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Participation of citizens in political life. Citizen's participation in political life

Political participation- a set of actions by which ordinary members (citizens, groups of people, public organizations, etc.) political system influence or try to influence the results of its activities, the policy of the state. In democracies, the opportunities for political participation are wider. In undemocratic countries, these opportunities are often limited and suppressed.

Forms (levels) of political participation can be distinguished:

reaction (positive or negative) to impulses emanating from the political system, from its institutions or their representatives, not associated with the need for high human activity; occasional participation in politics. An example is the dissatisfaction of the citizens of the country in connection with the refusal of the state to increase pensions;
activities related to the delegation of powers: participation in elections (local or state level, referendums, etc. This form of political participation involves only a periodic display of activity - on election days;
participation in the activities of political and related public organizations: parties, pressure groups, trade unions, youth political associations and others. in this case citizens regularly take part in activities political parties, movements;
performance political functions within the framework state institutions including funds mass media;
professional, leading political and ideological activity. This form of political participation concerns professional politicians.

The main ways of political participation can be distinguished:

rally - a meeting of citizens in a predetermined place with political slogans, posters, etc .;
picketing - a meeting of citizens at the buildings of the bodies state power with political demands. Single picketing stands out;
march - movement of citizens along a predetermined route with political slogans, etc. In order to ensure safety, about processions, rallies, picketing (except for single ones) organizing committee must notify local authorities authorities;
citizens' appeal to state authorities. The authority must give an answer to any appeal of a citizen within 30 days;
participation in voting. It is a direct way of political participation, in which residents directly determine the fate of their country.

In any society in greater or lesser degree there is political passivity. It can be expressed in the evasion of any public and state affairs. The extreme form of political passivity is absenteeism- manifestation of indifferent attitude of people to political life society. In this case, the person is not interested in politics, even at the level of a small group. The rise of absenteeism may indicate a crisis in the system political relations... Political apathy is the result of the inability or inability of the individual to influence the course political events, political process.

The political process involves various forms participation of citizens in the political life of society.

Active forms of participation:

- participation in elected bodies, such as presidential elections;
- mass actions, such as rallies, demonstrations, strikes, in which the masses are coordinated, dissatisfied with any actions of the government;
- single actions, noticeable enough to have political weight;
- participation in political parties and organizations, participation in governing the country, in the adoption of laws;
- citizen participation in surveys;
- appeals and complaints to higher structures individuals or groups of citizens;
- lobbying activities;
- network participation - blogs, electronic newspapers, and other Internet resources.

Passive forms of participation:

- social apathy as a factor of citizens' distrust of the government and, accordingly, any non-participation in elections;
- ignoring social events, such as subbotniks, rallies and demonstrations, when invited or strongly recommended to come to them;
- failure to do something, caused by dissatisfaction with certain actions of the government. For example: a small payment provided to an individual, which he considers offensive for himself and does not go to receive it, they say, no thanks.

The basis of the form of participation of the population in the political life of society is the participation of the majority of citizens in elections, which are held regularly, after a certain time stipulated by law.

In democratic countries, elections are held on the basis of general and equal suffrage. For the conduct of elections, constituencies are created so that each deputy is elected equal number residents or voters. And only then is the real equality of suffrage ensured.

Very responsible political event- This is the nomination of candidates for elective positions. To identify them and campaign for them, an election campaign is organized. Candidates can be nominated by public organizations, parties or on their own initiative. Of course, candidates from political parties have real chances to be elected. The principles of democratic politics require parties and candidates to campaign in equal conditions... It is not easy to implement this requirement in practice.

The pre-election campaign ends the day before the vote, the procedure for which is strictly regulated by law. It must be secret. The voter alone in the booth fills out the ballot paper and must put it into the ballot box himself. Special attention paid to the counting of votes. To avoid violations and fraud when opening the ballot box and counting votes, the presence of outside observers is allowed. The urns themselves are sealed.

Votes are counted based on certain rules... The collection of such rules is called an electoral system. The most common are two electoral systems: Majority system (majority) and proportional representation system.

