Monaco is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican. It has been run by the Grimaldi family for over 700 years. The seafront principality has a colorful past but is now a quiet haven for the rich and famous who enjoy tax-free status.
Picturesque coastal country attracts tourists all year round. Guests of Monaco alternate between relaxing on the beach with international races in sports, and spend the evenings at the Place du Casino. This gambling center has made Monte Carlo famous as a place for extravagant displays of one's wealth. Wealthy people willing to spend millions and ordinary tourists all find mutual language in Monaco. More detailed information about the country is provided below.
History of the Principality of Monaco
This secluded harbor was originally inhabited by Greeks in 6 BC. e. Legend has it that Hercules once passed through Monaco and the temple of Monoikos was built in his honor. Historically, this country was part of France, but in 1215 it became a colony of Genoa by decree of the emperor Grimaldi settled here in 1297, and the family's ancestors control the principality to this day.
In 1419, the Grimaldi family acquired Monaco from France. Since then, the principality has been under the protection of Spain, Italy and Sardinia. In 1793 French revolutionary troops captured Monaco and held it until 1814. Today, the country has a constitutional monarchy, but the principality is under the protectorate of France.
Prince Rainier and Grace Kelly
In 1949, Prince Rainier III ascended the throne of Monaco. In 1956 he married the beautiful American actress Grace Kelly. This event was a turning point not only in her professional career, but also in the life of the entire principality. The famous actress at the peak of her popularity left the cinema for the sake of marriage. This news shook not only Hollywood, but the rest of the world. This event brought fame to the principality. Previously, it was only talked about as the place where the Monaco Grand Prix in the Formula 1 championship is held. Now the eyes of the rich and famous, riveted on Grace Kelly, turned to a small principality. Having received the title of princess, the actress invested her strength in the promotion of the arts. This brought charm to the small country and contributed to its economic and cultural development. They had three children together: Caroline, Albert and Stephanie.
The sudden death of Grace Kelly in a car accident in 1982 was a shock that reverberated around the world. Films have been made and books written about her life, and her death is still shrouded in mystery around which conspiracy theories are built. Prince Rainier III continued to govern Monaco after her death and was a respected monarch. He never remarried and died in 2005, leaving the throne to his son, Prince Albert II.
Modern status
The capital of the Principality of Monaco is the city of the same name. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The economy is based on tourism, gambling and banking services. The absence of income tax attracts many wealthy residents. The banking industry and money management generate 16% of revenues and play an important role in the economy. In addition, it is famous for its casinos, whose visitors come from all over the world to play in elite establishments. Tourism accounts for about 25% of income and the country prides itself on its hospitality and excellent cuisine. The wonderful Mediterranean climate attracts travelers who want to enjoy the sea of Monaco.
Climate
Monaco is located on the Mediterranean Sea and is surrounded by France on three sides. Nice is the closest major city, approximately 18 km away. The area is quite rocky, located on steep hills that descend to the sea. The climate is mild all year round, with temperatures ranging from 8 to 26 degrees Celsius.
Monaco is divided into four quarters:
- Monaco-Ville - Old city, which is located on a rocky cape.
- La Condamine is a port area.
- Monte Carlo is the main resort, residential and tourist area.
- Fontvieille is a new site built on alluvial land.
Population of Monaco
More than a quarter of the country's population are French citizens. Smaller but significant numbers are Italians, Swiss and Belgians. One fifth - Monegasques, representatives of the indigenous population,
Monegasques are proud of the unique history and position of their country in the world. It is believed that the name Monaco comes from the word "monoikos", associated with both the ancient Greeks and the Ligurians. Ligurians settled on the Mediterranean coast even before the era of the Roman Empire. The coastal road used by the Ligurians later became known as the "Hercules Road". On the Greek Hercules was often referred to as "Hercules Monoikos" or "Hercules". The Monegasques have managed to maintain their traditions and dialect over the centuries, despite the influence of their much larger neighbors. They are featured in many local festivals and are part of Monaco's world fame. However, only a small part of the citizens can call themselves Monegasques. The rest are people of different nationalities.
Languages of Monaco
There are more and more tourists who want to visit this country every year. They are probably interested in what language they speak in Monaco. This is a multinational country, but France has had the greatest influence on it. Therefore, it is not surprising that French has become the official language of Monaco. It is the language of management, business, education and the media.
The native speaks Monegasque, and it is he who is considered traditional. It is similar to Italian in many ways. Only about 21.6% of the population, who are mostly ethnic Monegasques, speak the language. And although the authorities are trying their best to preserve their native dialect, its use is declining every year. By the 1970s, the language was on the verge of extinction, but several projects started by the Monegasque government helped raise its status. Currently, this language is taught in schools, and street signs are made in two versions: in French and Monegasque. The other traditional language of Monaco is Occitan. It is currently spoken by only a small part of the country's population.
In addition to the above languages, Italian and English are popular here. This is not surprising, because Italians make up about 19% of the country's population. For some time, Italian was even the official language of Monaco (between 1815 and 1861), when the Principality was under the protectorate of Sardinia. Some members of the princely family speak Italian. English language mainly used by citizens of the UK, USA and Canada, permanently residing in the country. The official language of Monaco is French, but English remains the most popular among tourists here.
culture
Throughout history, Monaco's neighbors (France, Italy and Spain) have had a huge impact on the Principality. Therefore, elements of their cultures can be traced in art. The constitution allows religious freedom, but the largest part of the population consider themselves supporters of the Roman Catholic Church (about 78% of citizens).
The ruling Grimaldi family was instrumental in promoting culture and the arts in Monaco. The city boasts exquisite architecture. Visitors will find an amazing array of world-class galleries where they can attend musical performances throughout the year. Many of them are supported by members of the princely family themselves. In addition, the Grimaldis have created many charities, including the Princess Grace Foundation (who also supports the Dance Academy), Prince Pierre (funding culture and the arts), and Prince Albert II (environmental protection).
Cuisine of Monaco
Access to fresh vegetables, fruits and seafood has determined the features of the local cuisine. In addition, the country's Mediterranean heritage is reflected in the food, and influences from French and Italian cuisine can be found in many of the recipes.
Each of the many restaurants serves fine dining from seafood. Among them, cod and anchovies dominate. The warm climate allows fish to be supplemented with local vegetables. Separately, it is worth highlighting onions, garlic and olives (or olive oil), which are included in many dishes. As a rule, breakfast is very small, but lunch and dinner are often served with several courses - this tradition has taken root in Monaco. Reviews about restaurants are purely positive, because the owners, afraid of losing rich customers, maintain the service at the highest level.
What to visit in Monaco?
The main attraction of the Principality is the Monte Carlo Casino, which is a huge entertainment complex located in the area of the same name. It includes a casino and an opera house. The famous French architect Carl Garnier built the casino in 1878. The atrium, laid in marble, is surrounded by 28 Ionic columns. It leads to the auditorium of the Salle Garnier, decorated with a large number of bas-reliefs, frescoes and sculptures. It has hosted outstanding international performances as well as operas, ballets and concerts for more than a century. The "game rooms" include a series of numerous rooms with stained glass windows, delightful decorations and sculptures, allegorical paintings and bronze lamps.
Oceanographic Museum, whose director was the legendary explorer of the water depths, Jacques-Yves Cousteau. This exceptional museum is dedicated to oceanography. His collections of marine life, collected by Prince Albert I, are priceless and unique. The museum's latest major acquisition is a giant 450 cubic meter pool that shows the diversity and unusual coloration of the coral reef and the creatures that inhabit it.
Saint Nicholas Cathedral serves as the tomb of past rulers of Monaco, including Prince Rainier and Princess Grace. Services are held during great liturgical celebrations accompanied by organ music.
The Princely Palace of Monaco is today home to Prince Rainier's son and successor, Prince Albert II. The State Halls are open to the public during the summer. Since 1960, the palace courtyard has been the venue for open-air concerts presented by the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra. It also opens for important events, such as weddings or birthdays for the Grimaldi family. The assembled citizens of Monaco turn to the prince from the gallery of Hercules, overlooking the square. The yard is also used for the annual children's party. Thanks to such events, the palace continued to play a central role in the life of the prince and his subjects for 700 years.
