The climate is, to say the least plain language, long-term stable weather regime. And it affects just about everything. On the ground water regime, animal and vegetable world opportunity to cultivate agricultural crops. And of course, one cannot help but talk about how climate affects people and their capabilities.
natural irritant
It is no secret to anyone that over the years, in the process of evolution, people have gradually adapted to the influences coming from the external environment. And in the human body, a variety of regulatory mechanisms have been developed that are directly related to these influences. Today, people can live and develop normally only through interaction with external environment. It is important for a person to consume oxygen, be exposed to the sun and absorb the necessary substances.
How does climate affect people? In fact, the impact is of a complex physico-chemical nature. Everything matters - radiant energy, pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic and electric fields, air movement and even substances that are released into the air by plants. With such a diverse impact, almost all levels of functional and structural organization are involved in the reaction - from cellular and molecular to the psycho-emotional sphere and peripheral nerve endings.
Examples
Now we can move on to situations that clearly show how climate affects people. As the experiments of bioclimatologists and the experience of each of us have shown, the human body is able to work optimally only in a narrow temperature range.
In the hot season, especially from July to August, it is rather difficult to exist in the southern regions. Take, for example, Primorye. The climate of this region is moderately monsoonal. Summer here is hot and humid. And in July/August the whole region becomes like a greenhouse.
Crimea is a unique example. Despite its modest area (27,000 km²), its territory is divided into three climatic micro-regions and 20 sub-regions. In Sevastopol, the most visited in summer time city, subtropical "regime" of weather reigns. Summer here is dry and hot. And every year is unpredictable. In 2016, for example, June turned out to be much more stuffy than July and August. Sometimes it can rain here for several days in a row, and sometimes the thermometer rises above 40 ° C.
Parsing examples
And how does the climate affect people, if you refer to the above? Not in the best way. First, under such conditions, air conditioning to the lungs becomes more difficult. With stuffiness, efficiency decreases, worsens general state, well-being. At high humidity, evaporation from the surface of the body does not occur. In addition, under such conditions, the likelihood of contracting any infection transmitted by airborne droplets increases significantly, since stuffiness and humidity form a favorable environment for the development and survival of microbes.
The body due to dry heat is forced to change the level of heat production. We begin to sweat, as a result of which our skin is moisturized. This evaporation absorbs some of the unnecessary heat. But if it becomes cool, then there is a shiver and the so-called goose bumps, which serve as some kind of heaters.
Another of the consequences of the disturbed temperature regime should be noted circulatory disorders and overload of the central nervous system. That is why an artificial climate is created in the working rooms due to air conditioning / heating. The norm is considered to be from +20 to +23 ° C. And the humidity level should not be less than 50% and above 60%.
Statistics
Talking about how climate affects people's lives, it is worth referring to the interesting data found out by the social hygienist Vladimir Ivanovich Chiburaev and Dr. medical sciences Boris Alexandrovich Revich. In one of their works, they cited statistics that clearly demonstrate the consequences of poor or worsened climatic conditions.
For example, up to 40,000 deaths per year are due to air pollution from suspended solids. This factor provokes the emergence and development of diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Due to microbial contamination of food and water, there are intestinal infections, which some people run, do not cure. About 1,100 people a year die from this cause. And because of the dangerous natural phenomena there are about a thousand deaths a year.
All this relates to the topic of how climate affects people's lives. As you can see, the neglected consequences are very serious.
Cold
Above it was said about the heat and stuffiness. But when discussing how climate affects human activity and life, it is important to mention the impact of cold.
