Ending or inflection(lat. flixio- bending) is a significant part of the word that changes and is formative. The ending serves to connect words in a sentence or phrase and indicates the relationship between words, expressing grammatical meaning.
The grammatical meaning of the endings of different parts of speech.
- Noun . Noun endings
river - rivers - rivers
- Adjective . Endings of adjectives indicate their number and case and gender:
beautiful - beautiful - beautiful
- Numeral . Endings of nouns indicate their case and number:
second - second - second
- Verb . Verb endings present and future tenses indicate person and number:
read - read
The endings of past tense verbs indicate their number, person and gender:
Looked - looked - looked - looked
- Pronoun. Pronoun endings indicate first of all the case, then the number and gender, if any:
he is his
one's - one's - one's - one's - Participle . Participle endings indicate number, gender and case:
read - read - read
The end is exclusively formative morpheme, which does not give the word any additional meanings.
Endings are materially expressed and zero.
Zero ending- this is the ending of modified words, which is not expressed by sounds during pronunciation and by letters in writing, but at the same time conveys a certain grammatical meaning. The null ending can be indicative of a particular gender or case, for example:
- nominative and accusative nouns f.r. 3 declensions in the singular: daughter, oven, mother, rye;
- Nominative case of nouns m.r. 2 singular declensions (for inanimate - nominative and accusative): friend, chair, reed;
- Genitive case of nouns different kinds plural: countries, soldiers, windows;
- Short forms singular m.r. adjectives and participles: cheerful, read, good.
- Nominative possessive adjectives m.r. unit: brothers, mother, fox;
- Imperative mood of verbs in singular: look, learn, watch;
- indicative and subjunctive mood singular verbs m.r.: wrote - would write; looked - would look; walked - would have walked.
There are unchangeable words and word forms that do not have endings and a system of grammatical properties. These words and forms include:
Indeclinable nouns, often of foreign origin: taxi, coat
Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person: her, him, them
Indeclinable adjectives: burgundy, khaki
Adverbs
Such words are related to other words by means of semantic relations, but null ending not indicated in writing.
Students learn to determine the ending in words when they get acquainted with the composition of the word, and repeatedly return to this when studying spelling. This skill is necessary when determining the personal endings of the verb and case endings for nouns. How to learn to determine the ending in word?
Instruction
- You must know that the ending is the part of the word that is changed. Thus, invariable parts of speech do not have it. They are absent from adverbs and participles.
- If you are having trouble identifying the ending, change the form of the word and identify the part that changes. This will be the end. For example, you need to highlight the ending of the word "table". Try changing its shape: "table", "table", "table", etc. Note that the change happens right after the root. It can be concluded that the ending of the word "table" is zero.
- Zero endings are parts of a word that are not expressed by sounds. As a rule, they occur in nouns in the form of the masculine nominative case of the first declension or in the third declension.
- If you need to determine personal endings for verbs, pay attention to which conjugation it belongs to. Yes, in word"reads" the ending will be "et", since the verb belongs to the first conjugation.
- Learn to distinguish between the endings of imperative and indicative verbs. The sound in them may be the same, but the parts of the word are different. Pay attention to the verb "shout". It is used in imperative mood. Change the shape and you can see what's in word"shout" the ending will be "and". So in the verb "shout" - "those".
- Pay attention to the sentence "When you shout, tell." In it, the verb "shout" is used in indicative mood. If you change the form of the word, you will see that the ending will be "ete".
- By determining the ending of adjectives or participles, you can ask an auxiliary question or find out the case, gender and number. For example, in an adjective, the "strong" ending is "y", since it refers to the masculine, singular, instrumental case.
- If you define case ending with a noun, find out in which case and declension it is used. The noun "in the village" will end in "e", since the word refers to the first declension, the prepositional case.
The ending is a variable meaningful part of the word that forms the forms of the word and serves to link words in a phrase and sentence. This formative morpheme expresses grammatical meanings gender, person, number and case.