Fort Antoine is a fortress built at the beginning of the 18th century. Now it is used as a wonderful outdoor theater that can accommodate about 350 spectators. This charming setting hosts numerous performances during the summer season. The military architecture of this watchtower is what gives it a unique and special charm.
Numerous attractions of the Principality of Monaco will impress even the most demanding tourist.
In addition to hosting the famous Grand Prix and having a luxurious Monte Carlo casino, there are no less Interesting Facts about this country, which not everyone knows about:
- Monaco is often called the tax haven of Europe. For decades, the country lived solely on income from its casinos. Nowadays, thanks to the efforts of the government, tourism has become the main source of income.
- If you want to go to the city of Monaco, then you can get there by train, your own helicopter or yacht, but not by private jet. There are no airports here, and the nearest one is in Nice. Luckily, Monaco and France are within 30 minutes of each other.
- The descendants of François Grimaldi, the Genoese leader of the Guelphs, have ruled Monaco for over 712 years. This explains why the majority of citizens are Catholics.
- Monaco is open to tourists at any time of the year - every month something happens here. From exclusive outdoor concerts by the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic to sporting events such as the famous Formula 1 Grand Prix.
- The elegant façade and interiors of Monte Carlo Casino have been the setting for three James Bond films, namely Casino Royale, Goldeneye and Never Say Never Again.
- The crime rate in Monaco is very low. This is mainly due to the fact that there are more police officers per person than in any other country. In addition, the principality has a large number of CCTV cameras to prevent criminal activity.
- There is almost zero unemployment here. There is also no poverty in the country.
- Don't be surprised if you find out that Monegasque citizens are not allowed to gamble or even go to casinos. The rule is set by the government of a country that doesn't want its citizens to waste their money. The casino is a source of income for the country and provides work for its residents.
- The Formula 1 Grand Prix is one of the main events that the country holds every year.
- In 2014, almost 30% of Monaco's population were millionaires - the same as in Zurich or Geneva.
Geographical position
Principality of Monaco- a small country located in a picturesque corner, in the south of Europe, 10 kilometers from the border of two large states of France and Italy. On the one side principality restricts Cote d'Azur mediterranean sea . On the other side lies the border with France. On the territory of Monaco, there is just a junction between the Alpes-Maritimes and the Cote d'Azur. total area country is 1,98 square kilometers. Part of this area was previously the seashore. The terrain is hilly.
The Principality of Monaco is four merged cities. This capitalMonaco, the ancient city of the same name, Monte Carlo, favorite vacation spot of the world's celebrity elite, La Condamine, business center and seaport, Fontvieille, industrial district.
The geographical position of the country is very favorable. The Maritime Alps reliably protect the Principality from the cold northern winds. The Mediterranean coast attracts celebrities to vacation here. The amazing beauty of the bay is one of the advantages of the Principality. A large area in the country is occupied by artificial green spaces, parks, squares. For this reason, many rightly consider Monaco to be the Garden of Eden.
Climate in Monaco soft, it is conducive to relaxation throughout the year. Summer here hot dry weather. The air temperature reaches 25-30 degrees. There are practically no precipitations. winter temperature does not fall below -3 degrees. A average temperature across the country during this period is +10 - 11 degrees. Rains - a rare thing. They go mostly in autumn or winter. General average annual rainfall does not exceed 1300 mm. The inhabitants of the Principality of Monaco owe such a fertile climate to the Alpes-Maritimes. It is they who hide the country from the unfavorable cold currents of air masses moving from the north of Europe.
Due to the dry and warm climate in the country grows a large number of exotic plants. This dwarf palms, figs, olives, as well as others characteristic representatives flora of the Mediterranean. Meet here oak, boxwood, pine, juniper. On the slopes of the Alpine mountains stretched meadows of xerophytic grasses. Thickets of low shrubs can also be found on the slopes. The inhabitants of Monaco cultivate plants imported from other countries and continents. This bananas, citrus fruits, agaves, cacti, eucalyptus. There are a large number of gardens and parks in the cities. In general, more 20% areas of the Principality are occupied by vegetation.
Visas, entry rules, customs rules
In order to cross the border of Monaco, you need Schengen or french visa. It can be obtained from the French embassy on the basis of an invitation. To apply for a visa required a foreign passport valid for 4 months from the date of entry, a general passport, a certificate from the place of work indicating the average monthly income, position and date of employment, a completed application form with a 3 * 4 photo attached to it, an invitation, as well as a document certifying the solvency of the traveler.
Basic entry requirements to the country are the availability of round-trip tickets, insurance for at least $ 30,000, and tourists need to have a hotel reservation. If there is a private invitation, a single entry visa is issued. It can be valid from 1 to 90 days. Valid term of a visa depends on the type of invitation. For business trips, it is possible to request a multivisa. Before submitting documents to the embassy, you need to pay a consular fee. It takes from two to three days to two weeks to process documents at the embassy.
Customs regulationsa in Monaco are no different from those in other European countries. The amount of cash brought into the country not limited. An amount over 9 thousand euros is required declare. Can be freely export no more than 200 cigarettes, 1 liter of spirits, 2 liters of wine, 0.25 liters of eau de toilette. Permitted bring animals, but be sure must be a certificate from the veterinarian about the pet's health status and vaccinations.
Population, political condition
lives in Monaco 31.7 thousand people according to 2000 data. The national composition is quite extensive. For the most part population are French people. There are about 47% . Italians by nationality - 16% residents of Monaco. Indigenous people of the principality, Monegasques, make up 16% population. Monaco ranks first in terms of population density. This figure exceeds 16 thousand people per 1 square meter of area. Official state language in Monaco - French. But running are also Monegasque, English and Italian.
A little about the state structure of Monaco. This a constitutional monarchy. head of state, prince, transfers its powers by inheritance. If there is no heir, then by special agreement, Monaco becomes an autonomous state, and France will be a protectorate. legislative function bears prince and parliament. In the Parliament 24 deputies. It can only be represented by Monegasques who have reached the age of 25. They are elected in a general election by proportional representation for a term of 5 years. The role of the executive belongs Government Council. It meets on demand at least twice a year. The prince takes part in this. Heads the Government CouncilMinister of State, representative of neighboring France. Judicial branch based on the code of laws in force in France.
What to see
Residence of the princely family, Grimaldi Palace located on top of a cliff. It was erected on the site of an ancient fortress built by the Genoese in 1215. In summer, the princely family is away, so there is an opportunity to get inside. Spread out in front of the princely palace Palace Square. Along its perimeter lined up cannons cast during the reign of Louis XIV. Tourists gather here to watch the changing of the guard ceremony.
The most beautiful Chapel of Divine Mercy- monument 17th century. It was built specifically for holding meetings of members of the society of penitent sinners. A unique creation kept in the chapel, -wooden sculpture of Christ. It was created during the time of Napoleon I.
Cathedral
built in Monaco in 1875. Here are the burial places of all members of the princely family.. The cathedral is active. Divine services are held here on the days of Catholic holidays.
The Wax Museum presents images frozen in wax of the princes who headed the throne in the period from the end of the 18th century to the present day. The museum contains clothes and household items from different eras.
Oceanographic Museum built in modern style in 1910. It contains interesting collections flora and fauna of the Mediterranean. In a huge underground room, you can admire the aquariums with the inhabitants of the deep sea living in them.
For a long time, the territory currently occupied by the Principality of Monaco has attracted conquerors. First mastered it Phoenicians. Later on this land settled Genoese. V 1215 year they built the first fortress. This date can be considered the time of the founding of the state. Noble ranks of Provence would also like to rule in Monaco in those distant days. But the Genoese approved as the head of their representative. This took place in 1419 year and marked the beginning of the reign of the clan Grimaldi ruling to the present. Then the feudal Principality of Monaco separated. Genoa only served as a protectorate.
