in his ancient form was an exact copy of the Phoenician: the Greeks retained the same sequence of letters in the alphabet as the Phoenicians, and even the names of the letters were indicated by distorted Semitic words.
In ancient Greek inscriptions, the Semitic direction of writing was also preserved: signs were written from right to left.
And only in the IV century BC. The Greeks switched to writing from left to right.
This is how the Greeks wrote and read. This is called “- bullish turn (a letter similar to the course of plowing bulls).
From the Greek alphabet, almost all European alphabets. In the West, the alphabet spread through Greek colonies located in the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula.
From the Greeks, the alphabet was borrowed by the Romans, and from them spread to all countries Western Europe. At the end of IV - beginning of V centuries. the alphabet influenced the emergence Armenian alphabet. In the VI century. the Georgian alphabet arose - part of the Greek with the addition of several letters.
The Greeks applied new material for writing - it was parchment made from the skins of animals. It was more durable than papyrus. The use of leather for writing began from very ancient times in Egypt, Greece, Asia Minor, where it was most widespread.
According to legend in city of Pergamon in the 1st century BC was invented new way receiving material for writing from animal skins.
The oldest pieces of parchment with surviving fragments of texts date back to the 1st century BC, but they began to use it only from the 2nd century. n. e. For making parchment used the skins of sheep, goats, donkeys, calves. The skins were soaked in lime water, the wool was scraped off, stretched over a frame, dried, smoothed with pumice and treated with chalk.
It was durable, had a smooth and light surface. It could be written on both sides. Parchment was dyed yellow, blue, black, purple and used for luxurious manuscripts. Purple was written in gold or silver.
For a thousand years, a book made of parchment dominated Europe, while in Asian countries paper made its victorious path. Preserved thanks to parchment significant amount manuscripts of the early Middle Ages.
In Greece, they used to write and ceres- wooden planks covered with wax. Written with a stick style. "Rotate style", i.e. to erase what was written meant to trim the beauty of the language. This is where the expression "literary style" comes from.
Wax tablets were used mainly for notes and for writing letters, but sometimes literary and scientific texts were written on them. Several planks were fastened together with a strap or cord pulled through on one side. That's how the book came about.
This way of writing was very popular in Rome. Later he penetrated the countries medieval Europe. in Paris in the thirteenth century. there were workshops for the manufacture of wax tablets.
They recited, accompanying themselves on the cithara. Singers were held in high esteem. The Greek rulers liked to surround themselves with the most prominent poets and scientists.
The center of Greek culture was the Athenian slave republic with the capital, where the greatest Greek tragedians lived, Sophocles, Euripides. Comedy writer Aristophanes. Famous philosophers Socrates,. In the Republic of Athens, as in other Greek city-states, public education stood at a considerable height: the children of all citizens studied in schools.
In Athens there were also higher schools where young men studied science under the guidance of teachers-philosophers. The most famous were: the school of Plato and the school of Aristotle. Plato's teaching was abstract. Aristotle's teaching was based primarily on the observation of natural phenomena. He gave his lectures while walking with his students.
Some of the views and discoveries of Aristotle still cause astonishment among scientists. Apparently, some of the writings that have come down to our days under the name of Aristotle are records of his lectures. One of higher manifestations Hellenic creativity was theatrical art. During the heyday of Athenian culture, poets created wonderful comedies and tragedies, many of them in later lists have come down to us. However, Greek culture was put at the service only of free citizens, slaves remained aloof. If among the slaves there were educated people, then this was a rare exception.
The book of that time was papyrus scroll. delivered from Egypt. The text on the scroll was written in narrow columns, the direction of the lines was parallel to the length of the scroll. When reading, the papyrus ribbon was gradually rolled from one side to the other so that two columns were simultaneously in the field of view, and the rest of the scroll was rolled up.
? Try rolling a scroll out of paper and writing on it like papyrus. Is it convenient?
Due to the fact that papyrus scrolls did not tolerate moisture, which had a destructive effect on them, no authentic books of that time have survived. And only Egyptian and Greek scrolls survived for two or three millennia in absolutely dry Egyptian sand. Most of the known scrolls have survived in fragments, but these passages are sometimes significant.
Instruction
Write the first four letters Greek alphabet. The capital "alpha" looks like a regular A, lowercase can look like "a" or a horizontal loop - α. Big "beta" "B", and - the usual "b" or with a tail that dropped below the line - β. The capital “ ” looks like the Russian “G”, but the lowercase one looks like a vertical loop (γ). "Delta" is equilateral triangle- Δ or Russian handwritten "D" at the beginning of the line, and in its continuation it looks more like "b" with a tail from the right side of the circle - δ.