If it is short-term, then breathing stops on an increased inhalation, after which exhalation occurs, and it becomes more frequent. This can be observed when pouring, for example. But prolonged exposure to cold contributes to the production of heat and ventilation. Accordingly, the release of carbon dioxide also increases. The body of people living in the north works a little differently. They get used to the cold from childhood and, accordingly, harden. For example, if a person from Khanty-Mansiysk, where -52 °C currently reigns, gets to Sochi or the Crimea in July, for example, then it will be extremely difficult for him to endure the heat out of habit. Because he has never been where the air temperature of about +40 ° C can be considered normal.
cold benefits
But this is not all that can be said about how climate affects the way people live. Under the influence of cold, the number of heart contractions also changes, and even the nature of the impulse. This is useful, because arrhythmia disappears in such conditions. Even cold helps to increase muscle strength and tone. Even the composition of the blood changes. The number of red blood cells and leukocytes increases. And the metabolism usually occurs without any failures. The movement of fluids under the influence of cold occurs normally, so that no stagnation is observed.
Life
Such great figures as Montesquieu, Bodin and Aristotle wrote about how climate affects the way of life and life of people. And to this day, this topic is relevant.
In the North, for example, as a result of the climate, needs are born that are not in the South. A person has a need to protect himself from external adversity. Northerners spend most of their time inside their homes or workplaces. Southerners have no such problems. But they must obey environment.
maritime climate
It is also worth noting. Little has been said about how climate affects human life. The examples are numerous. But the maritime climate deserves special attention.
Potassium, for example, which is part of it, plays the role of an anti-allergen. Bromine has a calming effect. Calcium helps to strengthen the connective tissues of the human body. Iodine affects the rejuvenation of skin cells, and magnesium relieves puffiness. The most saturated air becomes during a storm. By the way, the molecules in it are ionized. And this makes the air even more healing. After all, ions affect the metabolism.
People and their impact
Speaking about everyday life, it is worth paying attention to the topic of how a person affects the climate. Examples exist. The most striking is the development of agricultural activities. At one point, it reached such a level that the question of its unintended impact on the climate arose. What happened? Firstly, the plowing of gigantic tracts of land, due to which a huge amount of dust rises into the atmosphere and moisture is lost.
Secondly, the number of trees is sharply reduced. Forests are literally being destroyed, especially tropical ones. But they affect the reproduction of oxygen. The above photograph is a combination of two images taken by NASA in different years. And from them it is visually noticeable how strong the consequences of deforestation are. The Earth has already ceased to be a "green planet".
But that's not all there is to say about how humans affect the climate. Give examples yourself, because they are around us! Remember at least animal world. Many species are already extinct. And the overgrazing of livestock is still relevant, because of which savannahs and steppes turn into deserts. The result is drying up of the soil. What can we say about the burning of fossil fuels, because of which a huge emission of CH 4 and CO 2 occurs into the atmosphere. The impact of industrial waste completely changes its composition, increasing the content of aerosols and radioactive gases.
The conclusion from this is sad. The earth is on the verge of an ecological catastrophe. And the people themselves brought it to her. Fortunately, now we have caught on, and began to make attempts to restore the natural balance. However, how it will be - time will tell.
It cannot be denied that the impact of climate on humans is present. Climate and human health, habits, way of life are interconnected. The climatic conditions of a given area and weather changes directly or indirectly affect all aspects of people's lives. The impact of climate on people's activities, their well-being, culture, habits, lifestyle is undeniable.
No matter how far scientific and technological progress has advanced, humanity remains a biological species dependent on the environment. natural environment. Let us briefly consider the impact climate has on human health and economic activity.
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climate and people
Climatic conditions are understood as a complex of factors that are characteristic of a particular area or season. Here are the elements of climate included:
- air temperature;
- humidity;
- Atmosphere pressure;
- number sunny days per year;
- the strength and direction of the winds;
- amount and types of precipitation;
- daylight hours;
- frequency and severity of changes in weather conditions;
- air ionization.
The Chukotka region is one of those places in the world that seem to be created to test a person “for strength”. life philosophy Indigenous peoples formed in this extreme climate. Life and life of people here is initially subject to the goal of survival.
A person depends on these and other indicators, acting individually or in combination. Although we can make the environment more comfortable, it is impossible to exclude the impact of climate on people's activities and health.