During from 1524 to 1641 Monaco year belonged to Spain, then it passed into the power of France. After 1815 years the principality was under the protectorate of the Sardinian kingdom. But this only lasted until 1861 of the year. Then everything went back to normal.
V 1863 A significant event took place in the history of Monaco. Built in Monte Carlo first casino. This opened the era of gambling in the principality. They started coming here the richest people peace. Now the casino one of the main sources of income in Monaco.
V 1911 was created first constitution. The state has become constitutional monarchy. Later in 1962 year the Constitution appeared, which is valid in Monaco to the present.
International trade
The Principality of Monaco is best known as world center of tourism. There are many more jobs than people living in the state, so unemployment rate is very low, and most of the workers come from abroad (mainly from France and Italy). The wonderful climate contributes to the development of tourism and a large percentage of income in the state depends on it. Also very well developed. banking sector. Low taxes make the Principality a very attractive investment destination. V Lately strongly began to developbuilding.Also well developedpharmaceutical, chemical, electronic and food industry , manufacture of wearing apparel, souvenirs, faience etc., but the country does not have its own agriculture. The lack of its own resources makes Monaco completely dependent on imports from abroad.
My foreign trade Principality of Monaco carries out with almost all countries of the European Union(58% export and 45% import). Main foreign trade partners are Italy, Great Britain, Spain, Germany and China. V more the state depends from France, because from there it imports electricity and water supply.
The shops
Here, as in other tourist towns, it is simply an incredible number of different shops and markets where you can buy souvenirs, ceramics, treat yourself to sweets and delicious chocolate. But adhering to a high level, Monaco has acquired the status of an elite tourist destination and therefore you can meet here boutiques of the most famous world brands. Bargain here not accepted, this is below the dignity of sellers, and no one wants to do this, given the level of tourists.
Monaco is designed to make tourists have fun, convenient and comfortable. And since people come here to spend money on their loved ones, then you need to correspond to the level of a large tourist city. Like other similar cities, you, of course, you can buy a variety of souvenirs, but only in Monaco you can find stunning beauty ceramic products, luxury crystals. Fragrance lovers can choose for themselves chic perfume, a sweet tooth pamper yourself delicious fruits in sugar, sweets and chocolate, which is produced in the chocolate factory of Monaco. In addition, a large number of boutiques are open in the country, representing the most famous brands in the world in the field of jewelry, clothing. A large number of antique shops, where you can buy interesting little things, yes, even with a good discount. Also Monaco has two large shopping malls where everyone will find something to their liking. You can even buy copies of designer clothes or bijouterie, the price of which will seem simply ridiculous compared to the originals presented in a nearby boutique. Walking along the streets lined with various shops, you can plunge into the world of beauty and luxury, pamper yourself and enjoy walking through these shops, filled to overflowing with all sorts of things.
Demography
Principality of Monaco located on the Cote d'Azur of the Mediterranean Sea and borders on land only with France. Country area is 1.91 sq. km.
Regardless of what's in 1964 principality increases its area by 20% (0.4 sq. km.) it remains smallest country in the world, only the Vatican is smaller than it.
Monaco is made up of four cities:Monaco-capital, Monte Carlo, La Condamine and Fontvieille. The principality is home to about 36,000 people, which makes Monaco the most densely populated country in the world - about 18 thousand / sq. km. T only a quarter of the populationnatives of Monaco,rest - Foreigners. Most people living in a dwarf state French people (47% ), 16% Italians, 16% Monegasque, to the rest 21% are included are included representatives of more than 125 nationalities. In the ratio of men - women, the gentle sex has a slight advantage. average life expectancy- about 80 years old, regardless of this, the country has negative birth rate.
Official language in the principality French, but English,Italian and Monegasque languages also widespread.
In the Principality of Monaco proclaimed religious freedom, but contrary to that 90% population - Catholics.
Industry
Works in industry 12% employed, in the service sector - 88% . Monaco has developed at a high level industries such as - electronic,electrotechnical, chemical, pharmaceutical. Same way develop:precision instrumentation, production building materials , faience, ceramics. An important place is occupied trade, making souvenirs and tourist service. The state has a high level of employment and living standards. Present state monopoly on the telephone network activity, sale of tobacco products and post services. Companies in Monaco produce appliances and electronic components. This product exported to Europe and the USA. One of the main sources of income - travel business. Here Monaco is a huge hotel chain possessing, by local standards, the highest classification. More significant industries -cosmetics production,chemicals and medicines. For any kind entrepreneurial activity need to get administration permission. It is necessary to justify that the project will benefit the economy of the state. It happens very often that they refuse. WITH outside world principality connected, primarily, by sea. with France it is connected railway. Motorways used not only as a means of transportation. On the embankments and crooked streets of Monte Carlo pass famous races.
vegetable and animal world
The beautiful Mediterranean vegetation is a trademark of the Principality of Monaco. Here it is exotic garden, in which one can find one of the richest collections of cacti in the world, as well as other plants from hot countries growing on steep rocks. In addition, it hosts botanical research different types plants. In the old part of the city is Japanese garden area 7000 square meters , located in accordance with the rules for arranging landscape parks in the land of the rising sun. Fontvey area proud of the magnificent Princess Grace Rose Garden. It is part of the so-called landscape park.
underground aquarium, the volume of which exceeds 400 cubic meters., represents 60 pools filled with sea water and is a true masterpiece of modern architecture. It was founded in 1910 prince Albert I and over time grew into a large scientific and tourist center. This is one of the few aquariums in the world., Where live corals, and as you know, they cannot live outside their natural environment. The Principality of Monaco is also home to a magnificent underwater reserveLaRvotto, which contains one of the most exotic representatives of the underwater world.
Banks and money
problems with public transport not in Monaco. Walking at very short intervals all day buses, and the cost of travel, in principle, is acceptable. Can be purchased ticket, which per day will cost you in the area 4 euro. In addition to these buses, a small bus runs especially for tourists. steam locomotive with wagons, whose main function is take everyone to the main attractions of Monaco. Such a train costs a little more, but in half an hour you will get acquainted with all the best places. Take car for rent in Monaco is easy, for this necessary have a driver's license with you, which must comply with the international standard. In addition, you must be over 23 years old and have a credit card with you. There are some expensive car models that may require you to have two credit cards to rent. Upon presentation of a credit card from it can remove also an additional deposit, which is equal to the amount of car rental. This happens because full settlement for renting a car you will only produce when you return it. There are no particular difficulties on the roads of Monaco, the traffic is quite calm and measured, also applies to all pedestrians, because in Monaco it is established Speed Limit on which drivers can no longer drive 50km/h.
Minerals
Someone may be surprised that in Monaco there are absolutely no minerals, except for shellfish, which are mined only in order to satisfy the huge demand of tourists. And, despite the lack of minerals, the influx of money into Monaco is not decreasing, but rather growing. This is due to the fact that the banks of Monaco, like no other, can not keep the client's identity secret, and in this country very low taxes which is also very encouraging. Besides, this great resort, which the famous for its gambling clubs, rest here attracts a large number of people who are ready to spend their capital on a luxurious vacation. But you should not assume that apart from the resort, gambling and banks, there is nothing else here. On the contrary, Monaco shows great promise associated with the development pharmaceutical industry, as well as chemical and electronics industry. And, of course, we must not forget about construction because Monaco is growing and prospering every year. Yet Monaco is largely depends on import from different countries. But, positive side that in Monaco almost no unemployed as the country steps forward and it needs more and more workers.