Remember the spelling of the next four letters - epsilon, zeta, this, and theta. The first in the capital printed and handwritten form is indistinguishable from the familiar "E", and in the lower case it is a mirror image of "h" - ε. The big "zeta" is the well-known "Z". Another spelling is z. In manuscripts, it may look like a written Latin f - a vertical loop above the line of the line and its mirror reflection below her. “This” “H” or like a lowercase n with a tail down - η. "Theta" has no analogues either in the Latin alphabet or in the Cyrillic alphabet: it is "O" with a dash inside - Θ, θ. In writing, its lowercase style looks like a Latin v, in which the right tail is raised up and rounded first to the left, and then . There is another spelling - similar to the written Russian "v", but in a mirror image.
Specify the form of the following four letters - "iota", "kappa", "lambda", "mu". The spelling of the first is no different from the Latin I, only the lower case does not have a dot at the top. “Kappa” is a spitting image of “K”, but in the letter inside the word it looks like the Russian “and”. "Lambda"-capital is written as a triangle without a base - Λ, and lowercase has an additional tail at the top and a playfully curved right leg - λ. You can say very similarly about "mu": at the beginning of the line it looks like "M", and in the middle of the word - μ. It can also be written as a long vertical line that falls below the line to which the "l" stuck.
Try writing "nu", "xi", "omicron" and "pi". "Nu" is displayed as Ν or as ν. It is important that when writing lowercase, the angle at the bottom is clearly expressed. letters. "Xi" are three horizontal lines that are either not connected or have a vertical line in the center, Ξ. Lowercase letter much more graceful, it is written as "zeta", but with tails below and above - ξ. "Omicron" is only called unfamiliarly, but looks like "o" in any spelling. The "pi" in the title variant is a "P" with a wider top bar than the variant. Lowercase is written either in the same way as - π, or as a small "omega" (ω), but with a dashing loop at the top.
Disassemble "ro", "sigma", "tau" and "upsilon". “Ro” is a printed “P” large and small, and the option looks like a vertical dash with a circle - Ρ and ρ. "Sigma" in uppercase is most easily described as printed letter"M", which was overturned - Σ. Lowercase has two spellings: a circle with a tail to the right (σ) or disproportionate s, Bottom part which hangs from the line - ς. "Tau" - capital like a printed "T", and the usual one - like a hook with a horizontal hat or a Russian written "h". "Upsilon" is the Latin "y" in the capital version: or v on the stem - Υ. Lowercase υ should be smooth, without an angle at the bottom - this is a sign of a vowel.
Pay attention to the last four letters. "Phi" is written as "f" in both uppercase and lowercase versions. True, the latter may look like "c", which has a loop and a tail below the line - φ. "Chi" is our "x" and big and small, only on the letter the dash going down from left to right has a smooth bend - χ. "Psi" resembles the letter "I", which has grown wings - Ψ, ψ. In the manuscript, it is depicted similarly to the Russian "y". The capital "omega" printed and handwritten differ. In the first case, this is an unclosed loop with - Ω. Hand write a circle in the middle of the line, under it - a line that can be connected vertical line, but may not be connected. A lowercase letter is written as a double "u" - ω.
Related videos
Sources:
- Greek alphabet. Writing Technology
- greek 4-letter letter
First-graders get acquainted with writing letters in writing lessons. First, children learn to write samples of various elements, then the letters themselves and their combinations in syllables. Uppercase contains more items, rather than lowercase ones, so their style can cause difficulties for kids. Hence, it is important to correctly explain and show the spelling of capital letters.
Instruction
Read to the children a riddle or, in which several contain a sound corresponding to the letter being studied. The kids should name it. Invite them to draw in their notebooks an object for a given letter. For example, in “In a big book, Katya examined colored ones. On one of them, she saw a carousel "there is a sound" k "and the letter K, students can depict.
Demonstrate a capital letter On the desk. Then, together with the children, conduct its graphic analysis. For example, the letter E consists of two semi-ovals, the capital letter L consists of two oblique lines with rounded edges at the bottom, and so on.