The impact of climate on human health
Climate and human health are interconnected. Weather and climatic conditions not only accompany us through life, but also intensively affect the well-being of people, can improve or worsen their health. We are affected by all climatic factors and their combinations. Below is an assessment of the influence of natural factors on the human body and shows how climate affects a person.
Low temperatures are dangerous to health. It can cause hypothermia, frostbite, leads to colds. Although a light frost in sunny and calm weather gives us positive emotions. Such a climate for a person brings only benefits.
Heat can negatively affect the body. A person gets a heat stroke, there is increased sweating, dehydration of the body.
High and low temperatures are especially difficult to tolerate at high humidity. Prolonged exposure to high humidity can cause rheumatism and other diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
Climate change has a significant impact on human health. Even if the temperature and humidity are far from extreme, their sudden change is a serious stress for the body. A sharp change in humidity can cause shortness of breath, apathy and other manifestations. The impact of climate on human health is stronger when abrupt changes weather conditions.
The sun is the source of life, it contributes to the existence of living organisms on planet Earth. For a man the sunlight brings great benefit Helps boost immunity and improve health. But don't get too carried away with sunbathing. Excessive exposure to direct sunlight can cause heat stroke and skin burns.
The so-called magnetic storms cannot be felt by the senses, but they affect the general well-being of a person, especially if he is weather dependent.
During magnetic storms a person begins to feel severe unreasonable fatigue and headache:
Excessive wind speed, turning it into a hurricane, is capable of causing catastrophic destruction, accompanied by human casualties. But not such a strong wind affects the human body. negative effect low temperature greatly enhanced for a person in cold weather with strong winds. On the other hand, a light seaside breeze beneficial effect on us and allows you to better endure the heat on the summer beach.
Foehn winds blowing from the mountain slopes into the valleys negatively affect the well-being of a person, causing a depressed mood and irritability. They are dangerous for people suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
If you are caught in a dust or sandstorm, it is advisable to cover your face so that small particles do not fall into Airways. This wind makes breathing difficult and irritates exposed skin.
Even a light, weak breeze causes expansion or constriction of blood vessels in open areas of the body surface.
With increased air ionization by positive ions, a person feels a breakdown, he quickly gets tired. An excess of negative ions in the atmosphere has a beneficial effect on the body.
decline atmospheric pressure causes a feeling of discomfort. High pressure up to a certain limit positively affects the body.
An important factor is the dependence of a person on the climate to which he is accustomed. Climate change has a huge impact on health. If a person lived in one climate zone, then when moving to another, there may be a deterioration in well-being. It was not for nothing that they said: "What makes a Russian feel good is why a German is dead." And the point here is not in nationality, but in the familiar environment. The most favorable climate for a person is the one to which he is accustomed.
There are many regions in Russia, the influence of climate on the life of which is very different from each other. Residents of the Far North, having arrived in Crimea for the first time or Krasnodar region, especially in summer period experience discomfort from high temperatures. Residents North Caucasus or Kuban, who came to St. Petersburg, climate change has a significant impact on health. They will suffer from lack of sunlight and high humidity.
The climate affects human health and economic activity not only directly, but also indirectly. For example, in different regions different food conditions. In the Far North, there cannot be that abundance of vegetables and fruits, which is observed in the south of Russia, which leads to a lack of vitamins in the diet, and this affects the state of health.
Climate impact on agriculture
Agricultural activity is largely dependent on the weather. In the Far North, vegetables and fruits are not grown, not because they do not want to, but because of unfavorable climatic conditions.
The impact of climate on the activities of farmers is of paramount importance. The presence of agro-climatic resources is the most important factor for sustainable development Agriculture. These include:
- the duration of the period in which the temperature exceeds 10 degrees Celsius;
- average annual temperature;
- humidity;
- thickness and stability of the snow cover.
You should also pay attention to geography.
Astrakhan climate is favorable for growing gourds, as it differs large quantity hot, sunny days. Here summer lasts 4.5 months (from early May to mid-September). There are also excellent conditions for grazing livestock.