Agriculture
Monaco occupies very little space in its territory, this country is classified as dwarf countries. Due to its climatic conditions, geographical location, proximity to France and the stunning splendor of nature, Monaco has become a great tourist destination where thousands of people from different countries and many different celebrities spend their weekends. Precisely because Monaco is located on a relatively small plot of land, the country cannot afford to seriously engage in agriculture. Agriculture occupies everything here 6% throughout the country's industry. All products are consumed domestically, nothing is exported, because such quantities are simply not enough for export. Here they grow sugar cane , coconut trees, yam. Well, almost everything that this miniature beautiful country can afford. In addition, Monaco is engaged in animal husbandry, again in scanty sizes and basically, this small pets. Also put on a modest foot and fishing. But the most interesting is pearl mining and mother-of-pearl shells which are in great demand among tourists. In principle, this is all that Monaco can afford. The country receives all the main products through imports from other countries.
main source of income in the Principality of Monaco is considered travel business. People from all countries come here, ready to spend their money in such a way that it is wide and on a grand scale. Great amount hotels and famous casinos attract the attention of everyone without exception, and especially the very rich people. And precisely because mainly wealthy people come to Monaco, here it is customary to tip almost everyone: hotel and hotel attendants, waiters in restaurants and other establishments, tour guides, guides and taxi drivers. In restaurants, the amount of the tip is already included in the bill., but some, especially generous ones, leave a tip on top. The same is true with tips for service personnel in hotels and inns., their tips are also included in total amount for service. It is customary for taxi drivers to leave not less than 15% from the amount that you see on the counter. On the tips that some tourists leave, you can live quite comfortably, even without a salary, so all staff try to please tourists in order to get additional rewards, with pleasure carry out various assignments and requests of tourists. After all, for this, they receive a good increase in their basic salary.
National features
When going to Monaco, you need to know a little about the peculiarities of this country, as well as, of course, any other country, in order not to find yourself in an awkward situation or offend the indigenous people with a random word. As a result of the fact that Monaco is considered the most expensive tourist country, where a lot of money is spinning, there are a large number of gambling establishments, such an order has been established that you will come across at every steprepresentatives of the authorities. And they does not have to be in the form; you may not even know that there is a policeman next to you who is watching you or your neighbors with all his eyes. Face control- this is a common occurrence, in almost any institution, besides your hotel room or rental car may be searched. AND no need to stop it because those are the rules. On the streets at almost every step you can meet the installed security camera and thanks to such diligence of the police in Monaco, a very small percentage of crime. A large influx of money requires the presence of the best law enforcement specialists. As for gambling clubs, for a man v without fail You need to be in a suit and tie. And everyone who is going to visit the casino should be at least 18 years old and possession of a passport, is an prerequisite.
Electricity
Plug/Socket Monaco / / /
There are no problems with electricity in the country. Casinos and discos open around the clock, glowing with neon light, luxurious showcases of boutiques and shopping centers. All this, for sure, does not mean that Monaco lacks heat and light. Given the influx of money coming into the country, high prices for accommodation and going to restaurants where even the most ordinary meals will cost you no less than a hundred dollars. Monaco may well create comfortable conditions for tourists and for the numerous celebrities who visit this fairyland. Despite the fact that Monaco lives almost exclusively in the tourism business, it does not lack the most necessary things. So in the hotels of Monaco, you will feel not just like at home, but like in a real palace. Current power is standard everywhere, is equal to 220V, and even if you want to take advantage of the additional benefits of civilization, you will not experience any problems. Sockets everywhere European standard, which is very convenient so that you can connect additional household appliances and even your favorite computer, if you need it. Comfort, luxury, style and modernity will surround you throughout your stay.
healthcare
Monaco is a very expensive country that must live up to its high level. People with average incomes do not always manage to get here, because hotel accommodation costs two to three times more than in other tourist countries. The level of service is very high, because very rich people come to Monaco, and meeting celebrities and famous athletes here is a completely ordinary thing. They come here, as usual, on a grand scale. In this regard, you you will not be able to enter Monaco if you do not have health insurance, because here, all foreigners coming from distant countries are very closely monitored.
The situation with drinking water is also pleasing: tap water is safe to drink because it undergoes very good cleaning. But taste is not good, because it lacks some minerals, so it is best to buy bottled water for drinking, which is sold in all stores. Products, which you will purchase in the markets and in stores as well different high quality and you do not risk your health. The same organic products will be served to you in hotel restaurants and in any other catering establishments. So, you can forget that there is a risk of indigestion, unless you want to try something very exotic.
April 17th, 2013
Rock of Monaco with ancient times was a refuge for primitive people. Their traces were found in one of the caves of the Saint-Martin garden. Archaeologists attribute them to the late Paleolithic period (300 thousand years BC). Approximately, in 2000 BC. The Ligurian tribe settled in this area. The ancient authors Strabo and Diodorus Siculus described them as harsh mountaineers, accustomed to hard work and a life full of hardships.
Legends attribute the founding of Monaco to Hercules, whom the Phoenicians called Melkart, and the Romans called Hercules. It was believed that he landed in these places, returning from Spain, and built the first structures. In his name, the city received the name "Portus Hercules of Monoiki", which means "the port of the lonely (temple) of Hercules." It is known that in ancient times in the city that stood on the site of present-day Monaco, there really was a temple dedicated to Hercules. The Greek charter of Hecateus of Miletus mentions a city called "Monoikos polis ligustik" - "Ligurian city of Monoikos". There is an assumption that in reality this name is of Ligurian origin, since the city served as the seaport of the Ligurian tribe of Oratells. Probably, later the name was changed, based on the association with "lonely Hercules."
Approximately, from the X century BC. on the territory of Monaco there was a Phoenician fortification. It is believed that it was the Phoenicians who brought Middle Eastern palm trees to the Cote d'Azur. Later, the town was often visited by the Carthaginians, and in the XII-XIII centuries. BC. it is mentioned among the Greek colonies. One way or another, it was an important strategic point between Genoa and Massalia (modern Marseille).
In the II century. BC. The area was taken over by the Romans, who included it in the Maritime Alps. In the port, Julius Caesar was loaded on ships, setting off for the battle with Pompey. The road to Marseille, laid by the Romans, went through the city - “Via Julia”, which for 500 years remained one of the main road arteries of the Roman state.
In the era of the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian (III-IV centuries AD), a boat with the body of the executed Corsican Christian Devot washed up on the shores of Monaco. Later, a church was built in his honor, and he himself was declared the patron saint of Monaco.
Since the 11th century, the Ligurian coast has been continuously raided by Arab pirates from North Africa. And in 975, the Muslims were finally expelled by the Count of Provence, Guillaume. After that, the coast began to belong to the Republic of Genoa and began to be settled again.
On the site of Monaco stood a small fishing village. The German emperors Frederick Barbarossa (1152-1190) and Henry VI (1190-1197) recognized the stretch of coast up to modern Monaco as the possession of Genoa (finally - in 1191).
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Creation of the Monegasque State
On June 10, 1215, the Genoese adherents of the emperor (Ghibellines), led by Fulcco del Casello, appreciating the strategic importance of the Monaco rock and the port, began to build a fortress with four towers on the site of the current princely palace. The castle replaced the ruined fortification of the Muslims. The transfer of Monaco to Genoa was confirmed in 1220 and 1241 by the German Emperor Frederick II (1212-1250), and in 1262 by the Count of Provence.
To attract new settlers, the founders provided them with substantial tax and land benefits. For the next three centuries, Monaco was the object of a fierce struggle between the Ghibelline families of Doria and Spinola (supporters of the German emperors), as well as the Fieschi and Grimaldi families of Guelph (followers of the popes), passing from hand to hand.
The founder of the Grimaldi family was considered Otto Canella, who in 1133 was the consul of Genoa. His son was named Grimaldi. In 1296, as a result of one of civil wars in the Republic of Genoa, the Guelphs were expelled from Genoa and took refuge in Provence. Gathering a small army led by Francesco Grimaldi, on January 2, 1297, they captured the fortress of Monaco. According to the chronicle, the leader of the Guelphs disguised himself as a Franciscan monk and was allowed into the fortress by unsuspecting guards, after which he opened the gates to armed soldiers.
