but also the life of his wife and children. Once, in 1826, his closest associate and cousin, Michel Lunin, wrote to Nikita Mikhailovich: "Everything that happened before Siberia is a child's game and spillikins; our true destination is Siberia; here we must show what we stand ". The show dragged on for many decades, breaking and distorting hundreds of lives, and meanwhile, outlined new myths and ideals. A dry bureaucratic form, expressed as: "I, the undersigned, having an unbending desire to share the fate of my husband, a state criminal ..." only for the high society gave rise to the image of sacrifice, and for thoughtful contemporaries and subsequent historians - an example of a woman who "showed spiritual strength" and confirmed her deeds.
She always said and did only what she believed with all her heart...
Alexandra (Alexandrina) Grigorievna was born in 1804 into one of the richest families in Russia. Her father, real Privy Councilor Count Grigory Ivanovich Chernyshev, very openly adhered to liberal views, but was on in good standing at the yard. Alexandra had five sisters and one brother, also a Decembrist in the future, Zakhar Grigorievich. The children of the Chernyshevs, using the services of invited teachers, received a good education at home. Grigory Ivanovich himself, being in the rank at court, devoted all his free time court imperial theater, and, according to contemporaries, was one of "the most amiable people in the world, smart, witty, friendly." Alexandrina's mother, cavalry lady Elizaveta Petrovna Kvashnina-Samarina, had a reputation as "a woman with a strong character, bordering even on strictness in family management." The family loved and supported free-thinking in every possible way, they considered it not only acceptable, but also important to have their own opinion about the work of both Pushkin and the "disgraced" Ryleev and Griboyedov. So, reading literature, participating in home performances and other activities, the childhood of a cheerful and somewhat wayward Sashenka passed. In the storerooms of the State Historical Museum in Moscow, there is a portrait of twelve-year-old Alexandrina, made by her art teacher A. Magnani.
Four years later, Alexandra herself will write in her diary: "I said, I say and I write that there is no greater misfortune than to have a hot and extravagant head and a mind on one side." Such ardor of Alexandra Grigorievna, over the years, will develop into hyper-responsibility for the lives of everyone who will surround her, bringing her a lot of remorse and doubt.
February
Le 1823, Alexandra, is married to Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov. She is 19, he is 27, history has not preserved direct sources testifying to the period of acquaintance and courtship, but, according to the "light", it was a marriage of great, ardent and mutual feeling. So, with the assurances of eternal love and beforeAnnoy, with adoration and reverence, Alexandra is one of the most influential families in Russia. The head of the ancient noble family of the Muravyovs, Mikhail Nikitich Muravyov, is long gone (he died in 1807). But, his name is still treated with the highest reverence in the family, and in society: the brightest representativeІ Catherine's "circle", trustee of Moscow University, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, fellow Minister of Public Education, and teacher of Emperor Alexander I. Ideals and faith in the creative power of enlightenment were adopted and continued by his sons - Nikita and Alexander. Being well-educated, and possessing knowledge of history and economics, military affairs, and, most importantly, political science, unique for that time, they read Rousseau, Montesquieu and Walter ... In their youth, a graduate of Moscow University, an officer and participant in the "Patriotic War", Nikita, entered into a Masonic lodge, the purpose of which very quickly grew into something more than the ideals familiar to Europeans implied. By 1816, already a member of the "Union of Salvation", it was he, together with his cousin Mikhail Lunin, who for the first time expressed the idea of "regicide".
Further, a lot of what Nikita Muravyov will say and do, gradually flowing from the republican channel into adherents of the "constitutional monarchy." In the years preceding the "uprising", he will significantly change his position and assign himself the role of an "ideologist", create the work of his life, which he can rightly be proud of - the second Russian "Constitution". After the marriage, Nikita Mikhailovich's temper will obviously soften significantly, and with the advent of two children, a different attitude to the value of human life will appear, and on the eve of the "December events", the head of the Northern Society, abandoning the idea of \u200b\u200bphysically eliminating the sovereign, writes: "People stained with blood will be put to shame in the general opinion..."
