There are many types of text styles in Russian. One of them is the artistic style of speech, which is used in the literary field. It is characterized by the impact on the imagination and feelings of the reader, the transfer of thoughts of the author himself, the use of rich vocabulary, emotional coloring text. In what area is it used, and what are its main features?
The history of this style dates back to ancient times. Throughout time, a certain characteristic of such texts has developed that distinguishes them from other different styles.
With the help of this style, the authors of works have the opportunity to express themselves, convey their thoughts and reasoning to the reader, using all the richness of their language. Most often it is used in writing, and in oral it is used when already created texts are read, for example, during the production of a play.
Target artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to influence the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only purpose of such a speech. Achieving the set goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are performed. These include:
- Figurative-cognitive, which consists in telling a person about the world, society with the help of the emotional component of speech.
- Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
- Communicative, in which the reader associates information from the text with reality.
Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that he can fulfill all the tasks for the reader in accordance with which it was created.
Scope of the style
Where is the artistic style of speech used? The scope of its use is quite wide, because such speech embodies many aspects and means of the rich Russian language. Thanks to this, such a text turns out to be very beautiful and attractive to readers.
Art style genres:
- Epos. It describes storylines. The author demonstrates his thoughts, external disturbances of people.
- Lyrics. Such an example of artistic style helps convey inner feelings the author, the feelings and thoughts of the characters.
- Drama. In this genre, the presence of the author is practically not felt, because great attention is given to the dialogues taking place between the characters of the work.
Of all these genres, subspecies are distinguished, which in turn can be further divided into varieties. Thus, the epic is divided into the following types:
- epic. In her most of assigned to historical events.
- Novel. Usually it is distinguished by a complex plot, which describes the fate of the characters, their feelings, problems.
- Story. This work is written in small size, it tells about certain case that happened to the character.
- Tale. She has the average size, has the properties of a novel and a short story.
The following lyrical genres are characteristic of the artistic style of speech:
- Oh yeah. This is the name of a solemn song dedicated to something.
- Epigram. This is a poem with satirical overtones. An example of an artistic style in this case is “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov”, which was written by A. S. Pushkin.
- Elegy. Such a work is also written in poetic form, but has a lyrical orientation.
- Sonnet. This is also a verse, which consists of 14 lines. Rhymes are built according to a strict system. Examples of texts of this form can be found in Shakespeare.
The types of drama include the following genres:
- Comedy. The purpose of such a work is to ridicule any vices of society or a particular person.
- Tragedy. In this text, the author talks about tragic life characters.
- Drama. This eponymous type allows the reader to show the dramatic relationship between the characters and society as a whole.
In each of these genres, the author tries not so much to tell about something, but simply to help readers create an image of heroes in their heads, feel the situation described, and learn to empathize with the characters. This creates a certain mood and emotion in the person reading the work. A story about some extraordinary case will amuse the reader, while the drama will make you empathize with the characters.
The main features of the artistic style of speech
Signs of the artistic style of speech have developed over its long development. Its main features allow the text to fulfill the tasks assigned to it, influencing the emotions of people. The linguistic means of a work of art are the main element of this speech, which helps to create a beautiful text that can capture the reader while reading. The following expressions are widely used:
- Metaphor.
- Allegory.
- Hyperbola.
- Epithet.
- Comparison.
Also, the main features include the speech ambiguity of words, which is widely used when writing works. With this technique, the author gives the text additional meaning. In addition, synonyms are often used, thanks to which it is possible to emphasize the importance of the meaning.
The use of these techniques suggests that during the creation of his work the author wants to use the full breadth of the Russian language. So, he can develop his own unique language style, which will distinguish it from other text styles. The writer uses not only purely literary language, but also borrows funds from colloquial speech and space.
The features of the artistic style are also expressed in the exaltation of the emotionality and expressiveness of the texts. Many words in works of different styles are used in different ways. In the literary and artistic language, some words denote certain sensory representations, and in the journalistic style, these same words are used to generalize any concepts. Thus, they complement each other perfectly.
The linguistic features of the artistic style of the text include the use of inversion. This is the name of the technique in which the author arranges the words in a sentence differently than it is usually done. This is necessary in order to give more significance to a particular word or expression. Writers can different options change the order of words, it all depends on the overall intention.