This time, Grimaldi failed to gain a foothold in Monaco. In 1301, they lost the fortress and were able to return it only on September 12, 1331, when Karl Grimaldi took possession of the rock. In 1341, Charles I (1330-1363) conquered Monaco from the Spinola family. He enjoyed the support of the French kings, so he was able to take possession of Menton and Roquebrune. Charles's father and Francesco's cousin, Rainier I was appointed Grand Admiral of France, commanding the French fleet in the battle against the Flemings in 1304. Charles himself brought to the French king Philip VI (1328-1350) a detachment of crossbowmen who took part in the famous battle of Crécy (1346), and his fleet participated in the siege of Calais. He later died during the capture of Monaco by the Genoese Doge Simon Boccanegra. The son of Charles, Rainier II (1363-1407), also in the French royal service, managed to keep only Menton (1346) and Roquebrune (1355), but in 1357 the Grimaldi lost their possessions. In 1395 they won them back, but in 1401 they lost them again.
The children of Rainier II in 1419 regained Monaco, and then divided the possessions among themselves. Thus, Jean I (1427-1454) became the sole lord of Monaco and Condamine. Having managed to free himself from the captivity of the Duke of Milan, he ruled his possessions until his death (1454).
Conflicts with Milan, Genoa and Savoy forced Grimaldi to seek protection from neighboring states, without giving up their independence. They managed to obtain such patronage from Florence (1424), Savoy (1428) and Milan (1477). And in 1448, Jean I ceded half of Menton and Roquebrune to the Duke of Savoy in exchange for recognition of his rights to these territories. The son of Jean I Catalan (1454-1457) entered into an alliance with the French king and married his daughter to his relative Lambert, who later became the king's chamberlain. In 1489, Lambert managed to achieve recognition of the independence of Monaco from the Duke of Savoy and the French king. The support of the latter was bought at the price of recognition of the suzerainty of Savoy over 11/12 Menton in exchange for recognition for Grimaldi feudal rights (this feudal oath was valid until 1507).
The policy of Lambert was continued by the sons Jean II and Lucien I (1505-1523). The latter reflected in 1506-1507. Genoese siege. The French king confirmed in 1498 and 1507 the sovereignty of Monaco, promising patronage to its rulers. The patent of King Louis XII (1498-1515) of 1512 recognized Monaco as an independent possession, whose seigneur cannot be "in any way diminished or interfered with in his rights, jurisdiction, sovereignty, prerogatives" and enjoys the "special protection" of the monarch of France. In 1515, this position was confirmed by the new king Francis I (1515-1547). However, in 1523 the ruler was assassinated by followers of the French-backed Genoese admiral Andrea Doria. Having become a lord, Lucien's brother Bishop Augustin broke off relations with King Francis I and entered into an alliance with his main enemy in Europe - the German emperor and the Spanish king Charles V (1519-1556). According to the Treaty of Burgos (1524), Monaco came under the protection of Spain. It became an imperial fief, whose ruler had to take a feudal oath. Later, at the request of the Monegasque lord, this agreement was changed: the new agreement (November 1524) no longer contained a mention of the imperial fief.
Under the auspices of Spain
The union with Spain laid a heavy burden on the economy of Monaco. The Spanish garrison, which was in Monaco under the agreement of 1605, was maintained solely at the expense of the inhabitants of this state.
After the death of Augustin, due to the infancy of the children of Lucien I, the country was temporarily ruled by Etienne Grimaldi from Genoa. He scrupulously observed the agreement with Spain, but at the same time tried to strengthen the autonomy of Monaco. The reign of Lucien's son Honore I (1523-1581) was quite calm. His children Hercules I (1589-1604) and Charles II (1581-1589) continued the same policy. They devoted their main attention to the management of the possessions that Charles V assigned to them in southern Italy. In 1604, Hercules was killed by conspirators.
Until 1616, the regency under the son of the murdered ruler Honore I was carried out by his uncle, Prince Frederick de Valdetar. In 1612, he persuaded his nephew to accept a new title - "seigneur and prince of Monaco." Since 1619, the Monegasque monarch began to be called a prince. This title was recognized by the Spanish court and received a hereditary character.
Taking power into his own hands, the young prince gradually reoriented politics towards France. The negotiations, which began in 1630, lasted more than 10 years, with the prince receiving support from the first minister of France, Richelieu. In 1635, another Franco-Spanish war began, and in 1640 an uprising broke out in Catalonia against Spain, whose participants called on France for help. In this ominous atmosphere, on September 14, 1641, in Peronne, the ruler of Monaco and the French king Louis XIII (1610-1643) signed a treaty according to which Monaco was recognized as a free and sovereign principality under the protectorate of France, and the prince was obliged to command the French military garrison.
Under the protectorate of the French king
A few months after the conclusion of the treaty, the prince armed his adherents, and with their help forced the Spanish garrison of the fortress to capitulate. In 1642, Honore II was solemnly received by the French court. Instead of the possessions he lost in Naples, previously donated by the Monegasque lord Charles V, the prince received others - on French soil: the viscountship of Charles in Auvergne, the duchy of Valentinois and the marquisate of Beau, along with the seigneury of Saint-Remy in Provence. At court, he was patronized by the first minister, Cardinal Mazarin, and King Louis XIV (1643-1715) became the godfather of his grandson, the future Prince Louis I.
According to the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659, the Prince of Monaco was to receive back all his possessions in Naples and Milan, but he abandoned them in favor of the French king, who transferred them to the Duke of Lanti.
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Honoré II minted his coin. He did a lot to decorate the city and especially the princely palace, where he collected a huge collection of furniture, paintings, valuables, etc. Luxurious ballet performances, festivities, balls and magnificent religious ceremonies were held in Monaco. After the death of Honore II, his grandson Louis I (1662-1701) ascended the princely throne, whose name is associated with the construction of a number of monumental buildings in the country. He published a comparatively liberal collection of laws. The Monegasque cavalry, led by the prince, fought on the side of France and Holland in Flanders and Franche-Comte during the war against the British. When the problem of the Spanish succession arose, in 1698 Louis XIV appointed Louis I as his ambassador to the papal court, instructing him to obtain support from the Pope as a French candidate for the Spanish throne. While in Rome, he squandered many of the riches his grandfather had collected. In 1701 the prince died in Rome.
His son Prince Antoine (1701-1731) moved in the circles of the highest French aristocracy, maintained ties with the future regent, the Duke of Orleans. He achieved considerable heights in the French army, participating in many battles. Antoine restored and strengthened the princely palace, where he held magnificent festivities. The prince was fond of music, conducted his own orchestra and corresponded with prominent French composers: Andre Detouche, Francois Coupren and others. The close ties of Monaco with France, despite the neutrality of the principality, forced in 1707 to fear the invasion of the troops of the Duke of Savoy, and the prince began to build new fortifications. The military threat was eliminated only after the conclusion of the Peace of Utrecht in 1713.
With the death of Antoine, the male line of the Grimaldi dynasty came to an end. The daughter of Prince Louise-Hippolyta ruled the state for only a few months, and then power passed to her husband Jacques-Francois de Matignon, proclaimed Jacques I (1731-1733). In 1733, he handed over the throne to his son Honore III (1733-1793). The new prince, like his predecessors, served in the French army, taking part in hostilities on the Rhine, in Flanders and the Netherlands, for which he received the rank of marshal in 1748.
During the War of the Austrian Succession in 1746-1747. Monaco was blockaded by Austrian and Sardinian troops. They were pushed back by French forces under the command of Marshal de Belle-Isle. The subsequent reign of Honore III was not overshadowed by conflicts. The principality's economy prospered, and the standard of living of the population grew despite meager Natural resources country. Monaco's main source of income was maritime trade and the collection of duties from ships bound for Italy. The prince, who had extensive land holdings in Auvergne, Valentinois, Provence and Normandy, also acquired land in Alsace.
Period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
All the possessions of the Prince of Monaco in France were lost after the French constituent Assembly on the night of August 4, 1789, feudal rights were abolished. Initially, the assembly upheld the Treaty of Peronne and even intended to compensate the prince for the loss of his property, valued at 273,786 francs, but after the overthrow of the French king in 1792, this project was abandoned. Honore III's references to the Treaty of Peronne did not help, and by the time of the prince's death in 1795 financial well-being the dynasty was already undermined.