It was such a person that Alexandra Grigoryevna Chernysheva fell in love with, and, from the point of view of subsequent generations, she fell in love, literally “blindly”, because she “knew absolutely nothing” about the second, “secret” life of Nikita she adored. The first years of marriage are characterized by her as "life in paradise". "The happiest of women" is surrounded special attention and care. Nikita Mikhailovich worries and worries about everything that can at least a little darken the mood of his young wife, or bring disorder into the life of the family. Being in the official service, as well as in charge of the affairs of a secret "society", being constantly on the road, he writes letters to Aleksandrin, talks about how he yearns for the presence of his "little grandmother", asks to share the news: "How we are now separated, bunny. 800 miles between us, and the children are alone without us! At least you are among your own, and I am completely alone ... I rejoice at the thought that every moment brings me closer to the moment when we will unite. I am constantly interrupted, as the door opens, silently peasants or peasant women enter, bring pies, apples, rushes, watermelons, and then they begin to congratulate me on my arrival, tell about their affairs and ask for my intervention. I kiss my forehead, eyes, nose tip, mouth, chin, shoulders, fingers, arms, legs and the whole of you. I will try to return as soon as I can ... I hug you from my heart and soul as much as I love you.
In the autumn of 1825, Nikita Mikhailovich received a long-term vacation, and, having fulfilled his duties as the owner of the estates, having met with like-minded people in Nizhny Novgorod along the way, by the winter he arrived at the Oryol estate of the Chernyshevs to rest. In Tagino, by this time, in addition to the parents of Alexandrina, herself, who was expecting her third child, there were sisters and brother Zakhar, the family was preparing to celebrate Christmas cheerfully and noisily. The peaceful course of life was disrupted on December 17, the day the son of the Chernyshevs was arrested. Zakhar Grigoryevich was sent to St. Petersburg to a guardhouse, and Nikita Muravyov remained to explain himself to his wife and destroy everything that could confirm his guilt, or give an additional reason for the investigation. What exactly happened at the time of Nikita's arrest in the house - historians and authors of "legends" disagree. On December 20, at 9 pm, gendarmerie officers arrived with an order for Mr. Muravyov to immediately go to the Moscow Governor-General to give explanations. It is known that Alexandra Grigorievna was allegedly surprised by what was happening, believing that her brother and husband were not to blame for anything, Elizaveta Petrovna Chernysheva fell ill, paralyzed, Nikita Mikhailovich himself, right in front of the officers who arrived behind him, kneeling down, repented and asked for forgiveness . In Moscow, though under escort, Nikita Muravyov went fully prepared and insulated. In addition, he, with the air of an expert, assessed the conditions of the road itself, about which he wrote on December 23 in his letter to Alexandrina: “The road is quite good ... I think that you will now be more calm near our children, who have been deprived of their mother for so many months, therefore "I'm drawing you into this journey. I think this is the most sensible thing for you. I kiss you mentally a thousand and a thousand times!.. After Tula, there are empty potholes across the road, and you need to pass them carefully and with precautions. I think that you should go on a trip unaccompanied to test whether you are really courageous."
So, Alexandra Grigorievna must and must be courageous and pass the test ... Apparently, in the days preceding the arrest, between the spouses Muravyovs took place straight Talk that determined their future. December 30, 1825 Alexandra Grigorievna, bypassing Moscow, because by that time Nikita had already been transferred to the "Annensky" bastion of Petropavlovka, arrives in St. Petersburg. And she immediately submits a petition to the sovereign for a mitigation of punishment for the arrested husband and brother, not forgetting to mention that she agrees to follow her beloved everywhere, no matter how painful the punishment that awaits him. "Sharing the fate", she begins to act on all fronts. First of all, he tries to establish communication with the prison, finds out how much money you need to pay for the transfer of notes, products and things. Then, receiving letters from Nikita, he begins to hide or destroy his notes left in the Petersburg House. Surprisingly, Alexandra Grigorievna even manages to obtain information about the testimony of the "conspirators", because they are separated and kept in different cells. In parallel with her, there are relatives who are close to the sovereign, and who can influence his opinion - the father of Alexandra Grigorievna, and the mother-in-law Ekaterina Fedorovna, who, as a result, had both sons arrested.