Also, in the literary language, deviations from structural norms can be observed, which are explained by the fact that the author wants to highlight some of his thoughts, ideas, emphasize the importance of the work. To do this, the writer can afford to violate phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.
The features of the artistic style of speech allow us to consider it the most important over all other varieties of text styles, because it uses the most diverse, rich and vivid means of the Russian language. It is also characterized by verb speech. It lies in the fact that the author gradually indicates each movement and change of state. This is a good help to activate the reader's tension.
If we analyze examples of styles of different directions, then identify artistic language definitely won't be difficult. After all, the text in an artistic style in all of the above features is noticeably different from other text styles.
Examples of literary style
Here is an example art style:
The sergeant strode across the yellowish construction sand, hot from the scorching afternoon sun. He was soaked from head to toe, his whole body was strewn with small scratches left by sharp barbed wire. It's a dull pain drove him crazy, but he was alive and walking towards the command headquarters, visible in the distance three hundred meters away.
The second example of artistic style contains such means of the Russian language as epithets.
Yashka was just a little dirty trick, who, despite this, had great potential. Even in early childhood, he masterfully poked pears at Baba Nyura's, and twenty years later he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world. At the same time, he was able to masterfully clean them up, so that neither the police nor Interpol had the opportunity to catch him at the crime scene.
tongue plays huge role in literature, since it is he who acts as building material to create works. The writer is an artist of the word, forming images, describing events, expressing his own thoughts, he makes the reader empathize with the characters, plunge into the world that the author created.
Only the artistic style of speech can achieve such an effect, so books are always very popular. Literary speech has unlimited possibilities and extraordinary beauty, which is achieved through the linguistic means of the Russian language.
Topic 10. Language features of the artistic style
Topic 10.LANGUAGE FEATURES OF THE ARTISTIC STYLE
A beautiful thought loses its price
if it is badly expressed.
Voltaire
Lesson plan:
Theoretical block
Trails. Types of trails.
stylistic figures. Types of stylistic figures.
Functional characteristic language tools expressiveness in artistic style.
Practice block
Identification of figurative and expressive means in the texts of the artistic style and their analysis
Functional characteristics of paths and figures
Compilation of texts using reference expressions
Tasks for SRO
Bibliography:
1.Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1997. - 448 p.
2. Kozhin BUT.H., Krylova O.BUT., Odintsov AT.AT. Functional types of Russian speech. – M.: graduate School, 1982. - 392 p.
3.Lapteva, M. A. Russian language and culture of speech. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
4.Rosenthal D.E. Reference book on the Russian language. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 2001. - 381 p.
5.Khamidova L.V.,Shakhova L.BUT. Practical style and culture of speech. - Tambov: TSTU Publishing House, 2001. - 34 p.
THEORETICAL BLOCK
Linguistic features of the artistic style
|
Lexical |
Widespread use of words in a figurative sense; Intentional clash of different styles of vocabulary; The use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring; The presence of emotionally colored words; Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary; Widespread use of folk-poetic words. |
|
Word-building |
The use of various means and models of word formation; |
|
Morphological |
The use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested; Frequency of verbs; Passivity of indefinitely personal verb forms, 3rd person forms; Slight use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns; Forms plural abstract and material nouns; Wide use of adjectives and adverbs. |
|
Syntactic |
Use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language; Extensive use of stylistic figures; The wide use of dialogue, sentences with direct speech, improperly direct and indirect; Active use of parceling; Inadmissibility of syntactically monotonous speech; Using the means of poetic syntax. |
The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, expressiveness, wide use of figurative means of expression language. The means of artistic expression give brightness to speech, enhance its emotional impact, attract the attention of the reader and listener to the statement.
The means of expression in the artistic style are varied and numerous. Typically, researchers distinguish two groups of visual and expressive means: paths and stylistic figures.