The Astrakhan region is the historical homeland of the Russian watermelon:
The weather conditions of the South of Russia contribute not only to health resorts, but also to the cultivation different cultures, including those with a long maturation period. Farming in rural areas is accompanied by abundant irrigation. The forage base is sufficient for animal husbandry.
The climatic conditions of the Center of the European part of Russia are favorable for the cultivation of frost-resistant plant varieties and the development of animal husbandry.
The northern regions of Russia are characterized by severe weather. Here the conditions for agricultural activity are limited. Here in more Animal husbandry is developed, sometimes nomadic. For example, due to the poor vegetation cover, herds of deer are often driven from place to place.
The impact of climate on human life and economic activity in countryside is decisive, so meteorological information is important.
The impact of climate on the life and activities of people
The influence of climate on human activity in the economic sphere is difficult to overestimate. Changes in the weather are not only tracked by agricultural workers. It is impossible to enumerate what professions people study the climate, because the dependence of human activity on climate is present in various fields.
Certain climatic conditions for the implementation of their activities are necessary for builders, workers in the marine, air and land transport, representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Knowing the weather forecast is important in logging, in the mining industry, for fishermen and hunters, the military and many others, since the influence of climate on the activities of representatives of these and other professions is great.
The economic activity of the population of Russia is characterized by considerable diversity. The influence of climate on the nature of occupations is a decisive factor in human life. The existence of many professions in Russia depends on what kind of climate is typical for the area. They exist in one climate zone and absent in others. For example, the profession of a reindeer herder is associated with the conditions of the Far North, and a lifeguard on the beach, most likely, can be seen in Sochi. You will hardly meet him in Murmansk.
Climatic features are reflected in all aspects of our lives. The influence of climate on life, housing, clothing is undeniable. Consider how climate affects human life with examples. Living in the tropics, we do not wear warm clothes, but in the harsh Arctic conditions we need them. In a cold climate, a bamboo hut is unlikely to be appropriate, but in the tropics - just right. For reindeer herders of the Far North, a light, warm tent made of deer skins, which can be quickly rolled up and transported, is an ideal home, and in the Siberian taiga, chopped wooden hut. All this shows how climate affects the way people live.
The original owners of the Far North - the Chukchi, Eskimos, Evens - have carefully preserved their culture, original art, and traditions for centuries:
All this is reflected in the traditions, customs, lifestyle of every person in the world. There is even an influence of climate on the nature of people living in certain conditions. This is clearly seen in the example of European peoples. It is noticed that the inhabitants of the Mediterranean are more emotional than the restrained Scandinavians. Thus, the role of climate in the life of peoples and their formation was decisive. The climate forms the character of a person living in a given area.
We looked at how climate affects people's lives. But there is also a reverse process: human influence on the climate. Human economic activity is the cause of warming, causes softening of weather conditions. It is noticed that in cities the temperature is slightly higher than outside the city. Warming occurs due to the following reasons:
- increase in the number of cars;
- deforestation;
- combustion of fuel at thermal power plants;
- work of heavy industry enterprises.
The conclusion is simple: as a person treats the environment, so it will do with him.
Where is the most favorable climate
The climate of Crimea is considered one of the most favorable. The warm sea, a large number of sunny days a year, and healing air attract thousands of tourists from all over Russia and other countries every year.
Crimea is an amazing place, as if specially created for recreation:
It is a sin to complain about the climate in Crimea. The mild maritime climate, the absence of cold winds, the abundance of fruits create comfortable environment. But it's not for everyone. Local weather contribute, for example, to the growth a large number plants, some of which are strong allergens. For the northern regions, there is a person’s dependence on a colder and less sunny climate, so the abundance of the sun and the hot weather of the Crimea are an unusual phenomenon for them, and not every organism is able to easily adapt to this.