During the first two weeks of the investigation, Alexandra will improve her life and contribute to the reasonable pastime of her husband in a prison cell. If Emperor Nicholas I allows writing paper to be given to the "conspirator" Muravyov, then Alexandra Grigorievna, using the family's money, will "generously order" to supply: books, chess, cologne, handkerchiefs and other clothes, oranges, lemons, asparagus, and even wine. All this, oddly enough, is known precisely because of the correspondence between the spouses. Back in early January, Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov, will submit a petition addressed to the emperor for permission to send letters to his wife and mother, and about the possibility of receiving an answer from them. And now, with the highest permission, the famous “repentant letter” appears, in which Muravyov seems to remove the appearance of complicity and the shadow of guilt from Alexandra: “Alas! Yes, my angel, I am guilty - I am one of the leaders of this newly discovered society. I guilty before you, who so often asked me not to have any secrets from you ... The vow of silence I gave, and above all, false shame hid from my eyes all the cruelty and carelessness of what I did, linking your fate with the fate of the criminal. I am the cause of your misfortunes and misfortunes of your whole family. It seems to me that I hear how all your loved ones curse me. My angel, falling at your feet, I beg you for forgiveness. In the whole world, I only have my mother and you. Pray for me, your my soul is pure, your prayer will win the favor of heaven for me. The thought that I have contributed to the despair of so many families makes my remorse especially burning. I fear that this misfortune may not have a fatal effect on the health of mothers nky".
From that moment, in virtually every letter, Muravyov will begin to give emotional evaluation to the movement in which he took part, calling it the "Tower of Babel". In addition, he will constantly ask to "pray" for him (write petitions?) and emphasize that his wife, children and mother are henceforth the only purpose of his existence. It is hard to believe that such letters did not previously fall into the hands of Benckendorff's employees, there are too many ambiguous phrases in them. "My good friend, commit a little violence against yourself and take care of a little housework - I know that it is very difficult for you, but what to do. I see that I have not lost the good habit of scolding and instructing you. You, in
erno, ohguessed, saying that I enjoy commanding someone. In the end, you can say about me THAT YOU NEED TO FOLLOW MY WORDS, NOT ACTIONS. "Nikita Muravyov will take all the letters from his wife and mother received in Petropavlovka with him into exile, and they are like" personal belongings of a prisoner " , having passed through the hands of others, will be read by the governor of Irkutsk, Zeidler, and the commandant of the Chitinsky and Petrovsky prison Leparsky.Together with the letters, Muravyov will carefully preserve the watercolor portrait, which, at his request, Alexandrina ordered the artist P.F. Sokolov, and back in January 1826 transferred to the "ravelin".
In letters from this period, there are often requests to Alexandrine, who was expecting the birth of her third child, "not to cry and take care of your health", while she herself quite openly characterizes her Current state: "... If I had the opportunity to see you at least occasionally, nothing in the world would break me, no physical misfortune; I would agree to become deaf, paralyzed, just not to part with you, and still be happy! .." "Today I drove past the fortress, dear friend, so close to you! I could not take my eyes off these walls, as if I could see through a stone. All night, I would probably be ready to stand in front of the fortress gates. Oh, how I envy those who has the right to enter! As soon as it gets warmer, Alexandra, together with her mother-in-law Ekaterina Fedorovna, will swim for hours along the walls of the fortress in a rented pleasure boat, and wave her handkerchief in the hope that "her Razin" will notice these movements.
In May 1826, the investigation will come to an end. Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov is involved in the case as a state criminal of the 1st category: "the intent of regicide, the establishment and management of the community, the drafting of plans and the constitution," which means the only thing for him - the death penalty cutting off the head. Matushka Ekaterina Feodorovna Muravyova continues to send letters to the emperor of the same content: “Hear the voice of the sobs and pleas of the unfortunate mother, who falls at your feet and sheds tears. Show divine mercy, forgive the delusion of mind and heart, remember your father, who was the teacher of the Sovereign ". In July 1826, for Muravyov and 43 other people "whose guilt is reduced by various circumstances," the sentence would be commuted to "eternal penal servitude" (then for 20 years, and finally, in August 1826, for 15). Muravyov's younger brother, Alexander Mikhailovich, will be sentenced to 12 years, and Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev to 2 years of hard labor.
From that moment, Alexandra Grigoryevna, with the help of her mother-in-law, begins to actively prepare for a new life. In the decision to follow her husband, she was supported by all her relatives. These days, Alexandra Grigorievna makes the most important decision for herself - to leave small children (Lisa, Katya and Mikhail) in the care of her mother-in-law. It is clear that in as soon as possible have to learn how to lead household with your own hands: cook, wash, clean up ... It is also important to decide how to establish communication between Russia and Siberia, because the royal decree prohibits the transfer of money, and they will naturally be very needed. Mother-in-law Ekaterina Fedorovna is so active in these matters, and tries so hard to rally everyone who is ready to share the fate of the exiles, that she actively supplies everyone who needs it with money ... and Benckendorff's department establishes a separate surveillance of her house, but apply some measures to the elder Muravyova did not dare. Later, Polina Annenkova in her memoirs will notice that the sovereign tried to send the Muravyov brothers in the first batch in order to moderate the ardor of their mother. However, even with the departure of her sons to Siberia, Ekaterina Fedorovna will not change at all in her actions.
On October 12, 1826, Alexandra Grigoryevna Muravyova, who had previously signed all the indicated clauses of the conditions, was given permission to leave for Siberia to her husband's place of exile. In February 1927, having covered almost 6,000 miles in 20 days, she arrived in Chita.
Upon arrival, she learns that she is allowed to have one meeting with her husband every three days (for an hour, and no more). Quickly orienting herself in the situation, Alexandra first rents a house, then, with the money prepared for her by her mother-in-law, she builds her own, right opposite the Chita prison. This house will give rise to a whole street, popularly called "Ladies". Naturally improving life, Alexandra Grigorievna is engaged in the most familiar occupation for her: collecting information about the health status of prisoners, their emotional well-being, needs, and consoling everyone who needs her support. The beginning of this mission was laid back in January 1827, when, through acquaintances, she received the famous message from Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin to send it to Siberia. There were two messages: a letter to a lyceum friend Ivan Pushchin and a short poem, which every Russian now knows. Later, Pushchin writes in his diary: “On the very day of my arrival in Chita, he calls me to the stockade of A. G. Muravyov and gives me a piece of paper on which it was written in an unknown hand: “My first friend, my priceless friend ...”. Alas, I couldn’t even shake hands with that woman who was so joyfully in a hurry to comfort me with the recollection of a friend; but she understood my feeling without any external manifestation, necessary, perhaps, for other people and under other circumstances: and Pushkin, it’s true, then more than once hiccupped ... Hastily, through the palisade, Alexandra Grigoryevna told me that she had received this sheet from one of her acquaintances just before leaving Petersburg, kept it until goodbye to me and was glad that she could finally fulfill the poet's instructions. There is a legend that Alexandrina carried the poems of the poet, hiding in her hair. Pushchin, on the other hand, will give the following characterization of Muravyova and her actions: “Everything was easy for her, and it was a real joy to see her ... There was some kind of poetically elevated mood in her, although in relationships she was unusually simple-hearted and natural. her main charm. Unconstrained gaiety did not leave her in the most difficult moments of our exceptional existence. She always knew how to calm and console - she gave courage to others. For her husband, she was a vigilant guardian and even a nanny. " In many memories there is a similar observation of the behavior of Alexandra Grigorievna - in public, regardless of her own sorrowful experiences and well-being, she tried to be cheerful and affectionate, brighten up the gloom of everyday life with a smile and console with a kind word.
Already having experience of correspondence under supervision in Chita, Alexandra Grigorievna also begins to send letters not only to her relatives, but also to relatives of those prisoners who have no connection with Russia. Briefly, succinctly, but at the same time "intimidating", reports on the conditions of detention and the well-being of convicts. She takes it upon herself to tell the relatives of the convicts what and how to write, so as not to lead her loved ones into even greater despair - in a word, she shows in everything increased attention and participation. These letters, of course, are read, because all the ladies were obliged to send them only through the commandant of the prison and only open. Information about the conditions and moods in Chita (and later, in Petrovsky) reaches Nicholas I through Benckendorff. public resonance, letters, one way or another, by roundabout ways and by secret "mail" are delivered to Moscow and St. Petersburg, read in the "light". At the same time, the sovereign gives the order to keep the prisoners in severity, but to protect. Alexandra Grigoryevna herself writes this: “I see my husband every three days. 15 years of such an existence is a sad future. What are our ladies doing, why are they delayed with their arrival? loneliness. Only 3 months I've been here, but it seems that - 10 years. Time has never seemed so long to me ... ". But, apparently, she did not demonstrate the absence of despondency so well, if the Decembrist A.E. Rosen left the following observation: "Muravyova tore her life with burning feelings of love for her husband, imprisoned in prison, and for absent children. She showed herself to her husband contented, calm, even joyful, so as not to sadden him, but in private she indulged in the feelings of her most tender mother" . And indeed, in letters to Elizaveta Petrovna Chernysheva and mother-in-law Ekaterina Fedorovna, Alexandra writes: “Another year, and Lizonka will become funny, but, alas, not for me. Even on legs, God did not let me see her ... "
What did her life consist of? In those days when there were no dates, she, like everyone else, according to the established ritual, walked for hours along the palisade in the hope of exchanging a word with at least someone. She ran the household herself, carried water, chopped wood and stoked the stove, prepared meals and handed them over to the prison. Later, she began to supply food not only to Nikita, but also to those who needed it. There is a story that in the absence of Alexandra, guarded soldiers came to her house and asked for fat, the girl who helped in the household refused. Returning home and learning about the refusal, Alexandra Grigoryevna ordered to give out not only bacon, but also everything that was edible. Rumor has it that Alexandrine is also credited with helping local population- she, in gratitude for the service rendered, sewed shirts, embroidered patterns on them, could wash someone else's linen. “To bring to the attention of Alexandra Grigorievna about some needy, it was every time to render her a service and one could remain confident that the needy would be reassured by her,” writes the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin. Much later, when the family of the Decembrist Rosen had completed the term of hard labor and was allowed to leave for a settlement, “A. G. Muravyova was more worried about everyone: she sent a folding travel chair, offered a thousand things, persuaded her to take a cow when sailing through Baikal, so that the baby would Time could have fresh milk"
.
By the end of 1827, the St. Petersburg authorities, who had previously "scattered" the exiles around different places(Nicholas I, with the words "Send here!" just poked his finger at the map), brings everyone together in the Chita prison. By the same time, Fonvizina, Davydova, Naryshkina were gathering in Chita, Trubetskaya and Volkonskaya were moving from Blagodatskoye. The house of Alexandra Grigorievna for this period came in handy, because it was already more or less equipped and became a shelter, and a "transit point". She met everyone, told the news and the "rules of life", helped to settle in the city, the "ladies' street" grew ... Polina Annenkova recalled in her diaries: "We crossed a small river and drove into the street, at the end of which this prison stood. Not far from There was a house with a balcony in the prison, and a lady was standing on the balcony, noticing my wagon, she began to give signs that I should stop, and began to insist that I go to her, saying that the apartment that had been prepared for me was still far away, and that It can be cold there. I accepted the invitation and thus got to know Alexandra Grigoryevna Muravyova... I was in a hurry to arrive in Chita by March 5 (1828) - Ivan Alexandrovich's birthday - and dreamed that I would see him immediately upon arrival. At the last station I even dressed up, but Muravyova disappointed me, explaining that it was not so easy to see the prisoners as I thought.Then she burst into tears and told me that I must be very kind, because I had brought a dog I forked my own ... All the rules that we had to obey then, I learned from Alexandra Grigorievna Muravyova and from Elizaveta Petrovna Naryshkina, who then lived with Muravyova.
During this period, the exiles general meeting It was decided to do self-education. A.O. Kornilovich begins to read a course of lectures on "Russian history", F. Wolf - on "physics, chemistry and anatomy", and Nikita Muravyov himself on "strategy and tactics of military affairs". It was also decided to master new crafts in order to be able to feed themselves and loved ones. It became clear that a lot of literature would be needed. The hands of Alexandra Grigorievna, including, were issued for reading by convicts more than 20 printed publications, through it, the entire Muravyov home library was transported from Moscow. Reference books, manuals, and even drawing documents were gradually added, as well as many geographical atlases and maps. For Nikolai Bestuzhev, Alexandra Grigorievna will write out an easel, paper, brushes and paints, and Bestuzhev will become a kind of chronicler of life in Chita and Petrovsky. At the same time, Aleksandrin, in her letters, will notice about the love that has awakened in her for painting: “what is surprising is that I, who was never a particular lover of drawing, got a taste in Chita, I draw a lot from nature - dogs, cows, - I collect tribute from the entire master's yard ... "
For the exiled Ferdinand Wolf, who owns medical knowledge, she will order a set of medical instruments - the most "modern" one could find. She also owns the idea to write seeds from Russia medicinal plants and break the pharmacy garden, and then organize the pharmacy itself. At first in Chita, and then in the Petrovsky Plant, she will in every possible way support Wolf's activities, and he, subsequently, will assume the duties of a doctor for the entire settlement. Recalling, the Decembrist Rosen writes: "Our old man, the commandant (Leparsky - K.P.), was treated only by Wolf, there were also many factory officials and workers; those suffering from ailments from neighboring and distant places also came." F. Wolf will repay Alexandra Grigoryevna in full for her kindness and participation. In 1829, the Muravyovs will have a daughter, Sofya (her parents, and after them the whole environment, will call her Nonushka), in the same year Nikita falls ill in the casemate. By that time, childless wives of convicts were allowed to live in "prison rooms" with their husbands, but Alexandra Grigorievna, having a newborn daughter, is torn between home and prison. And then Wolf, who already had levers of pressure and his doctoral approaches to Leparsky, would go to the commandant, scare him with an epidemic and ask him to transfer Nikita Muravyov from prison to his wife's house in her care.
The ostentatious cheerfulness and active participation in the life of the prison artel during this period, for Alexandra Grigorievna, is already just a screen that hides real experiences and shocks from everyone. Her mother, Elizaveta Petrovna, is dying, having sent her son, daughter and son-in-law into exile. One of the Chernyshev sisters, who wanted to "help" in Siberia, will not find a way to leave Russia - she will not receive "permission", she will try to get a job as a maid in the service, but this will not work either. In Moscow, two out of three children left with the eldest Muravyova die. Born in exile, Nonushka is in poor health and requires constant attention, and finding an intelligent nanny is not so easy. In the same period, Alexandra Grigorievna started a correspondence with her cousin Vera Alekseevna Muravyova (her husband, Artamon Muravyov, had a relationship with Nikita Mikhailovich cousin). Vera, who remained at the insistence of her husband in Russia, was in constant despair, at times thinking about leaving everything and going to Siberia. And Alexandra Grigoryevna writes to her: "... imbued with the truth that in your position, you cannot simultaneously fulfill two sacred duties. Fulfill the one that your heart prompts ... If it is the children who require your care and your presence, stay and do not write more husband about your hope to come to him when your sons no longer need you ... in a few years, it will be much more difficult for you than now to part with your children, especially in their position. What I say is probably cruel ... Do not be offended by me, dear Vera for my letter, I have never been able to speak or write anything in my life, except what I believed with all my heart ... "In this correspondence, finally you can find explanations for the actions and decisions of Alexandrine herself: “I left because I had someone to leave my children to. I don't have a fortune... so no business required my presence in Russia. But if the future of my children depended on
me... I would stay, and nothing would make me move. I would care little for the opinion that others might have of my conduct. The Lord will reward you, for you carry a cross much heavier than ours", and a little later "... I am like a devil who preaches the Gospel, because I myself do not have the slightest hope. Goodbye, I'm very tired."
Since 1830, when everyone will be transferred to the Petrovsky Zavod, Alexandra Grigoryevna, like everyone else, will bombard the commandant Leparsky, and then the sovereign, with requests to improve conditions in the prison and cut through the windows. She will write about the situation in Petrovsky prison to her father: “Firstly, the prison was built on a swamp, secondly, the building did not have time to dry out, thirdly, although the stove is heated twice a day, it does not give heat, fourthly , it’s dark here: artificial light is necessary day and night; due to the lack of windows it is impossible to ventilate the rooms ... I run all day from prison home and from home to prison, being seven months pregnant ... One small room, damp and dark and so cold that we we are all freezing in warm boots, and padded hoods and caps ... I am telling you this because I cannot bear that you are being deceived in old age, ”and will add a biting:“ Excuse me, dear father, will you receive this letter from 1 October so I know if I'm allowed to tell the truth." And the old man Chernyshev, until his death (in 1831), will fuss with the sovereign for the "children". Shortly before his death, he will advise the exiled son Zakhar to marry, if only she "was a loving and kind woman," and he will add amazing lines in content: "And such a woman can be found in all classes of society, even among wild peoples. And if you are lucky enough to have her find whoever she is, I promise you to love her like a daughter...and if heaven condemns you to death in Siberia, at least you will be happy for a while. And we will all welcome your wife with open arms, even if she is Chinese."
When the sovereign orders to cut through the windows, and muttering something with displeasure about "unfortunate victims of rash love" ", and will not allow the children to be placed in prison, Alexandra will have no choice. She will go every day from home to jail and back, often leaving Nonushka left to her own devices, and, in the end, will not stand such a test.Two more daughters will be born in Petrovsky, but both will die in infancy. Last pregnancy completely weaken Muravyov and she will "burn out" in just a month. Many believed that she had nervous breakdown, Wolf adhered to the version of a cold, which he reported to the authorities. It was November outside, Alexandrine had to run across the ice, hastily dressed. Nikita himself, Wolf, Volkonskaya will nurse her, Trubetskaya and Yakushkin will visit her ... but, according to the memoirs of that period, Alexandra Grigorievna obviously no longer had the strength to fight for her life, and kept whispering in delirium "how good it is there." On the evening of November 22, 1832, she wrote her last letters to her relatives, bequeathed to bury herself in Tagino, next to her parents, and not wanting to wake her daughter, she “parted” by kissing her beloved rag doll. She was buried by a weeping local priest, and at that time, always outwardly calm and restrained in the manifestation of emotions, Volkonskaya, standing in the entryway sobbed and whispered: "She died at her post." “On this sad night, none of us closed our eyes, we wandered from corner to corner, as if foggy,” the Decembrist N.I. Laurer.
Hoping for the indulgence of the sovereign, Nikolai Bestuzhev, at the request of Nikita Muravyov, will make not only wooden, but also zinc coffin. The “non-political” convicts, hired by Leparsky to dig the grave, will refuse to take payment and say the famous: “It was our mother, she fed us, clothed us, and now we are orphaned ...” The death of Alexandra Grigoryevna, in essence the first death among the exiles, will make a depressing impression ... from now on, any disease in the settlement will be perceived with fear and expectation of the worst. Nicholas I, having been informed of the fate of Muravyova, finally ordered that the exiles be allowed to leave the prison and visit their wives at home every day. But he, unjustifiably cruelly, forbids the reburial of Muravyova and orders the now widower Nikita Muravyov to return to prison. Again, Wolf will help and persuade Leparsky to allow Nikita Mikhailovich to live at home and raise his daughter at risk and peril. After some time, when from Petersburg comes another failure transfer the ashes of Alexandra to Tagino, Nikita Mikhailovich and N. Bestuzhev will design and build a chapel with an inextinguishable lamp over the grave. Its light, in the words of one of the Decembrists, will shine like a guiding star for a long time to travelers approaching Petrovsky. According to Gorbachevsky, to the grave of Alexandra Grigorievna, they came and simple people to bow to the memory of the "First Martyr".
The brother of Alexandra Grigorievna Zakhar Chernyshev will be sent as a private to the Caucasus. Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov will live without a wife for 11 years and will be buried in the village. Urik is the site of his last settlement. His brother, Alexander Mikhailovich, after being transferred to Tobolsk, organizes the "Mariinsky School" at his own expense, which is considered the first women's educational institution Siberia.
Nonushka will be sent to her grandmother, then she will be allowed under the name "Nikitina" to study at the "Catherine Institute". And when, according to the tradition of that time, it will be necessary to address the empress who arrived on a visit only as maman, Sophia will utter a phrase that, like her father's "Constitution", will go down in history: "My mother died. She is buried in Siberia. Her name was Alexandra Grigorievna Muravieva.
The wheel will spin Russian history. Ruthlessly and impassively will begin to sweep away on its way human fates. Someone "like the three hundredth, with the transfer, will stand under the Crosses", someone, along with men, will go "through the stage." Millions more will receive a dry notice: "10 years without the right to correspond" and will not wait for their loved ones. Thousands will renounce. During the years of the "Second Patriotic War" from the Petrovsky necropolis of the Decembrists, everything that can be melted down will be removed and sent to defense plants. The history of some burials will not be possible to restore. There will remain, once designed by Bestuzhev and built by N. Muravyov, a chapel over the grave of Alexandra Grigoryevna. The inextinguishable lamp will disappear. But not without reason, after all, every Tuesday, in Orthodox churches sounds: In eternal memory there will be a righteous man ...
Used music by the singer, composer Maxim Berezovsky, participle verse "The righteous will be in eternal memory."
“My good friend, my angel, when I wrote to you for the first time, your mother had not yet given me your letter, it was a thunderbolt for me! You are a criminal! You are guilty! It doesn't fit in my poor head... You ask me for forgiveness. Don't talk to me like that, you're breaking my heart. I have nothing to forgive you. For almost three years that I have been married, I did not live in this world - I was in paradise. Happiness cannot be eternal... Do not indulge in despair, this is a weakness unworthy of you. Do not be afraid for me, I endured everything. You reproach yourself for making me something like an accomplice to a criminal like you... I am the happiest of women. The letter you wrote me shows all the greatness of your soul. You sin, believing that all mine curse you. You know boundless affection for you. If you could see the sadness of a poor paralyzed mother! The last word that I heard from her was your name. You say that you have no one in the world but your mother and me. And two and even soon three of your children - why forget them. You need to take care of yourself for them more than for me. You are able to teach them, your life will be a great example for them, it will be useful for them and prevent them from falling into your mistakes. Do not lose courage, maybe you can still be useful to your Sovereign and correct the past. As for me, my good friend, the only thing I implore you in the name of the love that you have always shown me, take care of your health ... ".
(From a letter from Alexandra Muravyova to her husband in response to his "repentant" letter)