In Monaco itself, a struggle broke out between two parties, one of which advocated the preservation of the sovereignty of the principality, and the other demanded, first of all, to create a system of representative government. As a result, the second party managed to win. In January 1793, the National Convention was elected, which soon announced the overthrow of the Grimaldi dynasty.
The entry of French troops into Nice accelerated the formation of a new regime. On February 15, 1793, the French Convention decided to unite the principality with France. Monaco, renamed Fort Hercule, formed a canton within the French Republic, and then became its administrative center ( later center moved to San Remo). All the wealth collected in the princely palace was seized: paintings and works of art were sold, and the palace itself turned into a barracks, and then into a hospital and a shelter for the poor. Most members of the princely family (including Honoré III), some of whom served in the French army, were arrested, later released, but were forced to sell almost all their property.
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The situation changed after the abdication of the French Emperor Napoleon. The first peace of Paris on May 30, 1814 restored the borders of the principality, which existed before January 1, 1792, under the French protectorate.
Honore IV, the son of Honore III, became prince, but due to poor health, he ceded the throne to his brother Joseph. The son of the abdicated prince Honore-Gabriel rebelled against this decision and convinced his father to transfer power to him. In March 1815, Honore IV (1815-1819) went to Monaco, but, having arrived in Cannes, he was arrested by the landing Napoleonic troops and taken to Napoleon.
After the final collapse of the Empire, according to the second Treaty of Paris of November 20, 1815, the principality was under the protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
The treaty between Monaco and the Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel I was signed in Stupinigi on November 8, 1817. It was even less favorable for the principality than the treaty with France that was in force before the French Revolution. The principality's finances were in a deplorable state, the country's resources were markedly reduced, and the communes, parishes and hospitals owed large sums.
After the death of Honore IV, power passed to his son Honore V (1819-1841), to whom in 1810 Napoleon awarded the title of baron, and the Restoration regime - the title of peer of France. The new prince took steps to overcome the crisis. But his tough policy was met with popular discontent and protest demonstrations, especially in 1833 in Menton. After the death of Honore V, power passed to his brother Florestan I (1841-1856), a great admirer of literature and theater, who was completely unprepared to govern the state. Most of the issues were resolved by his wife Carolina, who temporarily managed to alleviate the discontent caused by the decrees of Honore V. But the détente did not last long, and soon Florestan and Carolina tightened their policy again, hoping in this way to restore prosperity to the principality.
Meanwhile, in Menton, the demands for independence were heard more and more loudly. The inhabitants of the city sought the adoption of a liberal constitution, like the one introduced by King Charles Albert in the Kingdom of Sardinia. They categorically rejected the constitution proposed by Florestan. After the revolution of 1848 in France, the situation became even more aggravated. Florestan and Caroline transferred power to their son Charles, but it was too late: uprisings began, Prince Florestan was overthrown, arrested and imprisoned, and the princely government was abolished. However, in 1849 Florestan was restored to the throne.
On March 20, 1848, Menton and Roquebrune, officially remaining fiefs of Sardinia and Savoy, proclaimed themselves independent cities "under Sardinian patronage." On May 1, 1849, the authorities of the Kingdom of Sardinia issued a decree on their accession to the district of Nice. Monegasque princes Florestan and Charles III (1856-1889) failed to regain these territories.
In March 1860, in gratitude for military aid, rendered by the French emperor Napoleon III in the unification of Italy, the Sardinian kingdom ceded to France Savoy and the county of Nice, including Roquebrune and Menton. On July 18, 1860, Sardinia withdrew its troops from Monaco, ending the protectorate.
According to the agreement of February 2, 1861 between Prince Charles III and Napoleon III, Monaco renounced all rights to Menton and Roquebrune in favor of France, for which it received compensation in the amount of 4 million francs. The treaty officially recognized the independence of the Principality of Monaco, but at the same time it was reduced to 1/20 of the former area. In accordance with unpublished additional articles of the treaty, Monaco undertook not to transfer parts of its territory to any power other than France.
Principality before World War II
Reduced in size and deprived of resources, Monaco was in an extremely difficult financial and economic situation. It was impossible to raise taxes further. Back in the 1850s, the authorities decided to improve things by opening a casino, but the gambling house of the French entrepreneur Durand soon closed due to lack of transport links and lack of competitiveness. The merchant Lefebvre, who bought the company, was also unable to set things right.
After several attempts to revive the trade, Charles III and his mother Caroline decided to organize a firm called the Society of Sea Bathing. The concession to create a gambling house was sold to the banker François Blanuza for 1.7 million francs, who previously headed the gambling house in Hamburg. The term of his license was 50 years. Blanc was able to organize a casino, the cash flow of which soon exceeded the most optimistic expectations. Hotels, a theater and a casino built by the Sea Bathing Society began to attract crowds of tourists to the principality from the very beginning.
In 1865, Monaco and France signed a convention establishing customs union. At the same time, the prince reserved the right to conclude international treaties and agreements. The parties agreed on the construction of a railway line on the territory of Monaco. Since 1868, after the railway line between Nice and Ventimiglia was put into operation, the number of tourists increased even more. In 1870, 140 thousand people visited the country, and in 1907 - already more than 1 million (at that time there were 52 hotels in the principality).
The economic progress of Monaco was accompanied by the expansion of urban construction. The Spelyug quarter was quickly built up with luxurious hotels and prestigious buildings. In 1866 it was renamed in honor of the prince - Monte Carlo. In 1869, an opera opened in Monte Carlo, which gained worldwide fame under the direction of the famous conductor Raoul Gainsbourg. During the reign of Charles III, railway stations were built in Monaco and Monte Carlo, a post office was organized, the first postage stamps of the principality were issued and gold coins began to be minted. A separate bishopric was created in Monaco. In 1881, the civil code was enacted.
The population grew very rapidly: in 1870, only 1,500 people lived in the principality. In 1888 this number increased to 10,000, and in 1907 to 16,000.
The foreign policy activity of the principality also developed. In 1866-1905. Monaco has concluded agreements on the extradition of criminals with Italy, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Russia, Switzerland, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, as well as a convention on cooperation in the legal field with France, Italy, Belgium. The Principality signed multilateral agreements: the Paris (1883) and Berne (1886) conventions, the Madrid Agreement (1891). It appointed ambassadors and diplomatic representatives to France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, and also to the papal court.
Prince Albert I (1889-1922), famous for scientific research in the field of oceanography, paleontology, anthropology and botany, founded the Institute of Oceanography in Paris with the famous Oceanographic Museum in Monaco (opened in 1910), the International Peace Institute (1903 ) and Exotic Garden. And also contributed to the development of the Museum of Prehistoric Anthropology in Monaco and other research institutions.
In 1911, the prince approved the constitution of the Principality of Monaco, according to which the monarch had very broad powers, but shared legislative power with the National Council, elected by popular vote. In October 1914, the constitution was suspended.
Albert I patronized the development of art and culture: magnificent performances were staged at the Monaco Opera, famous seasons of Russian ballet were held. According to the convention of 1912, French troops could be brought into the territory of the principality only at the prior request of the prince. In 1914, Albert I tried in vain to dissuade the German emperor from starting hostilities in the First World War. His son Louis served in the French army and was promoted to general during the First World War.
Officially, Monaco remained neutral in the First World War, but France feared that the principality might fall under the influence of the Germans, since the heir, Louis, was not married, and the cousin of the prince, Duke Wilhelm von Urach, was a subject of Germany. On July 17, 1918, Monaco had to sign an agreement with France, which entered into force on June 23, 1919. The French Republic recognized and guaranteed the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Principality. The Principality was obliged to act "in accordance with the political, military, maritime and economic interests of France" and to coordinate its foreign policy with it. Only Monegasque and French citizens approved by the French government could become heirs or regents of Monaco. In the event of the termination of the princely dynasty, Monaco had to form an autonomous state under the protectorate of France. The French army and navy received the right to occupy Monaco, even without the consent of the prince.
