Was one of the most controversial leaders at the helm of power in the Soviet Union. The years of his reign are assessed with both positive and negative side... "Khrushchev's thaw" - this is the definition of 1953-1964. the last century can be found in historical chronicles describing reforms and political activity Khrushchev. Although this "thaw" did not affect all spheres of life of the Soviet people, in many respects the situation only worsened. Until now, historians debate and argue about his failures and victories.
short biography
Biography of N.S. Khrushchev begins on April 15, 1984, when he appeared in the family of a miner living in the village of Kalinovka Kursk province... The family could hardly make ends meet, and little Nikita had to work from childhood in order to somehow help his parents. Time for study was only in winter season... Before the beginning political career Khrushchev had a chance to work as a shepherd, locksmith, miner.
In 1918 he joined the ranks of the Communist Party. He took part in the Civil War under the banners of the Red Army. From that time on, his path in politics began to the chairman of the Central Committee of the CPSU:
He was twice (according to unofficial data - three times) married. The marriage with his second wife Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk was officially registered only in 1965, although living together started in 1924.
Awarded with awards:
- Hero Soviet Union;
- thrice Hero Soc Iistic Labor;
- Order of Lenin;
- Order of the Red Banner of Labor;
- Order of Suvorov I and II degrees;
- medals.
Rise to power
In March 1953, the leader of all times and peoples, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, passed away. And while crowds from all corners of the vast country flocked to his coffin, a serious struggle began in the government for the vacated place between N.S. Khrushchev and Lavrenty Beria.
With the support of G.M. Malenkov and Marshal of the Soviet Union Zhukov, Khrushchev initiated the removal of Beria from all posts, his arrest and subsequent execution. And in the fall of September 7, 1953, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and became at the helm of the country's power. This came as a surprise to many, since everyone was accustomed to considering him a simpleton who did not have his own opinion and blindly followed all Stalin's orders and supported him in everything.
A series of successful and downright stupid ones began., sometimes funny, decisions and reforms - this is how you can briefly describe the years of Khrushchev's rule.
Military reform brought the Soviet Union nuclear missiles and the strengthening of the defense industry. And at the same time - reduction of personnel armed forces, the weakening of the fleet by the destruction of large-tonnage ships for scrap.
Nikita Sergeevich also paid attention to education. The school reform consisted in the provision of compulsory 8-year basic education. To obtain secondary education, the opportunity was provided to attend secondary polytechnic school.
During the Khrushchev era, persecution and oppression of the church intensified.
Dissatisfaction in all strata of society with such management of the country grew exponentially. And all the positive and good things that he did over the years in power were more than destroyed by his blunders. Domestic policy Khrushchev failed.
Foreign policy under Khrushchev
Historians attribute the first blunders of Khrushchev as a leader to the period of his Ukrainian rule during the Great Patriotic War... It is he who is responsible for a number of major failures and defeats on the territory of Ukraine during hostilities. Having risen to the head of the USSR, its mistakes have acquired a more global character. This is explained by his incompetence, shortsightedness as a politician and personal ambitions.
Khrushchev's foreign policy is characterized by a large number of contrasts and contradictions. The report on the exposure of Stalin's policies worsened, rather even nullified, relations with the closest ally, China. Attempted overthrow in Hungary communist regime ended with the introduction of the USSR Armed Forces into its territory and the brutal suppression of the uprising.
At the same time, Khrushchev actively tried to establish contacts with the United States and Western countries. He understood perfectly well that the Cold War was dangerous and could result in a new world war... In 1959, he was the first Soviet leader to travel to the United States and personally negotiated there with President Eisenhower. Nevertheless, it was Khrushchev who initiated the Berlin and Cuban missile crises. The first resulted in the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The second almost led to the outbreak of a nuclear world war.
In 1954, the autonomous Crimean region was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Historians before today and did not find a logical explanation for this act. Either he wanted to find support among the Ukrainian leadership in this way, or he tried to make amends for the massive repressions he carried out during his reign there. But what this led to can be observed at the present time.
Resignation of Khrushchev
The natural result of such a domestic and foreign policy of N.S. Khrushchev was his resignation as a result of another conspiracy of his opponents, this time successful.
In October 1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I was resting calmly when on the 14th the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU decided to resign him from the post of Chairman, and a day later, to remove him from the post of head of state. This time there was no support from loyal comrades-in-arms, just as it did not follow from either the army or the KGB. Khrushchev's resignation passed quietly and calmly, without bloodshed and riots. The head of state became Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who was at the head of the conspiracy.