Write a capital letter on the board and comment on your actions. For example, you are studying with students letter And, explain its spelling with following words: “I put the pen in the middle of the wide line, lead up, round to the right and lead down the inclined line to the bottom line working line, round to the right, lead to the right to the middle of the wide line, go back down the written line, draw an oblique line to the bottom line of the working line, round this element to the right. When shown, all writing must be continuous!
Invite students to trace your capital letter letter in the air or according to a model in notebooks, construct from threads or, write with a pen on tracing paper according to a model, etc.
Go to notebooks. Students first circle the proposed samples in copybooks, and then write a few letters on their own. Then the children can compare their work with the sample. To do this, you need a tracing paper with a letter inscribed earlier on your own in notebooks.
Conduct a survey of students, the purpose of which will be to pronounce the cases of writing capital letters. Consider ways to combine a capital letter with a lowercase letter. For example, Sl is the bottom connection, Co is the middle connection, St is the top connection.
A column is an architecturally designed vertical support for upper parts building. In ancient Greek architecture - most often a pillar, round in cross section, supporting the capital. Ancient architecture is diverse, and it is not necessary to have an art history education to distinguish between types of Greek columns.
Instruction
The columns occupied key place in Ancient Greece. The Greeks developed three architectural orders, which differed primarily in the styles of the columns: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Any order consists of the column itself (sometimes placed on the base), the stylobate on which the columns stand, and the capitals, on which, in turn, the architrave (bearing beam) rests with a decorative frieze and cornice.
Listen to the audio lesson with additional explanationsIN Greek 24 letters. If you look at the table below, you will find 3 letters "And" and 2 more letters "about". They read the same. Formerly in ancient Greek, each "And", for example, was read differently. In the modern Modern Greek language, only different spellings of these letters have been preserved, and they are all read the same way.
Also in Russian there are almost all the sounds of the Greek language, except for the sounds δ , ζ (if you are familiar with English, you will find the similarity of these sounds in English) and γ (read like Ukrainian "G", so for Russian speakers it will not be difficult to pronounce it).
I would also like to draw attention to the accent. It always is placed in words (sometimes there are words in which the stress is not placed, for example: λαη , θαη , γθοι , ληοσς , but very few). Mostly they are monosyllabic words. It is even considered a mistake not to put the accent.
Very important point in Greek: letter "about" you need to pronounce it without replacing it, as in Russian, with "but". For example, in Russian the word "milk" it's said like "MalAko". In the Greek "about" always read as "about"(Imagine that you are from the Vologda region).
| Reads like | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Α | α | [but] | μ α μ ά (mother), έν α ς (one) |
| Β | β | [in] | β ι β λίο (book), Χα β άη (Hawaii) |
| Γ | γ | [G](as Ukrainian "g") | γ άλα (milk), τσι γ άρο (cigarette) |
| Δ | δ | Interdental ringing sound(as in the English words this, that) | Κανα δ άς (Canada), δ ρόμος (road) |
| Ε | ε | [e] | έ να (one), πατ έ ρας (father) |
| Ζ | ζ | [h] | ζ ωή (life), κα ζ ίνο (casino) |
| Η | η | [And] | Αθ ή να (Athens), ή taν (was) |
| Θ | θ | Interdental hollow sound (as in English word think) | Θ εσσαλονίκη (Thessaloniki), Θ ωμάς (Thomas) |
| Ι | ι | [And] | τσά ι (tea), παν ί (the cloth) |
| Κ | κ | [to] | κ αφές (coffee), κ ανό (canoe) |
| Λ | λ | [l] | πι λ ότος (pilot), Λ ονδίνο (London) |
| Μ | μ | [m] | Μ αρία (Mary), μ ήλο (apple) |
| Ν | ν | [n] | ν ησί (island), Ν αταλία (Natalia) |
| Ξ | ξ | [ks] | τα ξ ί (taxi), ξ ένος (foreigner) |
| Ο | ο | [about] | τρ ό π ο ς (way) , μ ό λις (as soon as) |
| Π | π | [P] | π ατάτα (potato), π ράγμα (thing) |
| Ρ | ρ | [R] | Πέτ ρ ος (Peter), κό ρ η (daughter) |
| Σ | σ, ς | [from] | Α σ
ία, Κώ σ
τα ς
(Asia, Kostas) (ς - this " from" is placed only at the end of the word) |
| Τ | τ | [T](always hard sound) | φ τ άνω (to come), φώ τ α (light) |
| Υ | υ | [And] | ανάλυ ση (analysis), λύ κος (wolf) |
| Φ | φ | [f] | φ έτα (feta cheese), φ ωνή (voice, sound) |
| Χ | χ | [X] | χ αλί (carpet), χ άνω (to lose) |
| Ψ | ψ | [ps] | ψ ωμί (bread), ψ άρι (fish) |
| Ω | ω | [about] | κάν ω (do) , π ω ς (how) |
Reading letter combinations
There are a lot of letter combinations in the Greek language (that is, sounds resulting from a combination of 2, 3, and even 4 letters). There are several reasons for this. The first is again a story drawn from the ancient Greek language, when the sounds were read differently than in the modern Greek language. Their spelling has been preserved. The second reason is simply the lack of letters in the alphabet. 24 letters seemed insufficient to the Greeks to express philosophical thoughts. Therefore, they came up with additional sounds, combining existing letters with each other.