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF TRAILS
|
Characteristic |
Examples |
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Epithet |
your thoughtful nights transparent dusk. (BUT.Pushkin) |
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Metaphor |
dissuaded by the grovegolden Birch cheerful language. (FROM. Yesenin) |
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personification-rhenium |
kind of metaphor, the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. |
Asleep green alley (To.Balmont) |
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Metonymy |
Well, eat some more plate, my dear (And.BUT. Krylov) |
|
|
Synecdoche |
A kind of metonymy, transferring the name of a whole to a part of this whole or the name of a part to the whole |
Friends, Romans, compatriots, lend me your ears. (Y. Caesar) |
|
Comparison |
The moon is shining how huge cold ball. Starfall foliage flew . (D. FROM amoilov) |
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paraphrase |
A turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their character traits |
King of beasts (lion) snow beauty (winter), black gold (oil) |
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Hyperbola |
AT one hundred thousand suns the sunset was blazing AT.AT. Mayakovsky) |
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Litotes |
little man with a fingernail (H.BUT. Nekrasov) |
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Allegory |
In the fables of I. Krylov: a donkey- stupidity Fox- cunning wolf– greed |
STYLISTIC FIGURES
|
Characteristic |
Examples |
|
|
Anaphora |
Repetition individual words or turns at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement |
Not in vain did the winds blow, Not in vain did the storm go. … (FROM.Yesenin) |
|
Epiphora |
Repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages, lines, phrases |
Here the guests came ashore, Tsar Saltan calls them to visit ( BUT.Pushkin) |
|
Antithesis |
This is a turnover in which opposite concepts are contrasted to enhance the expressiveness of speech. |
I'm stupid and you're smart Alive and I'm dumbfounded... (M.Tsvetaeva) |
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Asyndeton |
Intentional omission of connecting unions between members of a sentence or between sentences |
(And.Reznik) |
|
polyunion |
Intentional use of repeating unions for logical and intonational underlining of the members of the sentence connected by unions |
And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn, And azure, and midday heat ... (And.Bunin) |
|
gradation |
Such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent contains an increasing meaning |
I do not regret, do not call, do not cry ( FROM.Yesenin) |
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Inversion |
Violation of the usual word order in a sentence, reverse word order |
A dazzlingly bright flame escaped from the furnace (H. Gladkov) |
|
Parallelism |
The same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech |
What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (M. Lermontov) |
|
Rhetorical question |
Question that does not require an answer |
To whom in Russia to live well? ( H.BUT. Nekrasov) |
|
Rhetorical exclamation |
Expression of a statement in exclamation form. |
What magic, kindness, light in the word teacher! And how great is its role in the life of each of us! ( AT. Sukhomlinsky) |
|
Ellipsis |
Construction with a specially omitted, but implied by any member of the sentence (more often - a predicate) |
I - for a candle, a candle - in the stove! I - for a book, that one - to run and jump under the bed! (TO. Chukovsky) |
|
Oxymoron |
Compound words that contradict each other each other, logically mutually exclusive |
Dead souls, living corpse, hot snow |
PRACTICE BLOCK
Questions for discussion and consolidation :
What are the main features of the artistic style of speech?
What area does the artistic style of speech serve?
What means of artistic expression do you know?
What groups are the figurative and expressive means of the language divided into?
What are trails? Describe them.
What is the function of the trail in the text?
What stylistic figures do you know?
What is the purpose of stylistic figures in the text?
Describe the types of stylistic figures.
Exercise 1 . Establish a correspondence: find the corresponding definitions for the concepts below - paths (left column) (right column)
|
Concepts |
Definitions |
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personification |
Artistic, figurative definition |
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Metaphor |
A turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their character traits |
|
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paraphrase |
The use of a word or expression in a figurative sense based on similarity, comparison, analogy |
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Synecdoche |
An expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of a phenomenon |
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Hyperbola |
The use of the name of one object instead of the name of another on the basis of external or internal connection between them, adjacency |
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Comparison |
Allegorical depiction of an abstract concept with the help of a specific lifestyle |
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The transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them |
||
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Allegory |
Comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other |
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attribution inanimate objects signs and properties of living beings |
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Metonymy |
Figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration |
Exercise 2 . Find epithets in the sentences. Determine the form of their expression. What role do they play in the text? Make up your sentences using epithets.
1. On a heavenly blue dish of yellow clouds, honey smoke .... (S. E.). 2. Stands alone in the north wild ...(Lerm); 3. Around the whitening ponds, bushes in fluffy sheepskin coats ... (March.). 4. In the waves are rushing, thundering and sparkling.
Exercise 3 .
1. Asleep earth in blue radiance ... (Lerm.). 2. I had an early, still drowsy morning and deaf night. (Greene). 3. Appeared in the distance train head. 4. building wing obviously in need of repair. 4. Ship flies at will stormy waters... (Lerm.). 5. Liquid, early breeze already went wandering and flutter over the earth ... (Turg.). 6. Silver smoke rose to a pure and precious sky ... (Paust.)