Khrushchev’s ouster caused apprehension among Western leaders, what to expect from the new Kremlin henchman was unknown. But the fears were not justified and the “new” Stalin did not come.
Nikita Sergeevich himself calmly lived out his days, recorded his memoirs on a dictaphone and on September 11, 1971, died of a heart attack. He became the first Soviet leader who retired alive.
Soviet party and statesman, first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1953-1964.
Family and education.
Born into a peasant family. Father, Sergei Nikanorovich, was a miner. Mother, Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva. Elementary education Nikita Khrushchev graduated from a parish school, where he studied for about 2 years. In his first marriage he was with Efrosinya Ivanovna Pisareva, who died in 1920. With his next wife, Nina Petrovna, Kukharchuk were married in 1924, but the marriage was officially registered in the registry office only in 1965. The first of the wives Soviet leaders, officially accompanying her husband at receptions, including abroad. In total, NS Khrushchev had five children: two sons and three daughters.
Labor activity.
In 1908, the family moved to Yuzovka, where his father worked in a mine, Nikita himself first worked as a shepherd, boiler cleaner, locksmith at a factory, and then as a fitter for equipment repair at mine No. 31 in Donbass. Participated in the distribution of Social Democratic newspapers, organized groups for the study of Marxism.
During the First World War, highly skilled workers were not called up to the front. He gave a speech during a mass strike in 1915. A year later, a wave of anti-war demonstrations swept, in which Khrushchev also took part. After October revolution, in 1918 he was the chairman of the military commander in Kalinovka, joined the RCP (b), at the end of the year or at the beginning of 1919 he was mobilized and served in the 9th army of the RKKA, became an instructor in the political department.
At party work.
Since 1921, in economic work in Donbass and Kiev, in 1922 he became deputy director of the Rutchenkovskaya mine. Then he began to study at the workers' faculty of the Donetsk Mining College, and soon became its party secretary. In July 1925 he was elected secretary of the Petrovo-Mariinsky District Committee of the Yuzovsky District, and took part in the XIV Congress in Moscow. Perhaps thanks to L.M. Kaganovich, in 1926-1928. Khrushchev became the head of the organizational department of the Yuzovsky district party committee. In 1928-1929. worked in Kiev, then moved to Moscow, in 1929-1930. studied at the Industrial Academy, in May 1930 he became the secretary of the bureau of the party cell. It should be noted that the wife of I.V. Stalin N.S. Alliluyeva also studied at the academy at that time and was the party organizer of one of the groups. This period saw the rapid career growth of Khrushchev, associated with the struggle against the right deviation in the academy and in the party as a whole. In 1931-1932. on the recommendation of L.M. Kaganovich, became the head of the Bauman and Krasnopresnensky district committees in Moscow, then was the secretary of the capital city committee. Since 1934, a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Since January 1934 - the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee and the second secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, was “ right hand"L. Kaganovich. His boss was busy with the Central Committee, so it was on Khrushchev's shoulders that all the responsibilities for managing the capital fell, which at that time was experiencing a real construction boom. In this post he played important role in the construction of the Moscow metro, for which he was awarded the Order of Lenin. One of the electrical engineering plants in Moscow was named after Khrushchev. At the same time, he did not suffer during the repressions, although there were many of his comrades among those arrested, so of the thirty-eight leaders of the Moscow city and regional party organizations, only three survived.
In 1937 - 1966 deputy The Supreme Council USSR, and in 1938 - 1946 and 1950 - 1958 a member of its Presidium ..
In February 1938 - December 1949. - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, the Kiev Regional Committee and the City Committee (with a break in March-December 1947). Participated in the Great terror 1937-1938 The entire Ukrainian government was completely replaced, as were the first and second secretaries in all twelve regions of Ukraine. It was during this period that he began to pay more attention to the development of agriculture. Under him, the Russification of the republic began. In 1939, Western Ukraine was annexed, Khrushchev did his best to smooth out possible discontent local population, for the new territories, the rates of collectivization and dispossession of kulaks decreased. Since March 1939 - Member of the Politburo (candidate since 1938).
The Great Patriotic War.