In 1918, a political crisis erupted in the country: the National Council refused to recognize the legitimacy of a daughter born out of wedlock to the heir to the throne, Louis. On October 30, 1918, the authorities issued an ordinance allowing the heir to adopt or adopt children in the absence of his own legitimate descendants.
Modern Monaco
The grandson of Louis II, Prince Rainier III, who took the throne in 1949, contributed to the development of the principality's economy, scientific research, sports and culture. Having preserved the traditional image of a luxurious tourist center and a gambling paradise (in 1973, casino revenues accounted for only 5% of the budget), the country has turned into a business, industrial and cultural center. Due to the drainage of sea areas, the area of the state during his reign increased by 1/5. In 1981, the city of Fontvieille was founded on the territory reclaimed from the sea to the west of the Rock of Monaco. Currently, it is planned to extend the site on which the Rock of Monaco is located far into the sea and significantly expand the territory of Monte Carlo. The developed sites will be built up: it is planned to create an underground railway and a station there. In the field of economy, measures were taken to modernize the tourism infrastructure, develop the hotel business and facilities suitable for holding international meetings and congresses. The country carried out large-scale work on the construction of port facilities, an underground railway, the reconstruction and expansion of a hospital, administrative buildings, urban infrastructure, tunnels and parking lots. A new stadium and water stadium was built, as well as an airport for helicopters.
In 1966, the Monegasque state decided to tighten control over the most important source income - "Society of sea bathing". Threatening to nationalize the casino, it bought up most of the company's shares.
New education laws improved compulsory schooling. They began to build new schools, take measures to develop sports and culture. The prince established awards for writers and composers, opened the palace for concerts of the Monte Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra. The princely family patronized the organization of art festivals and ballet performances. In 1954, the Monte Carlo television station began operating, and since 1961, the International Television Festival has been held. Began to develop Scientific research: a scientific center, a laboratory for marine radioactivity, a center for underwater resources of the sea, etc. were opened in the principality.
In foreign policy, emphasis was placed on maintaining close relations with France: the French presidents and the Prince of Monaco repeatedly exchanged official visits. In 1951, both countries signed a convention on good neighborliness and mutual assistance in the field of customs duties, postal services, taxes, and television. However, the topic of taxes caused friction in relations between states. France sought to return taxes from capitals settled in Monaco to its budget. On May 18, 1963, after Monaco refused to make changes in the field of taxation and the establishment of French customs cordons on the border with the principality, a new Franco-Monegasque convention was signed in Paris, which provided for the introduction of income tax in the principality on the basis of French taxation. But citizens of Monaco, the French living in the country for more than 5 years, and companies in whose capital the share of Monegasque investments exceeded 25% were exempted from the tax.
Ruler Monaco Prince Albert II, Marquis de Bou
Coat of arms of Monaco
In the late 1990s, Monaco was increasingly accused of becoming an international offshore center for money laundering. In 2000, a commission of the French National Assembly submitted a report and recommended that French banking control be extended to Monaco. Parliamentarians claimed that the number of fake firms registered in Monaco had reached 6,000 by 1998, and there were 340,000 accounts in 49 banks, with 2/3 of the owners living abroad. It was argued that the justice of the principality, dependent on the princely house, does not take any measures to curb the current situation.
On October 24, 2002, after three years of negotiations between Monaco and France, a new treaty was signed, replacing the 1918 treaty. He confirmed the "traditional friendship" of the two countries, the French guarantees of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Principality, as well as the obligation of Monaco to exercise its sovereignty in accordance with "the fundamental interests of the French Republic in the fields of politics, economy, security and defense" and to coordinate with France its foreign politics. Monaco has the right to open diplomatic missions abroad or transfer representation of its interests to France. The provisions on the possibility of changing the order of succession to the throne and the introduction of French troops were formulated much softer than in 1918. The text of the treaty only stated that the territory of Monaco was "inalienable", and that France must be informed of the change in succession, and French troops could enter the territory of Monaco only with the consent of the prince or at his request (except in cases where sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity are threatened, but the normal functioning of power is interrupted).
Rainier III tightly controlled the political life of the principality. In 1950, the authorities banned the activities of the Communist Party. Until 1958, the National Democratic Accord bloc, a coalition of the Radical Socialist Party and the Monegasque Democratic Party, won in elections to the National Council, and in 1958 it was ahead of the National Union of Independents. In January 1959, the National Council was dissolved, and in 1911 the constitution was suspended. In January 1961, the prince approved new composition parliament. And on December 17, 1962, the country received new constitution confirming the vast powers of the monarch. Legislative power was vested in the prince and an elected National Council, while executive power was in the Government Council, consisting of a minister of state and three councillors. At the same time, the head of the Government Council had to be a French citizen and was appointed by the prince from among three candidates recommended by the French president. Parliament did not have the right to control the actions of the government, and to come up with legislative initiatives. In 1963, women in Monaco received the right to vote. Elections to the National Council in 1963, 1968, 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993 and 1998 were consistently won by the National Democratic Union (NDU) party, formed from the merger of the National Union of Independents and the National Democratic Accord. The 1998 elections resulted in the VAT winning over 67% of the vote and all 18 seats in the National Council. The opposition parties National Union for the Future of Monaco and the United for the Monegasque Family received 23% and 9% of the vote, respectively.
Someday, global warming will cause the glaciers to melt, and all land will go under water. It would seem that humanity is doomed to extinction (about at least, until the gills grow), but Vincent Callebaut disagreed, who designed giant island ships on which people could survive.
Project ship with Monaco street
— dwarf state in the south of Europe. In the north, east and west it borders on France, in the south it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
The name of the country comes from the ancient Greek "monoikos" - "hermit".
Official name: Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco/Monaco-Ville
The area of the land: 1.95 sq. km. of which 0.4 km2 is due to the development of the seashore.
Total population: 35 656 people
Administrative division: Four administrative districts-cities: Monaco, Monte Carlo, La Condamine and Fontvieille.
Form of government: Constitutional monarchy (principality).
Head of State: Prince.
Composition of the population: 16% Monegasque, 47% French, 16% Italian, 4% English, 2% Belgian, 1% Swiss, 14% other.
Official language: French. Residents also speak Monegasque, Italian and English.
Religion: 90% are Catholics.
Internet domain: .mc
Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz
Phone country code: +377
Country barcode: 300-379
Climate
The climate in Monaco is Mediterranean: moderately warm winters (average January temperature + 8 ° С) and dry sunny summers (average July temperature + 24 ° С). Number sunny days in a year - about 300. Unstable weather and drizzling rains, which usually last no more than 3 days, are brought by a strong east or south wind from the sea "Marin". A gusty, dry and cold mistral wind blows from the interior of France, bringing the temperature down.
The Alpes-Maritimes protect Monaco from the cold northern winds. In summer, sea breezes have a cooling effect on the coast. Due to mild climatic conditions, Monaco is a popular resort. The average annual rainfall is 1300 mm. They fall out mainly in autumn.
Under conditions of dry summer and autumn-spring rains, brown soils with hard-leaved xerophytic vegetation, as well as red-colored soils of terra rossa, formed in Monaco. Brown forest soils are found in the mountains.
Geography
The Principality of Monaco, one of the smallest countries in the world (area 1.95 sq. km). Located in the south of Europe, on the Mediterranean coast, near the border of France and Italy. It borders the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. Monaco includes the merged districts - the cities of Monaco (old town), Monte Carlo, La Condamine (business center and port) and Fontvieille (industrial area).
The capital of the country, the city of Monaco (3 thousand inhabitants), picturesquely located on a flat area of a rock, has generally retained its medieval appearance. The main attractions of the city - princely palace complex, built in the 13th-19th centuries; the famous Oceanographic Museum, which annually receives a large number of visitors; Museum of Primitive Anthropology; Cathedral built at the end of the 19th century. in pseudo-roman style. Most of the country's population lives in La Condamine. Here are the seaport, the national library and the stadium. Monte Carlo is world famous for its casinos.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
Kermes and holm oak, pine, black and Alep pine, boxwood, juniper, olive, fig and other typical representatives of the Mediterranean flora are common in the forests. In Monaco, there are also dwarf palm, maritime pine, Atlas cedar and cork, beech, felt-leaved oaks.