1) When majority system The candidate who has received the majority of votes is considered elected, and it has two varieties: an absolute majority and a relative majority. Under the majoritarian system of absolute majority, the candidate wins, for whom 50% of the voters who took part in the elections voted. If the winner is not identified, a second round of elections is held, in which two candidates who have received greatest number votes in the first round. Under the majoritarian system of the relative majority, the victory is given to the candidate who received more votes than each of his rivals individually, even if he was supported by less than half of those who came to the polling stations.
2) When proportional system each party nominates lists of candidates for elections. In accordance with them and the number of votes cast for a given party, the number of deputies is determined. This system allows even small parties to have their representatives in the government. To prevent this from happening in the legislation of many countries, including Ukraine and Russia, a protective clause is established, which does not give the opportunity to receive parliamentary powers for those parties that received less than 4-5% of the votes.

The next form of political participation is a referendum. A referendum is a vote of the population on a foreign policy issue. In elections, voters determine which of the candidates will represent their interests in legislative assembly or take an elective office. At a referendum, they themselves make decisions on a constitutional or legislative issue put to the vote.

Currently, the constitutions of many states provide for the possibility or obligatoryness in a number of cases of holding referenda. The initiative for its holding is given to the head of state, parliament, public organizations, to the people. The most important issues of the country's political life are submitted to a national referendum: the adoption of the constitution and amendments to it, the change in the form state structure or the form of government, the adoption of new or abolition of existing laws, the entry of the country into an international organization etc. The results of the referendum have no legal force, but the opinion of the people has tremendous political power and is accepted by the government and the president for execution. For example when The Supreme Council Russia could not accept the constitution - the president appealed to the people. In preparation for the referendum constituencies are not created. The decision for which the majority of citizens who participated in the referendum voted is considered adopted. In order for the referendum to more accurately express the will of the people, it should be preceded by a broad and comprehensive discussion of the issue put to the vote. The form of political participation of the people in government is also a plebiscite. Like the referendum, it is intended to determine the opinion of voters by voting. In the sphere interstate relations A plebiscite is used to poll the population about the ownership of the territory in which it lives, this or that state. In the internal political life, the plebiscite acts as one of the types of referendum on the issue of confidence in the head of state and the policy he implements. The demand for a plebiscite can come not only from the people dissatisfied with the political leadership, but also from the leadership itself. Thus, a plebiscite is a direct expression of the will of the people. But history shows that people can be deceived and with the help of them people can come to power, who then betray their interests. Depending on the level of economic and political culture, the mentality of the people of a given state, political participation people in the life of society can lead either to the stability of political life or, conversely, to political conflicts and instability of the political system.

Related Worksheet: Citizen Participation in Political Life.

Task 1 Using the Constitution of the Russian Federation, answer the questions.

Excerpts from the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Article 31.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully, without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and pickets.

Article 32.

1. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the management of state affairs both directly and through their representatives. 2. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and be elected to government bodies and bodies local government as well as participate in a referendum. 3. Citizens who have been declared legally incompetent by a court, as well as those who are held in places of imprisonment by a court verdict, have no right to elect and be elected. 4. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to public service... 5. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of justice

Questions

Can an ordinary citizen influence politics? If yes, how?

In our country, is political participation a right or a duty of citizens? Argument the answer

Can you take part in political life? Why?

How can citizens of our country participate in political life?

Assignment 2 Elections are the procedure for electing someone by voting. (representative participation in political life) ... Use the tutorial pages 46-47 to complete the diagram.

Suffrage

Task 3. Workshop Determine which principle of suffrage is violated:

1) Men in elections have 2 votes, and women - 1. 2) Each voter on the eve of elections receives a ballot paper, fills it in at home, and on election day brings it to the polling station. 3) Election of deputies to the Legislative AssemblyNmultistage edges. 4) Pensioners living inNdistrict are not eligible to participate in elections.

Task 4. Using the textbook, write down the restrictions on suffrage.

Task 5. Using additional material Fill the table.

Additional material Referendum: (lat. Referendum) - what should be reported. Referendum - voting by voters on a specific issue of state or public life. Nationwide referendum - a referendum held within the entire state territory.Local referendum - voting of citizens on issues local significance... In our country, the decision to hold a local referendum is taken by a local government body or at the request of the population. The issue of a referendum is a matter of state importance, affecting the interests of the people, should not contradict the Constitution, limit the universally recognized human and civil rights and freedoms. A decision taken at a referendum comes into force from the moment the results of the referendum are published. The referendum is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, who sends documents to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation with a request for the conformity of the referendum to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Referendum participants- referendum participants - citizens of the Russian Federation who, in accordance with the legislation, have the right to participate in a referendum. The wording of the question is exactly reproduced in the ballot paper and the answer options are indicated - "for" or "against", under which are placed empty squares. In one of them, a citizen must put a sign when voting. A referendum is considered valid if more than half of the citizens who have the right to vote took part in the voting. Participation in a referendum is direct participation in the political life of a country.

Task 6 Work with the textbook item "The right to equal access to public service" and answer the questions.

What is a public service?

What does equal access to public service mean?

How can Russian citizens participate in the administration of justice?

Task 7 Work with the textbook points "Appeal to the authorities" and "Other ways of influencing the government." Make up 3 questions for each item, the answers to which can be found in the text of the textbook.

Task 8 Make an outline of the paragraph "The meaning of freedom of speech"

Task 9 Using the text of the textbook, answer the questions

Political extremism is….

The manifestation of political extremism - ... ..

Lead 3 specific examples manifestationspolitical extremism

CONSTITUTION

Article 29.

1. Everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and speech.

2. Propaganda or agitation inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity is not allowed. Promotion of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited.

3. No one can be forced to express their opinions and beliefs or to renounce them.

4. Everyone has the right to freely seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information by anyone in a legal way... List of information constituting state secret, is determined by federal law.

5. Freedom of the media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited.

Article 31.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully, without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and pickets.

Article 32.

1. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the management of state affairs both directly and through their representatives.

2. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect and be elected to bodies of state power and bodies of local self-government, as well as to participate in a referendum.

3. Citizens who have been declared legally incompetent by a court, as well as those who are held in places of imprisonment by a court verdict, have no right to elect and be elected.

4. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal access to public service.

5. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the administration of justice.

Article 33.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to apply personally, as well as to send individual and collective appeals to government bodies and local governments.

Article 80.

1. The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state.

2. The President of the Russian Federation is the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, human and civil rights and freedoms. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he takes measures to protect the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and state integrity, ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities.

3. The President of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws defines the main directions of internal and foreign policy the state.

4. The President of the Russian Federation, as the head of state, represents the Russian Federation within the country and in international relations.

Article 81

1. The President of the Russian Federation is elected for a period of six years by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.<14>.

2. A citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 35 years old and has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years may be elected President of the Russian Federation.

3. One and the same person may not hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.

4. The procedure for the election of the President of the Russian Federation is determined by federal law.

Art 96

1. The State Duma is elected for a term of five years.

2. The procedure for the formation of the Federation Council and the procedure for the election of deputies The State Duma are established by federal laws.

Section 97

1. A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections may be elected a deputy of the State Duma.

2. One and the same person cannot simultaneously be a member of the Federation Council and a deputy of the State Duma. A deputy of the State Duma cannot be a deputy of other representative bodies of state power and bodies of local self-government.

3. Deputies of the State Duma work on a professional permanent basis... Deputies of the State Duma cannot be in the public service, engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activities.

Social studies lesson in grade 9

Economics and Social Science Teacher

Laptenko Maria Alexandrovna

PARTICIPATION OF CITIZENS IN POLITICAL LIFE

Lesson objectives.

Describe the relationship between a citizen and government.

To form in schoolchildren a concrete idea of the possibilities of a citizen's influence on the authorities, on the preparation and adoption of political decisions.

To help students develop the following universal training activities: orientation in social roles; determination of their place in society and life in general; processing and structuring of information; consideration of different opinions; the ability to express their thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication.

Hello guys.Today we continue to study the political sphere and begin new topic... First, fill in the "before" column in the table.

BEFORE lesson

AFTER lesson

At what age can I become the President of the Russian Federation?

Work on the topic of the lesson. Learning new material.

Open your workbooks on page 34 and read assignment 1.

Based on the social survey, draw conclusions: (2 minutes)

In what year was the largest number of people interested in political life? (in 2007)

What is the smallest? (in 2010)

What was the most common response in 2006, 2007 and 2010?

Choose the correct answer to the assignment in the notebook.

So, please formulate the topic of the lesson.

Conversation on the question: can any citizen exert influence on state power?(5 minutes)

What does it mean to participate in management?

Answer: to participate in management meansAt first , directly participate in the formation of government bodies (the right to elect and be elected);

Secondly , directly participate in the adoption of the most important government decisions;

third directly participate in the discussion topical issues public policy;fourthly , to influence the position of deputies, elected by citizens, so that they represent the interests of their voters when passing laws.

The first opportunity to influence power manifests itself in the right of every citizen who has achieved18 years to determine, together with other citizens, by direct vote who will be the President of Russia; which party will occupy a leading position in the State Duma and, consequently, which laws will be adopted.

The same applies to regional authorities and local self-government bodies.

The second possibility of influencing power manifests itself in the right of every citizen, together with other citizens, to directly resolve the most important issues through a referendum. Thus, the 1993 Constitution was adopted by referendum.

Third possibility is the use of freedom of speech, assembly, association in order to, speaking when discussing relevant social problems in the press, at meetings, in social and political organizations, to declare their position, to contribute to the formation public opinion, with which the authorities are forced to reckon.

Fourth possibility influence on the authorities is realized through meetings with deputies, letters to them demanding election programs, taking into account the interests of voters in legislative activity.

Now let's work with the constitution. ( 5 minutes)

Working with the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

Exploring contentArt. 32 and 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Students work with the text, and the teacher checks their understanding and gives comments on each part of the reading.(3 min)

Characteristics of the electoral right. ( 5 minutes)

Democracy in the Russian Federation can be exercised in two main forms:direct andmediated. To the first, the so-calleddirect, direct , democracy is:

direct elections;

referendum;

recall of a deputy of a representative body of power and an elected official (not provided at the federal level);

people's legislative (law-making) initiative (possible only at the regional and local levels);

forms of direct implementation by the population of local self-government (gathering of citizens, meetings and conferences of citizens, public hearings etc.), etc.

Mediated a form of democracy (representative democracy) is associated with the exercise of power through elected representatives, government bodies and local government bodies (including individual ones)

The highest direct expression of the power of the people will be a referendum and free elections. Here it is extremely important to keep in mind that, firstly, a hierarchy of forms of direct democracy has been established, their division into higher and others, and secondly, there is no gradation within the highest forms of democracy: a referendum and free elections will be equally higher forms the exercise of power by the people.

GAME and work with the dictionary (articles "Elections", "Referendum", "voting", "meeting"). (5 minutes) Composing a definition from words

Back to the constitution

President is elected for a term of 6 years(Article 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). State Duma - for 5 years(Article 96 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Exists age qualification: 21 years - to be elected as a deputy of the State Duma, 35 years and residence in the territory of the Russian Federation for at least 10 years - to elect the President of the Russian Federation.

There are two formspolitical participation - cooperation and division. We have already spoken about cooperation.

An example of a politicaldivision - xenophobia - hatred towards strangers, as a rule, towards those who are perceived as being lower on the social ladder. Xenophobia - fear of someone or something alien, unfamiliar, unusual, the perception of it as dangerous and hostile.

Another example of political division is the refusal to participate in the political life of society.

Absenteeism is a conscious refusal of citizens to participate in elections. Elections as a Right. Punishments for absenteeism.

Read Art. 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the content of which will become the basis for discussion following questions and tasks:

What is the connection between the first and fourth parts of this article? Is freedom of thought and speech possible without the right to receive and impart information? Give reasons for your answer.

What is the meaning of paragraph 5 of Art. 29? How do you understand the phrase "mass information"?

What is the significance of freedom of speech and freedom of the media for a citizen in a democratic society, in particular in our country?

What are the restrictions on freedom of speech and why are they necessary?

If you have any difficulty in answering question 1, you can invite studentscarefully re-read clause 5 of the article under study ... In this case, it is assumed that the following judgments will be heard:

freedom of speech, freedom of the media allow every citizen to receive the necessary information about events in public life, about the activities of the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government, governors, deputies and other representatives of the authorities (without such information, the conscious participation of a citizen in the management of state affairs is impossible);

freedom of speech creates conditions for the formation of public opinion, influencing the policy of the authorities.

Freedom of speech -Article 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation ... Restrictions: if there is propaganda of war, national and religious hatred, incitement to hostility and violence.

Political extremism ( political extremism - the commitment of some participants in political life to extreme views and actions (violent, provocative, etc.) in politics): preparation and implementation of actions aimed at violently changing the foundations constitutional order and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation; undermining the security of the Russian Federation; seizure or appropriation of power; the creation of illegal military formations; carrying out terrorist activities; incitement to racial, ethnic and religious hatred; the implementation of riots and acts of vandalism (vandalism - desecration of buildings or other structures, damage to property for public transport or in other in public places) etc.

Now fill in or check the filling in the "AFTER" column.

Test ( 7 minutes)

Homework: assignments in the workbook: 2,3,6,8. Read paragraph 7 in the textbook.

BEFORE lesson

AFTER lesson