During the Great Patriotic War - a member of military councils (often performed a liaison role between the Headquarters and the command of the fronts): from August 1941, the main command of the South-Western direction, at the same time from September - Southwestern front; after the failure of the counteroffensive Soviet troops in the Kharkov direction, from July 1942 was sent to the Stalingrad front (simultaneously in August-September - the South-Eastern front). Stalin consulted with him on the appointment or removal from office of such commanders as Andrei Eremenko or Vasily Chuikov. Before the counteroffensive, Khrushchev traveled to the fronts, checked the combat readiness and morale of the troops, and personally interrogated the prisoners. On February 12, 1943, he was awarded the rank of Lieutenant General. In the same year he received the Order of Suvorov II degree and Kutuzov II degree for participation in Stalingrad battle and battles on Kursk Bulge... From January 1943 he was a member of the military council of the Southern Front, from March - of the Voronezh Front, from October - 1 of the Ukrainian Front. During the Victory Day parade in Moscow, he was on the podium of the mausoleum together with I. Stalin and the country's top leadership.
Post-war period. Ukraine.
In August 1944 - December 1949. served as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine in a very difficult period... On Western Ukraine there was a struggle against the nationalists, there was famine in the republic, it was necessary to restore the destroyed economy and cities. In February 1945, Khrushchev was awarded the order"For services to the Fatherland" 1 degree "for successful execution plan for agriculture for 1944 " In early 1947, Khrushchev was removed from the post of 1st secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine. At this time, he fell seriously ill with pneumonia. However, at the end of the year, he was reinstated in his party post.
Rise of Khrushchev and stay in power.
In 1949-1953. - Secretary of the Party Central Committee and First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU. Since 1952 he was a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee and became a member of the leading "five" created by Stalin. After the death of the leader, he headed the commission that held the farewell ceremony and funeral. One of the initiators of the arrest of L. Beria on June 26, 1953.
On September 7, 1953, Khrushchev was elected to the newly established post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
On his initiative and the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 19, 1954, in honor of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia (for economic and territorial reasons), the Crimean region, together with Sevastopol, was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.
The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held on February 25, 1956. In his speech at the congress, he put forward the thesis that the war between capitalism and communism is not "fatally inevitable." At a closed session, Khrushchev made a report "On the personality cult of Stalin and its consequences." The result of this report was unrest in the countries of the Eastern bloc - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956).
In June 1957, in the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, a conspiracy against N.S. Khrushchev. He was summoned to a meeting, at which the members of the Presidium, by 7 votes to 4, voted for his resignation. In response, Nikita Sergeevich convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which canceled the decision of the Presidium. The members of the Presidium were branded as “an anti-party group of V. Molotov, G. Malenkov, L. Kaganovich and D. Shepilov, who joined them” and were removed from the Central Committee (later, in 1962, they were expelled from the party). The composition of the Presidium of the Central Committee was expanded to 15 members, most of whom were supporters of Khrushchev. Big role in support of the latter was played by G.K. Zhukov, which did not prevent the members of the Presidium of the Central Committee in his absence on October 10 to remove the famous commander from the Presidium and from the members of the Central Committee on charges of exaggerating his role in the history of the Great Patriotic War and Bonapartism.
Khrushchev himself, who was behind the elimination of Zhukov, from March 27, 1958, served as chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, thereby combining party and state positions, which put an end to the principle of collegial leadership.
On October 31, 1961, Khrushchev, speaking at the 22nd Party Congress with a report on the draft III Program of the CPSU, said: "The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism." The document, which was adopted by the delegates of the congress, also indicated the deadline for completing the "extensive construction of communism" - 20 years.
However, already in next year due to a significant increase in retail prices for meat and butter, it caused unrest in a number of cities in the USSR (Omsk, Kemerovo, Donetsk, Artemyevsk, Kramatorsk). The riots in Novocherkassk on June 1-2, 1962, which arose as a result of the strike of workers at the local electric locomotive plant (NEVZ) and other townspeople, had to be suppressed by the forces of the army and the KGB. As a result, 24 demonstrators were killed, 70 were wounded, 105 were convicted, 7 of them to capital punishment.
Foreign policy.
The foreign policy of the USSR during the Khrushchev period was not unambiguous. The first steps were the normalization of relations with Yugoslavia, the signing in May 1955 of an agreement on the restoration of Austria's sovereignty. At the same time, on the initiative of the USSR, the Warsaw Pact Organization was created.
In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile, the first satellite was launched into orbit. Success in space is undoubtedly associated with the name of Khrushchev: the flight of Yu.A. Gagarin and V.V. Tereshkova.