Not all words have an ending. It is only for modified words. It happens that a word has an ending, but it is not seen or heard, i.e. it is not expressed in letters and sounds - it is a zero ending. In addition, the ending is not always at the end of a word. A word can have two endings. Sometimes, to highlight the ending, you have to use phonetic transcription.
The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of a word (gender, person, number, case), and not lexical meanings like word-forming morphemes.
The ending differs from formative suffixes in the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses.
Only changing parts of speech can have an ending(inflected, conjugated or changing by gender and number):
- inflected nouns,
- adjectives,
- numerals,
- pronouns,
- Verbs,
- communion.
To highlight the ending, you need to change the form of the word:
- change number:
meadow () – meadow (but),
herbs (but)– herbs (s),
dared () - dared (s); - change gender for adjectives and participles:
white (th)- white (oh)- white (and I), thinking (s)- thinking (and I), sat () - sat (but);
- case of parts of speech that decline: House () - House (but)- House (y), sin (s)- blue (his)- blue (to him) ;
- face of verbs: write (y)- write (yeah)- write (ut) .
The part of the word that changes when changing the form of a word, is the ending.
Ending not included in the stem because it has only grammatical meaning.
Ends of words different parts speeches may be the same, but their endings are different, i.e. words have different morphemic structure. Examples:
- small And vision - adjective small and noun vision at the end of the word have -s . Changing the gender of the adjective: small(s) - small(s) -small(s) , we define the changing part - the last two letters change, therefore, -s - ending. Inflecting a noun vision (e) - vision (I) - vision (eat), determine the ending -e .
- yawning And evil - gerund yawning does not have an ending, because is an invariable word, and an adjective hl (th) - evil (oh) - evil (s)) has an ending -and I .
- in vain And Earth - adverb in vain does not have an ending, because is an immutable word, and a noun earthl (i) - earth (ey) - earth (s) has an ending -I .
- banner And biology - nouns znam(s) - znam(s) -znam(em) And biologists(s)-biologists(s)-biologists(s) have the same endings -i.
Attention! Second person plural verbs the present and future numbers and forms of the imperative mood of these verbs may coincide, but have a different morphemic structure, i.e. have two variants of morphemic parsing:
Complete
(imperative mood, you-full-and-(those), -and- -
imperative mood) second task after doing
(present tense, you-full-(ite)) first.
you-years-and-(those)
(imperative mood) - you-years(ite)
;
you-treat-and-(those)
(second conjugation, imperative mood) - you-treat-(ite)
etc.
In verbs of the first conjugation, an unstressed ending -(eat) in sound it coincides in sound with the imperative mood, but is written differently:
jump-and-(those) (mandatory inclination) — jump out-(you ) (first conjugation (to jump), second person, pl.).
With the help of the ending, the forms of modified words are formed.
The ending expresses various grammatical meanings of parts of speech:
- number and case of nouns, numerals, personal pronouns (without a preposition or with
)
noun 2nd declension, Tv.p., singular who?, what? elephant( ohm), father( ohm), con( eat - gender, number, case of adjectives, participles, pronouns
- person and number of verbs in the present and future tenses:
- gender and number of past tense verbs, short adjectives
In addition to distinguishing word forms, endings sometimes perform meaningful function:
bread(s) - cereals and bread(s) - products baked from flour; men are men, teeth are teeth, leaves are leaves.
Sometimes the end is easy define not only form but also Part of speech. For example:
In a phrase, invariable words obey the main word in meaning, with the help of word order and intonation: run fast, run up.