Exercise 4 . Find examples of metonymy in the sentences. What is the metonymic transfer of names based on? Make up your sentences using metonymy.
1. Preparing for the exam, Murat re-read Tolstoy. 2. The class enjoyed visiting the porcelain exhibition. 3. The whole city came out to meet the astronaut. 4. It was quiet outside, the house was asleep. 5. The audience listened to the speaker carefully. 6. Athletes brought gold and silver from the competition.
Exercise 5 . Determine the meaning of the highlighted words. What type of trail can they be classified as? Make up your sentences using the same type of trail.
1. Sundress for caftan doesn't run. (last). 2. All flags will visit us (P.). 3. Blue berets hurriedly landed on the beach. 4. Best beards countries gathered for a performance. (I. Ilf). 5. A woman in a hat was standing in front of me. Hat resented. 6. After some deliberation, we decided to catch motor.
Exercise 6. Find comparisons in sentences. Determine the form of their expression. Make up your sentences using comparisons of different forms of expression.
1. Large drops of dew blushed everywhere like radiant diamonds. (Turg.) 2. Her dress was the color of green. 3. Dawn blazed with fire .... (Turg.). 4. Light fell from under the cap with a wide cone ... (Bitov). 5. Words, like night hawks, break from hot lips. (B. Ok.). 6. The day rustles with a newspaper outside the door, runs as a late schoolboy. (Slutsk.). 7. Ice, like melting sugar, lies on a frozen river.
Exercise 7 . Read the sentences. Write them down. Give examples of impersonation
(1 option); hyperbolas ( Option 2); c) lithos ( 3 option). Justify your answer.
Silent sadness will be comforted, And joy will reflect friskyly ... ( P.).
Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea ... ( Gogol).
The autumn night burst into icy tears ... ( Fet).
And we haven’t seen each other for probably a hundred years ... ( Ruby).
The horse is being led by the bridle by a peasant in big boots, a sheepskin coat, and big mittens... and he with a fingernail! (Necr.).
Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon; sky high baobabs
(Lighthouse.).
Your Spitz is a lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble! ( Griboyedov).
Exercise 8. Read the text.
It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that only happens when the weather has settled for a long time. From early morning the sky is clear; the morning dawn does not burn with fire: it spreads with a gentle blush. The sun - not fiery, not hot, as during a sultry drought, not dull-purple, as before a storm, but bright and welcomingly radiant - peacefully rises under a narrow and long cloud, shines freshly and plunges into a purple fog. The upper, thin edge of the stretched cloud will sparkle with snakes; their brilliance is like that of hammered silver...
But here again the playful rays gushed, and the mighty luminary rises cheerfully and majestically, as if taking off. Around noon, there are usually many round high clouds, golden gray, with delicate white edges.
Like islands scattered along an endlessly overflowing river flowing around them with deeply transparent sleeves of even blue, they hardly budge; further, towards the sky, they shift, crowd, the blue between them can no longer be seen; but they themselves are as azure as the sky: they are all permeated through and through with light and warmth. The color of the sky, light, pale lilac, does not change all day and is the same all around; nowhere does it get dark, the thunderstorm does not thicken; except in some places bluish stripes stretch from top to bottom: then a barely noticeable rain is sown. By evening, these clouds disappear; the last of them, blackish and indefinite as smoke, fall in rosy puffs against the setting sun; in the place where it set as calmly as it calmly ascended into the sky, the scarlet radiance stands for a short time over the darkened earth, and, quietly blinking, like a carefully carried candle, will light up on it evening Star. On such days the colors are all softened; light, but not bright; everything bears the stamp of some touching meekness. On such days the heat is sometimes very strong, sometimes even "floating" over the slopes of the fields; but the wind disperses, pushes the accumulated heat, and whirlwinds-circles - an undoubted sign of constant weather - walk along the roads through the arable land in high white pillars. In dry and clean air it smells of wormwood, compressed rye, buckwheat; even an hour before night you don't feel damp. The farmer wants such weather for harvesting grain ... (I. Turgenev. Bezhin meadow.)
Write out unfamiliar words from the text, determine their meaning.
Define the style and type of text.