In 1959 N. Khrushchev paid a visit to the USA. In September 1960, he visited the United States for the second time as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. In June 1961, Nikita Sergeevich met with US President John F. Kennedy to negotiate the fate of Berlin, but because of his tough position, they ended in nothing. In August, a wall was erected along the border between West and East Berlin, on long time which became a symbol of the Cold War.
In 1962, the famous "Caribbean Crisis" broke out, putting the world before real threat nuclear war, which did not burst out thanks to the prudence of the American and Soviet leadership headed by N.S. Khrushchev. After the crisis in relations between the two superpowers, a period of detente began.
In the early 60s. there was a de facto rupture of relations with the PRC, whose leadership reacted negatively to the exposure of the cult of Stalin. In 1960 were withdrawn Soviet specialists, and in 1963 an ideological confrontation began.
Resignation of N.S. Khrushchev.
On April 17, 1964, the 70th birthday of N. Khrushchev was solemnly celebrated. The film "Our Nikita Sergeevich" was released on the screens. But already in October, during Khrushchev's vacation, members of the Presidium of the Central Committee decided to dismiss him. The main initiators were A.N. Shelepin, D.S. Polyansky, V.E. Semichastny and L.I. Brezhnev. On October 13, a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee was held in Moscow, at which, instead of the problems of the five-year development plan, they began to discuss the situation around Khrushchev's “non-party appeal” with members of the Presidium. An attempt to act on his side was made only by A.I. Mikoyan. The next day, Khrushchev signed a letter of resignation, and at the plenum of the Central Committee, a report by M.A. Suslov with the main accusations against him, after which Nikita Sergeevich was released from party and state posts "in connection with old age and deteriorating health" and sent to retire. Khrushchev settled in a dacha in the village. Petrovo-Dalniy, not far from Moscow, was engaged in a vegetable garden, photography, dictated and published his extensive memoirs.
He died at the age of 77 and was buried in Novodevichy cemetery.
Hero of the Soviet Union (1964) and three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1957, 1961).
Born into a poor man's family (04/03/1894), from young years Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, who worked at the mine, whose years of reign are associated with the exposure of the “personality cult” by many, made a brilliant career, rising to the very heights of power. Of course, this became possible only thanks to the revolution.
Carier start
Nikita Sergeevich joined the Bolsheviks in 1918, when he was only 24 years old. He participated in the Civil War, graduated from it as a political instructor of the Kuban Army. After the end of the war, he became close to the representative of the party elite Kaganovich and very soon (1932) became the second, and three years later - the first secretary of the Moscow regional party committee.
Contrary to popular belief, Nikita Sergeevich respected Joseph Stalin very much, never contradicted him, and participated in the repressions with great enthusiasm.
For the only time he spoke out against capital punishment for the convicted - in the case of Rykov and Bukharin. Of course, this did not affect them in any way. further destiny, but what is characteristic, in many cases the vindictive and petty Stalin was not offended by Khrushchev.
Ukrainian period
In 1939 he was appointed First Secretary of the Ukrainian SSR. Strong, energetic, coming from the very bottom - many noted that he was in his place. The years of Nikita Khrushchev's rule in Ukraine (1938-1949) fell mainly on the war and subsequent restoration. He was not a timid man, he did not sit out at headquarters, he strove to communicate with people.
In military affairs, as in many other things, Nikita Sergeevich was incompetent. All his participation in strategic and tactical planning boiled down to the fact that he supported the Commander-in-Chief in everything. Some sources blame him for a number of defeats of the Red Army on the territory of Ukraine.
Stalin died in March 1953. Part of the vast country plunged into mourning, part - into jubilation. Only the party elite had no time for emotions: a serious struggle for power began here. Malenkov and Beria had good chances, but the latter was eliminated in the usual way: they were accused of espionage and sabotage, declared an enemy of the people and shot.
In September 53, the years of Khrushchev's rule in the USSR began. Many sources claim that Zhukov personally helped Nikita Sergeevich to get the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and his influence on some members of the Politburo and Presidium.
Both the Swiss and the reaper
As the leader of the country, Khrushchev was involved in everything: politics, economics, culture. Lack of knowledge and stubborn, eccentric character affected his activities in a rather serious way, sometimes turning into curiosities - funny and not very funny.