Note! The stress on combinations of 2 vowels is placed on the second letter. If the stress falls on the first letter of the combination, then each letter is read separately.
| Reads like | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| αι | [e] | ν αι (yes) , κ αι (And) |
| ει | [And] | εί μαι (to be), Ει ρήνη (Irina) |
| οι | [And] | oικονομία (economy), αυτ οί (they are "men") |
| ου | [y] | σ ού πα (soup), ου ρά (queue) |
| αυ | [av](read as [av] β , γ , δ , ζ , λ , ρ , μ , ν or vowel) | τρ αύ μα (injury), αύ ριο (tomorrow) |
| αυ | [af](read as [af] κ , π , τ , χ , φ , θ , σ , ψ , ξ ) | αυ τός (he), ν αύ της (sailor) |
| ευ | [ev](read as [ev] if this diphthong is followed by a voiced letter: β , γ , δ , ζ , λ , ρ , μ , ν or vowel) | Ευ ρώπη (Europe), ευ ρώ (euro) |
| ευ | [ef](read as [ef], if this diphthong is followed by a deaf letter: κ , π , τ , χ , φ , θ , σ , ψ , ξ ) | ευ θεία (straight), ευ χαριστώ (thank you) |
| τσ | [c] | τσ ίρκο (circus), κέ τσ απ (ketchup) |
| τζ | [dz] | τζ α τζ ίκι (tzatziki), Τζ ένη (Zeni) |
| γγ | [ng] | Α γγ λία (England), α γγ ούρι (cucumber) |
| γχ | [nx] | έλεγχ ος (check), σύγχ ρονος (modern, synchronous) |
| γκ | [G](at the beginning of a word) | γκ ολ (goal), γκ ολφ (golf) |
| ντ | [e](at the beginning of a word) | ντ ους (shower), ντ ομάτα (tomato) |
| ντ | [nd](in the middle of a word) | κο ντ ά (nearby), τσά ντ α (bag) |
| μπ | [b](at the beginning of a word) | μπ ανάνα (banana), μπ ίρα (beer) |
| μπ | [mb](in the middle of a word) | λά μπ α (lamp), κολυ μπ ώ (to swim) |
| γκ | [ng](in the middle of a word) | κα γκ ουρό (kangaroo) |
| για, γεια | [I] | Γιά ννης (Yannis), γεια σου (hello) |
| γιο, γιω | [yo] | Γιώ ργος (Yorgos), γιο ρτή (holiday) |
| γιου | [Yu] | Γιού ρι (Yuri) |
Features of the pronunciation of some consonants in words
Letters γ , κ , λ , χ , ν are softened if they are followed by sounds "i", "e" (ι , η , υ , ει , οι , ε , αι ).
For example:
γ η (ground), γ ελώ (laugh) κ ενό (general, emptiness), κ ήπος (garden), γ υναίκα (woman, wife), χ ίλια (one thousand), ό χ ι (no), κ ιλό (kilogram) .
σ is read as ζ , if the following consonants are after σ: β , γ , δ , μ , ρ , μπ , ντ , γκ .
For example:
Ι σ ραήλ (Israel), κό σ μος (space, people), κουρα σ μένος (tired), σ βήνω (turn off), ι σ λάμ (Islam), ο άντρα ς μου (my husband).
All double consonants are read as one.
For example:
Σά ββ ατο (Saturday), ε κκ λησία (church), παρά λλ ηλος (parallel), γρα μμ άριο (gram), Ά νν α (Anna), ι ππ όδρομος (hippodrome), Κα σσ άνδρα (Cassandra), Α ττ ική (Attica).
This rule does not apply to the combination γγ (see reading rule above).