Invariable words have no endings:
| Invariable parts of speech | Examples |
|---|---|
| gerunds | seeing, hearing, collecting, washing |
| adverbs | naked, fun, better, in German, first of all, unbearable, married |
| indeclinable nouns (usually borrowed): | cocoa, necklace, flowerpot |
| indeclinable adjectives: | khaki, bordeaux, beige |
| comparative adjectives: | stronger, higher |
| possessive pronouns denoting belonging to a third person: | him, her, them |
| interjections and onomatopoeia: | wow, ah! |
| Service parts of speech: | |
| unions | though |
| about | |
| let be | |
Attention! The absence of an ending in a word is not graphically indicated. In morphemic and word-formation parsing, you cannot put a zero ending sign! The whole word is included in the stem.
Participles and adverbs are invariable parts of speech, therefore they have no endings. Do not confuse gerunds and adverbs with adjective endings. Adjective endings can be changed:
- doom/ but/t - doom / but/I- gerund suffix;
- mil( and I) - the end of the adjective, which can be changed: cute (th), cute (th).
Zero endings
Declined or conjugated (changeable!) Parts of speech in some forms may have a zero ending.
The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter on the letter. You can find it by changing the forms of the word. If, when changing the form of a word, an ending appears, expressed in letters and sounds, then e
The null ending conveys a specific grammatical meaning:
table(), horse() - Im. n., male gender, second declension; cloud(), puddle(), mam() — meaning of the genitive plural.
When the form of such words changes, after the stem, a pronounced (sounds, letters) ending appears.
| Zero endings have: | Examples |
|---|---|
| masculine singular nouns 2 declensions in the nominative and accusative cases: |
forest() - forest(a), forest(y); |
| nouns female 3rd declension in nominative case unit: |
mouse() - mouse(s); |
| nouns in the genitive plural different kinds: |
cloud() - cloud(a) - cloud(s), |
| short adjectives and participles of the masculine singular: |
beautiful () - beautiful (a), clumsy - clumsy (a), |
| possessive adjectives in I.p. m.r.h. |
fox () - fox (I) - fox [th "(a)], shark () , wolf ( see below why so) |
| past tense masculine singular verbs in the indicative and subjunctive mood: |
sang(), sang() would - sang (a), |
| for verbs of the imperative mood singular: |
learn(), watch(), write(); |
| numerals in the nominative and accusative cases: |
ten() - ten(s), ten(s) |
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between zero-terminated words and invariable words, because in a word with a null ending, it is indicated when morphemic analysis words, but in immutable words - no (no ending)!
- noun already() (already (u), already (oh)) has a zero ending, and the adverb already - an invariable word and, therefore, has no ending.
- net()
- noun ( set(s), set(s)),
ses(th ) - verb, where the ending is indefinite — (th),
start(s) - verb,
five() - numeral ( heel(s)),
way() - noun ( put(s), put(s)),
though - union and immutable word, so there is no ending,
let be — , immutable word - no ending,
thinking - gerund, unchangeable word - no ending.
The ending can be inside a word:
- If the word has , then the ending is in front of it, inside the stem of the word: uch (y) s, uch (shh) sya, uchivsh (s) Xia(after the end there is a verb -sya / -s - the most common case); go (eat)-te; in the middle of compound pronouns: how (Oh)-either as (Wow)-either as (Wow) something, to (omu) someday.
- In some compound words: to Komsomolsk (e)-on-Amur (e) .
Two endings in a word.
Compound words can have two endings:
- for nouns: armchair (about)-bed () - armchair (but)-bed (And) ;
- for numerals: five () ten () - five (And) ten (And) .
But, in compound nouns and adjectives that are written together, after the first there is a connecting vowel, and not an ending: myself- about-years () , red- about- leather (s) .
The ending is distinguished by the sound composition
using transcription, since the spelling does not reflect the morphemic composition of the word:
- Possessive masculine adjectives ending in -y:
fox(), wolf(), bear(), where - uy is a suffix and has a null ending. When declining, runaway - And - drops out of the suffix, there remains a suffix that sounds like [th'] , and in the letter it is transmitted by a separating soft sign: fox (his) [fox’-th-‘(willow)], wolf (his) [wolf’-th’-(willow)], bear (his) [m’edv’ezh-th’-(willow)] - suffix sounds in transcription [th'] and ending.