In the beloved film "Some old men go to battle," Bykov's hero, being shot down on a trophy "Messer", falls into the hands of the infantrymen and proves that he is "his own." They believed him only after chipping the most active attacker with the words "Oh, you, the queen of the fields!"
This is one of the minor inaccuracies of the film (which, however, do not spoil it): the curse appeared much later, when Khrushchev became the head of the country - the years of the General Secretary's rule were marked by numerous undertakings that took on a grotesque character.
One of these projects is rightfully considered the "corn epic": in 1955, after a visit to the United States, it occurred to Nikita Sergeevich that this cereal should become the main one in the USSR. In countless articles, reports and speeches she was referred to as "the queen of the fields", and they began to cultivate everywhere, even where she could not produce a crop in principle.
When the next grandiose campaign ended unsuccessfully, Khrushchev (whose years of rule were often marked by similar failures), blamed anyone for this, but not himself. Subsequently, this endless throwing from side to side, with unchanging initial enthusiasm and subsequent accusations, was called voluntarism.
Khrushchev miracles ...
The economic policy of the Soviet leader was not only unsuccessful - it was deplorable, although there are different opinions about this. Nikita Sergeevich is credited with, for example, an attempt to turn to a market model of management ("Kosygin reforms"). But I remember the years of the reign of Khrushchev N.S. not at all. Agriculture can be considered the main failure. There was no end to the tossing of the leader of the "all USSR".
In 1957, Nikita Sergeevich decided to "catch up and overtake America." The project envisaged increasing economic indicators several times - and the real growth rates immediately ceased to suit the General Secretary. A year later, Khrushchev, whose years of reign turned out to be quite hungry, was especially concerned about the lack of meat in the country, and ordered to urgently correct the situation. They pointed out to him that the deadlines were unrealistic, they gave the appropriate calculations - this did not make an impression on the manager.
Then events began to develop in an unexpected way: the first secretary of the party committee of the Ryazan region, Larionov, undertook to triple the procurement in a year. Nikita Sergeevich was delighted and began to reward "real communists".
And their results
For the implementation of its adventurous enterprise, the region, perhaps, had enough over the edge: the annual offspring, dairy and pedigree cattle were slaughtered. Private farms were deceived in the most shameless way: they took pets “for a while,” let them go to the expense, not in the least caring about the fact that they were supposed to be returned.
With all this, the measures were not enough - and then with the money intended to improve the infrastructure of the region, they bought livestock in the neighboring regions, and nevertheless delivered 150 thousand tons of meat (three times more than in the previous reporting period).
Khrushchev endlessly extolled "achievement" in the style of "you can, when you want" - the years of Nikita Sergeevich's rule are generally characterized by pompous praises and very harsh censures. And then the thunder struck!
As a result of the implementation of "advanced ideas", the livestock of the collective farm herd has decreased threefold - and in 1960 the region was able to procure only 30 thousand tons of meat (instead of the promised 180!). In addition, the offended peasants, who had lost their livestock, refused to work - grain production fell by half.
In the fall, it became impossible to hide the state of affairs. Larionov, seeking to avoid trial, shot himself, but the consequences for the regional economy could not be corrected as radically.
Another example of a dubious "achievement" is the notorious "virgin soil" that has not solved the problems with grain production in the long term, but has given rise to new ones - in animal husbandry and ecology.
Every silver lining
With all this, there were also undoubted successes. The policy of housing construction can and should be recognized as successful. Even though there was no soundproofing in the Khrushchevs, the layout was (and is) monstrous, and the ergonomics were zero, but millions of Soviet citizens who had the opportunity to live in their own rather than in a communal apartment could only be satisfied with Khrushchev's policy in this direction.
Under Nikita Sergeevich, the space industry was actively developing - the first satellite was launched, the famous Gagarin flight took place.
Of course, the main achievement of Nikita Sergeevich is the exposure of Stalin's crimes and the rehabilitation of innocently convicted people. Was it a manifestation of personal courage or a desire to divert attention from their own unsuccessful policies - who knows. But the fact that this happened was a huge boon for Soviet society.
When today schoolchildren or students are asked: indicate the years of Khrushchev's rule, they cannot imagine how much behind these figures - 1954-1964 - is the human joy that the long-awaited justice still triumphed.
At this time, the Soviet regime wavered and took on an animated, human form.