For example, for children under 2 years old, it is better to spend holidays in their own climatic zone. It has been noticed that even older children get sick after a sea trip. This is not surprising, because at first their body adapts to the seaside environment. And as soon as the child gets used to the sea climatic conditions, it's time to go home, where again you have to acclimatize. Thus, the body receives a double blow, to which it immediately reacts with a disease.
But in general, it was not in vain that famous and famous people moved to Crimea for permanent or temporary residence. powerful people. They understood how climate affects people's lives. At times Russian Empire here was the summer residence of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs, Chekhov and Aivazovsky lived here. V Soviet time dachas of state leaders and cultural figures were erected on the Crimean coast. After sunset Soviet Union Crimea was chosen by bohemia and oligarchs.
Each person is individual, therefore the most favorable climatic conditions for each are different. The main thing is that the impact of climate on human life should be beneficial.
Before all mankind is the most important task- Preservation of the diversity of all organisms living on Earth. All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interconnected. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species interconnected with it.
From the very moment when man invented tools and became more or less intelligent, his comprehensive influence on the nature of the planet began. The more man developed, the greater the impact he had on the Earth's environment. How does man influence nature? What is positive and what is negative?
Negative points
There are pluses and minuses of human influence on nature. First, let's look at negative examples of detrimental:
- Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc.
- Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals.
- Reducing the number of populations due to the expansion of areas for fields with the help of deforestation (animals, losing their normal habitat, die).
- The destruction of plants and animals due to the difficulties of their adaptation to a new life, greatly changed by man, or simply their extermination by people.
- and water by diverse and by people themselves. For example, in pacific ocean there is a "dead zone" where a huge amount of garbage floats.
Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water
The change in nature under the influence of man is very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth suffer greatly, water resources are polluted.
As a rule, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, the access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is hindered. Numerous species of living creatures are trying to look for new places for their habitat, which, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds.
Every year, ocean currents bring millions of tons of garbage. This is the real disaster.
Deforestation on mountain slopes also has a negative impact. They become bare, which contributes to the occurrence of erosion, as a result, loosening of the soil occurs. And this leads to destructive collapses.
Pollution occurs not only in the waters of the oceans, but also fresh water. Every day, thousands of cubic meters of sewage or industrial waste enter the rivers.
And contaminated with pesticides, chemical fertilizers.
The terrible consequences of oil spills, mining
Just one drop of oil renders approximately 25 liters of water unfit for drinking. But this is not the worst. A fairly thin film of oil covers the surface of a huge area of water - about 20 m 2 of water. It is detrimental to all living things. All organisms under such a film are doomed to a slow death, because it prevents the access of oxygen to the water. This is also a direct human influence on the nature of the Earth.
People extract minerals from the bowels of the Earth, formed over several million years - oil, coal, and so on. Such industrial production emitted into the atmosphere along with cars carbon dioxide v huge quantities, which leads to a catastrophic decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere - the protector of the Earth's surface from the death-bearing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
Over the past 50 years, the air temperature on Earth has increased by only 0.6 degrees. But this is a lot.
Such warming will lead to an increase in the temperature of the World Ocean, which will contribute to the melting of polar glaciers in the Arctic. Thus, the most global problem- the ecosystem of the Earth's poles is disturbed. Glaciers are the most important and voluminous sources of clean fresh water.
benefit of people
It should be noted that people bring some benefit, and considerable.
From this point of view, it is also necessary to note the influence of man on nature. The positive lies in the activities carried out by people to improve the ecology of the environment.
In many vast areas of the earth, different countries protected areas, reserves and parks are organized - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, positive. In such protected areas, people contribute to the conservation of flora and fauna.
Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Rare and already endangered species are necessarily listed in the Red Book created by man, according to which fishing and collection are prohibited.
Also, people create artificial water channels and irrigation systems that help maintain and increase
On a large scale, activities are also carried out for the planting of diverse vegetation.
Ways to solve emerging problems in nature
To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, the active influence of man on nature (positive).