Divide the text into semantic parts. Formulate the main idea of the text, its theme. Title the text.
What words carry a special meaning in the text?
Indicate the words of one thematic group.
Find definitions in the text. Are they all epithets?
What means of artistic expression did the author use in the text?
Write out examples of tropes from the text: epithets ( 1 option); comparisons( Option 2); metaphors. ( 3 option). Justify your choice.
Exercise 9. Read the texts about winter.
1. Winter is the coldest time of the year. ( FROM. Ozhegov).
2. Winter on the coast is not as bad as in the depths of the peninsula, and the mercury in the thermometer does not fall below forty-two, and the farther from the ocean, the stronger the frost - so the old-timers believe that forty-two below zero is something like September frosts on the grass. But near the water, the weather is more changeable: either a blizzard powders the eyes, people walk with a wall against the wind, then the frost grabs the living and, like a leprosy, whitens it, then you have to rub it with a cloth until it bleeds, that's why they say: "Three to the nose, everything will pass." ( B. Kryachko)
Hello, in a white sundress
From silver brocade!
Diamonds burn on you like bright rays.
Hello Russian girl,
Coloring soul.
white winch,
Hello winter winter! ( P. Vyazemsky)
4. Beautiful, wonderful Russian forest in winter. Deep, clean snowdrifts lie under the trees. Above the forest paths, lacy white arches bent under the weight of frost, the trunks of young birch trees. Dark green branches of tall and small firs are covered with heavy caps of white snow. You stand and admire their peaks, studded with necklaces of purple cones. You watch with delight how, whistling merrily, they fly from spruce to spruce, swaying on cones, flocks of red-breasted crossbills. ( I. Sokolov - Mikitov)
Determine the style, genre and purpose of each text.
Specify the main style features of each text.
What linguistic means are used in the texts about winter?
Exercise 10. Create your own freehand winter landscape sketch using at least ten (10) definitions selected from the words below. What function do they perform in the text? Whose text is the most successful and why?
White, first, fresh, withered, cool, frosty, unkind, snow-white, angry, harsh, bright, chilly, wonderful, clear, invigorating, prickly, hot, angry, creaky, crisp, blue, silvery, thoughtful, silent, gloomy, gloomy, huge, huge, predatory, hungry, fast, icy, frozen, warm, sparkling, clean.
Exercise 11. Compose a syncwine for the micro-theme "Tropes as figurative and expressive means of the Russian language":
1 option- the keyword "Incarnation";
Option 2- the keyword "Hyperbole";
3 option- the keyword "Litota";
4 option- keyword "allegory".
Exercise 12. Read the text. Divide the text into semantic parts. Title it.
Steppe, chained moonlight waiting for morning. There was that pre-dawn silence, which has no name. And only a very sensitive ear, accustomed to this silence, would have heard the continuous rustle that had been coming from the steppe all night. Once something rang...
The first whitish ray of dawn broke through a distant cloud, the moon immediately faded, and the earth darkened. And then suddenly a caravan appeared. Camels walked up to their chests in the lush meadow grass, mixed with young reeds, one after another. To the right and left, herds of horses moved in a heavy mass that crushed the meadow, dived into the grass, and horsemen again emerged from it. From time to time the chain of camels was interrupted, and, connected to each other by a long woolen rope, high two-wheeled carts rolled in the grass. Then camels came again...
A distant cloud melted, and the sun suddenly rushed all at once into the steppe. Like a scattering of precious stones, it sparkled in all directions to the very horizon. It was the second half of summer, and the time had already passed when the steppe looked like a bride in a wedding dress. Only the emerald green of the reeds remained, yellow-red islands of overripe thorny flowers, and among the overgrowth of belated sorrel, the scarlet eyes of the stone berry burned. The steep sides of well-fed, fattened horses over the summer gleamed the steppe.
And as soon as the sun broke out, a deaf and powerful clatter, snoring, neighing, the dreary roar of camels, the creak of high wooden wheels, human voices immediately became clearly audible. Noisily, quails and blind owls fluttered up from under the bushes, taken by surprise by the approaching avalanche. It was as if the light instantly dissolved the silence and brought it all to life...
At first glance, it was clear that this was not just a seasonal migration of one of the countless auls scattered in the endless Kazakh steppe. As usual, the young horsemen on both sides of the caravan did not rush about, did not laugh with the girls. They rode in silence, keeping close to the camels. And the women on camels, wrapped in white kerchiefs - kimesheks, were also silent. Even small children did not cry and only goggled round black eyes from saddlebags - korzhuns on both sides of the camel's humps.