- IN following words the suffix -й- also appears in the sound composition of the word: guns
[rouge-y'-(a)],gun [rouge-y'-(o)]; sparrow ya [sparrow'-y'-(a)], sparrow yu [sparrow'-y'-(y)]
; edge, edge
[edge-th'-(y)].
Suffix -th-
is preserved during the formation related words: rifle, sparrow [
sparrow'-y'-in-(th)]
. In these words and others like them (dancer, grumbler; gorge, knowledge, aspiration; May, tram etc.) not in all forms the ending is indicated by letters.
List of used literature
- Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
- Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials in Russian to prepare for exams. - M .: - LLC Astrel Publishing House, 2004.-462 p.
- Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 — ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.
The Russian language, not in vain they say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. No other language in the world has such huge amount rules and exceptions to them, and also none of them can boast such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you decline a noun in cases, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they link all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, the definition of a null termination can cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.
What is an ending?
The ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word "mainland" the ending -a indicates that given word in the singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word “thinks” the ending -et says that this construction of the third person singular.
Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word
When determining the ending, some people may have difficulty, because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending can be in the middle of a word:
If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: removed, someone, something, let's go.
In complex quantitative numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each base. For example: fiftyØ, four. However, one should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousandth, eight-story, three-year-old, first-class, heptagonal.
Grammatical meanings of endings
Endings are a very significant morpheme, since they completely affect lexical meaning words and the sentence as a whole. Indeed, sometimes it is easiest to identify foreigners among a crowd of people precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.
All endings in words can denote the following grammatical meanings:
Numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also in the singular and neuter); adjective (for example: a clean canvas - the ending -th indicates a singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: a washed canvas - the ending -th also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and the middle gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -ё also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -o indicates a word in the singular of the neuter and in the nominative) ;
Only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is nothing - the ending -th indicates the genitive case) and part of the numerals (there is no seven - the ending -i says that the given word is in the genitive case);
Only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person singular);
Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: she spoke - a feminine and singular verb).
What is null ending?
Also, some difficulties may arise in determining the end if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to figure out what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without endings at all.
The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed by either letters or sounds. Despite the fact that this type of ending is not expressed materially, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it must be denoted as an empty square.
Types of words with zero endings
Zero ending is in Russian the following types words:
First person nouns in the genitive and plural. For example: birds Ø, seals Ø, cows Ø, pets Ø.
Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in short form singular masculine, for example: resourceful Ø, individual Ø, inclined Ø, magnificent Ø, detained Ø, armed Ø.
Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine in the third declension. For example: cockroachØ, parkanØ, feltØ, ovenØ, speechØ, nightØ.
Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fathers Ø, mother Ø, cow Ø, fox Ø, Serezhin Ø.
Singular imperative verbs. For example: learnØ, lookØ, helpØ, translateØ, askØ.
Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spoke Ø - would speak Ø, listen Ø - listen Ø would, vote Ø - vote Ø, ask Ø - ask Ø would.
Often people confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, consider which words have no ending at all.
Words that have no ending at all
The following invariable words and groups of words do not have an ending:
Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;
Indeclinable adjectives, for example: burgundy, khaki, marengo, net, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;
Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person, for example: them, her, him;
All adverbs, since an adverb is an invariable part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, redone;
Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;
All adverbs, since this part speech took its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, remembering, analyzing, realizing;
All service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;
Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, wow, ah, slap, bang, those times;
The initial form of the verb in case -t and -ti is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, experience, act.
Also, words that have no endings at all should not be indicated in writing in morphological analysis with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are not changed, unlike words with a null ending.
How to determine the end?