This happened largely thanks to the personality of Nikita Sergeevich - he was charming and simple, he did not bother himself with diplomatic protocol. Numerous statements by the Soviet leader like "Kuz'kina's mother" are known even to schoolchildren.
At the same time, the image of such a good-natured, albeit not too educated guy in the case of Khrushchev is deeply mistaken. He was a tough man, even cruel - during his time there was an execution in Novocherkassk (26 people died), and the suppression of an uprising in Hungary.
Khrushchev earned a separate fame as a "patron" of art. In 1962, an exhibition of avant-garde artists opened in the Manezh, which Nikita Sergeevich visited - and, unfortunately, did not understand the creators' intention. He covered the artists and organizers of the exhibition with obscene language and ordered the objectionable phenomena to be uprooted from Soviet art.
One of a kind
The decline of Khrushchev's political career occurred as a result of a conspiracy of the party nomenklatura headed by Brezhnev. This attempt to get rid of the odious general secretary was already the second.
In 1957, Kaganovich, Molotov and Malenkov at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee undertook the first. Then Zhukov supported Nikita Sergeevich, having achieved the postponement of the decision to a hastily convened Plenum - and that for the first (and last) time did not support the Presidium. The years of Khrushchev N.S. it didn't end there.
Once again, Nikita Sergeevich "distinguished himself" in 1964, becoming the only Soviet leader who left his post alive. Here Zhukov could not help in any way - Khrushchev dismissed the marshal back in 1958, ranking him among the so-called. "Anti-party group" (together with everyone who opposed him at the ever-memorable Presidium).
Having lost support, Khrushchev was removed from all positions held and sent to retire. There is evidence that it was supposed to be eliminated physically, but this, fortunately, did not happen. Nikita Sergeevich still managed to dictate multivolume memoirs and died on September 11, 1971 at the age of 77.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (04/15/1894 - 09/11/1971) - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1953 - 1964), Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1958 - 1964), Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as three times Hero of Socialist. Labor.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894. in the village of Kalinovka, located in the Kursk province, in the family of a miner. In the summer Nikita worked as a shepherd as a child, and in the winter he learned to read and write at school. In 1908, the Khrushchev family moved to the Uspensky mine located near Yuzovka, where Nikita Khrushchev was an apprentice of a locksmith at an iron foundry and an engineering plant, and from 1912 he worked as a locksmith in a mine.
During the Civil War, Nikita Khrushchev fought on the side of the Bolsheviks, and in 1918. he joined the communist party.
In the twenties, Khrushchev worked in mines and studied at the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Subsequently, he was engaged in party and economic work in Kiev and Donbass, and then was sent to study at the Industrial Academy. From 1931 he was in Moscow for party work, in 1935-1938 he was the first secretary of the Moscow Committee, as well as the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1938 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. Then he became a candidate, and a year later - a member of the Politburo.
During the war, Khrushchev served as political commissar top rank... In 1943. he was promoted to lieutenant general. Provided leadership partisan movement behind the front line. After the war, he was at the head of the government in Ukraine. In 1947, he headed the Communist Party of Ukraine and held this post until 1949, when he was appointed first secretary of the Moscow party committee, as well as secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
He initiated the consolidation of collective farms. After Stalin's death, he was among the initiators of the removal of Lavrenty Beria from his posts, as well as his arrest. In 1953 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
At the twentieth Congress of the Communist Party, Khrushchev made a report on massive repression Stalin, as well as the cult of his personality.
In 1957, at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, it was decided to release Khrushchev from his duties as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. But Khrushchev's supporters, headed by Marshal Zhukov, were able to achieve the transfer of this issue to the plenum of the Central Committee convened for this purpose, and subsequently were able to win the plenum.
In 1958 Khrushchev became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Then he began to pursue a policy that was directed against personal subsidiary plots. In 1959, residents of workers' settlements and cities were forbidden to keep livestock, and the state began to buy out personal livestock from collective farmers. After that, the collective farmers began to slaughter livestock en masse, which worsened the situation of the peasantry due to the reduction in the number of poultry and livestock. In the sixties, each regional committee was divided into rural and industrial, which ultimately led to a decrease in productivity and an aggravation of the situation in agriculture... This reform was canceled only in 1965, after Nikita Khrushchev retired.
In 1964, while Khrushchev was on vacation, the plenum of the Central Committee, organized in his absence, relieved him of government and party posts. Leonid Brezhnev became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
From that moment on, Nikita Khrushchev was retired. During this period of his life, he recorded his multivolume memoirs on a tape recorder. Nikita Khrushchev died on 09/11/1971.