(I. Esenberlin. Nomads.)
Write out unfamiliar words from the text, determine their meaning in the dictionary.
What art style does the text belong to? Justify your answer.
Determine the type of speech. Justify your answer.
What season is represented in the text?
Highlight in text keywords and phrases necessary to convey the main content.
Write out the paths from the text, determine their type. For what purpose does the author use these figurative and expressive means in the text?
Reproduce the text in your own words. Define the style of your text. Has the functional and stylistic affiliation of the text been preserved?
The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the informal situation associated with it give rise to colloquial style, spheres public consciousness with their accompanying formality nourish bookish styles.
The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - the message function.
Among book styles, the artistic style of speech stands out. So, his language is not only (and maybe not so much) but also a means of influencing people.
The artist generalizes his observations with the help of a specific image, by skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can show, draw only what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement of concreteness is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, spring forest directly, so to speak, in the forehead, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes, expressive details for his image, and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.
Speaking of imagery as a leading stylistic feature artistic speech, one should distinguish between the “image in the word”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and "image through words". Only by combining both, we get the artistic style of speech.
In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:
1. Scope of use: works of art.
2. Tasks of speech: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.
3. Characteristics artistic style of speech. The expression is basically:
Figurative (expressive and lively);
Specific (this person is described, and not people, in general);
Emotional.
specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; did not look, but paid attention, looked.
Frequently used words in figurative meaning: an ocean of smiles, the sun sleeps.
The use of emotional-evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.
Use of verbs perfect look having a prefix for-, indicating the beginning of the action (the orchestra began to play).
Use of present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (Went to school, suddenly I see ...).
The use of interrogatives, incentives, exclamatory sentences.
Use in the text of sentences with homogeneous members.
Speeches can be found in any fiction book:
She shone with forged damask steel
The rivers are a cold stream.
Don was terrible
horses snored,
And the backwater foamed with blood ... (V. Fetisov)
Quiet and blissful December night. The village slumbers peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that troubles and strife, God forbid, do not disturb unsteady consent, do not move people to new quarrels - the Russian side is already well fed with them ( A. Ustenko).
Note!
It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the conversational style of speech is reflected in the replicas of the characters, but if the task of creating artistic image, the writer can use in the speech of the hero both scientific and business, and Non-distinguishing between the concepts of "artistic style of speech" and "language of a work of art" leads to the perception of any passage from a work of art as an example of the artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.
Literary and artistic style -- functional style speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.
AT work of art the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms literary language, but also obsolete dialect and colloquial words. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. Distinctive feature Artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, giving the narrative colorfulness, the power of depicting reality.
The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.
Trope - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, artistic expressiveness speech.
The main types of trails:
Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
Metonymy is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object that is in one way or another related to the object indicated by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word "by contiguity", and metaphor - "by similarity". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.
An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).
An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.
Synecdoche is a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them.
Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said.
Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, and significance of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture”).
In stylistics and poetics, it is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.
Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but describing it.
Allegory (allegory) is a conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.
- 1. Historical system speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication:
- 1) Functional style of speech.
- 2) scientific style speech.
The functional style of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.
- 2. The functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, inclination towards normalized speech:
- 1) Scientific style of speech.
- 2) Functional style of speech.
- 3) Formal business style speech.
- 4) Publicistic style of speech.
The scientific style of speech is a functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.
- 3. If possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of the text:
- 1) Logic.
- 2) Intuition.
- 3) Sensory.
- 4) Deduction.
Logic is, if possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of text.
- 4. Functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field business relations: in the sphere legal relations and controls:
- 1) Scientific style of speech.
- 2) Functional style of speech.
- 3) Official business style of speech.
- 4) Publicistic style of speech.
The official business style of speech is a functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management.
- 5. The functional style of speech, which is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory:
- 1) Scientific style of speech.
- 2) Functional style of speech.
- 3) Official business style of speech.
- 4) Publicistic style of speech.
The journalistic style of speech is a functional style of speech that is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.
- 6. Striving in the shortest time inform people about the latest news:
- 1) Information function journalistic style.
- 2) Information function of the scientific style.