The Greek alphabet is a writing system developed in Greece that first appears in archaeological sites in the 8th century BC. It was not the first writing system used to write the Greek language: several centuries before it was invented Greek alphabet, the Linear B script was the writing system used to write Greek in Mycenaean times. The Linear B script was lost around 10,000 BC, and with it all knowledge of writing disappeared from Greece before the Greek alphabet was developed.
The Greek alphabet was born when the Greeks adapted the Phoenician writing system to represent their own language, developing a fully phonetic writing system consisting of single characters arranged in a linear fashion that could represent both consonants and vowels. The earliest inscriptions from the Greek alphabet are graffiti carved on pots and pots. The graffiti found in Lefkandi and Eretria, the "Dipylon oinochoe" found in Athens, and the inscriptions in Nestor's "Pitekkusay" goblet date back to the second half of the 8th century BC and are the oldest known Greek letters ever recorded.
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK ALPHABET
At the beginning of the first millennium BC, the Phoenicians, who originated in Lebanon, became successful maritime traders, and they gradually extended their influence to the west, establishing outposts throughout the Mediterranean basin. The Phoenician language belonged to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and she was closely related to the Canaanites and Hebrews. With them, the Phoenicians carried a commodity for trade, as well as another valuable commodity: their writing system.
The Phoenicians had a writing system similar to that used by other peoples in the Semitic Levant. They did not use ideograms; it was a phonetic writing system, consisting of a set of letters that represented sounds. Like modern Arabic and Hebrew writing systems, the Phoenician alphabet only had letters for consonants, not vowels. The Greeks took the Phoenician alphabet and made several key changes: they dropped those signs for which there was no consonant equivalent in Greek, and used them instead for individual vowel sounds. As a result, the Greek vowel letters A (alpha), E (epsilon), I (iota), O (omicron), Y (upsilon), and H (eta) emerged as adaptations of the Phoenician letters for consonants that were absent in Greek. By using separate characters to represent vowels and consonants, the Greeks created a writing system that, for the first time, could represent speech in an unambiguous way.
There are some significant benefits due to these changes. While syllabic, logographic, and pictographic systems can sometimes be ambiguous to represent colloquial, the Greek alphabet can accurately convey speech. In the Middle East, as well as in the Aegean Bronze Age, writing was an art monopolized by specialists, scribes. All this would have changed in Greece after the Greek alphabet: the Greek alphabet had fewer characters, which made the writing system more accessible to those willing to learn.
What were the reasons that prompted the Greeks to apply such changes to the Phoenician alphabet? It is not entirely understood, but it seems likely that certain differences between Phoenician and Greek phonology played a role in this process. Although the Phoenician word begins with a vowel (only with a consonant), many Greek words have a vowel at the beginning. This means that unless the Phoenician alphabet was changed, it would be impossible to accurately write Greek. How these changes were made is also unknown. However, there are several conclusions that can be drawn from the available archaeological evidence. It is believed that the innovations were carried out by the Greeks in a single move. This is supported by the fact that classical Greek vowels are present in most early examples Greek alphabet, except for Ω (omega). In other words, there is no evidence of a stage in the development of the Greek alphabet, as far as we can tell from the earliest recorded examples: if, instead of a single move, the Greeks gradually implemented these innovations, we would expect to see examples of defective, inconsistent or incomplete vowel representations, but so far none of them has not been identified. This is one of the reasons why some believe that the Greek alphabet had a single "inventor" or, as at least, a certain moment of "invention".
In the most early versions alphabet, the Greeks followed the Phoenician practice of writing from right to left, and the letters had a left orientation. This was followed by a period of bi-directional writing, meaning that the direction of writing was in one direction on one line, but in the opposite direction on the next, a practice known as boustrophedon. In boustrophed inscriptions, non-symmetrical letters changed orientation according to the direction of the line in which they were part. However, in the 5th century BC. E. Manual Greek writing was standardized as left to right, and all letters adopted a fixed directional orientation.
LEGENDARY ACCOUNTS AT THE ORIGIN OF THE GREEK ALPHABET
The ancient Greeks were more or less aware of the fact that their alphabet was an adaptation of the Phoenician alphabet, and there were several reports of the alphabet being created in Ancient Greece. One famous example- Herodotus:
So, these Phoenicians, including the Gefirs, came with Kadmos and settled this land [Boeotia], and they passed on a lot of knowledge to the Hellenes and, in particular, taught them the alphabet, which, it seems to me, the Hellenes did not have before, but which was originally used by all Phoenicians. Over time, both the sound and the shape of the letters have changed (Herodotus, 5.58).