To determine the ending in any word, simply decline it by cases. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is in this way that it is easy to detect the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:
Singular | Plural | immutable word |
||
Nominative | ||||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |||
Dative | To whom? What? | mirrorAM | ||
Accusative | Whom? What? | |||
Instrumental | a mirror | mirrors | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | mirrors |
On the this example it is noticeable how easily a given morpheme can be defined in words. Since the word "pleated" is not inclined by cases, this word is without an ending, and in the word "mirrors" only a root and a zero ending are presented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.
Morphemes with which the null ending interacts
In most of the examples considered, words are most often found in which only the root and the zero ending are used among morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, in the morphemic analysis of which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often, words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in Russian. For example: make up, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, arm yourself.
Soft sign in morphemic analysis
Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not denote any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that stands before it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the constructions just, away, jump at the end there is a soft sign, these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.
Features of the morphemic analysis of the word
The ending is the only variable part in a word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify exactly the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to modify the word a little.
Minor difficulties that may arise in correct definition endings is to distinguish words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.
In order to correctly find the rest of the word, it is customary to highlight the ending first and only then the stem. Other parts like suffix, root and prefix can be found easily in the second step. So the child will not get confused and will be able to understand in time exactly where he made a mistake. You will learn how to find these parts of the word in this article.
How to find the ending
First of all, you need to find exactly the ending, since the rest of the word is its basis. In order for the child to understand the very essence of such a part as the ending, it is necessary to explain to him that it helps us change words according to numbers and gender. Without the ending, we simply would not be able to indicate the belonging of a particular part of speech to a particular person.
Change by numbers
The surest step is to change the word. If you can change the number, then determining the ending will only take a couple of seconds. Let's take a few simple examples:
- The child needs to determine the ending in the word "took". Let's change its number, namely: they took. Only the last letter has changed, therefore, this will be the ending.
- Change the word "beautiful" to "beautiful". It immediately becomes clear that the end is a bunch of "th".
- In the noun "squirrel" it is easy to find the ending by changing it to "squirrels".
To be completely sure of the result, it is not enough to change the word once. So you can make a mistake, and the child will get confused. After you have changed the word by numbers, move on to the next method.
Change by birth
So you can make sure that the part that you considered the ending is really changing in the word. Change gender to neuter, masculine, and feminine.
- In the word "took" the ending disappears when we put it in masculine"took".
- "Amazing" expands the ending, changing to "Amazing".
- "Built" drops the last letter in the word "built".
In this way, it is easiest to find endings in verbs and adjectives, since they either completely change their ending or completely discard it.
Use the genitive
To cast a doubt with nouns, you can put the word in Genitive. First, the child will have to analyze it and present it in the nominative case, since it is rather difficult to immediately change the case to the genitive. Already at this stage, the baby can guess what the base is. Next, the genitive case is substituted.
- The word "cottage" is asking to become completely a root, but substitute it in the genitive case and the letter "a" will disappear: there is nothing? - no dachas.
- The word "needles" no longer seems so difficult to parse: there is nothing? - no needles.
- "Titmouse" also loses its ending, when placed in the genitive case: "tits".
If you first change the noun at times, and then put it in the genitive case, then the ending is very easy to find.
How to find the stem of a word
If you could find the ending, then the definition of the basis is extremely simple task. First, explain to the child that the stem is all parts of the word, except for the ending. That is, by highlighting the ending with a square, you see the basis.
It is underlined by a straight line with small bends along the edges, so that it is easier for the teacher to understand: where is the beginning and where is the end. Let's look at an example.
- In the word “Beautiful”, the ending is “th”, which means the base will be “beautiful”.
- In the word "Houses" we remove the ending "a" and select "house".
The stem may contain many parts of the word, or it may turn out that it will contain only the root - there is no difference, the main thing is that the ending should not be included in the stem.
If there is no ending in a word, then in most school programs it is customary to put an empty square next to it, which symbolizes the zero ending of the word. This means that it can be theoretically, but in this particular form of the word it simply does not exist.