Large-fruited strawberry (blooms in late autumn or winter), cistus, myrtle, pistachio, viburnum, red juniper, etc. stand out in maquis. Shrub kermes oak predominates in the composition of gariga, to which juniper, gorse, rosemary, hold-tree, thyme are mixed.
One fifth of the territory of Monaco is occupied by gardens and parks. There are plantations of olive, fig, pomegranate, almond, pistachio, persimmon. Grow bananas, oranges, lemons, tangerines. Japanese medlar and camphor laurel from Japan, aloe, cacti, agaves from North and South America, eucalyptus trees from Australia have been introduced.
Animal world
The fauna of Monaco is poor. Of the mammals, there are small rodents, hedgehogs, shrews, bats, including the Mediterranean bat. There are many birds: mountain warblers, spectacled and white-bearded, garden bunting, sea mockingbird, kingfisher, red-necked nightjar, skylark, black-and-white and black-bellied wheatears, thrushes, etc.
Among reptiles, the steppe gecko, chalcid and sand lizards, snakes, Aesculapius snake, etc. stand out, among amphibians - tree frog and green toad. Insects are abundant in Monaco, including butterflies. In the coastal zone of the Mediterranean Sea there are dolphins and a small number of commercial fish species (sardine, anchovy, flounder, mackerel, mullet, catfish), lobsters, mussels.
sights
Monaco is one of the world's centers of tourism and the best resort on the Cote d'Azur. Consisting of four main regions (Monaco-Ville or Le Rocher, La Condamine, Fontvieille and Monte Carlo), this tiny country connects almost all of its activity with tourism.
Located on a rocky ledge of the spurs of the Alpes-Maritimes, the country is almost completely built up high-rise buildings at the very edge of the sea, surrounded by villas immersed in greenery. And yet, more than 20% of the territory of Monaco is occupied by gardens and parks, and the coastal strip is framed by entertainment venues, hotel complexes and beaches. And, of course, Monte Carlo - "European Las Vegas" and Europe's largest casino complex.
According to legends, the area got its name from the temple "Heraklos Monoikos" ("Heracles the only one") built by the Greeks, although the first settlements on the site of the principality belonged to the Phoenicians (about 900 BC). So ancient age of this land could not but leave their mark on the modern face of the country, so the architecture and life of this tiny state have long been, in fact, one big museum.
Banks and currency
Banks are open on weekdays from 9:00 to 16:00 with a lunch break from 12:00 to 14:00. The bank near the Casino in Monte Carlo is open daily and even on public holidays from 12:00 to 23:00.
The official currency of Monaco is the Euro. 1 euro is equal to 100 cents. In circulation there are banknotes of 500, 200, 100, 50, 20 and 10 euros and coins of 1 and 2 euros and 50, 10, 5, 2 and 1 cents.
Foreign currency can be changed at hotels or banks. Traveler's checks can also be exchanged at banks, checks in US dollars, euros and pounds sterling are exchanged without commission.
Credit cards are accepted everywhere.
Useful information for tourists
Monaco is famous for the abundance of various exhibitions, competitions and festivals of European and world level.
The country has one of the most powerful and extensive police surveillance systems in the world. Policemen in uniform and in civilian clothes are found almost everywhere, they have the right to inspect suspicious objects and cars “on the spot”, conduct current face control, check telephone bills, hotel rooms and homes, in addition, surveillance cameras are installed almost everywhere. The crime rate in the principality is extremely low.
The sanitary and epidemiological situation in the country is one of the calmest in the world. tap water quite drinkable, but it is recommended to use bottled water, as mineral composition local water is somewhat different from the usual standards. Absolutely all food and vegetables of excellent quality.
In hotels and restaurants, 15% service charge is usually included in the bill, otherwise it is customary to tip the waiter up to 10% of the bill, the taxi driver - about 10-15% of the counter, porter, maid or guide 0.5-1 euro. The majority of employees and workers in Monaco are residents of neighboring regions of France and Italy.
Do you want to join the world's most elite get-together on the Cote d'Azur? Then you should definitely visit one of the smallest states - Monaco. Here you will find chic and expensive shops, the world's best hotel complexes and pompous casinos, including the legendary Monte Carlo Casino. The most expensive yachts in the world stop in Monaco, and the fastest race on Earth, Formula 1, takes place here. Despite the fact that holidays here are very expensive, tens of thousands of tourists and travelers visit Monaco every year. If you don’t have your own yacht yet, to get to Monaco, you will have to fly first to Nice, and then by taxi, car or, in extreme cases, by bus, to get directly to your destination. You can also get here from Paris by train.
Interactive map of attractions:
How to plan a good holiday in Monaco
Hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world visit every month, and this despite the fact that the local population is only thirty-five thousand people. To have a good rest in this state, you must definitely visit the legendary Monte Carlo casino, where oligarchs and billionaires from all over the world leave fortunes. Who knows, maybe fate will give you happy moments and help hit the jackpot?
Monte Carlo - this casino was the first gambling house to appear in Europe, and one of the oldest on the planet.
It was the income from this casino that saved Monaco from the crisis at the end of the twentieth century. Getting here is not so easy: firstly, even the entrance will have to pay from ten to twenty euros. Secondly, the casino has a strict dress code, you must have a respectable appearance and be dressed at least in a suit and tie to get inside. The minimum bet on roulette is two hundred dollars. But in any case, it is certainly worth paying for the entrance, even if you are not going to play.
In addition to the gambling halls, the casino has a lot of interesting things: for example, there is the Opera House, in the hall of which Chaliapin himself once performed. Therefore, even if you are not attracted by the rustle of banknotes, do not miss the opportunity to visit the most famous, famous and expensive casino in the history of gambling.
Transport Monaco
Public transport is not very popular here - which is not surprising, knowing the size of the state. But still, there are buses, they run every ten minutes and connect all the main areas of Monaco. In addition, a small wagon runs around the principality, which the locals call a steam locomotive. Being in it, in thirty minutes you can go around local attractions and listen to a brief history states. Also at the service of vacationers right on the streets there are free escalators that allow you to climb the streets located just above the rest.
Of course, there are also taxis in the principality that are called by phone, or you can simply “catch” one from the road. Also, taxi ranks are located near major attractions.
The most interesting public transport in Monaco is the curious roofless, open-top sightseeing bus that moves in circles, stopping at twelve of the most famous points in the country. Each seat has headphones with which you can listen to an audio story about the sights of Monaco. An audio guide is available, including in Russian. The fare on this bus is seventeen euros, and the ticket is valid throughout the day.
- To visit Monaco, you will need to submit a visa request to the French Visa Application Center.
- There is no limit on the import or export of foreign currency, but the amount over ten thousand euros will have to be declared.
- You can bring in up to two hundred cigarettes, or one hundred cigarillos, or fifty cigars. Up to one liter of spirits per person and up to two liters of wine. Coffee - no more than five hundred grams in grains and up to one hundred grams of tea. It is also allowed to import items for personal use, such as perfume, but within reasonable limits.
- All jewelry - with a total weight of five hundred grams - is subject to mandatory declaration.
- Naturally, the import and export of narcotic substances, weapons, explosives, animals, plants, items of historical value, and pornography are prohibited.
- To import medicines, you will need a prescription certified by a notary.
Cuisine of Monaco
Specifically national cuisine There is simply no Monaco, but numerous restaurants, cafes and bars offer Italian, French and other European cuisine. The most expensive, prestigious and famous restaurant on the entire Cote d'Azur is located in the Hotel de Paris. The average cost of one simple dish in this establishment starts from two hundred euros.
The choice of food and drinks in any restaurant is huge. In addition to restaurants and bars, there will be nowhere to eat; there are no street eateries and fast foods in Monaco.