- 3) Information function of the official business style.
- 4) Information function of the functional style of speech.
The informational function of the journalistic style is the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible.
- 7. The desire to influence people's opinions:
- 1) The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech.
- 2) Influencing function of scientific style.
- 3) The influencing function of the official business style.
- 4) Influencing function of the functional style of speech.
The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech is the desire to influence people's opinions.
- 8. The functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on domestic issues in an informal setting:
- 1) Conversational speech.
- 2) Literary speech.
- 3) Artistic speech.
- 4) Report.
Conversational speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting.
- 9. Functional style of speech, which is used in fiction:
- 1) Literary and artistic style.
- 2) Official business style.
- 3) Scientific style.
- 4) Functional style.
Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction.
- 10. For official business speech characteristic:
- 1) strict compliance with the literary norm.
- 2) lack of expressive elements.
- 3) the use of colloquial syntactic constructions.
- 4) the use of professional slang words.
For official business speech are characteristic: strict compliance with the literary norm, the absence of expressive elements.
The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.
Artistic style is a way of self-expression of writers, therefore, as a rule, it is used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays), texts written in advance are read out. Historically, the artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).
An article about all styles of speech -.
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The art style is:
2. Language means are a way to convey an artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.
3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonyms, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.
4. Multi-style. The use of language means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subject to the fulfillment of a creative plan. These combinations gradually form what is called the author's style.
5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are chosen so that with their help not only “draw” images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.
6. Information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood, an emotional mood in the reader.
Art Style: Case Study
Let's take a look at the features of the parsed style as an example.
An excerpt from the article:
The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts stood like monuments people's grief, charred stoves. Pillars stuck out from the gate. barn gaped huge hole- half of it was broken off and carried away.
There were gardens, and now stumps - how rotten teeth. Only in some places two or three juvenile apple trees took shelter.
The village was depopulated.
When the one-armed Fyodor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, emaciated, gray hair increased. She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat. Fedor had his own, soldierly. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. With a fright, they gave the last one. Here I have nothing left. Oh, it was bad! The damned fascist ruined the village! You can see for yourself what's left... more than half of the yards burned down. The people fled to where: some to the rear, some to the partisans. How many girls were kidnapped! So our Frosya was taken away ...
Fyodor looked around in a day or two. They began to return their own, Borovsky. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it in crooked letters soot in oil - there was no paint - “The board of the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm” - and it went, and it went! Down and Out trouble started.
Style given text, as we have already said, artistic.
His features in this passage:
- Borrowing and application of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of national grief, fascist, partisans, collective farm management, the beginning of trouble).
- The use of visual and expressive means ( hijacked, cursed skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoye, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
- they've all been robbed, you damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. Oh, it was bad!).
- There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat; on oil - there was no paint).
- The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author's impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth).
- The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to national grief; sheltered by two or three teenage apple trees).
- The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of a wide range of use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, letters, girls).
Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit those places that the narrator tells about. Of course, there is also a certain "imposition" of the author's experiences, but it also creates a mood, conveys sensations.
The art style is one of the most "borrowing" and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.
Sci-Fi Style: Case Study
Consider the example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.
An excerpt from the article:
The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. One day, at a meeting, even chips appeared on the table of the presidium. Some villain cut down an apple tree that grew alone on the river bank. Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. They called it the "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.
N. Korotaev
Scientific style features:
- Terminology ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar, poachers).
- The presence in a series of nouns of words denoting the concepts of a feature or state ( bookmark, security).
- The quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( this love is fruitful, active; in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests).
- The use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, security, mercy, meeting).
- Verbs in the present tense that have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
- A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in conjunction with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests.).
Art style features:
- Extensive use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar).
- The use of various figurative and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant protection, reckless), the active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of the house, "Green Patrol").
- Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day the band was born.
- The manifestation of the creative individuality of the author - the author's style ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Here: combining features of several styles).
- Allotment special attention particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree ... And now it was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born).
- The syntactic structure and corresponding structures in this passage reflect the stream of figurative-emotional perception of the author ( Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. And now she's gone).
- The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
- The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the parsed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, reckless, fruitful, active, guise).
According to the variety of language means, literary devices and methods of artistic style, perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper drawing of images and emotional mood you can even write a literary text scientific terms. But, of course, this should not be abused.