After the resignation of Nikita Khrushchev, his name was "unmentioned" for more than twenty years. Discussion of Nikita Khrushchev's activities became possible only during perestroika. At the same time Soviet magazines published for the first time "Memories" of Khrushchev, which he wrote in retirement.
Khrushchev's main achievements
- The period of Nikita Khrushchev's rule was called the "thaw". At this time, many political prisoners were released, the activity of political repressions decreased significantly, in comparison with the Stalinist rule. Great success The Soviet Union was also able to achieve in the conquest of space. There was also an active housing construction... At the same time, certain failures in agriculture, as well as in foreign policy THE USSR. Khrushchev's reign had maximum stress cold war with the United States, relations with Albania and China were also spoiled for many years.
Important dates in the biography of Khrushchev
- 04/15/1894 - was born in the family of a miner in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province.
- 1908 - the Khrushchev family moved to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka. Work at the iron foundry and machine-building plant as an apprentice locksmith.
- 1912 - Khrushchev began working as a mechanic in a mine.
- 1918 - joining the Communist Party.
- From 1931 - was in Moscow for party work.
- 1938 - appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. Becomes a candidate member of the Politburo.
- 1939 - Khrushchev became a member of the Politburo.
- 1943 - received the rank of lieutenant general.
- 1947 - Khrushchev becomes the head of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
- 1949 - appointed first secretary of the Moscow party committee, as well as secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).
- 1953 - became the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
- 1957 - The decision to remove Khrushchev, made at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was not implemented.
- 1958 - Khrushchev becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
- 1959 - the adoption of a decree prohibiting residents of towns and cities to keep livestock.
- 1964 - the removal of Khrushchev from his post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
- 09/11/1971 - Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev died.
- Nikita Khrushchev, who by the end of the 1920s was already in charge of a department in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, became a student of the Industrial Academy of Moscow. Students after the first year of study were subject to compulsory certification in various subjects... Then it turned out that Khrushchev did not even know english alphabet... Khrushchev, in response to the claims of the teacher Ada Fedorol, only laughed it off, saying that for him there are now things more important than English. When the strict teacher turned to the rector, he found a very original way out of the situation - English was deleted from the annual certificate ...
- Khrushchev, who was not distinguished by refined manners and correct speech, often baffled translators with his expressions, which were a real nightmare for those. The phrase "We will show you Kuzka's mother!" sounded for the first time at the American exhibition held in 1959 in Sokolniki. Nixon, then vice president of the United States, showed Khrushchev a house with a dishwasher and washing machine, which was the main exhibit at the exhibition. The translator, perplexed, translated "Kuz'ma's mother" as "Kuzma's mother."
- At one of the dinners with the leaders of American trade unions, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev recalled that he had seen in Hollywood a scene from the movie "Cancan" - about the appearance of this dance in Paris. Talking about this, Nikita Khrushchev turned his back on the table, lifted the hem of his jacket, began to depict the movements of girls dancing cancan. After this incident, two American companies broadcasting in live this performance, came out on top in the ratings ...
- A well-known case was when Khrushchev knocked on the table with his boot at a UN meeting, protesting against criticism of the USSR.
Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich- Soviet statesman and party leader. 1st secretary The Central Committee Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Lieutenant General.
Was born April 17, 1894(5th according to the art. Style) in the village of Kalinovka, now the Dmitrievsky district Kursk region in the family of a worker. Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1918. Participant Civil war, then in economic and party work in Ukraine. He graduated from the workers' school, in 1929 he studied at the Industrial Academy. Since 1931, in party work in Moscow, since 1935 - 1st secretary of the Moscow Committee and the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU (b). Since 1938 - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
During the Great Patriotic War, N.S. Khrushchev is a member of the military councils of the South-West direction, South-West, Stalingrad, South, Voronezh, 1st Ukrainian fronts. February 12, 1943 Khrushchev N.S. assigned military rank"Lieutenant General".
In 1944–47 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (since 1946 - the Council of Ministers) of the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1947 - 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Since 1949 - Secretary of the Central Committee and 1st Secretary of the Moscow Committee of the CPSU (b).