What about biological resources(animals and plants), then they should be used (extracted) in such a way that individuals always remain in nature in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size.
It is also necessary to continue work on the organization of reserves and planting forests.
Carrying out all these activities to restore and improve the environment is a positive impact of man on nature. All this is necessary for the good of oneself.
After all, the well-being of human life, like all biological organisms depends on the state of nature. Now all mankind faces the most the main problem- creation of a favorable state and stability of the living environment.
We represent species, but as a person we can take place only as a result of cultural evolution. The influence of society on a person is a process when each individual representative has a certain impact on the overall development.
Stages of personality formation
The process of becoming an individual as a personality begins from the moment of birth, when the basis of formation is laid by the factor of heredity. Other factors of society's influence on human development:
- natural environment, climatic features of the area of residence;
- a set of social norms and cultural values adopted in the group;
- assimilation by a person of norms that provide influence on the process of socialization;
- subjective experience that accumulates when leaving different situations.
The natural factor is essential condition harmonious development society. The influence of society on the development of the individual is not only applied, but also has artistic, scientific, moral significance.
The influence of society on the formation of personality begins literally from the moment of birth. The process of socialization can be divided into several age categories:
- early up to 3 years;
- from 3 to 11 years;
- teenage, from 12 to 15 years;
- adolescence (up to 18 years).
The most important in ensuring the influence of society on the individual is the institution of the family, as well as children's groups. By the age of 18, a practically formed young person has his own opinions.
The influence of social groups on the psychology and behavior of a person can be both positive and negative. The concept of personality is manifested in the aggregate social qualities acquired in life.
The influence of a group of society is aimed at eliminating negative qualities individual, and the presence feedback allows you to assess the correctness of the chosen development vector.
The group includes people with different levels knowledge, skills and abilities. Communicating with people of a higher level of development, you can quickly achieve your goal, become successful.
The impact of society on the individual through groups is the requirement to comply with the norms. Communication skills are processed here, and positive emotions from communication increase self-esteem, give confidence.
If group interests become higher than the interests of its individual members and act to the detriment of society, then Negative influence groups. When the opinion of the majority was imposed, gifted individuals are under psychological pressure.
As a result, such people either became conformists or succumbed to social ostracism, up to and including exile. Sometimes a group can initiate the development of character in a negative direction, the acquisition of bad habits.
To illustrate this influence of society, one can famous saying"With whom you lead, from that you will type."
The influence of personality on society
Society in the modern sense is a complex macrosystem, striving for a single standard of values, taking into account the heritage of different cultures and traditions. Not only the influence of society on the individual is noted, but also the reverse process. The influence of a person on society is determined by the degree of development mental abilities the ability to communicate effectively with groups.
In relation to the environment, a person can act in different roles: a consumer, a creator or a destroyer. by the most low level responsibility is consumer, when an individual limits his interests to mercantile and petty needs.
More high level Responsibility involves strengthening the influence of a person's position on others. The degree of influence of the individual on society is determined by the ability to act. A strong and purposeful individual can influence changes in the world by rallying a group of like-minded people around him.
When performing a certain function in society, a person’s activity for the benefit of the environment is encouraged by him. The power of a positive example is one of the main instruments of influence of the individual on society.
In many works of art rose sharp social issues, and writers had a significant impact on the course of history. Turgenev's stories "Notes of a Hunter", where the images of peasants are described with sympathy and love, showed the immorality of serfdom, and in Russia the public rose to fight for its abolition.
The arguments given by Sholokhov in the story "The Fate of a Man" led to the adoption of a law on the rehabilitation of prisoners of war, who had previously been tried as traitors to their homeland.
Society and man cannot exist and develop without dependence on each other.. A.M. Gorky in the work "Old Woman Izergil" showed that a person cannot be happy if he puts himself above society. By sacrificing his life, like Danko, he will remain in history as an example of courage.
The multifaceted process of transformation into a personality is possible only with constant work on oneself and as a result of the influence of various groups.