Kadmos, mentioned by Herodotus, is the Greek spelling for Cadmus, the legendary Phoenician of Greek folklore who was considered the founder and first king of Thebes in Boeotia. Interestingly, his name seems to be related to the Phoenician word qadm "east". Due to the alleged involvement of Cadmus and the Phoenicians in the transmission of the alphabet, in the 6th century BC. The Crete official with scribal duties was still called poinikastas "Phoenicianizer" and early writing was sometimes called "Cadmean letters". The Greeks called them alphabets phoinikeia grammata, which can be translated as " Phoenician letters". Some Greeks, however, were unwilling to acknowledge the oriental influence of their alphabet, so they justified the origin of the name phoinikeia grammata with various apocryphal accounts: some said that the alphabet was invented by Phoenix, the tutor of Achilleus, while others said that the name was associated with the leaves of phoinix "palm tree".
SCRIPTS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK ALPHABET
There were several versions of the early Greek alphabet, broadly classified into two different groups: Eastern and Western alphabets. In 403 BC. E. Athens took the lead in unifying many versions of the alphabet, and one of the Eastern versions of the Greek alphabet was adopted as the official one. This official version gradually displaced all other versions in Greece and it became dominant. As Greek influence grew in the Mediterranean world, several communities came into contact with the Greek idea of writing, and some of them developed their own. own systems writing based on the Greek model. The Western version of the Greek alphabet used by the Greek colonists in Sicily made its way to the Italian peninsula. The Etruscans and Messapians created their own own alphabet based on the Greek alphabet, inspiring the creation of old Italic scripts, source of the Latin alphabet. In the Near East, the Carians, Lycians, Lydians, Pamphylians, and Phrygians also created their own versions of the alphabet based on Greek. When the Greeks gained control of Egypt during the Hellenistic period, the Egyptian writing system was replaced by the Coptic alphabet, which was also based on the Greek alphabet.
Gothic alphabet, Glagolitic alphabet and modern Cyrillic and Latin alphabet ultimately derived from the Greek alphabet. Although the Greek alphabet is only used for the Greek language today, it is the root script of most of the scripts in use today in the Western world.
The set of letters in the Greek system. lang., located in the accepted order (see table below). Letters G. a. used in publications in Russian. lang. as symbols mat. and physical designations. In the original, the letters G. a. it is customary to enclose in a circle of red ... ... Publishing Dictionary
Greek alphabet- The Greeks first used consonant letters. In 403 BC. e. under Archon Euclid, the classical Greek alphabet is introduced in Athens. It consisted of 24 letters: 17 consonants and 7 vowels. Letters were first introduced to represent vowels; α, ε, η … Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Koppa (Greek alphabet)- This article is about the Greek letter. For the Cyrillic numerical sign, see the article Kopp (Cyrillic) Greek alphabet Α α alpha Β β beta ... Wikipedia
Greek language- Self-name: Ελληνικά Countries: Greece ... Wikipedia
Greek- language Self-name: Ελληνικά Countries: Greece, Cyprus; communities in the USA, Canada, Australia, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Albania, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Italy ... Wikipedia
Alphabet- is the latest phenomenon in the history of writing. This name denotes a series of written characters arranged in a certain constant order and transmitting approximately completely and accurately all the individual sound elements of which the given language … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Alphabet- This term has other meanings, see Alphabet (meanings). Wiktionary has an entry for "alphabet" Alphabet... Wikipedia
Alphabet- [Greek. ἀλφάβητος, from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet alpha and beta (modern Greek vita)] a system of written signs that convey the sound image of the words of the language through symbols depicting individual sound elements. Invention… … Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Alphabet- is the latest phenomenon in the history of writing (see Letter). This name denotes a series of written characters arranged in a certain constant order and transmitting approximately completely and accurately all the individual sound elements, of which ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
ALPHABET- a set of letters or similar characters used in writing, where each letter stands for one or more phonemes. Alphabets were not the oldest basis of writing, having developed from hieroglyphs or written images used, ... ... Symbols, signs, emblems. Encyclopedia
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- Introduction to Ancient Greek 2nd ed., rev. and additional Textbook for academic baccalaureate, Oleg Anatolyevich Titov. The textbook discusses a brief history of the development of the Greek language from ancient times to the present day, gives the Greek alphabet, reading rules, types and features of stress. ...