The ascent of Khrushchev to the pinnacle of power after the death of I. V. Stalin was accompanied by a request from him and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR G.M. Malenkov to the commander of the troops of the Moscow region (renamed to the district) of the air defense, Colonel-General K.S. Moskalenko. to pick up a group of military men, which included Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov and Colonel-General P.F.Batitsky. The latter, on June 26, 1953, participated in the arrest at a meeting of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union L.P. Beria, who would later be accused of "anti-party and anti-state activities aimed at undermining the Soviet state." , will be deprived of all awards and titles. On December 23, 1953, he was sentenced to be shot.
Later, holding the post of 1st secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, N.S. Khrushchev in 1958-64 is also the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
One of the initiators of the "thaw" in domestic and foreign policy, the rehabilitation of victims of repression, N. S. Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to modernize the party-state system, dividing party organizations into industrial and rural. It was declared an improvement in the living conditions of the population in comparison with the capitalist countries. At the XXth (1956) and XXIIth (1961) Congresses of the CPSU, he sharply criticized the so-called "personality cult" and the activities of IV Stalin (see the report "On the personality cult and its consequences"). However, the construction of a nomenklatura regime in the country, suppression of dissent, violent dispersal of demonstrations (Tbilisi, 1956; Novocherkassk, 1962), aggravation of military confrontation with the West (Berlin crisis of 1961 and Caribbean crisis of 1962) and with China, as well as political projecting (calls “Catch up and overtake America!” Promises to build communism by 1980) made his policy inconsistent. The dissatisfaction of the state and party apparatus led to the fact that the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU on October 14, 1964, N.S. Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.
As it was reported in the only obituary published in the Pravda newspaper: "... On September 11, 1971, after a serious, long illness at the age of 78, the former first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, personal pensioner Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, died." Buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. A monument by the sculptor E. Neizvestny is installed on the grave.
NS. Khrushchev was a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1934-64, a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee in 1939-64 (candidate since 1938). Was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1-6th convocations.
He was awarded seven Orders of Lenin, Orders of Suvorov 1st degree, Kutuzov 1st degree, Suvorov 2nd degree, Patriotic War 1st degree, Red Banner of Labor, medals, foreign awards.
Khrushchev's awards
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 16, 1954 “for outstanding services to The Communist Party and The Soviet people, in connection with the 60th anniversary of his birth "1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal (No. 6759).
On April 8, 1957, for the "outstanding services of the 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade NS Khrushchev. in the development and implementation of measures for the development of virgin and fallow lands "NS Khrushchev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the second gold medal" Hammer and Sickle. "
By the decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of June 17, 1961 “for outstanding services in leadership in the creation and development of the rocket industry, science and technology and the successful implementation of the world's first space flight of a Soviet man on the Vostok satellite ship, which opened new era in space exploration "1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was awarded the Order of Lenin and the third gold medal" Hammer and Sickle ".
April 16, 1964 “for outstanding services to the Communist Party and the Soviet state in building a communist society, strengthening the economic and defense might of the Soviet Union, developing fraternal friendship of the peoples of the USSR, in pursuing a Leninist peace-loving policy and noting World War II, in connection with the 70th anniversary of the birth "1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 11220).
Used materials from the book: Khrushchev. Memories. Selected Fragments. - M .: "Vagrius", 1997. Article by N.V. Ufarkin on the website http://www.warheroes.ru.
Events during the reign of Khrushchev:
- 1955 - The Warsaw Pact is signed.
- 1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU condemning the personality cult of Stalin
- 1956 - the suppression of the uprising in Budapest, Hungary
- 1957 - unsuccessful attempt displacement of Nikita Khrushchev by an "anti-party group" headed by Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich and Shepilov, who "joined them"
- 1957 - The first in the world is launched on October 4 artificial satellite Earth (Sputnik-1)
- 1958 - crop failure
- 1959 - VI World Festival of Youth and Students
- 1960 - Khrushchev announces that communism will be built by 1980
- 1960 - removal of Stalin from the mausoleum.
- 1960 - successful flight of Belka and Strelka dogs into space
- 1961 - 10 times denomination and introduction of new money
- 1961 - renaming of Stalingrad into Volgograd
- 1961 - the world's first manned space flight; Yuri Gagarin became the first cosmonaut
- 1961 - the construction of the Berlin Wall by the authorities of the GDR
- 1962 - "Cuban missile crisis" almost led to the use of nuclear weapons
- 1962 - shooting of a rally in Novocherkassk
- 1963 - construction of Khrushchev
- 1964 - October. The displacement of Khrushchev at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU
