Art style speech, as the name implies, is characteristic of the language fiction.
Literary critics and linguists call him one of the essential funds artistic communication. We can say that it is a linguistic form of expression of figurative content. Do not forget that when we consider the artistic style of speech, we reason at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics. At the same time, it should be noted that the norms of the literary language are just a kind of starting point for qualitatively different linguistic norms.
Features of the artistic style of speech
This style of speech can include colloquial, colloquial, clerical, and many other styles. Each writer's language obeys only those laws that the author himself creates. Many linguists note that in recent decades, the literary language has gradually removed restrictions - it has become open to dialects, jargon, and colloquial vocabulary. The artistic style of speech presupposes, first of all, freedom in the choice of words, which, however, must be associated with the greatest responsibility, expressed in a sense of proportionality and conformity.
Artistic style of speech: main features
The first sign of the described style is the original presentation of the word: it is, as it were, pulled out of schematic connections and placed in "unaccustomed circumstances". Thus, there is such a presentation of the word, in which it becomes interesting in itself, and not in the context. Secondly, it is characterized high level linguistic organization, that is, additional ordering. The degree of organization of speech in prose consists in dividing the text into chapters and parts; in a dramatic work - on acts, scenes, phenomena. The most difficult is the level of language organization in poetic speech- this is a metric, and a stanza, and the use of rhymes. By the way, one of the most striking properties of artistic speech in poetic work is high degree polysemy.
In fiction, as a rule, ordinary human speech comes to the fore, which is one of the means of characterizing characters (the so-called speech portrait of the hero).
Comparison
Comparison is of great importance in the language of almost any work. This term can be defined as follows: "Comparison is main way formation of new ideas. It serves mainly to indirectly characterize the phenomenon, and contributes to the creation of completely new images.
Language artwork
Summing up all of the above, we can conclude that the artistic style of speech is characterized primarily by figurativeness. Each of its elements is aesthetically significant: not only words are important, but also sounds, rhythm, melodiousness of the language. You can pick up examples of the artistic style of speech by opening any literary work. Each writer strives, first of all, for freshness, unbrokenness of the image - this explains the widespread use of special means of expression.
The art style is special style speech, which has become widespread both in world fiction in general and in copywriting in particular. It is characterized by high emotionality, direct speech, richness of colors, epithets and metaphors, and is also designed to influence the reader's imagination and acts as a trigger for his fantasy. So, today we are in detail and visually examples consider artistic style of texts and its application in copywriting.
Art style features
As mentioned above, the art style is most often used in fiction: novels, short stories, short stories, short stories and other literary genres. This style is not characterized by value judgments, dryness and formality, which are also characteristic of styles. Instead, for him, the characters are narrative and the transfer of the smallest details in order to form in the reader's imagination a filigree form of the transmitted thought.
In the context of copywriting, the art style has found a new embodiment in hypnotic texts, to which an entire section "" is devoted to this blog. It is the elements of artistic style that allow texts to influence the limbic system of the reader's brain and trigger the mechanisms necessary for the author, due to which a very curious effect is sometimes achieved. For example, the reader cannot tear himself away from the novel, or he develops sexual attraction, as well as other reactions, which we will talk about in subsequent articles.
Art style elements
In any artistic text there are elements that are characteristic of the style of his presentation. For the artistic style are most characteristic:
- Detailing
- The transfer of feelings and emotions of the author
- epithets
- Metaphors
- Comparisons
- Allegory
- Using elements of other styles
- Inversion
Let's consider all these elements in more detail and with examples.
1. Detailing in a literary text
The first thing that can be distinguished in all literary texts is the presence of details, and, moreover, to almost everything.
Art style example #1
The lieutenant walked along the yellow building sand, heated by the scorching afternoon sun. He was wet from the tips of his fingers to the tips of his hair, his whole body was covered with scratches from sharp barbed wire and aching with maddening pain, but he was alive and headed for the command headquarters, which was visible on the horizon about five hundred meters away.
2. Transfer of feelings and emotions of the author
Art style example #2
Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with a calm look of a real demon, walked to the Ugly Harry bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types who dared stare at her charms and drool lustfully.
3. Epithets
Epithets are most characteristic of literary texts, since they are responsible for the richness of the vocabulary. Epithets can be expressed by a noun, adjective, adverb or verb and are most often bundles of words, one or more of which complement another.
Examples of epithets
Example of artistic style No. 3 (with epithets)
Yasha was just a small dirty trick, which, nevertheless, had a very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully stole apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed, when he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world with the same dashing fuse, and managed to peel them so skillfully that neither the police nor Interpol couldn't catch him red-handed.
4. Metaphors
Metaphors are words or expressions in figurative meaning. Found widespread among the classics of Russian fiction.
Art Style Example #4 (Metaphors)
5. Comparisons
Artistic style would not be itself if there were no comparisons in it. This is one of those elements that bring a special flavor to the texts and form associative links in the reader's imagination.
Comparison examples
6. Allegory
An allegory is a representation of something abstract with the help of a concrete image. It is used in many styles, but for artistic it is especially characteristic.
7. Using elements of other styles
Most often, this aspect is manifested in direct speech, when the author conveys the words of a particular character. In such cases, depending on the type, the character can use any of the styles of speech, but the most popular in this case is colloquial.
Art style example #5
The monk drew his staff and stood in the way of the intruder:
Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.
- What do you care, get out of the way! the stranger snapped.
“Uuuu…” the monk pointedly drawled. Looks like you weren't taught manners. Okay, I'm in the mood today, I'll teach you some lessons.
- You got me, monk, angard! hissed the uninvited guest.
“My blood is starting to play!” the churchman groaned with delight. “Please try not to disappoint me.With these words, both of them jumped out of their seats and grappled in a merciless fight.
8. Inversion
Inversion is the use reverse order words to enhance certain fragments and give the words a special stylistic coloring.
Inversion examples
conclusions
In the artistic style of texts, both all of the listed elements, and only some of them, can occur. Each performs a specific function, but all serve the same purpose: to saturate the text and fill it with colors in order to maximally involve the reader in the transmitted atmosphere.
The masters of the art genre, whose masterpieces people read without stopping, use a number of hypnotic techniques, which will be discussed in more detail in subsequent articles. or email the newsletter below, follow the blog on twitter and you won't miss them for anything.
The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, of which the main one is the sphere of communication. Sphere individual consciousness- everyday life - and the informal atmosphere associated with it give rise to a colloquial style, the spheres of public consciousness with their accompanying formality feed book styles.
The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - the message function.
Among book styles, the artistic style of speech stands out. So, his language is not only (and maybe not so much) but also a means of influencing people.
The artist generalizes his observations with the help of a specific image, by skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can show, draw only what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement of concreteness is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, spring forest directly, so to speak, in the forehead, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes, expressive details for his image, and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.
Speaking about figurativeness as a leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “an image in a word”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and "image through words". Only by combining both, we get the artistic style of speech.
In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:
1. Scope of use: works of art.
2. Tasks of speech: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.
3. Characteristics artistic style of speech. The expression is basically:
Figurative (expressive and lively);
Specific (this person is described, and not people, in general);
Emotional.
specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; did not look, but paid attention, looked.
Often words are used in a figurative sense: the ocean of smiles, the sun sleeps.
The use of emotional-evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.
Use of verbs perfect look having a prefix for-, indicating the beginning of the action (the orchestra began to play).
Use of present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (Went to school, suddenly I see ...).
The use of interrogatives, incentives, exclamatory sentences.
Use in the text of sentences with homogeneous members.
Speeches can be found in any fiction book:
She shone with forged damask steel
The rivers are a cold stream.
Don was terrible
horses snored,
And the backwater foamed with blood ... (V. Fetisov)
Quiet and blissful December night. The village slumbers peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that troubles and strife, God forbid, do not disturb unsteady consent, do not move people to new quarrels - the Russian side is already well fed with them ( A. Ustenko).
Note!
It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the conversational style of speech is reflected in the replicas of the characters, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and business in the character’s speech, and Non-distinguishing between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to the perception of any passage from a work of art as an example of the artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.
At school literature lessons, we all studied speech styles at one time. However, few people remember anything on this issue. We propose to refresh this topic together and remember what the literary and artistic style of speech is.
What are speech styles
Before talking in more detail about the literary and artistic style of speech, you need to understand what it is in general - the style of speech. Briefly touch this definition.
Under the style of speech, it is necessary to understand special speech means which we use in a certain situation. These means of speech always have a special function, and therefore they are called functional styles. Another common name is language genres. In other words, this is a set speech formulas- or even cliches - which are used in different cases (both verbally and in writing) and do not coincide. This is a speech manner of behavior: at an official reception with high-ranking officials, we speak and behave in this way, and when we meet with a group of friends somewhere in a garage, cinema, club, it is completely different.
There are five in total. Let us briefly characterize them below before proceeding in detail to the question of interest to us.
What are the styles of speech
As mentioned above, there are five styles of speech, but some believe that there is also a sixth - religious. AT Soviet time when all styles of speech were distinguished, the study of this issue was not carried out for obvious reasons. Anyway, officially functional styles five. Let's look at them below.
scientific style
Used, of course, in science. Its authors and addressees are scientists, experts in a particular field. In writing this style can be found in scientific journals. This language genre is characterized by the presence of terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary.
Journalistic style
As you might guess, lives in the means mass media and designed to influence people. It is the people, the population that is the addressee of this style, which is characterized by emotionality, conciseness, the presence of commonly used phrases, often the presence of socio-political vocabulary.
Conversational style
As its name suggests, it is a style of communication. This is a predominantly oral language genre, we need it for a simple conversation, expression of emotions, exchange of opinions. It is sometimes even characterized by vocabulary, expressiveness, liveliness of dialogues, colorfulness. Exactly at colloquial speech often, along with words, facial expressions and gestures appear.
Formal business style
Basically is a style writing and is used in an official setting for paperwork - in the field of legislation, for example, or office work. With the help of this language genre, various laws, orders, acts and other papers of a similar nature are drawn up. It is easy to recognize it by its dryness, informativeness, accuracy, the presence of speech clichés, and the lack of emotionality.
Finally, the fifth, literary-artistic style (or simply - artistic) is a subject of interest this material. So let's talk about it in more detail later.
Characteristics of the literary and artistic style of speech
So, what is this - an artistic language genre? Based on its name, one can assume - and not be mistaken - that it is used in literature, specifically in fiction. This is true, this style is the language of fiction texts, the language of Tolstoy and Gorky, Dostoevsky and Remarque, Hemingway and Pushkin ... The main role and purpose of the literary and artistic style of speech is to influence the minds, the minds of readers in such a way that they begin to reflect, so that the aftertaste remains even after reading the book, so that you want to think about it and return to it again and again. This genre is designed to convey to the reader the thoughts and feelings of the author, to help see what is happening in the work through the eyes of its creator, to feel it, to live their lives together with the characters on the pages of the book.
The text of the literary and artistic style is also emotional, like the speech of its colloquial "brother", but these are two different emotionalities. In colloquial speech, we free our soul, our brain with the help of emotions. While reading a book, we, on the contrary, are imbued with its emotionality, which acts here as a kind of aesthetic means. We will describe in more detail about those features of the literary and artistic style of speech by which it is not at all difficult to recognize it, but for now we will briefly list those literary genres that are characterized by the use of the aforementioned style of speech.
What genres are
The artistic language genre can be found in fable and ballad, ode and elegy, story and novel, fairy tale and short story, essay and story, epic and hymn, song and sonnet, poem and epigram, comedy and tragedy. So both Mikhail Lomonosov and Ivan Krylov can all equally serve as examples of the literary and artistic style of speech, no matter how various works they wrote.
A little about the functions of the artistic language genre
And although we have already voiced above what task is the main one for this style of speech, we will nevertheless give all three of its functions.
- influencing (and strong impact on the reader is achieved with the help of a well-thought-out and written "strong" image).
- Aesthetic (the word is not only a "carrier" of information, but also constructs an artistic image).
- Communicative (the author expresses his thoughts and feelings - the reader perceives them).
Style features
The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style of speech are as follows:
1. Usage a large number styles and their mixing. This is a sign of the author's style. Any author is free to use as much as they want in their work. language tools various styles- colloquial, scientific, official business: any. All these speech means used by the author in his book add up to a single author's style, according to which one can easily guess one or another writer later. This is how it is easy to distinguish Gorky from Bunin, Zoshchenko from Pasternak, and Chekhov from Leskov.
2. Use of words that are multi-valued. With the help of such a technique, the narrative is embedded hidden meaning.
3. The use of various stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, allegories and the like.
4. Special syntactic constructions: often the order of words in a sentence is built in such a way that it is difficult to express oneself in a similar way in oral speech. Without difficulty, even on this basis, you can find out the author of the text.
The literary and artistic style is the most flexible and borrowing. It takes literally everything! You can find in it neologisms (newly formed words), and archaisms, and historicisms, and swear words, and various argots (jargons professional speech). And this is the fifth feature, the fifth hallmark of the aforementioned language genre.
What else you need to know about art style
1. One should not think that the artistic language genre lives exclusively in writing. This is not true at all. In oral speech, this style also functions quite well - for example, in plays that were first written and are now read aloud. And even listening oral speech, you can well imagine everything that happens in the work - thus, we can say that the literary and artistic style does not tell, but shows the story.
2. The above-mentioned language genre is perhaps the most free from any kind of restrictions. Other styles have their own prohibitions, but in this case there is no need to talk about prohibitions - what restrictions can there be, if authors are even allowed to scientific terms weave into the fabric of your story. However, it is still not worth it to abuse other stylistic means and pass everything off as your own author's style - the reader should be able to understand and understand what is in front of his eyes. The abundance of terms or complex structures will make him bored and turn the page without finishing it.
3. When writing a work of art, you need to be very careful in choosing vocabulary and take into account what situation you are describing. If a we are talking about a meeting of two officials from the administration - you can screw in a couple of speech clichés or other representatives formal business style. However, if the story is about a beautiful summer morning in the forest, such expressions will be clearly inappropriate.
4. In any text of the literary and artistic style of speech, three types of speech are approximately equally used - description, reasoning and narration (the latter, of course, takes most). Also, in approximately the same proportions in the texts of the aforementioned language genre, types of speech are also used - be it a monologue, dialogue or polylogue (communication of several people).
5. Artistic image is created at the expense of generally all the means of speech available to the author. In the nineteenth century, for example, the use of "speaking surnames" was very widespread (remember Denis Fonvizin with his "Undergrowth" - Skotinin, Prostakov, and so on, or Alexander Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" - Kabanikh). A similar method made it possible, from the very first appearance of a character in front of readers, to indicate what kind of person this hero represents. At present, the use of this technique has somewhat departed.
6. In every literary text there is also the so-called image of the author. This is either the image of the narrator, or the image of the hero, a conditional image that emphasizes the non-identity with him of the "real" author. This image the author actively takes part in everything that happens with the characters, comments on events, communicates with readers, expresses his own attitude to situations, and so on.
Such is the characteristic of the literary and artistic style of speech, knowing which one can evaluate works of fiction from a completely different angle.
Introduction
1. Literary and artistic style
2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
3. Vocabulary with objective meaning as the basis of figurativeness
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and goals of communication, several functional and stylistic varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of language means in them.
Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area. human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.
The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its allocation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the language means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various figurative and expressive means to convey a special property - figurativeness.
1. Literary and artistic style
As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is solved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A. N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) consider that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.
It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “bringing artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.
The main goal of the literary and artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.
Used in literary works different kinds and genres: short stories, novellas, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.
The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.
The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. Word meaning in more is determined by the author's goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, it is in the context of a given literary work can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:
The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of the image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed primarily from the fact that they correctly convey the thought, feeling, truthfully reveal spiritual world hero, realistically recreate the language and image. Not only the normative facts of the language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author's intention, the desire for artistic truth.
Coverage artistic speech The number of means of the national language is so great that it allows us to assert the idea of the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (albeit, connected in a certain way) into the style of fiction.
These facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.
2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness
Figurativeness and expressiveness are integral properties of the artistic and literary style, therefore, from this we can conclude that figurativeness is necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader, most often in linguistic science the question of imagery of a word as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery, is considered.
AT said plan figurativeness is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in speech communication the concrete-sensory appearance (image) of an object, fixed in the minds of native speakers, is a kind of visual or auditory representation.
In the work of N.A. Lukyanova "On the semantics and types of expressive lexical units" contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):
1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (representations) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, a phenomenon called this word.
2. Imagery can be motivated and unmotivated.
3. Linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words- this is:
a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena - metaphorical figurativeness (boil - "to be in a state of strong indignation, anger"; dry - "to worry a lot, take care of someone, something");
b) sound associations - (burn, grunt);
c) imagery internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play, star, shrink).
4. Language basis unmotivated figurativeness is created due to a number of factors: obscuration of the inner form of the word, individual figurative representations, etc.
Thus, we can say that figurativeness is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, emotional and expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.
Figurativeness is "figurativeness and expressiveness", that is, functions language unit in speech with the peculiarities of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects exactly the plan of expression.
The category of figurativeness, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each language unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it became possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.
They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in the mind. The true function of figurativeness is revealed only when referring to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the language system and can be found at any of its levels, and this reason is figurativeness - a special inseparable structural characteristic language unit, whereas the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of the language unit. In particular, it can be vocabulary with a subject-specific meaning, as the main means of figurativeness.
